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Tip revision: 7f486ac6e50f753e1a995db46d840ab0958be859 authored by Jason Self on 24 February 2011, 23:09:09 UTC
Linux-libre 2.6.37.2-gnu1
Linux-libre 2.6.37.2-gnu1
Tip revision: 7f486ac
volatile-considered-harmful.txt
Chinese translated version of Documentation/volatile-considered-harmful.txt
If you have any comment or update to the content, please contact the
original document maintainer directly. However, if you have a problem
communicating in English you can also ask the Chinese maintainer for
help. Contact the Chinese maintainer if this translation is outdated
or if there is a problem with the translation.
Maintainer: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>
Chinese maintainer: Bryan Wu <bryan.wu@analog.com>
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Documentation/volatile-considered-harmful.txt 的中文翻译
如果想评论或更新本文的内容,请直接联系原文档的维护者。如果你使用英文
交流有困难的话,也可以向中文版维护者求助。如果本翻译更新不及时或者翻
译存在问题,请联系中文版维护者。
英文版维护者: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>
中文版维护者: 伍鹏 Bryan Wu <bryan.wu@analog.com>
中文版翻译者: 伍鹏 Bryan Wu <bryan.wu@analog.com>
中文版校译者: 张汉辉 Eugene Teo <eugeneteo@kernel.sg>
杨瑞 Dave Young <hidave.darkstar@gmail.com>
以下为正文
---------------------------------------------------------------------
为什么不应该使用“volatile”类型
------------------------------
C程序员通常认为volatile表示某个变量可以在当前执行的线程之外被改变;因此,在内核
中用到共享数据结构时,常常会有C程序员喜欢使用volatile这类变量。换句话说,他们经
常会把volatile类型看成某种简易的原子变量,当然它们不是。在内核中使用volatile几
乎总是错误的;本文档将解释为什么这样。
理解volatile的关键是知道它的目的是用来消除优化,实际上很少有人真正需要这样的应
用。在内核中,程序员必须防止意外的并发访问破坏共享的数据结构,这其实是一个完全
不同的任务。用来防止意外并发访问的保护措施,可以更加高效的避免大多数优化相关的
问题。
像volatile一样,内核提供了很多原语来保证并发访问时的数据安全(自旋锁, 互斥量,内
存屏障等等),同样可以防止意外的优化。如果可以正确使用这些内核原语,那么就没有
必要再使用volatile。如果仍然必须使用volatile,那么几乎可以肯定在代码的某处有一
个bug。在正确设计的内核代码中,volatile能带来的仅仅是使事情变慢。
思考一下这段典型的内核代码:
spin_lock(&the_lock);
do_something_on(&shared_data);
do_something_else_with(&shared_data);
spin_unlock(&the_lock);
如果所有的代码都遵循加锁规则,当持有the_lock的时候,不可能意外的改变shared_data的
值。任何可能访问该数据的其他代码都会在这个锁上等待。自旋锁原语跟内存屏障一样—— 它
们显式的用来书写成这样 —— 意味着数据访问不会跨越它们而被优化。所以本来编译器认为
它知道在shared_data里面将有什么,但是因为spin_lock()调用跟内存屏障一样,会强制编
译器忘记它所知道的一切。那么在访问这些数据时不会有优化的问题。
如果shared_data被声名为volatile,锁操作将仍然是必须的。就算我们知道没有其他人正在
使用它,编译器也将被阻止优化对临界区内shared_data的访问。在锁有效的同时,
shared_data不是volatile的。在处理共享数据的时候,适当的锁操作可以不再需要
volatile —— 并且是有潜在危害的。
volatile的存储类型最初是为那些内存映射的I/O寄存器而定义。在内核里,寄存器访问也应
该被锁保护,但是人们也不希望编译器“优化”临界区内的寄存器访问。内核里I/O的内存访问
是通过访问函数完成的;不赞成通过指针对I/O内存的直接访问,并且不是在所有体系架构上
都能工作。那些访问函数正是为了防止意外优化而写的,因此,再说一次,volatile类型不
是必需的。
另一种引起用户可能使用volatile的情况是当处理器正忙着等待一个变量的值。正确执行一
个忙等待的方法是:
while (my_variable != what_i_want)
cpu_relax();
cpu_relax()调用会降低CPU的能量消耗或者让位于超线程双处理器;它也作为内存屏障一样出
现,所以,再一次,volatile不是必需的。当然,忙等待一开始就是一种反常规的做法。
在内核中,一些稀少的情况下volatile仍然是有意义的:
- 在一些体系架构的系统上,允许直接的I/0内存访问,那么前面提到的访问函数可以使用
volatile。基本上,每一个访问函数调用它自己都是一个小的临界区域并且保证了按照
程序员期望的那样发生访问操作。
- 某些会改变内存的内联汇编代码虽然没有什么其他明显的附作用,但是有被GCC删除的可
能性。在汇编声明中加上volatile关键字可以防止这种删除操作。
- Jiffies变量是一种特殊情况,虽然每次引用它的时候都可以有不同的值,但读jiffies
变量时不需要任何特殊的加锁保护。所以jiffies变量可以使用volatile,但是不赞成
其他跟jiffies相同类型变量使用volatile。Jiffies被认为是一种“愚蠢的遗留物"
(Linus的话)因为解决这个问题比保持现状要麻烦的多。
- 由于某些I/0设备可能会修改连续一致的内存,所以有时,指向连续一致内存的数据结构
的指针需要正确的使用volatile。网络适配器使用的环状缓存区正是这类情形的一个例
子,其中适配器用改变指针来表示哪些描述符已经处理过了。
对于大多代码,上述几种可以使用volatile的情况都不适用。所以,使用volatile是一种
bug并且需要对这样的代码额外仔细检查。那些试图使用volatile的开发人员需要退一步想想
他们真正想实现的是什么。
非常欢迎删除volatile变量的补丁 - 只要证明这些补丁完整的考虑了并发问题。
注释
----
[1] http://lwn.net/Articles/233481/
[2] http://lwn.net/Articles/233482/
致谢
----
最初由Randy Dunlap推动并作初步研究
由Jonathan Corbet撰写
参考Satyam Sharma,Johannes Stezenbach,Jesper Juhl,Heikki Orsila,
H. Peter Anvin,Philipp Hahn和Stefan Richter的意见改善了本档。