# This file is a part of Julia. License is MIT: http://julialang.org/license
# fallback text/plain representation of any type:
show(io::IO, ::MIME"text/plain", x) = show(io, x)
# multiline show functions for types defined before multimedia.jl:
function show(io::IO, ::MIME"text/plain", iter::Union{KeyIterator,ValueIterator})
print(io, summary(iter))
isempty(iter) && return
print(io, ". ", isa(iter,KeyIterator) ? "Keys" : "Values", ":")
limit::Bool = get(io, :limit, false)
if limit
sz = displaysize(io)
rows, cols = sz[1] - 3, sz[2]
rows < 2 && (print(io, " …"); return)
cols < 4 && (cols = 4)
cols -= 2 # For prefix " "
rows -= 2 # For summary and final ⋮ continuation lines
else
rows = cols = 0
end
for (i, v) in enumerate(iter)
print(io, "\n ")
limit && i >= rows && (print(io, "⋮"); break)
if limit
str = sprint(0, show, v, env=io)
str = _truncate_at_width_or_chars(str, cols, "\r\n")
print(io, str)
else
show(io, v)
end
end
end
function show{K,V}(io::IO, ::MIME"text/plain", t::Associative{K,V})
# show more descriptively, with one line per key/value pair
recur_io = IOContext(io, :SHOWN_SET => t)
limit::Bool = get(io, :limit, false)
if !haskey(io, :compact)
recur_io = IOContext(recur_io, :compact => true)
end
print(io, summary(t))
isempty(t) && return
print(io, ":\n ")
show_circular(io, t) && return
if limit
sz = displaysize(io)
rows, cols = sz[1] - 3, sz[2]
rows < 2 && (print(io, " …"); return)
cols < 12 && (cols = 12) # Minimum widths of 2 for key, 4 for value
cols -= 6 # Subtract the widths of prefix " " separator " => "
rows -= 2 # Subtract the summary and final ⋮ continuation lines
# determine max key width to align the output, caching the strings
ks = Array{AbstractString}(min(rows, length(t)))
vs = Array{AbstractString}(min(rows, length(t)))
keylen = 0
vallen = 0
for (i, (k, v)) in enumerate(t)
i > rows && break
ks[i] = sprint(0, show, k, env=recur_io)
vs[i] = sprint(0, show, v, env=recur_io)
keylen = clamp(length(ks[i]), keylen, cols)
vallen = clamp(length(vs[i]), vallen, cols)
end
if keylen > max(div(cols, 2), cols - vallen)
keylen = max(cld(cols, 3), cols - vallen)
end
else
rows = cols = 0
end
first = true
for (i, (k, v)) in enumerate(t)
first || print(io, "\n ")
first = false
limit && i > rows && (print(io, rpad("⋮", keylen), " => ⋮"); break)
if limit
key = rpad(_truncate_at_width_or_chars(ks[i], keylen, "\r\n"), keylen)
else
key = sprint(0, show, k, env=recur_io)
end
print(recur_io, key)
print(io, " => ")
if limit
val = _truncate_at_width_or_chars(vs[i], cols - keylen, "\r\n")
print(io, val)
else
show(recur_io, v)
end
end
end
function show(io::IO, ::MIME"text/plain", f::Function)
ft = typeof(f)
mt = ft.name.mt
if isa(f, Core.IntrinsicFunction)
show(io, f)
id = Core.Intrinsics.bitcast(Int32, f)
print(io, " (intrinsic function #$id)")
elseif isa(f, Core.Builtin)
print(io, mt.name, " (built-in function)")
else
name = mt.name
isself = isdefined(ft.name.module, name) &&
ft == typeof(getfield(ft.name.module, name))
n = length(methods(f))
m = n==1 ? "method" : "methods"
ns = isself ? string(name) : string("(::", name, ")")
what = startswith(ns, '@') ? "macro" : "generic function"
print(io, ns, " (", what, " with $n $m)")
end
end
function show(io::IO, ::MIME"text/plain", r::LinSpace)
