threading.c
// This file is a part of Julia. License is MIT: https://julialang.org/license
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <inttypes.h>
#include "julia.h"
#include "julia_internal.h"
#include "julia_assert.h"
// Ref https://www.uclibc.org/docs/tls.pdf
// For variant 1 JL_ELF_TLS_INIT_SIZE is the size of the thread control block (TCB)
// For variant 2 JL_ELF_TLS_INIT_SIZE is 0
#ifdef _OS_LINUX_
# if defined(_CPU_X86_64_) || defined(_CPU_X86_)
# define JL_ELF_TLS_VARIANT 2
# define JL_ELF_TLS_INIT_SIZE 0
# elif defined(_CPU_AARCH64_)
# define JL_ELF_TLS_VARIANT 1
# define JL_ELF_TLS_INIT_SIZE 16
# elif defined(__ARM_ARCH) && __ARM_ARCH >= 7
# define JL_ELF_TLS_VARIANT 1
# define JL_ELF_TLS_INIT_SIZE 8
# endif
#endif
#ifdef JL_ELF_TLS_VARIANT
# include <link.h>
#endif
#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif
#include "threading.h"
JL_DLLEXPORT void *jl_get_ptls_states(void)
{
// mostly deprecated: use current_task instead
return jl_current_task->ptls;
}
#if !defined(_OS_WINDOWS_)
static pthread_key_t jl_safe_restore_key;
__attribute__((constructor)) void _jl_init_safe_restore(void)
{
pthread_key_create(&jl_safe_restore_key, NULL);
}
JL_DLLEXPORT jl_jmp_buf *jl_get_safe_restore(void)
{
return (jl_jmp_buf*)pthread_getspecific(jl_safe_restore_key);
}
JL_DLLEXPORT void jl_set_safe_restore(jl_jmp_buf *sr)
{
pthread_setspecific(jl_safe_restore_key, (void*)sr);
}
#endif
// The tls_states buffer:
//
// On platforms that do not use ELF (i.e. where `__thread` is emulated with
// lower level API) (Mac, Windows), we use the platform runtime API to create
// TLS variable directly.
// This is functionally equivalent to using `__thread` but can be
// more efficient since we can have better control over the creation and
// initialization of the TLS buffer.
//
// On platforms that use ELF (Linux, FreeBSD), we use a `__thread` variable
// as the fallback in the shared object. For better efficiency, we also
// create a `__thread` variable in the main executable using a static TLS
// model.
#if defined(_OS_DARWIN_)
// Mac doesn't seem to have static TLS model so the runtime TLS getter
// registration will only add overhead to TLS access. The `__thread` variables
// are emulated with `pthread_key_t` so it is actually faster to use it directly.
static pthread_key_t jl_pgcstack_key;
__attribute__((constructor)) void jl_init_tls(void)
{
pthread_key_create(&jl_pgcstack_key, NULL);
}
JL_CONST_FUNC jl_gcframe_t **jl_get_pgcstack(void) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
return pthread_getspecific(jl_pgcstack_key);
}
void jl_set_pgcstack(jl_gcframe_t **pgcstack) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
pthread_setspecific(jl_pgcstack_key, (void*)pgcstack);
}
void jl_pgcstack_getkey(jl_get_pgcstack_func **f, pthread_key_t *k)
{
// for codegen
*f = pthread_getspecific;
*k = jl_pgcstack_key;
}
JL_DLLEXPORT void jl_pgcstack_setkey(jl_get_pgcstack_func *f, pthread_key_t k)
{
jl_safe_printf("ERROR: Attempt to change TLS address.\n");
}
#elif defined(_OS_WINDOWS_)
// Apparently windows doesn't have a static TLS model (or one that can be
// reliably used from a shared library) either..... Use `TLSAlloc` instead.
static DWORD jl_pgcstack_key;
static DWORD jl_safe_restore_key;
// Put this here for now. We can move this out later if we find more use for it.
