Revision d606122dc24b56ecf537d55eda38f4bf5ac4de1f authored by Adrian Baddeley on 25 October 2010, 10:40:51 UTC, committed by cran-robot on 25 October 2010, 10:40:51 UTC
1 parent 66bc933
AreaInter.Rd
\name{AreaInter}
\alias{AreaInter}
\title{The Area Interaction Point Process Model}
\description{
Creates an instance of the Area Interaction point process model
(Widom-Rowlinson penetrable spheres model)
which can then be fitted to point pattern data.
}
\usage{
AreaInter(r)
}
\arguments{
\item{r}{The radius of the discs in the area interaction process}
}
\value{
An object of class \code{"interact"}
describing the interpoint interaction
structure of the area-interaction process with disc radius \eqn{r}.
}
\details{
This function defines the interpoint interaction structure of a point
process called the Widom-Rowlinson penetrable sphere model
or area-interaction process. It can be used to fit this model to
point pattern data.
The function \code{\link{ppm}()}, which fits point process models to
point pattern data, requires an argument
of class \code{"interact"} describing the interpoint interaction
structure of the model to be fitted.
The appropriate description of the area interaction structure is
yielded by the function \code{AreaInter()}. See the examples below.
In \bold{standard form}, the area-interaction process
(Widom and Rowlinson, 1970;
Baddeley and Van Lieshout, 1995) with disc radius \eqn{r},
intensity parameter \eqn{\kappa}{kappa} and interaction parameter
\eqn{\gamma}{gamma} is a point process with probability density
\deqn{
f(x_1,\ldots,x_n) =
\alpha \kappa^{n(x)} \gamma^{-A(x)}
}{
f(x[1],\ldots,x[n]) =
alpha . kappa^n(x) . gamma^(-A(x))
}
where
\eqn{x_1,\ldots,x_n}{x[1],\ldots,x[n]} represent the
points of the pattern, \eqn{n(x)} is the number of points in the
pattern, and \eqn{A(x)} is the area of the region formed by
the union of discs of radius \eqn{r} centred at the points
\eqn{x_1,\ldots,x_n}{x[1],\ldots,x[n]}.
Here \eqn{\alpha}{alpha} is a normalising constant.
The interaction parameter \eqn{\gamma}{gamma} can be any positive number.
If \eqn{\gamma = 1}{gamma = 1} then the model reduces to a Poisson
process with intensity \eqn{\kappa}{kappa}.
If \eqn{\gamma < 1}{gamma < 1} then the process is regular,
while if \eqn{\gamma > 1}{gamma > 1} the process is clustered.
Thus, an area interaction process can be used to model either
clustered or regular point patterns. Two points interact if the
distance between them is less than \eqn{2r}{2 * r}.
The standard form of the model, shown above, is a little
complicated to interpret in practical applications.
For example, each isolated point of the pattern \eqn{x} contributes a factor
\eqn{\kappa \gamma^{-\pi r^2}}{kappa * gamma^(-pi * r^2)}
to the probability density.
In \pkg{spatstat}, the model is parametrised in a different form,
which is easier to interpret.
In \bold{canonical scale-free form}, the probability density is rewritten as
\deqn{
f(x_1,\ldots,x_n) =
\alpha \beta^{n(x)} \eta^{-C(x)}
}{
f(x_1,\ldots,x_n) =
alpha . beta^n(x) eta^(-C(x))
}
where \eqn{\beta}{beta} is the new intensity parameter,
\eqn{\eta}{eta} is the new interaction parameter, and
\eqn{C(x) = B(x) - n(x)} is the interaction potential. Here
\deqn{
B(x) = \frac{A(x)}{\pi r^2}
}{
B(x) = A(x)/(pi * r^2)
}
is the normalised area (so that the discs have unit area).
In this formulation, each isolated point of the pattern contributes a
factor \eqn{\beta}{beta} to the probability density (so the
first order trend is \eqn{\beta}{beta}). The quantity
\eqn{C(x)} is a true interaction potential, in the sense that
\eqn{C(x) = 0} if the point pattern \eqn{x} does not contain any
points that lie close together (closer than \eqn{2r}{2*r} units
apart).
The old parameters \eqn{\kappa,\gamma}{kappa,gamma} of the
standard form are related to
the new parameters \eqn{\beta,\eta}{beta,eta} of the canonical
scale-free form, by
\deqn{
\beta = \kappa \gamma^{-\pi r^2} = \kappa /\eta
}{
beta = kappa * gamma^(-pi r^2)= kappa / eta
}
and
\deqn{
\eta = \gamma^{\pi r^2}
}{
eta = gamma^(pi r^2)
}
provided \eqn{\gamma}{gamma} and \eqn{\kappa}{kappa} are positive and finite.
In the canonical scale-free form, the parameter \eqn{\eta}{eta}
can take any nonnegative value. The value \eqn{\eta = 1}{eta = 1}
again corresponds to a Poisson process, with intensity \eqn{\beta}{beta}.
If \eqn{\eta < 1}{eta < 1} then the process is regular,
while if \eqn{\eta > 1}{eta > 1} the process is clustered.
The value \eqn{\eta = 0}{eta = 0} corresponds to a hard core process
with hard core radius \eqn{r} (interaction distance \eqn{2r}).
The \emph{nonstationary} area interaction process is similar except that
the contribution of each individual point \eqn{x_i}{x[i]}
is a function \eqn{\beta(x_i)}{beta(x[i])}
of location, rather than a constant beta.
Note the only argument of \code{AreaInter()} is the disc radius \code{r}.
When \code{r} is fixed, the model becomes an exponential family.
The canonical parameters \eqn{\log(\beta)}{log(beta)}
and \eqn{\log(\eta)}{log(eta)}
are estimated by \code{\link{ppm}()}, not fixed in
\code{AreaInter()}.
}
\seealso{
\code{\link{ppm}},
\code{\link{pairwise.family}},
\code{\link{ppm.object}}
}
\section{Warnings}{
The interaction distance of this process is equal to
\code{2 * r}. Two discs of radius \code{r} overlap if their centres
are closer than \code{2 * r} units apart.
}
\examples{
# prints a sensible description of itself
AreaInter(r=0.1)
# Note the reach is twice the radius
reach(AreaInter(r=1))
# Fit the stationary area interaction process to Swedish Pines data
data(swedishpines)
ppm(swedishpines, ~1, AreaInter(r=7))
# Fit the stationary area interaction process to `cells'
data(cells)
ppm(cells, ~1, AreaInter(r=0.06))
# eta=0 indicates hard core process.
# Fit a nonstationary area interaction with log-cubic polynomial trend
\dontrun{
ppm(swedishpines, ~polynom(x/10,y/10,3), AreaInter(r=7))
}
}
\references{
Baddeley, A.J. and Van Lieshout, M.N.M. (1995).
Area-interaction point processes.
\emph{Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics}
\bold{47} (1995) 601--619.
Widom, B. and Rowlinson, J.S. (1970).
New model for the study of liquid-vapor phase transitions.
\emph{The Journal of Chemical Physics}
\bold{52} (1970) 1670--1684.
}
\author{Adrian Baddeley
\email{adrian@maths.uwa.edu.au}
\url{http://www.maths.uwa.edu.au/~adrian/}
and Rolf Turner
\email{r.turner@auckland.ac.nz}
}
\keyword{spatial}
\keyword{models}
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