Revision fb09ef05dcee8fa0ccaebf88ef1992858ea5a083 authored by Yanqin Jin on 21 March 2020, 02:17:54 UTC, committed by Facebook GitHub Bot on 21 March 2020, 02:30:48 UTC
Summary:
There are situations when RocksDB tries to recover, but the db is in an inconsistent state due to SST files referenced in the MANIFEST being missing. In this case, previous RocksDB will just fail the recovery and return a non-ok status.
This PR enables another possibility. During recovery, RocksDB checks possible MANIFEST files, and try to recover to the most recent state without missing table file. `VersionSet::Recover()` applies version edits incrementally and "materializes" a version only when this version does not reference any missing table file. After processing the entire MANIFEST, the version created last will be the latest version.
`DBImpl::Recover()` calls `VersionSet::Recover()`. Afterwards, WAL replay will *not* be performed.
To use this capability, set `options.best_efforts_recovery = true` when opening the db. Best-efforts recovery is currently incompatible with atomic flush.

Test plan (on devserver):
```
$make check
$COMPILE_WITH_ASAN=1 make all && make check
```
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/6334

Reviewed By: anand1976

Differential Revision: D19778960

Pulled By: riversand963

fbshipit-source-id: c27ea80f29bc952e7d3311ecf5ee9c54393b40a8
1 parent 4fc2166
Raw File
rocksjni.cc
// Copyright (c) 2011-present, Facebook, Inc.  All rights reserved.
//  This source code is licensed under both the GPLv2 (found in the
//  COPYING file in the root directory) and Apache 2.0 License
//  (found in the LICENSE.Apache file in the root directory).
//
// This file implements the "bridge" between Java and C++ and enables
// calling c++ ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB methods from Java side.

#include <jni.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <algorithm>
#include <functional>
#include <memory>
#include <string>
#include <tuple>
#include <vector>

#include "include/org_rocksdb_RocksDB.h"
#include "rocksdb/cache.h"
#include "rocksdb/convenience.h"
#include "rocksdb/db.h"
#include "rocksdb/options.h"
#include "rocksdb/types.h"
#include "rocksjni/portal.h"

#ifdef min
#undef min
#endif

jlong rocksdb_open_helper(JNIEnv* env, jlong jopt_handle, jstring jdb_path,
                          std::function<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status(
                              const ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Options&,
                              const std::string&, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB**)>
                              open_fn) {
  const char* db_path = env->GetStringUTFChars(jdb_path, nullptr);
  if (db_path == nullptr) {
    // exception thrown: OutOfMemoryError
    return 0;
  }

  auto* opt = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Options*>(jopt_handle);
  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB* db = nullptr;
  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status s = open_fn(*opt, db_path, &db);

  env->ReleaseStringUTFChars(jdb_path, db_path);

  if (s.ok()) {
    return reinterpret_cast<jlong>(db);
  } else {
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
    return 0;
  }
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    open
 * Signature: (JLjava/lang/String;)J
 */
jlong Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_open__JLjava_lang_String_2(
    JNIEnv* env, jclass, jlong jopt_handle, jstring jdb_path) {
  return rocksdb_open_helper(env, jopt_handle, jdb_path,
                             (ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status(*)(
                                 const ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Options&,
                                 const std::string&, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB**)) &
                                 ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB::Open);
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    openROnly
 * Signature: (JLjava/lang/String;)J
 */
jlong Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_openROnly__JLjava_lang_String_2(
    JNIEnv* env, jclass, jlong jopt_handle, jstring jdb_path) {
  return rocksdb_open_helper(
      env, jopt_handle, jdb_path,
      [](const ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Options& options, const std::string& db_path,
         ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB** db) {
        return ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB::OpenForReadOnly(options, db_path, db);
      });
}

jlongArray rocksdb_open_helper(
    JNIEnv* env, jlong jopt_handle, jstring jdb_path,
    jobjectArray jcolumn_names, jlongArray jcolumn_options,
    std::function<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status(
        const ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DBOptions&, const std::string&,
        const std::vector<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyDescriptor>&,
        std::vector<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>*,
        ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB**)>
        open_fn) {
  const char* db_path = env->GetStringUTFChars(jdb_path, nullptr);
  if (db_path == nullptr) {
    // exception thrown: OutOfMemoryError
    return nullptr;
  }

  const jsize len_cols = env->GetArrayLength(jcolumn_names);
  jlong* jco = env->GetLongArrayElements(jcolumn_options, nullptr);
  if (jco == nullptr) {
    // exception thrown: OutOfMemoryError
    env->ReleaseStringUTFChars(jdb_path, db_path);
    return nullptr;
  }

  std::vector<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyDescriptor> column_families;
  jboolean has_exception = JNI_FALSE;
  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::JniUtil::byteStrings<std::string>(
      env, jcolumn_names,
      [](const char* str_data, const size_t str_len) {
        return std::string(str_data, str_len);
      },
      [&jco, &column_families](size_t idx, std::string cf_name) {
        ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyOptions* cf_options =
            reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyOptions*>(jco[idx]);
        column_families.push_back(
            ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyDescriptor(cf_name, *cf_options));
      },
      &has_exception);

  env->ReleaseLongArrayElements(jcolumn_options, jco, JNI_ABORT);

  if (has_exception == JNI_TRUE) {
    // exception occurred
    env->ReleaseStringUTFChars(jdb_path, db_path);
    return nullptr;
  }

  auto* opt = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DBOptions*>(jopt_handle);
  std::vector<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*> cf_handles;
  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB* db = nullptr;
  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status s =
      open_fn(*opt, db_path, column_families, &cf_handles, &db);

  // we have now finished with db_path
  env->ReleaseStringUTFChars(jdb_path, db_path);

  // check if open operation was successful
  if (!s.ok()) {
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
    return nullptr;
  }

  const jsize resultsLen = 1 + len_cols;  // db handle + column family handles
  std::unique_ptr<jlong[]> results =
      std::unique_ptr<jlong[]>(new jlong[resultsLen]);
  results[0] = reinterpret_cast<jlong>(db);
  for (int i = 1; i <= len_cols; i++) {
    results[i] = reinterpret_cast<jlong>(cf_handles[i - 1]);
  }

  jlongArray jresults = env->NewLongArray(resultsLen);
  if (jresults == nullptr) {
    // exception thrown: OutOfMemoryError
    return nullptr;
  }

  env->SetLongArrayRegion(jresults, 0, resultsLen, results.get());
  if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
    // exception thrown: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
    env->DeleteLocalRef(jresults);
    return nullptr;
  }

  return jresults;
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    openROnly
 * Signature: (JLjava/lang/String;[[B[J)[J
 */
jlongArray Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_openROnly__JLjava_lang_String_2_3_3B_3J(
    JNIEnv* env, jclass, jlong jopt_handle, jstring jdb_path,
    jobjectArray jcolumn_names, jlongArray jcolumn_options) {
  return rocksdb_open_helper(
      env, jopt_handle, jdb_path, jcolumn_names, jcolumn_options,
      [](const ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DBOptions& options,
         const std::string& db_path,
         const std::vector<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyDescriptor>&
             column_families,
         std::vector<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>* handles,
         ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB** db) {
        return ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB::OpenForReadOnly(
            options, db_path, column_families, handles, db);
      });
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    open
 * Signature: (JLjava/lang/String;[[B[J)[J
 */
jlongArray Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_open__JLjava_lang_String_2_3_3B_3J(
    JNIEnv* env, jclass, jlong jopt_handle, jstring jdb_path,
    jobjectArray jcolumn_names, jlongArray jcolumn_options) {
  return rocksdb_open_helper(
      env, jopt_handle, jdb_path, jcolumn_names, jcolumn_options,
      (ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status(*)(
          const ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DBOptions&, const std::string&,
          const std::vector<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyDescriptor>&,
          std::vector<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>*,
          ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB**)) &
          ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB::Open);
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    disposeInternal
 * Signature: (J)V
 */
void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_disposeInternal(
    JNIEnv*, jobject, jlong jhandle) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jhandle);
  assert(db != nullptr);
  delete db;
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    closeDatabase
 * Signature: (J)V
 */
void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_closeDatabase(
    JNIEnv* env, jclass, jlong jhandle) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jhandle);
  assert(db != nullptr);
  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status s = db->Close();
  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    listColumnFamilies
 * Signature: (JLjava/lang/String;)[[B
 */
jobjectArray Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_listColumnFamilies(
    JNIEnv* env, jclass, jlong jopt_handle, jstring jdb_path) {
  std::vector<std::string> column_family_names;
  const char* db_path = env->GetStringUTFChars(jdb_path, nullptr);
  if (db_path == nullptr) {
    // exception thrown: OutOfMemoryError
    return nullptr;
  }

  auto* opt = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Options*>(jopt_handle);
  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status s = ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB::ListColumnFamilies(
      *opt, db_path, &column_family_names);

  env->ReleaseStringUTFChars(jdb_path, db_path);

  jobjectArray jcolumn_family_names =
      ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::JniUtil::stringsBytes(env, column_family_names);

  return jcolumn_family_names;
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    createColumnFamily
 * Signature: (J[BIJ)J
 */
jlong Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_createColumnFamily(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jhandle, jbyteArray jcf_name,
    jint jcf_name_len, jlong jcf_options_handle) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jhandle);
  jboolean has_exception = JNI_FALSE;
  const std::string cf_name =
      ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::JniUtil::byteString<std::string>(
          env, jcf_name, jcf_name_len,
          [](const char* str, const size_t len) {
            return std::string(str, len);
          },
          &has_exception);
  if (has_exception == JNI_TRUE) {
    // exception occurred
    return 0;
  }
  auto* cf_options = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyOptions*>(
      jcf_options_handle);
  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle* cf_handle;
  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status s =
      db->CreateColumnFamily(*cf_options, cf_name, &cf_handle);
  if (!s.ok()) {
    // error occurred
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
    return 0;
  }
  return reinterpret_cast<jlong>(cf_handle);
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    createColumnFamilies
 * Signature: (JJ[[B)[J
 */
jlongArray Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_createColumnFamilies__JJ_3_3B(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jhandle, jlong jcf_options_handle,
    jobjectArray jcf_names) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jhandle);
  auto* cf_options = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyOptions*>(
      jcf_options_handle);
  jboolean has_exception = JNI_FALSE;
  std::vector<std::string> cf_names;
  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::JniUtil::byteStrings<std::string>(
      env, jcf_names,
      [](const char* str, const size_t len) { return std::string(str, len); },
      [&cf_names](const size_t, std::string str) { cf_names.push_back(str); },
      &has_exception);
  if (has_exception == JNI_TRUE) {
    // exception occurred
    return nullptr;
  }

  std::vector<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*> cf_handles;
  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status s =
      db->CreateColumnFamilies(*cf_options, cf_names, &cf_handles);
  if (!s.ok()) {
    // error occurred
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
    return nullptr;
  }

  jlongArray jcf_handles = ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::JniUtil::toJPointers<
      ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle>(env, cf_handles, &has_exception);
  if (has_exception == JNI_TRUE) {
    // exception occurred
    return nullptr;
  }
  return jcf_handles;
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    createColumnFamilies
 * Signature: (J[J[[B)[J
 */
jlongArray Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_createColumnFamilies__J_3J_3_3B(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jhandle, jlongArray jcf_options_handles,
    jobjectArray jcf_names) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jhandle);
  const jsize jlen = env->GetArrayLength(jcf_options_handles);
  std::vector<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyDescriptor> cf_descriptors;
  cf_descriptors.reserve(jlen);

  jboolean jcf_options_handles_is_copy = JNI_FALSE;
  jlong *jcf_options_handles_elems = env->GetLongArrayElements(jcf_options_handles, &jcf_options_handles_is_copy);
  if(jcf_options_handles_elems == nullptr) {
      // exception thrown: OutOfMemoryError
      return nullptr;
  }