BOOLEAN WINAPI DllMain(IN HINSTANCE hDllHandle, IN DWORD nReason,
IN LPVOID Reserved)
{
switch (nReason) {
case DLL_PROCESS_ATTACH:
jl_pgcstack_key = TlsAlloc();
assert(jl_pgcstack_key != TLS_OUT_OF_INDEXES);
jl_safe_restore_key = TlsAlloc();
assert(jl_safe_restore_key != TLS_OUT_OF_INDEXES);
// Fall through
case DLL_THREAD_ATTACH:
break;
case DLL_THREAD_DETACH:
break;
case DLL_PROCESS_DETACH:
TlsFree(jl_pgcstack_key);
TlsFree(jl_safe_restore_key);
break;
}
return 1; // success
}
#if defined(_CPU_X86_64_)
#define SAVE_ERRNO \
DWORD *plast_error = (DWORD*)(__readgsqword(0x30) + 0x68); \
DWORD last_error = *plast_error
#define LOAD_ERRNO \
*plast_error = last_error
#elif defined(_CPU_X86_)
#define SAVE_ERRNO \
DWORD *plast_error = (DWORD*)(__readfsdword(0x18) + 0x34); \
DWORD last_error = *plast_error
#define LOAD_ERRNO \
*plast_error = last_error
#else
#define SAVE_ERRNO \
DWORD last_error = GetLastError()
#define LOAD_ERRNO \
SetLastError(last_error)
#endif
JL_DLLEXPORT jl_jmp_buf *jl_get_safe_restore(void)
{
SAVE_ERRNO;
jl_jmp_buf *sr = (jl_jmp_buf*)TlsGetValue(jl_safe_restore_key);
LOAD_ERRNO;
return sr;
}
JL_DLLEXPORT void jl_set_safe_restore(jl_jmp_buf *sr)
{
SAVE_ERRNO;
TlsSetValue(jl_safe_restore_key, (void*)sr);
LOAD_ERRNO;
}
JL_CONST_FUNC jl_gcframe_t **jl_get_pgcstack(void) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
SAVE_ERRNO;
jl_gcframe_t **pgcstack = (jl_ptls_t)TlsGetValue(jl_pgcstack_key);
LOAD_ERRNO;
return pgcstack;
}
void jl_set_pgcstack(jl_gcframe_t **pgcstack) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
// n.b.: this smashes GetLastError
TlsSetValue(jl_pgcstack_key, (void*)pgcstack);
}
void jl_pgcstack_getkey(jl_get_pgcstack_func **f, DWORD *k)
{
// for codegen
*f = jl_get_pgcstack;
*k = jl_pgcstack_key;
}
JL_DLLEXPORT void jl_pgcstack_setkey(jl_get_pgcstack_func *f, DWORD k)
{
jl_safe_printf("ERROR: Attempt to change TLS address.\n");
}
#else
// We use the faster static version in the main executable to replace
// the slower version in the shared object. The code in different libraries
// or executables, however, have to agree on which version to use.
// The general solution is to add one more indirection in the C entry point.
//
// When `ifunc` is available, we can use it to trick the linker to use the
// real address (`jl_get_pgcstack_static`) directly as the symbol address.
//
// However, since the detection of the static version in `ifunc`
// is not guaranteed to be reliable, we still need to fallback to the wrapper
// version as the symbol address if we didn't find the static version in `ifunc`.
// fallback provided for embedding
static jl_pgcstack_key_t jl_pgcstack_key;
static __thread jl_gcframe_t **pgcstack_;
static jl_gcframe_t **jl_get_pgcstack_fallback(void) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
return pgcstack_;
}
static jl_gcframe_t ***jl_pgcstack_addr_fallback(void) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
return &pgcstack_;
}
void jl_set_pgcstack(jl_gcframe_t **pgcstack) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
*jl_pgcstack_key() = pgcstack;
}
# if JL_USE_IFUNC
JL_DLLEXPORT __attribute__((weak))
void jl_register_pgcstack_getter(void);
# endif
static jl_gcframe_t **jl_get_pgcstack_init(void);
static jl_get_pgcstack_func *jl_get_pgcstack_cb = jl_get_pgcstack_init;
static jl_gcframe_t **jl_get_pgcstack_init(void)
{
// This 2-step initialization is used to detect calling
// `jl_pgcstack_getkey` after the address of the TLS variables
// are used. Since the address of TLS variables should be constant,
// changing the getter address can result in weird crashes.
