# This file is a part of Julia. License is MIT: https://julialang.org/license
"""
Rational{T<:Integer} <: Real
Rational number type, with numerator and denominator of type `T`.
Rationals are checked for overflow.
"""
struct Rational{T<:Integer} <: Real
num::T
den::T
# Unexported inner constructor of Rational that bypasses all checks
global unsafe_rational(::Type{T}, num, den) where {T} = new{T}(num, den)
end
unsafe_rational(num::T, den::T) where {T<:Integer} = unsafe_rational(T, num, den)
unsafe_rational(num::Integer, den::Integer) = unsafe_rational(promote(num, den)...)
@noinline __throw_rational_argerror_typemin(T) = throw(ArgumentError("invalid rational: denominator can't be typemin($T)"))
function checked_den(::Type{T}, num::T, den::T) where T<:Integer
if signbit(den)
den = -den
signbit(den) && __throw_rational_argerror_typemin(typeof(den))
num = -num
end
return unsafe_rational(T, num, den)
end
checked_den(num::T, den::T) where T<:Integer = checked_den(T, num, den)
checked_den(num::Integer, den::Integer) = checked_den(promote(num, den)...)
@noinline __throw_rational_argerror_zero(T) = throw(ArgumentError("invalid rational: zero($T)//zero($T)"))
function Rational{T}(num::Integer, den::Integer) where T<:Integer
iszero(den) && iszero(num) && __throw_rational_argerror_zero(T)
num, den = divgcd(num, den)
return checked_den(T, T(num), T(den))
end
Rational(n::T, d::T) where {T<:Integer} = Rational{T}(n, d)
Rational(n::Integer, d::Integer) = Rational(promote(n, d)...)
Rational(n::Integer) = unsafe_rational(n, one(n))
function divgcd(x::Integer,y::Integer)
g = gcd(x,y)
div(x,g), div(y,g)
end
"""
//(num, den)
Divide two integers or rational numbers, giving a [`Rational`](@ref) result.
# Examples
```jldoctest
julia> 3 // 5
3//5
julia> (3 // 5) // (2 // 1)
3//10
```
"""
//(n::Integer, d::Integer) = Rational(n,d)
function //(x::Rational, y::Integer)
xn, yn = divgcd(promote(x.num, y)...)
checked_den(xn, checked_mul(x.den, yn))
end
function //(x::Integer, y::Rational)
xn, yn = divgcd(promote(x, y.num)...)
checked_den(checked_mul(xn, y.den), yn)
end
function //(x::Rational, y::Rational)
xn,yn = divgcd(promote(x.num, y.num)...)
xd,yd = divgcd(promote(x.den, y.den)...)
checked_den(checked_mul(xn, yd), checked_mul(xd, yn))
end
//(x::Complex, y::Real) = complex(real(x)//y, imag(x)//y)
//(x::Number, y::Complex) = x*conj(y)//abs2(y)
//(X::AbstractArray, y::Number) = X .// y
function show(io::IO, x::Rational)
show(io, numerator(x))
if isone(denominator(x)) && get(io, :typeinfo, Any) <: Rational
return
end
print(io, "//")
show(io, denominator(x))
end
function read(s::IO, ::Type{Rational{T}}) where T<:Integer
r = read(s,T)
i = read(s,T)
r//i
end
function write(s::IO, z::Rational)
write(s,numerator(z),denominator(z))
end
function parse(::Type{Rational{T}}, s::AbstractString) where T<:Integer
ss = split(s, '/'; limit = 2)
if isone(length(ss))
return Rational{T}(parse(T, s))
end
@inbounds ns, ds = ss[1], ss[2]
if startswith(ds, '/')
ds = chop(ds; head = 1, tail = 0)
end
n = parse(T, ns)
d = parse(T, ds)
return n//d
end
function Rational{T}(x::Rational) where T<:Integer
unsafe_rational(T, convert(T, x.num), convert(T, x.den))
end
function Rational{T}(x::Integer) where T<:Integer
unsafe_rational(T, convert(T, x), one(T))
end
Rational(x::Rational) = x
Bool(x::Rational) = x==0 ? false : x==1 ? true :
throw(InexactError(:Bool, Bool, x)) # to resolve ambiguity
(::Type{T})(x::Rational) where {T<:Integer} = (isinteger(x) ? convert(T, x.num)::T :
throw(InexactError(nameof(T), T, x)))
AbstractFloat(x::Rational) = (float(x.num)/float(x.den))::AbstractFloat
function (::Type{T})(x::Rational{S}) where T<:AbstractFloat where S
P = promote_type(T,S)
convert(T, convert(P,x.num)/convert(P,x.den))::T
end
function Rational{T}(x::AbstractFloat) where T<:Integer
r = rationalize(T, x, tol=0)
x == convert(typeof(x), r) || throw(InexactError(:Rational, Rational{T}, x))
r
end
Rational(x::Float64) = Rational{Int64}(x)
Rational(x::Float32) = Rational{Int}(x)
big(q::Rational) = unsafe_rational(big(numerator(q)), big(denominator(q)))
big(z::Complex{<:Rational{<:Integer}}) = Complex{Rational{BigInt}}(z)
promote_rule(::Type{Rational{T}}, ::Type{S}) where {T<:Integer,S<:Integer} = Rational{promote_type(T,S)}
promote_rule(::Type{Rational{T}}, ::Type{Rational{S}}) where {T<:Integer,S<:Integer} = Rational{promote_type(T,S)}
promote_rule(::Type{Rational{T}}, ::Type{S}) where {T<:Integer,S<:AbstractFloat} = promote_type(T,S)
widen(::Type{Rational{T}}) where {T} = Rational{widen(T)}
@noinline __throw_negate_unsigned() = throw(OverflowError("cannot negate unsigned number"))
"""
rationalize([T<:Integer=Int,] x; tol::Real=eps(x))
Approximate floating point number `x` as a [`Rational`](@ref) number with components
of the given integer type. The result will differ from `x` by no more than `tol`.