  // extract the column family descriptors
  jboolean has_exception = JNI_FALSE;
  for (jsize i = 0; i < jlen; i++) {
    auto* cf_options =
        reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyOptions*>(
            jcf_options_handles_elems[i]);
    jbyteArray jcf_name = static_cast<jbyteArray>(
        env->GetObjectArrayElement(jcf_names, i));
    if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
      // exception thrown: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
      env->ReleaseLongArrayElements(jcf_options_handles, jcf_options_handles_elems, JNI_ABORT);
      return nullptr;
    }
    const std::string cf_name =
        ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::JniUtil::byteString<std::string>(
            env, jcf_name,
            [](const char* str, const size_t len) {
              return std::string(str, len);
            },
            &has_exception);
    if (has_exception == JNI_TRUE) {
      // exception occurred
      env->DeleteLocalRef(jcf_name);
      env->ReleaseLongArrayElements(jcf_options_handles, jcf_options_handles_elems, JNI_ABORT);
      return nullptr;
    }

    cf_descriptors.push_back(
        ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyDescriptor(cf_name, *cf_options));

    env->DeleteLocalRef(jcf_name);
  }

  std::vector<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*> cf_handles;
  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status s =
      db->CreateColumnFamilies(cf_descriptors, &cf_handles);

  env->ReleaseLongArrayElements(jcf_options_handles, jcf_options_handles_elems, JNI_ABORT);

  if (!s.ok()) {
    // error occurred
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
    return nullptr;
  }

  jlongArray jcf_handles = ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::JniUtil::toJPointers<
      ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle>(env, cf_handles, &has_exception);
  if (has_exception == JNI_TRUE) {
    // exception occurred
    return nullptr;
  }
  return jcf_handles;
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    dropColumnFamily
 * Signature: (JJ)V;
 */
void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_dropColumnFamily(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle,
    jlong jcf_handle) {
  auto* db_handle = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  auto* cf_handle =
      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status s = db_handle->DropColumnFamily(cf_handle);
  if (!s.ok()) {
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
  }
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    dropColumnFamilies
 * Signature: (J[J)V
 */
void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_dropColumnFamilies(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle,
    jlongArray jcolumn_family_handles) {
  auto* db_handle = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);

  std::vector<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*> cf_handles;
  if (jcolumn_family_handles != nullptr) {
    const jsize len_cols = env->GetArrayLength(jcolumn_family_handles);

    jlong* jcfh = env->GetLongArrayElements(jcolumn_family_handles, nullptr);
    if (jcfh == nullptr) {
      // exception thrown: OutOfMemoryError
      return;
    }

    for (jsize i = 0; i < len_cols; i++) {
      auto* cf_handle =
          reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcfh[i]);
      cf_handles.push_back(cf_handle);
    }
    env->ReleaseLongArrayElements(jcolumn_family_handles, jcfh, JNI_ABORT);
  }

  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status s = db_handle->DropColumnFamilies(cf_handles);
  if (!s.ok()) {
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
  }
}

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB::Put

/**
 * @return true if the put succeeded, false if a Java Exception was thrown
 */
bool rocksdb_put_helper(JNIEnv* env, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB* db,
                        const ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions& write_options,
                        ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle* cf_handle,
                        jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_off, jint jkey_len,
                        jbyteArray jval, jint jval_off, jint jval_len) {
  jbyte* key = new jbyte[jkey_len];
  env->GetByteArrayRegion(jkey, jkey_off, jkey_len, key);
  if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
    // exception thrown: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
    delete[] key;
    return false;
  }

  jbyte* value = new jbyte[jval_len];
  env->GetByteArrayRegion(jval, jval_off, jval_len, value);
  if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
    // exception thrown: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
    delete[] value;
    delete[] key;
    return false;
  }

  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice key_slice(reinterpret_cast<char*>(key), jkey_len);
  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice value_slice(reinterpret_cast<char*>(value),
                                       jval_len);

  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status s;
  if (cf_handle != nullptr) {
    s = db->Put(write_options, cf_handle, key_slice, value_slice);
  } else {
    // backwards compatibility
    s = db->Put(write_options, key_slice, value_slice);
  }

  // cleanup
  delete[] value;
  delete[] key;

  if (s.ok()) {
    return true;
  } else {
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
    return false;
  }
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    put
 * Signature: (J[BII[BII)V
 */
void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_put__J_3BII_3BII(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle,
    jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_off, jint jkey_len,
    jbyteArray jval, jint jval_off, jint jval_len) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  static const ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions default_write_options =
      ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions();
  rocksdb_put_helper(env, db, default_write_options, nullptr, jkey, jkey_off,
      jkey_len, jval, jval_off, jval_len);
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    put
 * Signature: (J[BII[BIIJ)V
 */
void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_put__J_3BII_3BIIJ(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle,
    jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_off, jint jkey_len,
    jbyteArray jval, jint jval_off, jint jval_len,
    jlong jcf_handle) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  static const ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions default_write_options =
      ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions();
  auto* cf_handle =
      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
  if (cf_handle != nullptr) {
    rocksdb_put_helper(env, db, default_write_options, cf_handle, jkey,
        jkey_off, jkey_len, jval, jval_off, jval_len);
  } else {
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(
        env, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status::InvalidArgument(
                 "Invalid ColumnFamilyHandle."));
  }
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    put
 * Signature: (JJ[BII[BII)V
 */
void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_put__JJ_3BII_3BII(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle,
    jlong jwrite_options_handle,
    jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_off, jint jkey_len,
    jbyteArray jval, jint jval_off, jint jval_len) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  auto* write_options =
      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions*>(jwrite_options_handle);
  rocksdb_put_helper(env, db, *write_options, nullptr, jkey, jkey_off, jkey_len,
      jval, jval_off, jval_len);
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    put
 * Signature: (JJ[BII[BIIJ)V
 */
void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_put__JJ_3BII_3BIIJ(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle, jlong jwrite_options_handle,
    jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_off, jint jkey_len,
    jbyteArray jval, jint jval_off, jint jval_len,
    jlong jcf_handle) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  auto* write_options =
      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions*>(jwrite_options_handle);
  auto* cf_handle =
      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
  if (cf_handle != nullptr) {
    rocksdb_put_helper(env, db, *write_options, cf_handle, jkey, jkey_off,
        jkey_len, jval, jval_off, jval_len);
  } else {
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(
        env, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status::InvalidArgument(
                 "Invalid ColumnFamilyHandle."));
  }
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    putDirect
 * Signature: (JJLjava/nio/ByteBuffer;IILjava/nio/ByteBuffer;IIJ)V
 */
void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_putDirect(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject /*jdb*/, jlong jdb_handle, jlong jwrite_options_handle,
    jobject jkey, jint jkey_off, jint jkey_len, jobject jval, jint jval_off,
    jint jval_len, jlong jcf_handle) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  auto* write_options =
      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions*>(jwrite_options_handle);
  auto* cf_handle =
      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
  auto put = [&env, &db, &cf_handle, &write_options](
                 ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice& key,
                 ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice& value) {
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status s;
    if (cf_handle == nullptr) {
      s = db->Put(*write_options, key, value);
    } else {
      s = db->Put(*write_options, cf_handle, key, value);
    }
    if (s.ok()) {
      return;
    }
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
  };
  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::JniUtil::kv_op_direct(put, env, jkey, jkey_off, jkey_len,
                                           jval, jval_off, jval_len);
}

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB::Delete()

/**
 * @return true if the delete succeeded, false if a Java Exception was thrown
 */
bool rocksdb_delete_helper(JNIEnv* env, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB* db,
                           const ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions& write_options,
                           ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle* cf_handle,
                           jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_off, jint jkey_len) {
  jbyte* key = new jbyte[jkey_len];
  env->GetByteArrayRegion(jkey, jkey_off, jkey_len, key);
  if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
    // exception thrown: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
    delete[] key;
    return false;
  }
  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice key_slice(reinterpret_cast<char*>(key), jkey_len);

  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status s;
  if (cf_handle != nullptr) {
    s = db->Delete(write_options, cf_handle, key_slice);
  } else {
    // backwards compatibility
    s = db->Delete(write_options, key_slice);
  }

  // cleanup
  delete[] key;

  if (s.ok()) {
    return true;
  }

  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
  return false;
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    delete
 * Signature: (J[BII)V
 */
void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_delete__J_3BII(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle,
    jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_off, jint jkey_len) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  static const ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions default_write_options =
      ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions();
  rocksdb_delete_helper(env, db, default_write_options, nullptr, jkey, jkey_off,
      jkey_len);
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    delete
 * Signature: (J[BIIJ)V
 */
void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_delete__J_3BIIJ(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle,
    jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_off, jint jkey_len,
    jlong jcf_handle) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  static const ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions default_write_options =
      ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions();
  auto* cf_handle =
      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
  if (cf_handle != nullptr) {
    rocksdb_delete_helper(env, db, default_write_options, cf_handle, jkey,
        jkey_off, jkey_len);
  } else {
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(
        env, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status::InvalidArgument(
                 "Invalid ColumnFamilyHandle."));
  }
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    delete
 * Signature: (JJ[BII)V
 */
void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_delete__JJ_3BII(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject,
    jlong jdb_handle,
    jlong jwrite_options,
    jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_off, jint jkey_len) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  auto* write_options =
      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions*>(jwrite_options);
  rocksdb_delete_helper(env, db, *write_options, nullptr, jkey, jkey_off,
      jkey_len);
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    delete
 * Signature: (JJ[BIIJ)V
 */
void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_delete__JJ_3BIIJ(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle, jlong jwrite_options,
    jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_off, jint jkey_len, jlong jcf_handle) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  auto* write_options =
      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions*>(jwrite_options);
  auto* cf_handle =
      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
  if (cf_handle != nullptr) {
    rocksdb_delete_helper(env, db, *write_options, cf_handle, jkey, jkey_off,
        jkey_len);
  } else {
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(
        env, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status::InvalidArgument(
                 "Invalid ColumnFamilyHandle."));
  }
}

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB::SingleDelete()
/**
 * @return true if the single delete succeeded, false if a Java Exception
 *     was thrown
 */
bool rocksdb_single_delete_helper(
    JNIEnv* env, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB* db,
    const ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions& write_options,
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle* cf_handle, jbyteArray jkey,
    jint jkey_len) {
  jbyte* key = env->GetByteArrayElements(jkey, nullptr);
  if (key == nullptr) {
    // exception thrown: OutOfMemoryError
    return false;
  }
  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice key_slice(reinterpret_cast<char*>(key), jkey_len);

  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status s;
  if (cf_handle != nullptr) {
    s = db->SingleDelete(write_options, cf_handle, key_slice);
  } else {
    // backwards compatibility
    s = db->SingleDelete(write_options, key_slice);
  }