# show for linspace, e.g.
# linspace(1,3,7)
# 7-element LinSpace{Float64}:
# 1.0,1.33333,1.66667,2.0,2.33333,2.66667,3.0
print(io, summary(r))
if !isempty(r)
println(io, ":")
print_range(io, r)
end
end
function show(io::IO, ::MIME"text/plain", t::Task)
show(io, t)
if t.state == :failed
println(io)
showerror(io, CapturedException(t.result, t.backtrace))
end
end
show(io::IO, ::MIME"text/plain", X::AbstractArray) = showarray(io, X, false)
show(io::IO, ::MIME"text/plain", r::Range) = show(io, r) # always use the compact form for printing ranges
# display something useful even for strings containing arbitrary
# (non-UTF8) binary data:
function show(io::IO, ::MIME"text/plain", s::String)
if isvalid(s)
show(io, s)
else
println(io, sizeof(s), "-byte String of invalid UTF-8 data:")
showarray(io, Vector{UInt8}(s), false; header=false)
end
end
# showing exception objects as descriptive error messages
showerror(io::IO, ex) = show(io, ex)
function showerror(io::IO, ex::BoundsError)
print(io, "BoundsError")
if isdefined(ex, :a)
print(io, ": attempt to access ")
if isa(ex.a, AbstractArray)
print(io, summary(ex.a))
else
show(io, MIME"text/plain"(), ex.a)
end
if isdefined(ex, :i)
!isa(ex.a, AbstractArray) && print(io, "\n ")
print(io, " at index [")
if isa(ex.i, Range)
print(io, ex.i)
else
join(io, ex.i, ", ")
end
print(io, ']')
end
end
end
function showerror(io::IO, ex::TypeError)
print(io, "TypeError: ")
ctx = isempty(ex.context) ? "" : "in $(ex.context), "
if ex.expected === Bool
print(io, "non-boolean ($(typeof(ex.got))) used in boolean context")
else
if isa(ex.got, Type)
tstr = "Type{$(ex.got)}"
else
tstr = string(typeof(ex.got))
end
print(io, "$(ex.func): $(ctx)expected $(ex.expected), got $tstr")
end
end
function showerror(io::IO, ex, bt; backtrace=true)
try
with_output_color(have_color ? error_color() : :nothing, io) do io
showerror(io, ex)
end
finally
backtrace && show_backtrace(io, bt)
end
end
function showerror(io::IO, ex::LoadError, bt; backtrace=true)
print(io, "LoadError: ")
showerror(io, ex.error, bt, backtrace=backtrace)
print(io, "\nwhile loading $(ex.file), in expression starting on line $(ex.line)")
end
showerror(io::IO, ex::LoadError) = showerror(io, ex, [])
function showerror(io::IO, ex::InitError, bt; backtrace=true)
print(io, "InitError: ")
showerror(io, ex.error, bt, backtrace=backtrace)
print(io, "\nduring initialization of module $(ex.mod)")
end
showerror(io::IO, ex::InitError) = showerror(io, ex, [])
function showerror(io::IO, ex::DomainError, bt; backtrace=true)
print(io, "DomainError:")
for b in bt
code = StackTraces.lookup(b)[1]
if !code.from_c
if code.func == :nan_dom_err
continue
elseif code.func in (:log, :log2, :log10, :sqrt)
print(io, "\n$(code.func) will only return a complex result if called ",
"with a complex argument. Try $(string(code.func))(complex(x)).")
elseif (code.func == :^ && code.file == Symbol("intfuncs.jl")) ||
code.func == :power_by_squaring #3024
print(io, "\nCannot raise an integer x to a negative power -n. ",
"\nMake x a float by adding a zero decimal (e.g. 2.0^-n instead ",
"of 2^-n), or write 1/x^n, float(x)^-n, or (x//1)^-n.")
elseif code.func == :^ &&
(code.file == Symbol("promotion.jl") || code.file == Symbol("math.jl") ||
code.file == Symbol(joinpath(".","promotion.jl")) ||
code.file == Symbol(joinpath(".","math.jl")))
print(io, "\nExponentiation yielding a complex result requires a complex ",
"argument.\nReplace x^y with (x+0im)^y, Complex(x)^y, or similar.")
end
break
end
end
backtrace && show_backtrace(io, bt)
nothing
end
function showerror(io::IO, ex::SystemError)
if ex.extrainfo === nothing
print(io, "SystemError: $(ex.prefix): $(Libc.strerror(ex.errnum))")
else
print(io, "SystemError (with $(ex.extrainfo)): $(ex.prefix): $(Libc.strerror(ex.errnum))")
end
end
showerror(io::IO, ::DivideError) = print(io, "DivideError: integer division error")
showerror(io::IO, ::StackOverflowError) = print(io, "StackOverflowError:")
showerror(io::IO, ::UndefRefError) = print(io, "UndefRefError: access to undefined reference")
showerror(io::IO, ::EOFError) = print(io, "EOFError: read end of file")
function showerror(io::IO, ex::ErrorException)
print(io, ex.msg)
if ex.msg == "type String has no field data"
println(io)
print(io, "Use `Vector{UInt8}(str)` instead.")
