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# PyEMD

## Links

- Online documentation: <https://pyemd.readthedocs.org>
- Issue tracker: <https://github.com/laszukdawid/pyemd/issues>
- Source code repository: <https://github.com/laszukdawid/pyemd>

## Introduction

Python implementation of the Empirical Mode
Decomposition (EMD). The package contains multiple EMD variations and
intends to deliver more in time.

### Recent changes

- \[2025-11  v1.9\] Migrate to `uv` and `nox` for builds and tests
- \[2025-11  v1.8\] Performance boost of 18% to the core EMD

### EMD variations

-  Ensemble EMD (EEMD),
-  "Complete Ensemble EMD" (CEEMDAN)
-  different settings and configurations of vanilla EMD.
-  Image decomposition (EMD2D & BEMD) (experimental, no support)
-  Just-in-time compiled EMD (JitEMD)

*PyEMD* allows you to use different splines for envelopes, stopping criteria
and extrema interpolations.

### Available splines

-  Natural cubic (**default**)
-  Pointwise cubic
-  Hermite cubic
-  Akima
-  PChip
-  Linear

### Available stopping criteria

-  Cauchy convergence (**default**)
-  Fixed number of iterations
-  Number of consecutive proto-imfs

### Extrema detection

-  Discrete extrema (**default**)
-  Parabolic interpolation

## Installation

**Note**: Downloadable package is called `emd-signal`.

### PyPi (recommended)

The quickest way to install package is through `pip`.

```sh
pip install EMD-signal
```

or with [uv]() you can do

```sh
uv add emd-signal
#or
# uv pip install EMD-signal
```

In this way you install the latest stable release of PyEMD hosted on [PyPi](https://pypi.org/project/emd/).

### Conda

PyEMD (as `emd-signal`) is available for Conda via conda-forge channel 

```sh
conda install -c conda-forge emd-signal
```

Source: [https://anaconda.org/conda-forge/emd-signal](https://anaconda.org/conda-forge/emd-signal)

### From source

In case, if you only want to *use* EMD and its variations, the best way to install PyEMD is through `pip`.
However, if you want the latest version of PyEMD, anyhow you might want to download the code and build package yourself.
The source is publicaly available and hosted on [GitHub](https://github.com/laszukdawid/PyEMD).
To download the code you can either go to the source code page and click `Code -> Download ZIP`, or use **git** command line

```sh
git clone https://github.com/laszukdawid/PyEMD
```

Installing package from source is done using command line:

```sh
python3 -m pip install .
```

after entering the PyEM directory created by `git`.

A quicker way to install PyEMD from source is done using `pip` and `git` in the same command:

```sh
python3 -m pip install git+https://github.com/laszukdawid/PyEMD.git
```

**Note**, however, that this will install it in your current environment. If you are working on many projects, or sharing reources with others, we suggest using [virtual environments](https://docs.python.org/3/library/venv.html).
If you want to make your installation editable use the `-e` flag for [pip](https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/tutorials/installing-packages/)

## Example

More detailed examples are included in the
[documentation](https://pyemd.readthedocs.io/en/latest/examples.html) or
in the
[PyEMD/examples](https://github.com/laszukdawid/PyEMD/tree/master/example).

### EMD

In most cases default settings are enough. Simply import `EMD` and pass
your signal to instance or to `emd()` method.

```python
from PyEMD import EMD
import numpy as np

s = np.random.random(100)
emd = EMD()
IMFs = emd(s)
```

The Figure below was produced with input:
$S(t) = cos(22 \pi t^2) + 6t^2$

![simpleExample](https://github.com/laszukdawid/PyEMD/raw/master/example/simple_example.png?raw=true)

### EEMD

Simplest case of using Ensemble EMD (EEMD) is by importing `EEMD` and
passing your signal to the instance or `eemd()` method.

**Windows**: Please don't skip the `if __name__ == "__main__"` section. 

```python
from PyEMD import EEMD
import numpy as np

if __name__ == "__main__":
    s = np.random.random(100)
    eemd = EEMD()
    eIMFs = eemd(s)
```

### CEEMDAN

As with previous methods, also there is a simple way to use `CEEMDAN`.

**Windows**: Please don't skip the `if __name__ == "__main__"` section. 

```python
from PyEMD import CEEMDAN
import numpy as np

if __name__ == "__main__":
    s = np.random.random(100)
    ceemdan = CEEMDAN()
    cIMFs = ceemdan(s)
```

### Visualisation

The package contains a simple visualisation helper that can help, e.g., with time series and instantaneous frequencies.

```python
import numpy as np
from PyEMD import EMD, Visualisation

t = np.arange(0, 3, 0.01)
S = np.sin(13*t + 0.2*t**1.4) - np.cos(3*t)

# Extract imfs and residue
# In case of EMD
emd = EMD()
emd.emd(S)
imfs, res = emd.get_imfs_and_residue()

# In general:
#components = EEMD()(S)
#imfs, res = components[:-1], components[-1]

vis = Visualisation()
vis.plot_imfs(imfs=imfs, residue=res, t=t, include_residue=True)
vis.plot_instant_freq(t, imfs=imfs)
vis.show()
```

## Experimental

### JitEMD

Just-in-time (JIT) compiled EMD is a version of EMD which exceed on very large signals
or reusing the same instance multiple times. It's strongly sugested to be used in
Jupyter notebooks when experimenting by modifyig input rather than the method itself.

The problem with JIT is that the compilation happens on the first execution and it can be
quite costly. With small signals, or performing decomposition just once, the extra time
for compilation will be significantly larger than the decomposition, making it less performant.

Please see documentation for more information or [examples](./example/) for how to use the code.
This is experimental as it's value is still questionable, and the author (me) isn't proficient
in JIT optimization so mistakes could've been made.

Any feedback is welcomed. Happy to improve if there's intrest. Please open tickets with questions
and suggestions.

To enable JIT in your PyEMD, please install with `jit` option, i.e.

```sh
pip install EMD-signal[jit]
```

###  EMD2D/BEMD

*Unfortunately, this is Experimental and we can't guarantee that the output is meaningful.*
The simplest use is to pass image as monochromatic numpy 2D array. Sample as
with the other modules one can use the default setting of an instance or, more explicitly,
use the `emd2d()` method.

```python
from PyEMD.EMD2d import EMD2D  #, BEMD
import numpy as np

x, y = np.arange(128), np.arange(128).reshape((-1,1))
img = np.sin(0.1*x)*np.cos(0.2*y)
emd2d = EMD2D()  # BEMD() also works
IMFs_2D = emd2d(img)
```

## F.A.Q

### Why is EEMD/CEEMDAN so slow?

Unfortunately, that's their nature. They execute EMD multiple times every time with slightly modified version. Added noise can cause a creation of many extrema which will decrease performance of the natural cubic spline. For some tweaks on how to deal with that please see [Speedup tricks](https://pyemd.readthedocs.io/en/latest/speedup.html) in the documentation.

## Contact

Feel free to contact me with any questions, requests or simply to say *hi*.
It's always nice to know that I've helped someone or made their work easier. 
Contributing to the project is also acceptable and warmly welcomed.

### Citation

If you found this package useful and would like to cite it in your work
please use the following structure:

```latex
@misc{pyemd,
  author = {Laszuk, Dawid},
  title = {Python implementation of Empirical Mode Decomposition algorithm},
  year = {2017},
  publisher = {GitHub},
  journal = {GitHub Repository},
  howpublished = {\url{https://github.com/laszukdawid/PyEMD}},
  doi = {10.5281/zenodo.5459184}
}
```