  // trigger java unref on key and value.
  // by passing JNI_ABORT, it will simply release the reference without
  // copying the result back to the java byte array.
  env->ReleaseByteArrayElements(jkey, key, JNI_ABORT);

  if (s.ok()) {
    return true;
  }

  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
  return false;
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    singleDelete
 * Signature: (J[BI)V
 */
void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_singleDelete__J_3BI(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject,
    jlong jdb_handle,
    jbyteArray jkey,
    jint jkey_len) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  static const ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions default_write_options =
      ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions();
  rocksdb_single_delete_helper(env, db, default_write_options, nullptr,
      jkey, jkey_len);
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    singleDelete
 * Signature: (J[BIJ)V
 */
void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_singleDelete__J_3BIJ(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle,
    jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_len, jlong jcf_handle) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  static const ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions default_write_options =
      ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions();
  auto* cf_handle =
      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
  if (cf_handle != nullptr) {
    rocksdb_single_delete_helper(env, db, default_write_options, cf_handle,
        jkey, jkey_len);
  } else {
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(
        env, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status::InvalidArgument(
                 "Invalid ColumnFamilyHandle."));
  }
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    singleDelete
 * Signature: (JJ[BIJ)V
 */
void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_singleDelete__JJ_3BI(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle,
    jlong jwrite_options,
    jbyteArray jkey,
    jint jkey_len) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  auto* write_options =
      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions*>(jwrite_options);
  rocksdb_single_delete_helper(env, db, *write_options, nullptr, jkey,
      jkey_len);
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    singleDelete
 * Signature: (JJ[BIJ)V
 */
void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_singleDelete__JJ_3BIJ(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle, jlong jwrite_options,
    jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_len, jlong jcf_handle) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  auto* write_options =
      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions*>(jwrite_options);
  auto* cf_handle =
      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
  if (cf_handle != nullptr) {
    rocksdb_single_delete_helper(env, db, *write_options, cf_handle, jkey,
        jkey_len);
  } else {
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(
        env, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status::InvalidArgument(
                 "Invalid ColumnFamilyHandle."));
  }
}

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB::DeleteRange()
/**
 * @return true if the delete range succeeded, false if a Java Exception
 *     was thrown
 */
bool rocksdb_delete_range_helper(
    JNIEnv* env, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB* db,
    const ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions& write_options,
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle* cf_handle, jbyteArray jbegin_key,
    jint jbegin_key_off, jint jbegin_key_len, jbyteArray jend_key,
    jint jend_key_off, jint jend_key_len) {
  jbyte* begin_key = new jbyte[jbegin_key_len];
  env->GetByteArrayRegion(jbegin_key, jbegin_key_off, jbegin_key_len,
      begin_key);
  if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
    // exception thrown: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
    delete[] begin_key;
    return false;
  }
  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice begin_key_slice(reinterpret_cast<char*>(begin_key),
                                           jbegin_key_len);

  jbyte* end_key = new jbyte[jend_key_len];
  env->GetByteArrayRegion(jend_key, jend_key_off, jend_key_len, end_key);
  if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
    // exception thrown: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
    delete[] begin_key;
    delete[] end_key;
    return false;
  }
  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice end_key_slice(reinterpret_cast<char*>(end_key),
                                         jend_key_len);

  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status s =
      db->DeleteRange(write_options, cf_handle, begin_key_slice, end_key_slice);

  // cleanup
  delete[] begin_key;
  delete[] end_key;

  if (s.ok()) {
    return true;
  }

  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
  return false;
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    deleteRange
 * Signature: (J[BII[BII)V
 */
void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_deleteRange__J_3BII_3BII(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle,
    jbyteArray jbegin_key, jint jbegin_key_off, jint jbegin_key_len,
    jbyteArray jend_key, jint jend_key_off, jint jend_key_len) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  static const ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions default_write_options =
      ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions();
  rocksdb_delete_range_helper(env, db, default_write_options, nullptr,
      jbegin_key, jbegin_key_off, jbegin_key_len,
      jend_key, jend_key_off, jend_key_len);
}

jint rocksdb_get_helper_direct(
    JNIEnv* env, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB* db,
    const ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ReadOptions& read_options,
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle* column_family_handle, jobject jkey,
    jint jkey_off, jint jkey_len, jobject jval, jint jval_off, jint jval_len,
    bool* has_exception) {
  static const int kNotFound = -1;
  static const int kStatusError = -2;
  static const int kArgumentError = -3;

  char* key = reinterpret_cast<char*>(env->GetDirectBufferAddress(jkey));
  if (key == nullptr) {
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(
        env,
        "Invalid key argument (argument is not a valid direct ByteBuffer)");
    *has_exception = true;
    return kArgumentError;
  }
  if (env->GetDirectBufferCapacity(jkey) < (jkey_off + jkey_len)) {
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(
        env,
        "Invalid key argument. Capacity is less than requested region (offset "
        "+ length).");
    *has_exception = true;
    return kArgumentError;
  }

  char* value = reinterpret_cast<char*>(env->GetDirectBufferAddress(jval));
  if (value == nullptr) {
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(
        env,
        "Invalid value argument (argument is not a valid direct ByteBuffer)");
    *has_exception = true;
    return kArgumentError;
  }

  if (env->GetDirectBufferCapacity(jval) < (jval_off + jval_len)) {
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(
        env,
        "Invalid value argument. Capacity is less than requested region "
        "(offset + length).");
    *has_exception = true;
    return kArgumentError;
  }

  key += jkey_off;
  value += jval_off;

  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice key_slice(key, jkey_len);

  // TODO(yhchiang): we might save one memory allocation here by adding
  // a DB::Get() function which takes preallocated jbyte* as input.
  std::string cvalue;
  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status s;
  if (column_family_handle != nullptr) {
    s = db->Get(read_options, column_family_handle, key_slice, &cvalue);
  } else {
    // backwards compatibility
    s = db->Get(read_options, key_slice, &cvalue);
  }

  if (s.IsNotFound()) {
    *has_exception = false;
    return kNotFound;
  } else if (!s.ok()) {
    *has_exception = true;
    // Here since we are throwing a Java exception from c++ side.
    // As a result, c++ does not know calling this function will in fact
    // throwing an exception.  As a result, the execution flow will
    // not stop here, and codes after this throw will still be
    // executed.
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);

    // Return a dummy const value to avoid compilation error, although
    // java side might not have a chance to get the return value :)
    return kStatusError;
  }

  const jint cvalue_len = static_cast<jint>(cvalue.size());
  const jint length = std::min(jval_len, cvalue_len);

  memcpy(value, cvalue.c_str(), length);

  *has_exception = false;
  return cvalue_len;
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    deleteRange
 * Signature: (J[BII[BIIJ)V
 */
void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_deleteRange__J_3BII_3BIIJ(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle,
    jbyteArray jbegin_key, jint jbegin_key_off, jint jbegin_key_len,
    jbyteArray jend_key, jint jend_key_off, jint jend_key_len,
    jlong jcf_handle) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  static const ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions default_write_options =
      ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions();
  auto* cf_handle =
      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
  if (cf_handle != nullptr) {
    rocksdb_delete_range_helper(env, db, default_write_options, cf_handle,
        jbegin_key, jbegin_key_off, jbegin_key_len,
        jend_key, jend_key_off, jend_key_len);
  } else {
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(
        env, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status::InvalidArgument(
                 "Invalid ColumnFamilyHandle."));
  }
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    deleteRange
 * Signature: (JJ[BII[BII)V
 */
void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_deleteRange__JJ_3BII_3BII(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle, jlong jwrite_options,
    jbyteArray jbegin_key, jint jbegin_key_off, jint jbegin_key_len,
    jbyteArray jend_key, jint jend_key_off, jint jend_key_len) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  auto* write_options =
      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions*>(jwrite_options);
  rocksdb_delete_range_helper(env, db, *write_options, nullptr, jbegin_key,
      jbegin_key_off, jbegin_key_len, jend_key,
      jend_key_off, jend_key_len);
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    deleteRange
 * Signature: (JJ[BII[BIIJ)V
 */
void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_deleteRange__JJ_3BII_3BIIJ(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle, jlong jwrite_options,
    jbyteArray jbegin_key, jint jbegin_key_off, jint jbegin_key_len,
    jbyteArray jend_key, jint jend_key_off, jint jend_key_len,
    jlong jcf_handle) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  auto* write_options =
      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions*>(jwrite_options);
  auto* cf_handle =
      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
  if (cf_handle != nullptr) {
    rocksdb_delete_range_helper(env, db, *write_options, cf_handle,
        jbegin_key, jbegin_key_off, jbegin_key_len,
        jend_key, jend_key_off, jend_key_len);
  } else {
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(
        env, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status::InvalidArgument(
                 "Invalid ColumnFamilyHandle."));
  }
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    getDirect
 * Signature: (JJLjava/nio/ByteBuffer;IILjava/nio/ByteBuffer;IIJ)I
 */
jint Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_getDirect(JNIEnv* env, jobject /*jdb*/,
                                        jlong jdb_handle, jlong jropt_handle,
                                        jobject jkey, jint jkey_off,
                                        jint jkey_len, jobject jval,
                                        jint jval_off, jint jval_len,
                                        jlong jcf_handle) {
  auto* db_handle = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  auto* ro_opt =
      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ReadOptions*>(jropt_handle);
  auto* cf_handle =
      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
  bool has_exception = false;
  return rocksdb_get_helper_direct(
      env, db_handle,
      ro_opt == nullptr ? ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ReadOptions() : *ro_opt, cf_handle,
      jkey, jkey_off, jkey_len, jval, jval_off, jval_len, &has_exception);
}

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB::Merge

/**
 * @return true if the merge succeeded, false if a Java Exception was thrown
 */
bool rocksdb_merge_helper(JNIEnv* env, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB* db,
                          const ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions& write_options,
                          ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle* cf_handle,
                          jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_off, jint jkey_len,
                          jbyteArray jval, jint jval_off, jint jval_len) {
  jbyte* key = new jbyte[jkey_len];
  env->GetByteArrayRegion(jkey, jkey_off, jkey_len, key);
  if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
    // exception thrown: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
    delete[] key;
    return false;
  }
  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice key_slice(reinterpret_cast<char*>(key), jkey_len);

  jbyte* value = new jbyte[jval_len];
  env->GetByteArrayRegion(jval, jval_off, jval_len, value);
  if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
    // exception thrown: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
    delete[] value;
    delete[] key;
    return false;
  }
  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice value_slice(reinterpret_cast<char*>(value),
                                       jval_len);

  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status s;
  if (cf_handle != nullptr) {
    s = db->Merge(write_options, cf_handle, key_slice, value_slice);
  } else {
    s = db->Merge(write_options, key_slice, value_slice);
  }

  // cleanup
  delete[] value;
  delete[] key;

  if (s.ok()) {
    return true;
  }

  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
  return false;
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    merge
 * Signature: (J[BII[BII)V
 */
void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_merge__J_3BII_3BII(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle,
    jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_off, jint jkey_len,
    jbyteArray jval, jint jval_off, jint jval_len) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  static const ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions default_write_options =
      ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions();
  rocksdb_merge_helper(env, db, default_write_options, nullptr, jkey, jkey_off,
      jkey_len, jval, jval_off, jval_len);
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    merge
 * Signature: (J[BII[BIIJ)V
 */
void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_merge__J_3BII_3BIIJ(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle,
    jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_off, jint jkey_len,
    jbyteArray jval, jint jval_off, jint jval_len,
    jlong jcf_handle) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  static const ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions default_write_options =
      ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions();
  auto* cf_handle =
      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
  if (cf_handle != nullptr) {
    rocksdb_merge_helper(env, db, default_write_options, cf_handle, jkey,
        jkey_off, jkey_len, jval, jval_off, jval_len);
  } else {
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(
        env, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status::InvalidArgument(
                 "Invalid ColumnFamilyHandle."));
  }
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    merge
 * Signature: (JJ[BII[BII)V
 */
void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_merge__JJ_3BII_3BII(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle, jlong jwrite_options_handle,
    jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_off, jint jkey_len,
    jbyteArray jval, jint jval_off, jint jval_len) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  auto* write_options =
      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions*>(jwrite_options_handle);
  rocksdb_merge_helper(env, db, *write_options, nullptr, jkey, jkey_off,
      jkey_len, jval, jval_off, jval_len);
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    merge
 * Signature: (JJ[BII[BIIJ)V
 */
void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_merge__JJ_3BII_3BIIJ(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle, jlong jwrite_options_handle,
    jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_off, jint jkey_len,
    jbyteArray jval, jint jval_off, jint jval_len, jlong jcf_handle) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  auto* write_options =
      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions*>(jwrite_options_handle);
  auto* cf_handle =
      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
  if (cf_handle != nullptr) {
    rocksdb_merge_helper(env, db, *write_options, cf_handle, jkey, jkey_off,
        jkey_len, jval, jval_off, jval_len);
  } else {
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(
        env, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status::InvalidArgument(
                 "Invalid ColumnFamilyHandle."));
  }
}

jlong rocksdb_iterator_helper(
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB* db, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ReadOptions read_options,
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle* cf_handle) {
  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Iterator* iterator = nullptr;
  if (cf_handle != nullptr) {
    iterator = db->NewIterator(read_options, cf_handle);
  } else {
    iterator = db->NewIterator(read_options);
  }
  return reinterpret_cast<jlong>(iterator);
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    deleteDirect
 * Signature: (JJLjava/nio/ByteBuffer;IIJ)V
 */
void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_deleteDirect(JNIEnv* env, jobject /*jdb*/,
                                           jlong jdb_handle,
                                           jlong jwrite_options, jobject jkey,
                                           jint jkey_offset, jint jkey_len,
                                           jlong jcf_handle) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  auto* write_options =
      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions*>(jwrite_options);
  auto* cf_handle =
      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
  auto remove = [&env, &db, &write_options,
                 &cf_handle](ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice& key) {
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status s;
    if (cf_handle == nullptr) {
      s = db->Delete(*write_options, key);
    } else {
      s = db->Delete(*write_options, cf_handle, key);
    }
    if (s.ok()) {
      return;
    }
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
  };
  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::JniUtil::k_op_direct(remove, env, jkey, jkey_offset,
                                          jkey_len);
}