// This is clearly not thread safe but should be fine since we
// make sure the tls states callback is finalized before adding
// multiple threads
# if JL_USE_IFUNC
if (jl_register_pgcstack_getter)
jl_register_pgcstack_getter();
else
# endif
{
jl_get_pgcstack_cb = jl_get_pgcstack_fallback;
jl_pgcstack_key = &jl_pgcstack_addr_fallback;
}
return jl_get_pgcstack_cb();
}
JL_DLLEXPORT void jl_pgcstack_setkey(jl_get_pgcstack_func *f, jl_pgcstack_key_t k)
{
if (f == jl_get_pgcstack_cb || !f)
return;
// only allow setting this once
if (jl_get_pgcstack_cb != jl_get_pgcstack_init) {
jl_safe_printf("ERROR: Attempt to change TLS address.\n");
exit(1);
}
jl_get_pgcstack_cb = f;
jl_pgcstack_key = k;
}
JL_DLLEXPORT jl_gcframe_t **jl_get_pgcstack(void) JL_GLOBALLY_ROOTED
{
#ifndef __clang_analyzer__
return jl_get_pgcstack_cb();
#endif
}
void jl_pgcstack_getkey(jl_get_pgcstack_func **f, jl_pgcstack_key_t *k)
{
if (jl_get_pgcstack_cb == jl_get_pgcstack_init)
jl_get_pgcstack_init();
// for codegen
*f = jl_get_pgcstack_cb;
*k = jl_pgcstack_key;
}
#endif
jl_ptls_t *jl_all_tls_states JL_GLOBALLY_ROOTED;
uint8_t *jl_measure_compile_time = NULL;
uint64_t *jl_cumulative_compile_time = NULL;
// return calling thread's ID
// Also update the suspended_threads list in signals-mach when changing the
// type of the thread id.
JL_DLLEXPORT int16_t jl_threadid(void)
{
return jl_current_task->tid;
}
jl_ptls_t jl_init_threadtls(int16_t tid)
{
jl_ptls_t ptls = (jl_ptls_t)calloc(1, sizeof(jl_tls_states_t));
ptls->system_id = jl_thread_self();
seed_cong(&ptls->rngseed);
#ifdef _OS_WINDOWS_
if (tid == 0) {
if (!DuplicateHandle(GetCurrentProcess(), GetCurrentThread(),
GetCurrentProcess(), &hMainThread, 0,
FALSE, DUPLICATE_SAME_ACCESS)) {
jl_printf(JL_STDERR, "WARNING: failed to access handle to main thread\n");
hMainThread = INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE;
}
}
#endif
ptls->tid = tid;
ptls->gc_state = 0; // GC unsafe
// Conditionally initialize the safepoint address. See comment in
// `safepoint.c`
if (tid == 0) {
ptls->safepoint = (size_t*)(jl_safepoint_pages + jl_page_size);
}
else {
ptls->safepoint = (size_t*)(jl_safepoint_pages + jl_page_size * 2 +
sizeof(size_t));
}
jl_bt_element_t *bt_data = (jl_bt_element_t*)
malloc_s(sizeof(jl_bt_element_t) * (JL_MAX_BT_SIZE + 1));
memset(bt_data, 0, sizeof(jl_bt_element_t) * (JL_MAX_BT_SIZE + 1));
ptls->bt_data = bt_data;
small_arraylist_new(&ptls->locks, 0);
jl_init_thread_heap(ptls);
jl_all_tls_states[tid] = ptls;
return ptls;
}
// lock for code generation
jl_mutex_t codegen_lock;
jl_mutex_t typecache_lock;
ssize_t jl_tls_offset = -1;
#ifdef JL_ELF_TLS_VARIANT
const int jl_tls_elf_support = 1;
// Optimize TLS access in codegen if the TLS buffer is using a IE or LE model.