end
end
showerror(io::IO, ex::KeyError) = print(io, "KeyError: key $(repr(ex.key)) not found")
showerror(io::IO, ex::InterruptException) = print(io, "InterruptException:")
showerror(io::IO, ex::ArgumentError) = print(io, "ArgumentError: $(ex.msg)")
showerror(io::IO, ex::AssertionError) = print(io, "AssertionError: $(ex.msg)")
function showerror(io::IO, ex::UndefVarError)
if ex.var in [:UTF16String, :UTF32String, :WString, :utf16, :utf32, :wstring, :RepString]
return showerror(io, ErrorException("""
`$(ex.var)` has been moved to the package LegacyStrings.jl:
Run Pkg.add("LegacyStrings") to install LegacyStrings on Julia v0.5-;
Then do `using LegacyStrings` to get `$(ex.var)`.
"""))
end
print(io, "UndefVarError: $(ex.var) not defined")
end
function showerror(io::IO, ex::MethodError)
# ex.args is a tuple type if it was thrown from `invoke` and is
# a tuple of the arguments otherwise.
is_arg_types = isa(ex.args, DataType)
arg_types = is_arg_types ? ex.args : typesof(ex.args...)
f = ex.f
meth = methods_including_ambiguous(f, arg_types)
if length(meth) > 1
return showerror_ambiguous(io, meth, f, arg_types)
end
arg_types_param::SimpleVector = arg_types.parameters
print(io, "MethodError: ")
ft = typeof(f)
name = ft.name.mt.name
f_is_function = false
kwargs = Any[]
if startswith(string(ft.name.name), "#kw#")
f = ex.args[2]
ft = typeof(f)
name = ft.name.mt.name
arg_types_param = arg_types_param[3:end]
temp = ex.args[1]
kwargs = Any[(temp[i*2-1], temp[i*2]) for i in 1:(length(temp) ÷ 2)]
ex = MethodError(f, ex.args[3:end])
end
if f == Base.convert && length(arg_types_param) == 2 && !is_arg_types
f_is_function = true
# See #13033
T = striptype(ex.args[1])
if T === nothing
print(io, "First argument to `convert` must be a Type, got ", ex.args[1])
else
print(io, "Cannot `convert` an object of type ", arg_types_param[2], " to an object of type ", T)
end
elseif isempty(methods(f)) && !isa(f, Function)
print(io, "objects of type $ft are not callable")
else
if ft <: Function && isempty(ft.parameters) &&
isdefined(ft.name.module, name) &&
ft == typeof(getfield(ft.name.module, name))
f_is_function = true
print(io, "no method matching ", name)
elseif isa(f, Type)
print(io, "no method matching ", f)
else
print(io, "no method matching (::", ft, ")")
end
print(io, "(")
for (i, typ) in enumerate(arg_types_param)
print(io, "::$typ")
i == length(arg_types_param) || print(io, ", ")
end
if !isempty(kwargs)
print(io, "; ")
for (i, (k, v)) in enumerate(kwargs)
print(io, k, "=")
show(IOContext(io, :limit=>true), v)
i == length(kwargs) || print(io, ", ")
end
end
print(io, ")")
end
if ft <: AbstractArray
print(io, "\nUse square brackets [] for indexing an Array.")
end
# Check for local functions that shadow methods in Base
if f_is_function && isdefined(Base, name)
basef = getfield(Base, name)
if basef !== ex.f && method_exists(basef, arg_types)
println(io)
print(io, "You may have intended to import Base.", name)
end
end
if method_exists(ex.f, arg_types)
curworld = ccall(:jl_get_world_counter, UInt, ())
println(io)
print(io, "The applicable method may be too new: running in world age $(ex.world), while current world is $(curworld).")
end
if !is_arg_types
# Check for row vectors used where a column vector is intended.
vec_args = []
hasrows = false
for arg in ex.args
isrow = isa(arg,Array) && ndims(arg)==2 && size(arg,1)==1
hasrows |= isrow
push!(vec_args, isrow ? vec(arg) : arg)
end
if hasrows && applicable(f, vec_args...)
print(io, "\n\nYou might have used a 2d row vector where a 1d column vector was required.",
"\nNote the difference between 1d column vector [1,2,3] and 2d row vector [1 2 3].",
"\nYou can convert to a column vector with the vec() function.")