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB::Write
/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    write0
 * Signature: (JJJ)V
 */
void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_write0(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle,
    jlong jwrite_options_handle, jlong jwb_handle) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  auto* write_options =
      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions*>(jwrite_options_handle);
  auto* wb = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteBatch*>(jwb_handle);

  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status s = db->Write(*write_options, wb);

  if (!s.ok()) {
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
  }
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    write1
 * Signature: (JJJ)V
 */
void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_write1(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle,
    jlong jwrite_options_handle, jlong jwbwi_handle) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  auto* write_options =
      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions*>(jwrite_options_handle);
  auto* wbwi =
      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteBatchWithIndex*>(jwbwi_handle);
  auto* wb = wbwi->GetWriteBatch();

  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status s = db->Write(*write_options, wb);

  if (!s.ok()) {
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
  }
}

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB::Get

jbyteArray rocksdb_get_helper(
    JNIEnv* env, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB* db,
    const ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ReadOptions& read_opt,
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle* column_family_handle,
    jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_off, jint jkey_len) {
  jbyte* key = new jbyte[jkey_len];
  env->GetByteArrayRegion(jkey, jkey_off, jkey_len, key);
  if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
    // exception thrown: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
    delete[] key;
    return nullptr;
  }

  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice key_slice(reinterpret_cast<char*>(key), jkey_len);

  std::string value;
  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status s;
  if (column_family_handle != nullptr) {
    s = db->Get(read_opt, column_family_handle, key_slice, &value);
  } else {
    // backwards compatibility
    s = db->Get(read_opt, key_slice, &value);
  }

  // cleanup
  delete[] key;

  if (s.IsNotFound()) {
    return nullptr;
  }

  if (s.ok()) {
    jbyteArray jret_value = ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::JniUtil::copyBytes(env, value);
    if (jret_value == nullptr) {
      // exception occurred
      return nullptr;
    }
    return jret_value;
  }

  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
  return nullptr;
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    get
 * Signature: (J[BII)[B
 */
jbyteArray Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_get__J_3BII(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle,
    jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_off, jint jkey_len) {
  return rocksdb_get_helper(
      env, reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle),
      ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ReadOptions(), nullptr, jkey, jkey_off, jkey_len);
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    get
 * Signature: (J[BIIJ)[B
 */
jbyteArray Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_get__J_3BIIJ(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle,
    jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_off, jint jkey_len, jlong jcf_handle) {
  auto db_handle = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  auto cf_handle =
      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
  if (cf_handle != nullptr) {
    return rocksdb_get_helper(env, db_handle, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ReadOptions(),
                              cf_handle, jkey, jkey_off, jkey_len);
  } else {
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(
        env, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status::InvalidArgument(
                 "Invalid ColumnFamilyHandle."));
    return nullptr;
  }
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    get
 * Signature: (JJ[BII)[B
 */
jbyteArray Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_get__JJ_3BII(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject,
    jlong jdb_handle, jlong jropt_handle,
    jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_off, jint jkey_len) {
  return rocksdb_get_helper(
      env, reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle),
      *reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ReadOptions*>(jropt_handle), nullptr,
      jkey, jkey_off, jkey_len);
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    get
 * Signature: (JJ[BIIJ)[B
 */
jbyteArray Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_get__JJ_3BIIJ(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle, jlong jropt_handle,
    jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_off, jint jkey_len, jlong jcf_handle) {
  auto* db_handle = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  auto& ro_opt =
      *reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ReadOptions*>(jropt_handle);
  auto* cf_handle =
      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
  if (cf_handle != nullptr) {
    return rocksdb_get_helper(
        env, db_handle, ro_opt, cf_handle, jkey, jkey_off, jkey_len);
  } else {
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(
        env, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status::InvalidArgument(
                 "Invalid ColumnFamilyHandle."));
    return nullptr;
  }
}

jint rocksdb_get_helper(
    JNIEnv* env, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB* db,
    const ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ReadOptions& read_options,
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle* column_family_handle,
    jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_off, jint jkey_len, jbyteArray jval,
    jint jval_off, jint jval_len, bool* has_exception) {
  static const int kNotFound = -1;
  static const int kStatusError = -2;

  jbyte* key = new jbyte[jkey_len];
  env->GetByteArrayRegion(jkey, jkey_off, jkey_len, key);
  if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
    // exception thrown: OutOfMemoryError
    delete[] key;
    *has_exception = true;
    return kStatusError;
  }
  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice key_slice(reinterpret_cast<char*>(key), jkey_len);

  // TODO(yhchiang): we might save one memory allocation here by adding
  // a DB::Get() function which takes preallocated jbyte* as input.
  std::string cvalue;
  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status s;
  if (column_family_handle != nullptr) {
    s = db->Get(read_options, column_family_handle, key_slice, &cvalue);
  } else {
    // backwards compatibility
    s = db->Get(read_options, key_slice, &cvalue);
  }

  // cleanup
  delete[] key;

  if (s.IsNotFound()) {
    *has_exception = false;
    return kNotFound;
  } else if (!s.ok()) {
    *has_exception = true;
    // Here since we are throwing a Java exception from c++ side.
    // As a result, c++ does not know calling this function will in fact
    // throwing an exception.  As a result, the execution flow will
    // not stop here, and codes after this throw will still be
    // executed.
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);

    // Return a dummy const value to avoid compilation error, although
    // java side might not have a chance to get the return value :)
    return kStatusError;
  }

  const jint cvalue_len = static_cast<jint>(cvalue.size());
  const jint length = std::min(jval_len, cvalue_len);

  env->SetByteArrayRegion(
      jval, jval_off, length,
      const_cast<jbyte*>(reinterpret_cast<const jbyte*>(cvalue.c_str())));
  if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
    // exception thrown: OutOfMemoryError
    *has_exception = true;
    return kStatusError;
  }

  *has_exception = false;
  return cvalue_len;
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    get
 * Signature: (J[BII[BII)I
 */
jint Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_get__J_3BII_3BII(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle,
    jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_off, jint jkey_len,
    jbyteArray jval, jint jval_off, jint jval_len) {
  bool has_exception = false;
  return rocksdb_get_helper(
      env, reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle),
      ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ReadOptions(), nullptr, jkey, jkey_off, jkey_len, jval,
      jval_off, jval_len, &has_exception);
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    get
 * Signature: (J[BII[BIIJ)I
 */
jint Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_get__J_3BII_3BIIJ(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle,
    jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_off, jint jkey_len,
    jbyteArray jval, jint jval_off, jint jval_len,
    jlong jcf_handle) {
  auto* db_handle = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  auto* cf_handle =
      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
  if (cf_handle != nullptr) {
    bool has_exception = false;
    return rocksdb_get_helper(env, db_handle, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ReadOptions(),
                              cf_handle, jkey, jkey_off, jkey_len, jval,
                              jval_off, jval_len, &has_exception);
  } else {
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(
        env, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status::InvalidArgument(
                 "Invalid ColumnFamilyHandle."));
    // will never be evaluated
    return 0;
  }
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    get
 * Signature: (JJ[BII[BII)I
 */
jint Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_get__JJ_3BII_3BII(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle, jlong jropt_handle,
    jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_off, jint jkey_len,
    jbyteArray jval, jint jval_off, jint jval_len) {
  bool has_exception = false;
  return rocksdb_get_helper(
      env, reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle),
      *reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ReadOptions*>(jropt_handle), nullptr,
      jkey, jkey_off, jkey_len, jval, jval_off, jval_len, &has_exception);
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    get
 * Signature: (JJ[BII[BIIJ)I
 */
jint Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_get__JJ_3BII_3BIIJ(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle, jlong jropt_handle,
    jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_off, jint jkey_len,
    jbyteArray jval, jint jval_off, jint jval_len,
    jlong jcf_handle) {
  auto* db_handle = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  auto& ro_opt =
      *reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ReadOptions*>(jropt_handle);
  auto* cf_handle =
      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
  if (cf_handle != nullptr) {
    bool has_exception = false;
    return rocksdb_get_helper(env, db_handle, ro_opt, cf_handle,
        jkey, jkey_off, jkey_len,
        jval, jval_off, jval_len,
        &has_exception);
  } else {
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(
        env, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status::InvalidArgument(
                 "Invalid ColumnFamilyHandle."));
    // will never be evaluated
    return 0;
  }
}

inline void multi_get_helper_release_keys(
    JNIEnv* env, std::vector<std::pair<jbyte*, jobject>>& keys_to_free) {
  auto end = keys_to_free.end();
  for (auto it = keys_to_free.begin(); it != end; ++it) {
    delete[] it->first;
    env->DeleteLocalRef(it->second);
  }
  keys_to_free.clear();
}

/**
 * cf multi get
 *
 * @return byte[][] of values or nullptr if an exception occurs
 */
jobjectArray multi_get_helper(JNIEnv* env, jobject, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB* db,
                              const ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ReadOptions& rOpt,
                              jobjectArray jkeys, jintArray jkey_offs,
                              jintArray jkey_lens,
                              jlongArray jcolumn_family_handles) {
  std::vector<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*> cf_handles;
  if (jcolumn_family_handles != nullptr) {
    const jsize len_cols = env->GetArrayLength(jcolumn_family_handles);

    jlong* jcfh = env->GetLongArrayElements(jcolumn_family_handles, nullptr);
    if (jcfh == nullptr) {
      // exception thrown: OutOfMemoryError
      return nullptr;
    }

    for (jsize i = 0; i < len_cols; i++) {
      auto* cf_handle =
          reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcfh[i]);
      cf_handles.push_back(cf_handle);
    }
    env->ReleaseLongArrayElements(jcolumn_family_handles, jcfh, JNI_ABORT);
  }

  const jsize len_keys = env->GetArrayLength(jkeys);
  if (env->EnsureLocalCapacity(len_keys) != 0) {
    // exception thrown: OutOfMemoryError
    return nullptr;
  }

  jint* jkey_off = env->GetIntArrayElements(jkey_offs, nullptr);
  if (jkey_off == nullptr) {
    // exception thrown: OutOfMemoryError
    return nullptr;
  }

  jint* jkey_len = env->GetIntArrayElements(jkey_lens, nullptr);
  if (jkey_len == nullptr) {
    // exception thrown: OutOfMemoryError
    env->ReleaseIntArrayElements(jkey_offs, jkey_off, JNI_ABORT);
    return nullptr;
  }

  std::vector<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice> keys;
  std::vector<std::pair<jbyte*, jobject>> keys_to_free;
  for (jsize i = 0; i < len_keys; i++) {
    jobject jkey = env->GetObjectArrayElement(jkeys, i);
    if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
      // exception thrown: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
      env->ReleaseIntArrayElements(jkey_lens, jkey_len, JNI_ABORT);
      env->ReleaseIntArrayElements(jkey_offs, jkey_off, JNI_ABORT);
      multi_get_helper_release_keys(env, keys_to_free);
      return nullptr;
    }

    jbyteArray jkey_ba = reinterpret_cast<jbyteArray>(jkey);

    const jint len_key = jkey_len[i];
    jbyte* key = new jbyte[len_key];
    env->GetByteArrayRegion(jkey_ba, jkey_off[i], len_key, key);
    if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
      // exception thrown: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
      delete[] key;
      env->DeleteLocalRef(jkey);
      env->ReleaseIntArrayElements(jkey_lens, jkey_len, JNI_ABORT);
      env->ReleaseIntArrayElements(jkey_offs, jkey_off, JNI_ABORT);
      multi_get_helper_release_keys(env, keys_to_free);
      return nullptr;
    }