// To detect such case, we find the size of the TLS segment in the main
// executable and the thread pointer (TP) and then see if the TLS pointer on the
// current thread is in the right range.
// This can in principle be extended to the case where the TLS buffer is
// in the shared library but is part of the static buffer but that seems harder
// to detect.
# if JL_ELF_TLS_VARIANT == 1
// In Variant 1, the static TLS buffer comes after a fixed size TCB.
// The alignment needs to be applied to the original size.
static inline size_t jl_add_tls_size(size_t orig_size, size_t size, size_t align)
{
return LLT_ALIGN(orig_size, align) + size;
}
static inline ssize_t jl_check_tls_bound(void *tp, jl_gcframe_t ***k0, size_t tls_size)
{
ssize_t offset = (char*)k0 - (char*)tp;
if (offset < JL_ELF_TLS_INIT_SIZE ||
(size_t)offset + sizeof(*k0) > tls_size)
return -1;
return offset;
}
# elif JL_ELF_TLS_VARIANT == 2
// In Variant 2, the static TLS buffer comes before a unknown size TCB.
// The alignment needs to be applied to the new size.
static inline size_t jl_add_tls_size(size_t orig_size, size_t size, size_t align)
{
return LLT_ALIGN(orig_size + size, align);
}
static inline ssize_t jl_check_tls_bound(void *tp, jl_gcframe_t ***k0, size_t tls_size)
{
ssize_t offset = (char*)tp - (char*)k0;
if (offset < sizeof(*k0) || offset > tls_size)
return -1;
return -offset;
}
# else
# error "Unknown static TLS variant"
# endif
// Find the size of the TLS segment in the main executable
typedef struct {
size_t total_size;
} check_tls_cb_t;
static int check_tls_cb(struct dl_phdr_info *info, size_t size, void *_data)
{
check_tls_cb_t *data = (check_tls_cb_t*)_data;
const ElfW(Phdr) *phdr = info->dlpi_phdr;
unsigned phnum = info->dlpi_phnum;
size_t total_size = JL_ELF_TLS_INIT_SIZE;
for (unsigned i = 0; i < phnum; i++) {
const ElfW(Phdr) *seg = &phdr[i];
if (seg->p_type != PT_TLS)
continue;
// There should be only one TLS segment
// Variant II
total_size = jl_add_tls_size(total_size, seg->p_memsz, seg->p_align);
}
data->total_size = total_size;
// only run once (on the main executable)
return 1;
}
static void jl_check_tls(void)
{
jl_get_pgcstack_func *f;
jl_gcframe_t ***(*k)(void);
jl_pgcstack_getkey(&f, &k);
jl_gcframe_t ***k0 = k();
if (k0 == NULL)
return;
check_tls_cb_t data = {0};
dl_iterate_phdr(check_tls_cb, &data);
if (data.total_size == 0)
return;
void *tp; // Thread pointer
#if defined(_CPU_X86_64_)
asm("movq %%fs:0, %0" : "=r"(tp));
#elif defined(_CPU_X86_)
asm("movl %%gs:0, %0" : "=r"(tp));
#elif defined(_CPU_AARCH64_)
asm("mrs %0, tpidr_el0" : "=r"(tp));
#elif defined(__ARM_ARCH) && __ARM_ARCH >= 7
asm("mrc p15, 0, %0, c13, c0, 3" : "=r"(tp));
