\newfont{\tensy}{cmsy10}
\newfont{\elvsy}{cmsy10 scaled 1095}
\newfont{\twlsy}{cmsy10 scaled 1200}
\newcommand{\chemical}[1]{\fontdimen16\elvsy=3.3pt \fontdimen17\twlsy=3.6pt 
\mathrm{#1}}

\newtheorem{fig}{\vspace{-10pt} Figure}
\newtheorem{tab}{\hspace{-5pt} Table}

\newcommand{\rand}{\marginpar{\rule[-12.5mm]{1mm}{15mm}}}
\newcommand{\randg}{\marginpar{\rule[-17.5mm]{1mm}{20mm}}}

\def \mf{\mathsf}
\def \dt{\Delta t}
\def \dz{\Delta z}
\def \eps{\varepsilon}
\def \mm{\,\mu mol \,}
\def \pH{{\it p}H}
\def \degrees{^\circ}

\def \ehfull{{\em Emiliania huxleyi }}
\def \eh{{\em E. huxleyi }}
\def \OM{{organic matter }}

\def \bgf{\begin{figure} \vspace{5mm}}
\def \bgfh{\begin{figure}[h] \vspace{5mm}}
\def \bgft{\begin{figure}[t] \vspace{5mm}}
\def \bgfb{\begin{figure}[b] \vspace{5mm}}
\def \bgfht{\begin{figure}[ht] \vspace{5mm}}
\def \bgfhb{\begin{figure}[hb] \vspace{5mm}}
\def \ef{\end{figure} \vspace{5mm} }

\def \btb{\begin{table} \vspace{5mm}}
\def \btbh{\begin{table}[h] \vspace{5mm}}
\def \btbt{\begin{table}[t] \vspace{5mm}}
\def \btbb{\begin{table}[!!!!!b] \vspace{5mm}}
\def \btbhh{\begin{table}[!!!!!h] \vspace{5mm}}
\def \btbht{\begin{table}[ht] \vspace{5mm}}
\def \btbhb{\begin{table}[hb] \vspace{5mm}}
\def \btbbt{\begin{table}[bt] \vspace{5mm}}
\def \etb{\end{table}}

\def \bc{\begin{center}}
\def \ec{\end{center}}
\def \be{\begin{equation}}
\def \ee{\end{equation}}
\def \beqa{\begin{eqnarray}}
\def \eeqa{\end{eqnarray}}
\def \ba{\begin{array}}
\def \ea{\end{array}}
\def \bt{\vspace{2mm} \begin{tabular}}
\def \et{\end{tabular}}
\def \bd{\begin{displaymath}}
\def \ed{\end{displaymath}}
\def \bi{\begin{itemize}}
\def \ei{\end{itemize}}
\def \ben{\begin{enumerate}}
\def \een{\end{enumerate}}
\def \bc{\begin{center}}
\def \ec{\end{center}}
\def \di{\displaystyle}
\def \bfl{\begin{flushleft}}
\def \efl{\end{flushleft}}
\newcommand{\e}[1]{\! \times \! 10^{#1}}

%----- carbonate system ----------------%

\def\cheq #1. #2. {\, {{#1 \atop\rightharpoonup}\atop
                    {\leftharpoondown\atop #2}}\, }

%----------------- SUM CO2 -------------------%
\newcommand{\sumc}{\sum \chemical{\mathsf{CO_2}}}
\newcommand{\sumcc}{[\sum \chemical{\mathsf{CO_2}]}}
\newcommand{\ssumc}{\scriptsize \sum \chemical{\mathsf{CO_2}}}