    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice key_slice(reinterpret_cast<char*>(key), len_key);
    keys.push_back(key_slice);

    keys_to_free.push_back(std::pair<jbyte*, jobject>(key, jkey));
  }

  // cleanup jkey_off and jken_len
  env->ReleaseIntArrayElements(jkey_lens, jkey_len, JNI_ABORT);
  env->ReleaseIntArrayElements(jkey_offs, jkey_off, JNI_ABORT);

  std::vector<std::string> values;
  std::vector<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status> s;
  if (cf_handles.size() == 0) {
    s = db->MultiGet(rOpt, keys, &values);
  } else {
    s = db->MultiGet(rOpt, cf_handles, keys, &values);
  }

  // free up allocated byte arrays
  multi_get_helper_release_keys(env, keys_to_free);

  // prepare the results
  jobjectArray jresults = ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ByteJni::new2dByteArray(
      env, static_cast<jsize>(s.size()));
  if (jresults == nullptr) {
    // exception occurred
    return nullptr;
  }

  // TODO(AR) it is not clear to me why EnsureLocalCapacity is needed for the
  //     loop as we cleanup references with env->DeleteLocalRef(jentry_value);
  if (env->EnsureLocalCapacity(static_cast<jint>(s.size())) != 0) {
    // exception thrown: OutOfMemoryError
    return nullptr;
  }
  // add to the jresults
  for (std::vector<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status>::size_type i = 0; i != s.size();
       i++) {
    if (s[i].ok()) {
      std::string* value = &values[i];
      const jsize jvalue_len = static_cast<jsize>(value->size());
      jbyteArray jentry_value = env->NewByteArray(jvalue_len);
      if (jentry_value == nullptr) {
        // exception thrown: OutOfMemoryError
        return nullptr;
      }

      env->SetByteArrayRegion(
          jentry_value, 0, static_cast<jsize>(jvalue_len),
          const_cast<jbyte*>(reinterpret_cast<const jbyte*>(value->c_str())));
      if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
        // exception thrown: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
        env->DeleteLocalRef(jentry_value);
        return nullptr;
      }

      env->SetObjectArrayElement(jresults, static_cast<jsize>(i), jentry_value);
      if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
        // exception thrown: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
        env->DeleteLocalRef(jentry_value);
        return nullptr;
      }

      env->DeleteLocalRef(jentry_value);
    }
  }

  return jresults;
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    multiGet
 * Signature: (J[[B[I[I)[[B
 */
jobjectArray Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_multiGet__J_3_3B_3I_3I(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject jdb, jlong jdb_handle,
    jobjectArray jkeys, jintArray jkey_offs, jintArray jkey_lens) {
  return multi_get_helper(
      env, jdb, reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle),
      ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ReadOptions(), jkeys, jkey_offs, jkey_lens, nullptr);
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    multiGet
 * Signature: (J[[B[I[I[J)[[B
 */
jobjectArray Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_multiGet__J_3_3B_3I_3I_3J(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject jdb, jlong jdb_handle,
    jobjectArray jkeys, jintArray jkey_offs, jintArray jkey_lens,
    jlongArray jcolumn_family_handles) {
  return multi_get_helper(env, jdb,
                          reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle),
                          ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ReadOptions(), jkeys, jkey_offs,
                          jkey_lens, jcolumn_family_handles);
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    multiGet
 * Signature: (JJ[[B[I[I)[[B
 */
jobjectArray Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_multiGet__JJ_3_3B_3I_3I(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject jdb, jlong jdb_handle, jlong jropt_handle,
    jobjectArray jkeys, jintArray jkey_offs, jintArray jkey_lens) {
  return multi_get_helper(
      env, jdb, reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle),
      *reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ReadOptions*>(jropt_handle), jkeys,
      jkey_offs, jkey_lens, nullptr);
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    multiGet
 * Signature: (JJ[[B[I[I[J)[[B
 */
jobjectArray Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_multiGet__JJ_3_3B_3I_3I_3J(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject jdb, jlong jdb_handle, jlong jropt_handle,
    jobjectArray jkeys, jintArray jkey_offs, jintArray jkey_lens,
    jlongArray jcolumn_family_handles) {
  return multi_get_helper(
      env, jdb, reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle),
      *reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ReadOptions*>(jropt_handle), jkeys,
      jkey_offs, jkey_lens, jcolumn_family_handles);
}

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB::KeyMayExist
bool key_may_exist_helper(JNIEnv* env, jlong jdb_handle, jlong jcf_handle,
  jlong jread_opts_handle,
  jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_offset, jint jkey_len,
  bool* has_exception, std::string* value, bool* value_found) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle* cf_handle;
  if (jcf_handle == 0) {
    cf_handle = db->DefaultColumnFamily();
 } else {
   cf_handle =
       reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
 }
 ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ReadOptions read_opts =
     jread_opts_handle == 0
         ? ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ReadOptions()
         : *(reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ReadOptions*>(
               jread_opts_handle));

 jbyte* key = new jbyte[jkey_len];
 env->GetByteArrayRegion(jkey, jkey_offset, jkey_len, key);
 if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
   // exception thrown: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
   delete[] key;
   *has_exception = true;
   return false;
  }
  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice key_slice(reinterpret_cast<char*>(key), jkey_len);

  const bool exists = db->KeyMayExist(
      read_opts, cf_handle, key_slice, value, value_found);

  // cleanup
  delete[] key;

  return exists;
}


/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    keyMayExist
 * Signature: (JJJ[BII)Z
 */
jboolean Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_keyMayExist(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle, jlong jcf_handle,
    jlong jread_opts_handle,
    jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_offset, jint jkey_len) {

  bool has_exception = false;
  std::string value;
  bool value_found = false;

  const bool exists = key_may_exist_helper(
      env, jdb_handle, jcf_handle, jread_opts_handle,
      jkey, jkey_offset, jkey_len,
      &has_exception, &value, &value_found);

  if (has_exception) {
    // java exception already raised
    return false;
  }

  return static_cast<jboolean>(exists);
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    keyMayExistFoundValue
 * Signature: (JJJ[BII)[[B
 */
jobjectArray Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_keyMayExistFoundValue(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle, jlong jcf_handle,
    jlong jread_opts_handle,
    jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_offset, jint jkey_len) {

  bool has_exception = false;
  std::string value;
  bool value_found = false;

  const bool exists = key_may_exist_helper(
      env, jdb_handle, jcf_handle, jread_opts_handle,
      jkey, jkey_offset, jkey_len,
      &has_exception, &value, &value_found);

  if (has_exception) {
    // java exception already raised
    return nullptr;
  }

  jbyte result_flags[1];
  if (!exists) {
    result_flags[0] = 0;
  } else if (!value_found) {
    result_flags[0] = 1;
  } else {
    // found
    result_flags[0] = 2;
  }

  jobjectArray jresults = ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ByteJni::new2dByteArray(env, 2);
  if (jresults == nullptr) {
    // exception occurred
    return nullptr;
  }

  // prepare the result flag
  jbyteArray jresult_flags = env->NewByteArray(1);
  if (jresult_flags == nullptr) {
    // exception thrown: OutOfMemoryError
    return nullptr;
  }
  env->SetByteArrayRegion(jresult_flags, 0, 1, result_flags);
  if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
    // exception thrown: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
    env->DeleteLocalRef(jresult_flags);
    return nullptr;
  }
  
  env->SetObjectArrayElement(jresults, 0, jresult_flags);
  if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
      // exception thrown: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
      env->DeleteLocalRef(jresult_flags);
      return nullptr;
  }

  env->DeleteLocalRef(jresult_flags);

  if (result_flags[0] == 2) {
    // set the value
    const jsize jvalue_len = static_cast<jsize>(value.size());
    jbyteArray jresult_value = env->NewByteArray(jvalue_len);
    if (jresult_value == nullptr) {
      // exception thrown: OutOfMemoryError
      return nullptr;
    }
    env->SetByteArrayRegion(jresult_value, 0, jvalue_len, 
        const_cast<jbyte*>(reinterpret_cast<const jbyte*>(value.data())));
    if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
      // exception thrown: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
      env->DeleteLocalRef(jresult_value);
      return nullptr;
    }
    env->SetObjectArrayElement(jresults, 1, jresult_value);
    if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
      // exception thrown: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
      env->DeleteLocalRef(jresult_value);
      return nullptr;
    }

    env->DeleteLocalRef(jresult_value);
  }

  return jresults;
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    iterator
 * Signature: (J)J
 */
jlong Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_iterator__J(
      JNIEnv*, jobject, jlong db_handle) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(db_handle);
  return rocksdb_iterator_helper(db, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ReadOptions(), nullptr);
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    iterator
 * Signature: (JJ)J
 */
jlong Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_iterator__JJ(
    JNIEnv*, jobject, jlong db_handle, jlong jread_options_handle) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(db_handle);
  auto& read_options =
      *reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ReadOptions*>(jread_options_handle);
  return rocksdb_iterator_helper(db, read_options, nullptr);
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    iteratorCF
 * Signature: (JJ)J
 */
jlong Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_iteratorCF__JJ(
    JNIEnv*, jobject, jlong db_handle, jlong jcf_handle) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(db_handle);
  auto* cf_handle =
      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
  return rocksdb_iterator_helper(db, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ReadOptions(),
                                 cf_handle);
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    iteratorCF
 * Signature: (JJJ)J
 */
jlong Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_iteratorCF__JJJ(
    JNIEnv*, jobject,
    jlong db_handle, jlong jcf_handle, jlong jread_options_handle) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(db_handle);
  auto* cf_handle =
      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
  auto& read_options =
      *reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ReadOptions*>(jread_options_handle);
  return rocksdb_iterator_helper(db, read_options, cf_handle);
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    iterators
 * Signature: (J[JJ)[J
 */
jlongArray Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_iterators(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong db_handle,
    jlongArray jcolumn_family_handles,
    jlong jread_options_handle) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(db_handle);
  auto& read_options =
      *reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ReadOptions*>(jread_options_handle);

  std::vector<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*> cf_handles;
  if (jcolumn_family_handles != nullptr) {
    const jsize len_cols = env->GetArrayLength(jcolumn_family_handles);
    jlong* jcfh = env->GetLongArrayElements(jcolumn_family_handles, nullptr);
    if (jcfh == nullptr) {
      // exception thrown: OutOfMemoryError
      return nullptr;
    }

    for (jsize i = 0; i < len_cols; i++) {
      auto* cf_handle =
          reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcfh[i]);
      cf_handles.push_back(cf_handle);
    }

    env->ReleaseLongArrayElements(jcolumn_family_handles, jcfh, JNI_ABORT);
  }

  std::vector<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Iterator*> iterators;
  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status s =
      db->NewIterators(read_options, cf_handles, &iterators);
  if (s.ok()) {
    jlongArray jLongArray =
        env->NewLongArray(static_cast<jsize>(iterators.size()));
    if (jLongArray == nullptr) {
      // exception thrown: OutOfMemoryError
      return nullptr;
    }

    for (std::vector<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Iterator*>::size_type i = 0;
         i < iterators.size(); i++) {
      env->SetLongArrayRegion(
          jLongArray, static_cast<jsize>(i), 1,
          const_cast<jlong*>(reinterpret_cast<const jlong*>(&iterators[i])));
      if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
        // exception thrown: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
        env->DeleteLocalRef(jLongArray);
        return nullptr;
      }
    }

    return jLongArray;
  } else {
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
    return nullptr;
  }
}