#else
# error "Cannot emit thread pointer for this architecture."
#endif
ssize_t offset = jl_check_tls_bound(tp, k0, data.total_size);
if (offset == -1)
return;
jl_tls_offset = offset;
}
#else
const int jl_tls_elf_support = 0;
#endif
// interface to Julia; sets up to make the runtime thread-safe
void jl_init_threading(void)
{
char *cp;
#ifdef JL_ELF_TLS_VARIANT
jl_check_tls();
#endif
// how many threads available, usable
jl_n_threads = JULIA_NUM_THREADS;
if (jl_options.nthreads < 0) { // --threads=auto
jl_n_threads = jl_cpu_threads();
}
else if (jl_options.nthreads > 0) { // --threads=N
jl_n_threads = jl_options.nthreads;
}
else if ((cp = getenv(NUM_THREADS_NAME))) {
if (strcmp(cp, "auto"))
jl_n_threads = (uint64_t)strtol(cp, NULL, 10); // ENV[NUM_THREADS_NAME] == "N"
else
jl_n_threads = jl_cpu_threads(); // ENV[NUM_THREADS_NAME] == "auto"
}
if (jl_n_threads <= 0)
jl_n_threads = 1;
jl_measure_compile_time = (uint8_t*)calloc(jl_n_threads, sizeof(*jl_measure_compile_time));
jl_cumulative_compile_time = (uint64_t*)calloc(jl_n_threads, sizeof(*jl_cumulative_compile_time));
#ifndef __clang_analyzer__
jl_all_tls_states = (jl_ptls_t*)calloc(jl_n_threads, sizeof(void*));
#endif
}
static uv_barrier_t thread_init_done;
void jl_start_threads(void)
{
int cpumasksize = uv_cpumask_size();
char *cp;
int i, exclusive;
uv_thread_t uvtid;
if (cpumasksize < jl_n_threads) // also handles error case
cpumasksize = jl_n_threads;
char *mask = (char*)alloca(cpumasksize);
// do we have exclusive use of the machine? default is no
exclusive = DEFAULT_MACHINE_EXCLUSIVE;
cp = getenv(MACHINE_EXCLUSIVE_NAME);
if (cp && strcmp(cp, "0") != 0)
exclusive = 1;
// exclusive use: affinitize threads, master thread on proc 0, rest
// according to a 'compact' policy
// non-exclusive: no affinity settings; let the kernel move threads about
if (exclusive) {
if (jl_n_threads > jl_cpu_threads()) {
jl_printf(JL_STDERR, "ERROR: Too many threads requested for %s option.\n", MACHINE_EXCLUSIVE_NAME);
exit(1);
}
memset(mask, 0, cpumasksize);
mask[0] = 1;
uvtid = (uv_thread_t)uv_thread_self();
uv_thread_setaffinity(&uvtid, mask, NULL, cpumasksize);
mask[0] = 0;
}
// The analyzer doesn't know jl_n_threads doesn't change, help it
size_t nthreads = jl_n_threads;
// create threads
uv_barrier_init(&thread_init_done, nthreads);
for (i = 1; i < nthreads; ++i) {
jl_threadarg_t *t = (jl_threadarg_t*)malloc_s(sizeof(jl_threadarg_t)); // ownership will be passed to the thread
t->tid = i;
t->barrier = &thread_init_done;
uv_thread_create(&uvtid, jl_threadfun, t);
if (exclusive) {
mask[i] = 1;
uv_thread_setaffinity(&uvtid, mask, NULL, cpumasksize);
mask[i] = 0;
}
uv_thread_detach(&uvtid);
}
uv_barrier_wait(&thread_init_done);
}
unsigned volatile _threadedregion; // HACK: keep track of whether it is safe to do IO
JL_DLLEXPORT int jl_in_threaded_region(void)
{
return _threadedregion != 0;
}
JL_DLLEXPORT void jl_enter_threaded_region(void)
{
_threadedregion += 1;
}
JL_DLLEXPORT void jl_exit_threaded_region(void)
{
_threadedregion -= 1;
jl_wake_libuv();
// make sure no more callbacks will run while user code continues
// outside thread region and might touch an I/O object.
JL_UV_LOCK();
JL_UV_UNLOCK();
}
// Make gc alignment available for threading
// see threads.jl alignment
JL_DLLEXPORT int jl_alignment(size_t sz)
{
return jl_gc_alignment(sz);
}
#ifdef __cplusplus
}
#endif