%----- chemical formulas ----------------%
\newcommand{\cardi}{\chemical{\mathsf{CO_2}}}
\newcommand{\cd}{\chemical{\mathsf{CO_2}}}
\newcommand{\ch}{\chemical{\mathsf{CH_4}}}
\newcommand{\hycar}{\chemical{\mathsf{HCO_3^-}}}
\newcommand{\car}{\chemical{\mathsf{CO_3^{2-}}}}
\newcommand{\water}{\chemical{\mathsf{H_2O}}}
\newcommand{\hplus}{\chemical{\mathsf{H^+}}}
\newcommand{\oh}{\chemical{\mathsf{OH^-}}}
\newcommand{\both}{\chemical{\mathsf{B(OH)_3}}}
\newcommand{\bofo}{\chemical{\mathsf{B(OH)_4^-}}}
\newcommand{\hco}{\chemical{\mathsf{H_2CO_3}}}
\newcommand{\ca}{\chemical{\mathsf{Ca^{2+}}}}
\newcommand{\cacar}{\chemical{\mathsf{CaCO_3}}}
\newcommand{\ox}{\chemical{\mathsf{O_2}}}
\newcommand{\pc}{\chemical{\mathsf{pCO_2}}}
\newcommand{\corg}{\chemical{\mathsf{C_{org}}}}

%----------- [concentrations] -----------%
\newcommand{\cardic}{[\chemical{\mathsf{CO_2}]}}
\newcommand{\chc}{[\chemical{\mathsf{CH_4}]}}
\newcommand{\hycarc}{[\chemical{\mathsf{HCO_3^-}]}}
\newcommand{\carc}{[\chemical{\mathsf{CO_3^{2-}}]}}
\newcommand{\waterc}{[\chemical{\mathsf{H_2O}]}}
\newcommand{\hplusc}{[\chemical{\mathsf{H^+}]}}
\newcommand{\ohc}{[\chemical{\mathsf{OH^-}]}}
\newcommand{\bothc}{[\chemical{\mathsf{B(OH)_3}]}}
\newcommand{\sofc}{[\chemical{\mathsf{SO_4^{2-}}]}}
\newcommand{\hcoc}{[\chemical{\mathsf{H_2CO_3}]}}
\newcommand{\cac}{[\chemical{\mathsf{Ca^{2+}}]}}
\newcommand{\cacarc}{[\chemical{\mathsf{CaCO_3}]}}
\newcommand{\oxc}{[\chemical{\mathsf{O_2}]}}

\newcommand{\qq}{\qquad}
\newcommand{\hf}{\hfill}
\newcommand{\nin}{\noindent}
\newcommand{\gsim}{\stackrel{>}{\sim}}

%----------- [Chapter without Chapter]-----%
\newcommand{\kapitel}[2]{\parindent1.75cm{\setcounter{section}{0}  \addtocounter{chapter}{1} \clearpage \addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{\numberline{\thechapter}#1\hspace{1.5mm}#2} {\Huge\bf \noindent \thechapter\hspace{1cm} #1  \vspace{5mm} \newline \indent  #2 \vspace{2cm} \newline }}\parindent0cm\setcounter{equation}{0}\setcounter{figure}{0}\setcounter{table}{0}}

%------------------------------------------%
\def \Ä{\mathaccent"707F A}
\DeclareMathAlphabet{\mathpzc}{OT1}{pzc}{m}{it}
\newcommand{\pd}[2]{\frac{\partial #1}{\partial #2}}
\newcommand{\td}[2]{\frac{d#1}{d#2}}
\newcommand{\gl}[1]{Gleichung (\ref{#1})}

%----------- [PUMA - constants]------------%
\def \dtep{$(\Delta T_R)_{\ÄP}\;$}
\def \dtepE{$(\Delta T_R)_{EP}\;$}
\def \dtns{$(\Delta T_R)_{NS}\;$}
\def \dtepk{$(\Delta T_R)_{\ÄP}$}
\def \dtepkE{$(\Delta T_R)_{EP}$}
\def \dtnsk{$(\Delta T_R)_{NS}$}

%--------- [LEZ-Conversion terms] ----------%
\def \azae{\langle AZ\to AE\rangle}
\def \aeke{\langle AE\to KE\rangle}
\def \kekz{\langle KE\to KZ\rangle}
\def \azkz{\langle AZ\to KZ\rangle}