/*
 * Method:    getSnapshot
 * Signature: (J)J
 */
jlong Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_getSnapshot(
    JNIEnv*, jobject, jlong db_handle) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(db_handle);
  const ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Snapshot* snapshot = db->GetSnapshot();
  return reinterpret_cast<jlong>(snapshot);
}

/*
 * Method:    releaseSnapshot
 * Signature: (JJ)V
 */
void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_releaseSnapshot(
    JNIEnv*, jobject, jlong db_handle,
    jlong snapshot_handle) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(db_handle);
  auto* snapshot =
      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Snapshot*>(snapshot_handle);
  db->ReleaseSnapshot(snapshot);
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    getProperty
 * Signature: (JJLjava/lang/String;I)Ljava/lang/String;
 */
jstring Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_getProperty(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle, jlong jcf_handle,
    jstring jproperty, jint jproperty_len) {
  const char* property = env->GetStringUTFChars(jproperty, nullptr);
  if (property == nullptr) {
    // exception thrown: OutOfMemoryError
    return nullptr;
  }
  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice property_name(property, jproperty_len);

  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle* cf_handle;
  if (jcf_handle == 0) {
    cf_handle = db->DefaultColumnFamily();
  } else {
    cf_handle =
        reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
  }

  std::string property_value;
  bool retCode = db->GetProperty(cf_handle, property_name, &property_value);
  env->ReleaseStringUTFChars(jproperty, property);

  if (retCode) {
    return env->NewStringUTF(property_value.c_str());
  }

  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(
      env, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status::NotFound());
  return nullptr;
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    getMapProperty
 * Signature: (JJLjava/lang/String;I)Ljava/util/Map;
 */
jobject Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_getMapProperty(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle, jlong jcf_handle,
    jstring jproperty, jint jproperty_len) {
    const char* property = env->GetStringUTFChars(jproperty, nullptr);
  if (property == nullptr) {
    // exception thrown: OutOfMemoryError
    return nullptr;
  }
  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice property_name(property, jproperty_len);

  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle* cf_handle;
  if (jcf_handle == 0) {
    cf_handle = db->DefaultColumnFamily();
  } else {
    cf_handle =
        reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
  }

  std::map<std::string, std::string> property_value;
  bool retCode = db->GetMapProperty(cf_handle, property_name, &property_value);
  env->ReleaseStringUTFChars(jproperty, property);

  if (retCode) {
    return ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::HashMapJni::fromCppMap(env, &property_value);
  }

  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(
      env, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status::NotFound());
  return nullptr;
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    getLongProperty
 * Signature: (JJLjava/lang/String;I)J
 */
jlong Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_getLongProperty(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle, jlong jcf_handle,
    jstring jproperty, jint jproperty_len) {
  const char* property = env->GetStringUTFChars(jproperty, nullptr);
  if (property == nullptr) {
    // exception thrown: OutOfMemoryError
    return 0;
  }
  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice property_name(property, jproperty_len);

  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle* cf_handle;
  if (jcf_handle == 0) {
    cf_handle = db->DefaultColumnFamily();
  } else {
    cf_handle =
        reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
  }

  uint64_t property_value;
  bool retCode = db->GetIntProperty(cf_handle, property_name, &property_value);
  env->ReleaseStringUTFChars(jproperty, property);

  if (retCode) {
    return property_value;
  }

  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(
      env, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status::NotFound());
  return 0;
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    resetStats
 * Signature: (J)V
 */
void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_resetStats(
    JNIEnv *, jobject, jlong jdb_handle) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  db->ResetStats();
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    getAggregatedLongProperty
 * Signature: (JLjava/lang/String;I)J
 */
jlong Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_getAggregatedLongProperty(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong db_handle,
    jstring jproperty, jint jproperty_len) {
  const char* property = env->GetStringUTFChars(jproperty, nullptr);
  if (property == nullptr) {
    return 0;
  }
  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice property_name(property, jproperty_len);
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(db_handle);
  uint64_t property_value = 0;
  bool retCode = db->GetAggregatedIntProperty(property_name, &property_value);
  env->ReleaseStringUTFChars(jproperty, property);

  if (retCode) {
    return property_value;
  }

  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(
      env, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status::NotFound());
  return 0;
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    getApproximateSizes
 * Signature: (JJ[JB)[J
 */
jlongArray Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_getApproximateSizes(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle, jlong jcf_handle,
    jlongArray jrange_slice_handles, jbyte jinclude_flags) {
  const jsize jlen = env->GetArrayLength(jrange_slice_handles);
  const size_t range_count = jlen / 2;

  jboolean jranges_is_copy = JNI_FALSE;
  jlong* jranges = env->GetLongArrayElements(jrange_slice_handles,
      &jranges_is_copy);
  if (jranges == nullptr) {
    // exception thrown: OutOfMemoryError
    return nullptr;
  }

  auto ranges = std::unique_ptr<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Range[]>(
      new ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Range[range_count]);
  for (jsize i = 0; i < jlen; ++i) {
    auto* start = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice*>(jranges[i]);
    auto* limit = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice*>(jranges[++i]);
    ranges.get()[i] = ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Range(*start, *limit);
  }

  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle* cf_handle;
  if (jcf_handle == 0) {
    cf_handle = db->DefaultColumnFamily();
  } else {
    cf_handle =
        reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
  }

  auto sizes = std::unique_ptr<uint64_t[]>(new uint64_t[range_count]);
  db->GetApproximateSizes(cf_handle, ranges.get(),
      static_cast<int>(range_count), sizes.get(),
      static_cast<uint8_t>(jinclude_flags));

  // release LongArrayElements
  env->ReleaseLongArrayElements(jrange_slice_handles, jranges, JNI_ABORT);

  // prepare results
  auto results = std::unique_ptr<jlong[]>(new jlong[range_count]);
  for (size_t i = 0; i < range_count; ++i) {
    results.get()[i] = static_cast<jlong>(sizes.get()[i]);
  }

  const jsize jrange_count = jlen / 2;
  jlongArray jresults = env->NewLongArray(jrange_count);
  if (jresults == nullptr) {
    // exception thrown: OutOfMemoryError
    return nullptr;
  }

  env->SetLongArrayRegion(jresults, 0, jrange_count, results.get());
  if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
    // exception thrown: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
    env->DeleteLocalRef(jresults);
    return nullptr;
  }

  return jresults;
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    getApproximateMemTableStats
 * Signature: (JJJJ)[J
 */
jlongArray Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_getApproximateMemTableStats(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle, jlong jcf_handle,
    jlong jstartHandle, jlong jlimitHandle) {
  auto* start = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice*>(jstartHandle);
  auto* limit = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice*>(jlimitHandle);
  const ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Range range(*start, *limit);

  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle* cf_handle;
  if (jcf_handle == 0) {
    cf_handle = db->DefaultColumnFamily();
  } else {
    cf_handle =
        reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
  }

  uint64_t count = 0;
  uint64_t sizes = 0;
  db->GetApproximateMemTableStats(cf_handle, range, &count, &sizes);

  // prepare results
  jlong results[2] = {
      static_cast<jlong>(count),
      static_cast<jlong>(sizes)};

  const jsize jcount = static_cast<jsize>(count);
  jlongArray jsizes = env->NewLongArray(jcount);
  if (jsizes == nullptr) {
    // exception thrown: OutOfMemoryError
    return nullptr;
  }

  env->SetLongArrayRegion(jsizes, 0, jcount, results);
  if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
    // exception thrown: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
    env->DeleteLocalRef(jsizes);
    return nullptr;
  }

  return jsizes;
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    compactRange
 * Signature: (J[BI[BIJJ)V
 */
void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_compactRange(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle,
    jbyteArray jbegin, jint jbegin_len,
    jbyteArray jend, jint jend_len,
    jlong jcompact_range_opts_handle,
    jlong jcf_handle) {
  jboolean has_exception = JNI_FALSE;

  std::string str_begin;
  if (jbegin_len > 0) {
    str_begin = ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::JniUtil::byteString<std::string>(
        env, jbegin, jbegin_len,
        [](const char* str, const size_t len) { return std::string(str, len); },
        &has_exception);
    if (has_exception == JNI_TRUE) {
      // exception occurred
      return;
    }
  }

  std::string str_end;
  if (jend_len > 0) {
    str_end = ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::JniUtil::byteString<std::string>(
        env, jend, jend_len,
        [](const char* str, const size_t len) { return std::string(str, len); },
        &has_exception);
    if (has_exception == JNI_TRUE) {
      // exception occurred
      return;
    }
  }

  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::CompactRangeOptions* compact_range_opts = nullptr;
  if (jcompact_range_opts_handle == 0) {
    // NOTE: we DO own the pointer!
    compact_range_opts = new ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::CompactRangeOptions();
  } else {
    // NOTE: we do NOT own the pointer!
    compact_range_opts =
        reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::CompactRangeOptions*>(
            jcompact_range_opts_handle);
  }

  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);

  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle* cf_handle;
  if (jcf_handle == 0) {
    cf_handle = db->DefaultColumnFamily();
  } else {
    cf_handle =
        reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
  }

  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status s;
  if (jbegin_len > 0 || jend_len > 0) {
    const ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice begin(str_begin);
    const ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice end(str_end);
    s = db->CompactRange(*compact_range_opts, cf_handle, &begin, &end);
  } else {
    s = db->CompactRange(*compact_range_opts, cf_handle, nullptr, nullptr);
  }

  if (jcompact_range_opts_handle == 0) {
    delete compact_range_opts;
  }
  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    setOptions
 * Signature: (JJ[Ljava/lang/String;[Ljava/lang/String;)V
 */
void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_setOptions(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle, jlong jcf_handle,
    jobjectArray jkeys, jobjectArray jvalues) {
  const jsize len = env->GetArrayLength(jkeys);
  assert(len == env->GetArrayLength(jvalues));

  std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string> options_map;
  for (jsize i = 0; i < len; i++) {
    jobject jobj_key = env->GetObjectArrayElement(jkeys, i);
    if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
      // exception thrown: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
      return;
    }

    jobject jobj_value = env->GetObjectArrayElement(jvalues, i);
    if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
      // exception thrown: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
      env->DeleteLocalRef(jobj_key);
      return;
    }

    jboolean has_exception = JNI_FALSE;
    std::string s_key = ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::JniUtil::copyStdString(
        env, reinterpret_cast<jstring>(jobj_key), &has_exception);
    if (has_exception == JNI_TRUE) {
      // exception occurred
      env->DeleteLocalRef(jobj_value);
      env->DeleteLocalRef(jobj_key);
      return;
    }

    std::string s_value = ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::JniUtil::copyStdString(
        env, reinterpret_cast<jstring>(jobj_value), &has_exception);
    if (has_exception == JNI_TRUE) {
      // exception occurred
      env->DeleteLocalRef(jobj_value);
      env->DeleteLocalRef(jobj_key);
      return;
    }

    options_map[s_key] = s_value;