end
end
# Give a helpful error message if the user likely called a type constructor
# and sees a no method error for convert
if (f === Base.convert && !isempty(arg_types_param) && !is_arg_types &&
isa(arg_types_param[1], DataType) &&
arg_types_param[1].name === Type.body.name)
construct_type = arg_types_param[1].parameters[1]
println(io)
print(io, "This may have arisen from a call to the constructor $construct_type(...),",
"\nsince type constructors fall back to convert methods.")
end
try
show_method_candidates(io, ex, kwargs)
catch
warn(io, "Error showing method candidates, aborted")
end
end
striptype{T}(::Type{T}) = T
striptype(::Any) = nothing
function showerror_ambiguous(io::IO, meth, f, args)
print(io, "MethodError: ", f, "(")
p = args.parameters
for (i,a) in enumerate(p)
print(io, "::", a)
i < length(p) && print(io, ", ")
end
print(io, ") is ambiguous. Candidates:")
for m in meth
print(io, "\n ", m)
end
nothing
end
#Show an error by directly calling jl_printf.
#Useful in Base submodule __init__ functions where STDERR isn't defined yet.
function showerror_nostdio(err, msg::AbstractString)
stderr_stream = ccall(:jl_stderr_stream, Ptr{Void}, ())
ccall(:jl_printf, Cint, (Ptr{Void},Cstring), stderr_stream, msg)
ccall(:jl_printf, Cint, (Ptr{Void},Cstring), stderr_stream, ":\n")
ccall(:jl_static_show, Csize_t, (Ptr{Void},Any), stderr_stream, err)
ccall(:jl_printf, Cint, (Ptr{Void},Cstring), stderr_stream, "\n")
end
function show_method_candidates(io::IO, ex::MethodError, kwargs::Vector=Any[])
is_arg_types = isa(ex.args, DataType)
arg_types = is_arg_types ? ex.args : typesof(ex.args...)
arg_types_param = Any[arg_types.parameters...]
# Displays the closest candidates of the given function by looping over the
# functions methods and counting the number of matching arguments.
f = ex.f
ft = typeof(f)
lines = []
# These functions are special cased to only show if first argument is matched.
special = f in [convert, getindex, setindex!]
funcs = Any[(f, arg_types_param)]
# An incorrect call method produces a MethodError for convert.
# It also happens that users type convert when they mean call. So
# pool MethodErrors for these two functions.
if f === convert && !isempty(arg_types_param)
at1 = arg_types_param[1]
if isa(at1,DataType) && (at1::DataType).name === Type.body.name && isleaftype(at1)
push!(funcs, (at1.parameters[1], arg_types_param[2:end]))
end
end
for (func,arg_types_param) in funcs
for method in methods(func)
buf = IOBuffer()
tv = Any[]
sig0 = method.sig
while isa(sig0, UnionAll)
push!(tv, sig0.var)
sig0 = sig0.body
end
s1 = sig0.parameters[1]
sig = sig0.parameters[2:end]
print(buf, " ")
if !isa(func, s1)
# function itself doesn't match
return
else
# TODO: use the methodshow logic here
use_constructor_syntax = isa(func, Type)
print(buf, use_constructor_syntax ? func : typeof(func).name.mt.name)
end
print(buf, "(")
t_i = copy(arg_types_param)
right_matches = 0
for i = 1 : min(length(t_i), length(sig))
i > 1 && print(buf, ", ")
# If isvarargtype then it checks whether the rest of the input arguments matches
# the varargtype
if Base.isvarargtype(sig[i])
sigstr = string(unwrap_unionall(sig[i]).parameters[1], "...")
j = length(t_i)
else
sigstr = string(sig[i])
j = i
end
# Checks if the type of arg 1:i of the input intersects with the current method
t_in = typeintersect(rewrap_unionall(Tuple{sig[1:i]...}, method.sig),
rewrap_unionall(Tuple{t_i[1:j]...}, method.sig))