    env->DeleteLocalRef(jobj_key);
    env->DeleteLocalRef(jobj_value);
  }

  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  auto* cf_handle =
      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
  auto s = db->SetOptions(cf_handle, options_map);
  if (!s.ok()) {
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
  }
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    setDBOptions
 * Signature: (J[Ljava/lang/String;[Ljava/lang/String;)V
 */
void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_setDBOptions(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle,
    jobjectArray jkeys, jobjectArray jvalues) {
  const jsize len = env->GetArrayLength(jkeys);
  assert(len == env->GetArrayLength(jvalues));

  std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string> options_map;
    for (jsize i = 0; i < len; i++) {
    jobject jobj_key = env->GetObjectArrayElement(jkeys, i);
    if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
      // exception thrown: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
      return;
    }

    jobject jobj_value = env->GetObjectArrayElement(jvalues, i);
    if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
      // exception thrown: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
      env->DeleteLocalRef(jobj_key);
      return;
    }

    jboolean has_exception = JNI_FALSE;
    std::string s_key = ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::JniUtil::copyStdString(
        env, reinterpret_cast<jstring>(jobj_key), &has_exception);
    if (has_exception == JNI_TRUE) {
      // exception occurred
      env->DeleteLocalRef(jobj_value);
      env->DeleteLocalRef(jobj_key);
      return;
    }

    std::string s_value = ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::JniUtil::copyStdString(
        env, reinterpret_cast<jstring>(jobj_value), &has_exception);
    if (has_exception == JNI_TRUE) {
      // exception occurred
      env->DeleteLocalRef(jobj_value);
      env->DeleteLocalRef(jobj_key);
      return;
    }

    options_map[s_key] = s_value;

    env->DeleteLocalRef(jobj_key);
    env->DeleteLocalRef(jobj_value);
  }

  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  auto s = db->SetDBOptions(options_map);
  if (!s.ok()) {
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
  }
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    compactFiles
 * Signature: (JJJ[Ljava/lang/String;IIJ)[Ljava/lang/String;
 */
jobjectArray Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_compactFiles(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle, jlong jcompaction_opts_handle,
    jlong jcf_handle, jobjectArray jinput_file_names, jint joutput_level,
    jint joutput_path_id, jlong jcompaction_job_info_handle) {
  jboolean has_exception = JNI_FALSE;
  const std::vector<std::string> input_file_names =
      ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::JniUtil::copyStrings(env, jinput_file_names,
                                              &has_exception);
  if (has_exception == JNI_TRUE) {
    // exception occurred
    return nullptr;
  }

  auto* compaction_opts =
      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::CompactionOptions*>(
          jcompaction_opts_handle);
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle* cf_handle;
  if (jcf_handle == 0) {
    cf_handle = db->DefaultColumnFamily();
  } else {
    cf_handle =
        reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
  }

  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::CompactionJobInfo* compaction_job_info = nullptr;
  if (jcompaction_job_info_handle != 0) {
    compaction_job_info =
        reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::CompactionJobInfo*>(
            jcompaction_job_info_handle);
  }

  std::vector<std::string> output_file_names;
  auto s = db->CompactFiles(*compaction_opts, cf_handle, input_file_names,
      static_cast<int>(joutput_level), static_cast<int>(joutput_path_id),
      &output_file_names, compaction_job_info);
  if (!s.ok()) {
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
    return nullptr;
  }

  return ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::JniUtil::toJavaStrings(env, &output_file_names);
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    pauseBackgroundWork
 * Signature: (J)V
 */
void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_pauseBackgroundWork(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  auto s = db->PauseBackgroundWork();
  if (!s.ok()) {
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
  }
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    continueBackgroundWork
 * Signature: (J)V
 */
void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_continueBackgroundWork(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  auto s = db->ContinueBackgroundWork();
  if (!s.ok()) {
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
  }
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    enableAutoCompaction
 * Signature: (J[J)V
 */
void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_enableAutoCompaction(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle, jlongArray jcf_handles) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  jboolean has_exception = JNI_FALSE;
  const std::vector<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*> cf_handles =
      ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::JniUtil::fromJPointers<
          ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle>(env, jcf_handles,
                                                 &has_exception);
  if (has_exception == JNI_TRUE) {
    // exception occurred
    return;
  }
  db->EnableAutoCompaction(cf_handles);
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    numberLevels
 * Signature: (JJ)I
 */
jint Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_numberLevels(
    JNIEnv*, jobject, jlong jdb_handle, jlong jcf_handle) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle* cf_handle;
  if (jcf_handle == 0) {
    cf_handle = db->DefaultColumnFamily();
  } else {
    cf_handle =
        reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
  }
  return static_cast<jint>(db->NumberLevels(cf_handle));
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    maxMemCompactionLevel
 * Signature: (JJ)I
 */
jint Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_maxMemCompactionLevel(
    JNIEnv*, jobject, jlong jdb_handle, jlong jcf_handle) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle* cf_handle;
  if (jcf_handle == 0) {
    cf_handle = db->DefaultColumnFamily();
  } else {
    cf_handle =
        reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
  }
  return static_cast<jint>(db->MaxMemCompactionLevel(cf_handle));
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    level0StopWriteTrigger
 * Signature: (JJ)I
 */
jint Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_level0StopWriteTrigger(
    JNIEnv*, jobject, jlong jdb_handle, jlong jcf_handle) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle* cf_handle;
  if (jcf_handle == 0) {
    cf_handle = db->DefaultColumnFamily();
  } else {
    cf_handle =
        reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
  }
  return static_cast<jint>(db->Level0StopWriteTrigger(cf_handle));
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    getName
 * Signature: (J)Ljava/lang/String;
 */
jstring Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_getName(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  std::string name = db->GetName();
  return ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::JniUtil::toJavaString(env, &name, false);
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    getEnv
 * Signature: (J)J
 */
jlong Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_getEnv(
    JNIEnv*, jobject, jlong jdb_handle) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  return reinterpret_cast<jlong>(db->GetEnv());
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    flush
 * Signature: (JJ[J)V
 */
void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_flush(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle, jlong jflush_opts_handle,
    jlongArray jcf_handles) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  auto* flush_opts =
      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::FlushOptions*>(jflush_opts_handle);
  std::vector<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*> cf_handles;
  if (jcf_handles == nullptr) {
      cf_handles.push_back(db->DefaultColumnFamily());
  } else {
      jboolean has_exception = JNI_FALSE;
      cf_handles = ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::JniUtil::fromJPointers<
          ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle>(env, jcf_handles,
                                                 &has_exception);
      if (has_exception) {
        // exception occurred
        return;
      }
  }
  auto s = db->Flush(*flush_opts, cf_handles);
  if (!s.ok()) {
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
  }
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    flushWal
 * Signature: (JZ)V
 */
void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_flushWal(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle, jboolean jsync) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  auto s = db->FlushWAL(jsync == JNI_TRUE);
  if (!s.ok()) {
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
  }
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    syncWal
 * Signature: (J)V
 */
void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_syncWal(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  auto s = db->SyncWAL();
  if (!s.ok()) {
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
  }
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    getLatestSequenceNumber
 * Signature: (J)V
 */
jlong Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_getLatestSequenceNumber(
    JNIEnv*, jobject, jlong jdb_handle) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  return db->GetLatestSequenceNumber();
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    setPreserveDeletesSequenceNumber
 * Signature: (JJ)Z
 */
jboolean JNICALL Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_setPreserveDeletesSequenceNumber(
    JNIEnv*, jobject, jlong jdb_handle, jlong jseq_number) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  if (db->SetPreserveDeletesSequenceNumber(
      static_cast<uint64_t>(jseq_number))) {
    return JNI_TRUE;
  } else {
    return JNI_FALSE;
  }
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    disableFileDeletions
 * Signature: (J)V
 */
void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_disableFileDeletions(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status s = db->DisableFileDeletions();
  if (!s.ok()) {
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
  }
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    enableFileDeletions
 * Signature: (JZ)V
 */
void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_enableFileDeletions(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle, jboolean jforce) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status s = db->EnableFileDeletions(jforce);
  if (!s.ok()) {
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
  }
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    getLiveFiles
 * Signature: (JZ)[Ljava/lang/String;
 */
jobjectArray Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_getLiveFiles(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle, jboolean jflush_memtable) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  std::vector<std::string> live_files;
  uint64_t manifest_file_size = 0;
  auto s = db->GetLiveFiles(
      live_files, &manifest_file_size, jflush_memtable == JNI_TRUE);
  if (!s.ok()) {
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
    return nullptr;
  }

  // append the manifest_file_size to the vector
  // for passing back to java
  live_files.push_back(std::to_string(manifest_file_size));

  return ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::JniUtil::toJavaStrings(env, &live_files);
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    getSortedWalFiles
 * Signature: (J)[Lorg/rocksdb/LogFile;
 */
jobjectArray Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_getSortedWalFiles(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  std::vector<std::unique_ptr<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::LogFile>> sorted_wal_files;
  auto s = db->GetSortedWalFiles(sorted_wal_files);
  if (!s.ok()) {
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
    return nullptr;
  }

  // convert to Java type
  const jsize jlen = static_cast<jsize>(sorted_wal_files.size());
  jobjectArray jsorted_wal_files = env->NewObjectArray(
      jlen, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::LogFileJni::getJClass(env), nullptr);
  if(jsorted_wal_files == nullptr) {
    // exception thrown: OutOfMemoryError
    return nullptr;
  }

  jsize i = 0;
  for (auto it = sorted_wal_files.begin(); it != sorted_wal_files.end(); ++it) {
    jobject jlog_file =
        ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::LogFileJni::fromCppLogFile(env, it->get());
    if (jlog_file == nullptr) {
      // exception occurred
      env->DeleteLocalRef(jsorted_wal_files);
      return nullptr;
    }

    env->SetObjectArrayElement(jsorted_wal_files, i++, jlog_file);
    if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
      // exception occurred
      env->DeleteLocalRef(jlog_file);
      env->DeleteLocalRef(jsorted_wal_files);
      return nullptr;
    }

    env->DeleteLocalRef(jlog_file);
  }

  return jsorted_wal_files;
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    getUpdatesSince
 * Signature: (JJ)J
 */
jlong Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_getUpdatesSince(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle, jlong jsequence_number) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::SequenceNumber sequence_number =
      static_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::SequenceNumber>(jsequence_number);
  std::unique_ptr<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::TransactionLogIterator> iter;
  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status s = db->GetUpdatesSince(sequence_number, &iter);
  if (s.ok()) {
    return reinterpret_cast<jlong>(iter.release());
  }

  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
  return 0;
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    deleteFile
 * Signature: (JLjava/lang/String;)V
 */
void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_deleteFile(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle, jstring jname) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  jboolean has_exception = JNI_FALSE;
  std::string name =
      ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::JniUtil::copyStdString(env, jname, &has_exception);
  if (has_exception == JNI_TRUE) {
    // exception occurred
    return;
  }
  db->DeleteFile(name);
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    getLiveFilesMetaData
 * Signature: (J)[Lorg/rocksdb/LiveFileMetaData;
 */
jobjectArray Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_getLiveFilesMetaData(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  std::vector<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::LiveFileMetaData> live_files_meta_data;
  db->GetLiveFilesMetaData(&live_files_meta_data);
  