# If the function is one of the special cased then it should break the loop if
# the type of the first argument is not matched.
t_in === Union{} && special && i == 1 && break
if t_in === Union{}
if Base.have_color
Base.with_output_color(Base.error_color(), buf) do buf
print(buf, "::$sigstr")
end
else
print(buf, "!Matched::$sigstr")
end
# If there is no typeintersect then the type signature from the method is
# inserted in t_i this ensures if the type at the next i matches the type
# signature then there will be a type intersect
t_i[i] = sig[i]
else
right_matches += j==i ? 1 : 0
print(buf, "::$sigstr")
end
end
special && right_matches==0 && return # continue the do-block
if length(t_i) > length(sig) && !isempty(sig) && Base.isvarargtype(sig[end])
# It ensures that methods like f(a::AbstractString...) gets the correct
# number of right_matches
for t in arg_types_param[length(sig):end]
if t <: rewrap_unionall(unwrap_unionall(sig[end]).parameters[1], method.sig)
right_matches += 1
end
end
end
if right_matches > 0 || length(ex.args) < 2
if length(t_i) < length(sig)
# If the methods args is longer than input then the method
# arguments is printed as not a match
for (k, sigtype) in enumerate(sig[length(t_i)+1:end])
sigtype = isvarargtype(sigtype) ? unwrap_unionall(sigtype) : sigtype
if Base.isvarargtype(sigtype)
sigstr = string(sigtype.parameters[1], "...")
else
sigstr = string(sigtype)
end
if !((min(length(t_i), length(sig)) == 0) && k==1)
print(buf, ", ")
end
if Base.have_color
Base.with_output_color(Base.error_color(), buf) do buf
print(buf, "::$sigstr")
end
else
print(buf, "!Matched::$sigstr")
end
end
end
kwords = Symbol[]
if isdefined(ft.name.mt, :kwsorter)
kwsorter_t = typeof(ft.name.mt.kwsorter)
kwords = kwarg_decl(method, kwsorter_t)
length(kwords) > 0 && print(buf, "; ", join(kwords, ", "))
end
print(buf, ")")
show_method_params(buf, tv)
print(buf, " at ", method.file, ":", method.line)
if !isempty(kwargs)
unexpected = Symbol[]
if isempty(kwords) || !(any(endswith(string(kword), "...") for kword in kwords))
for (k, v) in kwargs
if !(k in kwords)
push!(unexpected, k)
end
end
end
if !isempty(unexpected)
Base.with_output_color(Base.error_color(), buf) do buf
plur = length(unexpected) > 1 ? "s" : ""
print(buf, " got unsupported keyword argument$plur \"", join(unexpected, "\", \""), "\"")
end
end
end
if ex.world < min_world(method)
print(buf, " (method too new to be called from this world context.)")
end
if ex.world > max_world(method)
print(buf, " (method deleted before this world age.)")
end
# TODO: indicate if it's in the wrong world
push!(lines, (buf, right_matches))
end
end
end
if !isempty(lines) # Display up to three closest candidates
Base.with_output_color(:normal, io) do io
println(io)
print(io, "Closest candidates are:")
sort!(lines, by = x -> -x[2])
i = 0
for line in lines
println(io)
if i >= 3
print(io, " ...")
break
end
i += 1
print(io, String(take!(line[1])))
end
end
end
end
function show_trace_entry(io, frame, n; prefix = "")
print(io, "\n", prefix)
show(io, frame, full_path=true)
n > 1 && print(io, " (repeats ", n, " times)")
end
# Contains file name and file number. Gets set when a backtrace
# is shown. Used by the REPL to make it possible to open
# the location of a stackframe in the edítor.
global LAST_BACKTRACE_LINE_INFOS = Tuple{String, Int}[]
function show_backtrace(io::IO, t::Vector)
n_frames = 0
frame_counter = 0
resize!(LAST_BACKTRACE_LINE_INFOS, 0)
process_backtrace((a,b) -> n_frames += 1, t)
n_frames != 0 && print(io, "\nStacktrace:")
process_entry = (last_frame, n) -> begin
frame_counter += 1
show_trace_entry(IOContext(io, :backtrace => true), last_frame, n, prefix = string(" [", frame_counter, "] "))
push!(LAST_BACKTRACE_LINE_INFOS, (string(last_frame.file), last_frame.line))
end
process_backtrace(process_entry, t)
end
function show_backtrace(io::IO, t::Vector{Any})
for entry in t
show_trace_entry(io, entry...)
end
end
# call process_func on each frame in a backtrace
function process_backtrace(process_func::Function, t::Vector, limit::Int=typemax(Int); skipC = true)
n = 0
last_frame = StackTraces.UNKNOWN
count = 0
for i = eachindex(t)
lkups = StackTraces.lookup(t[i])
for lkup in lkups
if lkup === StackTraces.UNKNOWN
continue
end
if lkup.from_c && skipC; continue; end
if i == 1 && lkup.func == :error; continue; end
count += 1
if count > limit; break; end
if lkup.file != last_frame.file || lkup.line != last_frame.line || lkup.func != last_frame.func
if n > 0
process_func(last_frame, n)
end
n = 1
last_frame = lkup
else
n += 1
end
end
end
if n > 0
process_func(last_frame, n)
end
end