  // convert to Java type
  const jsize jlen = static_cast<jsize>(live_files_meta_data.size());
  jobjectArray jlive_files_meta_data = env->NewObjectArray(
      jlen, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::LiveFileMetaDataJni::getJClass(env), nullptr);
  if(jlive_files_meta_data == nullptr) {
    // exception thrown: OutOfMemoryError
    return nullptr;
  }

  jsize i = 0;
  for (auto it = live_files_meta_data.begin(); it != live_files_meta_data.end(); ++it) {
    jobject jlive_file_meta_data =
        ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::LiveFileMetaDataJni::fromCppLiveFileMetaData(env,
                                                                        &(*it));
    if (jlive_file_meta_data == nullptr) {
      // exception occurred
      env->DeleteLocalRef(jlive_files_meta_data);
      return nullptr;
    }

    env->SetObjectArrayElement(jlive_files_meta_data, i++, jlive_file_meta_data);
    if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
      // exception occurred
      env->DeleteLocalRef(jlive_file_meta_data);
      env->DeleteLocalRef(jlive_files_meta_data);
      return nullptr;
    }

    env->DeleteLocalRef(jlive_file_meta_data);
  }

  return jlive_files_meta_data;
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    getColumnFamilyMetaData
 * Signature: (JJ)Lorg/rocksdb/ColumnFamilyMetaData;
 */
jobject Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_getColumnFamilyMetaData(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle, jlong jcf_handle) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle* cf_handle;
  if (jcf_handle == 0) {
    cf_handle = db->DefaultColumnFamily();
  } else {
    cf_handle =
        reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
  }
  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyMetaData cf_metadata;
  db->GetColumnFamilyMetaData(cf_handle, &cf_metadata);
  return ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyMetaDataJni::
      fromCppColumnFamilyMetaData(env, &cf_metadata);
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    ingestExternalFile
 * Signature: (JJ[Ljava/lang/String;IJ)V
 */
void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_ingestExternalFile(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle, jlong jcf_handle,
    jobjectArray jfile_path_list, jint jfile_path_list_len,
    jlong jingest_external_file_options_handle) {
  jboolean has_exception = JNI_FALSE;
  std::vector<std::string> file_path_list =
      ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::JniUtil::copyStrings(
          env, jfile_path_list, jfile_path_list_len, &has_exception);
  if (has_exception == JNI_TRUE) {
    // exception occurred
    return;
  }

  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  auto* column_family =
      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
  auto* ifo = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::IngestExternalFileOptions*>(
      jingest_external_file_options_handle);
  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status s =
      db->IngestExternalFile(column_family, file_path_list, *ifo);
  if (!s.ok()) {
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
  }
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    verifyChecksum
 * Signature: (J)V
 */
void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_verifyChecksum(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  auto s = db->VerifyChecksum();
  if (!s.ok()) {
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
  }
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    getDefaultColumnFamily
 * Signature: (J)J
 */
jlong Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_getDefaultColumnFamily(
    JNIEnv*, jobject, jlong jdb_handle) {
  auto* db_handle = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  auto* cf_handle = db_handle->DefaultColumnFamily();
  return reinterpret_cast<jlong>(cf_handle);
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    getPropertiesOfAllTables
 * Signature: (JJ)Ljava/util/Map;
 */
jobject Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_getPropertiesOfAllTables(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle, jlong jcf_handle) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle* cf_handle;
  if (jcf_handle == 0) {
    cf_handle = db->DefaultColumnFamily();
  } else {
    cf_handle =
        reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
  }
  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::TablePropertiesCollection table_properties_collection;
  auto s = db->GetPropertiesOfAllTables(cf_handle,
      &table_properties_collection);
  if (!s.ok()) {
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
  }
  
  // convert to Java type
  jobject jhash_map = ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::HashMapJni::construct(
      env, static_cast<uint32_t>(table_properties_collection.size()));
  if (jhash_map == nullptr) {
    // exception occurred
    return nullptr;
  }

  const ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::HashMapJni::FnMapKV<
      const std::string,
      const std::shared_ptr<const ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::TableProperties>, jobject,
      jobject>
      fn_map_kv =
          [env](const std::pair<const std::string,
                                const std::shared_ptr<
                                    const ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::TableProperties>>&
                    kv) {
            jstring jkey = ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::JniUtil::toJavaString(
                env, &(kv.first), false);
            if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
              // an error occurred
              return std::unique_ptr<std::pair<jobject, jobject>>(nullptr);
            }

            jobject jtable_properties =
                ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::TablePropertiesJni::fromCppTableProperties(
                    env, *(kv.second.get()));
            if (jtable_properties == nullptr) {
              // an error occurred
              env->DeleteLocalRef(jkey);
              return std::unique_ptr<std::pair<jobject, jobject>>(nullptr);
            }

            return std::unique_ptr<std::pair<jobject, jobject>>(
                new std::pair<jobject, jobject>(
                    static_cast<jobject>(jkey),
                    static_cast<jobject>(jtable_properties)));
          };

  if (!ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::HashMapJni::putAll(
          env, jhash_map, table_properties_collection.begin(),
          table_properties_collection.end(), fn_map_kv)) {
    // exception occurred
    return nullptr;
  }

  return jhash_map;
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    getPropertiesOfTablesInRange
 * Signature: (JJ[J)Ljava/util/Map;
 */
jobject Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_getPropertiesOfTablesInRange(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle, jlong jcf_handle,
    jlongArray jrange_slice_handles) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle* cf_handle;
  if (jcf_handle == 0) {
    cf_handle = db->DefaultColumnFamily();
  } else {
    cf_handle =
        reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
  }
  const jsize jlen = env->GetArrayLength(jrange_slice_handles);
  jboolean jrange_slice_handles_is_copy = JNI_FALSE;
  jlong *jrange_slice_handle = env->GetLongArrayElements(
      jrange_slice_handles, &jrange_slice_handles_is_copy);
  if (jrange_slice_handle == nullptr) {
    // exception occurred
    return nullptr;
  }

  const size_t ranges_len = static_cast<size_t>(jlen / 2);
  auto ranges = std::unique_ptr<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Range[]>(
      new ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Range[ranges_len]);
  for (jsize i = 0, j = 0; i < jlen; ++i) {
    auto* start =
        reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice*>(jrange_slice_handle[i]);
    auto* limit =
        reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice*>(jrange_slice_handle[++i]);
    ranges[j++] = ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Range(*start, *limit);
  }

  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::TablePropertiesCollection table_properties_collection;
  auto s = db->GetPropertiesOfTablesInRange(
      cf_handle, ranges.get(), ranges_len, &table_properties_collection);
  if (!s.ok()) {
    // error occurred
    env->ReleaseLongArrayElements(jrange_slice_handles, jrange_slice_handle, JNI_ABORT);
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
    return nullptr;
  }

  // cleanup
  env->ReleaseLongArrayElements(jrange_slice_handles, jrange_slice_handle, JNI_ABORT);

  return jrange_slice_handles;
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    suggestCompactRange
 * Signature: (JJ)[J
 */
jlongArray Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_suggestCompactRange(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle, jlong jcf_handle) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle* cf_handle;
  if (jcf_handle == 0) {
    cf_handle = db->DefaultColumnFamily();
  } else {
    cf_handle =
        reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
  }
  auto* begin = new ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice();
  auto* end = new ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice();
  auto s = db->SuggestCompactRange(cf_handle, begin, end);
  if (!s.ok()) {
    // error occurred
    delete begin;
    delete end;
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
    return nullptr;
  }

  jlongArray jslice_handles = env->NewLongArray(2);
  if (jslice_handles == nullptr) {
    // exception thrown: OutOfMemoryError
    delete begin;
    delete end;
    return nullptr;
  }

  jlong slice_handles[2];
  slice_handles[0] = reinterpret_cast<jlong>(begin);
  slice_handles[1] = reinterpret_cast<jlong>(end);
  env->SetLongArrayRegion(jslice_handles, 0, 2, slice_handles);
  if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
    // exception thrown: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
    delete begin;
    delete end;
    env->DeleteLocalRef(jslice_handles);
    return nullptr;
  }

  return jslice_handles;
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    promoteL0
 * Signature: (JJI)V
 */
void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_promoteL0(
    JNIEnv*, jobject, jlong jdb_handle, jlong jcf_handle, jint jtarget_level) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle* cf_handle;
  if (jcf_handle == 0) {
    cf_handle = db->DefaultColumnFamily();
  } else {
    cf_handle =
        reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
  }
  db->PromoteL0(cf_handle, static_cast<int>(jtarget_level));
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    startTrace
 * Signature: (JJJ)V
 */
void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_startTrace(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle, jlong jmax_trace_file_size,
    jlong jtrace_writer_jnicallback_handle) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::TraceOptions trace_options;
  trace_options.max_trace_file_size = 
      static_cast<uint64_t>(jmax_trace_file_size);
  // transfer ownership of trace writer from Java to C++
  auto trace_writer =
      std::unique_ptr<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::TraceWriterJniCallback>(
          reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::TraceWriterJniCallback*>(
              jtrace_writer_jnicallback_handle));
  auto s = db->StartTrace(trace_options, std::move(trace_writer));
  if (!s.ok()) {
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
  }
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    endTrace
 * Signature: (J)V
 */
JNIEXPORT void JNICALL Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_endTrace(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  auto s = db->EndTrace();
  if (!s.ok()) {
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
  }
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    destroyDB
 * Signature: (Ljava/lang/String;J)V
 */
void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_destroyDB(
    JNIEnv* env, jclass, jstring jdb_path, jlong joptions_handle) {
  const char* db_path = env->GetStringUTFChars(jdb_path, nullptr);
  if (db_path == nullptr) {
    // exception thrown: OutOfMemoryError
    return;
  }

  auto* options =
      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Options*>(joptions_handle);
  if (options == nullptr) {
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(
        env, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status::InvalidArgument("Invalid Options."));
  }

  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status s = ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DestroyDB(db_path, *options);
  env->ReleaseStringUTFChars(jdb_path, db_path);

  if (!s.ok()) {
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
  }
}

bool get_slice_helper(JNIEnv* env, jobjectArray ranges, jsize index,
                      std::unique_ptr<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice>& slice,
                      std::vector<std::unique_ptr<jbyte[]>>& ranges_to_free) {
  jobject jArray = env->GetObjectArrayElement(ranges, index);
  if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
    // exception thrown: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
    return false;
  }

  if (jArray == nullptr) {
    return true;
  }

  jbyteArray jba = reinterpret_cast<jbyteArray>(jArray);
  jsize len_ba = env->GetArrayLength(jba);
  ranges_to_free.push_back(std::unique_ptr<jbyte[]>(new jbyte[len_ba]));
  env->GetByteArrayRegion(jba, 0, len_ba, ranges_to_free.back().get());
  if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
    // exception thrown: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
    env->DeleteLocalRef(jArray);
    return false;
  }
  env->DeleteLocalRef(jArray);
  slice.reset(new ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice(
      reinterpret_cast<char*>(ranges_to_free.back().get()), len_ba));
  return true;
}
/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    deleteFilesInRanges
 * Signature: (JJLjava/util/List;Z)V
 */
JNIEXPORT void JNICALL Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_deleteFilesInRanges(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject /*jdb*/, jlong jdb_handle, jlong jcf_handle,
    jobjectArray ranges, jboolean include_end) {
  jsize length = env->GetArrayLength(ranges);

  std::vector<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RangePtr> rangesVector;
  std::vector<std::unique_ptr<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice>> slices;
  std::vector<std::unique_ptr<jbyte[]>> ranges_to_free;
  for (jsize i = 0; (i + 1) < length; i += 2) {
    slices.push_back(std::unique_ptr<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice>());
    if (!get_slice_helper(env, ranges, i, slices.back(), ranges_to_free)) {
      // exception thrown
      return;
    }

    slices.push_back(std::unique_ptr<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice>());
    if (!get_slice_helper(env, ranges, i + 1, slices.back(), ranges_to_free)) {
      // exception thrown
      return;
    }

    rangesVector.push_back(ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RangePtr(
        slices[slices.size() - 2].get(), slices[slices.size() - 1].get()));
  }

  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  auto* column_family =
      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);

  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status s = ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DeleteFilesInRanges(
      db, column_family == nullptr ? db->DefaultColumnFamily() : column_family,
      rangesVector.data(), rangesVector.size(), include_end);

  if (!s.ok()) {
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
  }
}
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