# Examples
```jldoctest
julia> rationalize(5.6)
28//5
julia> a = rationalize(BigInt, 10.3)
103//10
julia> typeof(numerator(a))
BigInt
```
"""
function rationalize(::Type{T}, x::Union{AbstractFloat, Rational}, tol::Real) where T<:Integer
if tol < 0
throw(ArgumentError("negative tolerance $tol"))
end
T<:Unsigned && x < 0 && __throw_negate_unsigned()
isnan(x) && return T(x)//one(T)
isinf(x) && return unsafe_rational(x < 0 ? -one(T) : one(T), zero(T))
p, q = (x < 0 ? -one(T) : one(T)), zero(T)
pp, qq = zero(T), one(T)
x = abs(x)
a = trunc(x)
r = x-a
y = one(x)
tolx = oftype(x, tol)
nt, t, tt = tolx, zero(tolx), tolx
ia = np = nq = zero(T)
# compute the successive convergents of the continued fraction
# np // nq = (p*a + pp) // (q*a + qq)
while r > nt
try
ia = convert(T,a)
np = checked_add(checked_mul(ia,p),pp)
nq = checked_add(checked_mul(ia,q),qq)
p, pp = np, p
q, qq = nq, q
catch e
isa(e,InexactError) || isa(e,OverflowError) || rethrow()
return p // q
end
# naive approach of using
# x = 1/r; a = trunc(x); r = x - a
# is inexact, so we store x as x/y
x, y = y, r
a, r = divrem(x,y)
# maintain
# x0 = (p + (-1)^i * r) / q
t, tt = nt, t
nt = a*t+tt
end
# find optimal semiconvergent
# smallest a such that x-a*y < a*t+tt
a = cld(x-tt,y+t)
try
ia = convert(T,a)
np = checked_add(checked_mul(ia,p),pp)
nq = checked_add(checked_mul(ia,q),qq)
return np // nq
catch e
isa(e,InexactError) || isa(e,OverflowError) || rethrow()
return p // q
end
end
rationalize(::Type{T}, x::AbstractFloat; tol::Real = eps(x)) where {T<:Integer} = rationalize(T, x, tol)
rationalize(x::AbstractFloat; kvs...) = rationalize(Int, x; kvs...)
rationalize(::Type{T}, x::Complex; kvs...) where {T<:Integer} = Complex(rationalize(T, x.re; kvs...), rationalize(T, x.im; kvs...))
rationalize(x::Complex; kvs...) = Complex(rationalize(Int, x.re; kvs...), rationalize(Int, x.im; kvs...))
rationalize(::Type{T}, x::Rational; tol::Real = 0) where {T<:Integer} = rationalize(T, x, tol)
rationalize(x::Rational; kvs...) = x
rationalize(x::Integer; kvs...) = Rational(x)
function rationalize(::Type{T}, x::Integer; kvs...) where {T<:Integer}
if Base.hastypemax(T) # BigInt doesn't
x < typemin(T) && return unsafe_rational(-one(T), zero(T))
x > typemax(T) && return unsafe_rational(one(T), zero(T))
end
return Rational{T}(x)
end
"""
numerator(x)
Numerator of the rational representation of `x`.
# Examples
```jldoctest
julia> numerator(2//3)
2
julia> numerator(4)
4
```
"""
numerator(x::Integer) = x
numerator(x::Rational) = x.num
"""
denominator(x)
Denominator of the rational representation of `x`.
# Examples
```jldoctest
julia> denominator(2//3)
3
julia> denominator(4)
1
```
"""
denominator(x::Integer) = one(x)
denominator(x::Rational) = x.den
sign(x::Rational) = oftype(x, sign(x.num))
signbit(x::Rational) = signbit(x.num)
copysign(x::Rational, y::Real) = unsafe_rational(copysign(x.num, y), x.den)
copysign(x::Rational, y::Rational) = unsafe_rational(copysign(x.num, y.num), x.den)
abs(x::Rational) = unsafe_rational(checked_abs(x.num), x.den)
typemin(::Type{Rational{T}}) where {T<:Signed} = unsafe_rational(T, -one(T), zero(T))
typemin(::Type{Rational{T}}) where {T<:Integer} = unsafe_rational(T, zero(T), one(T))
typemax(::Type{Rational{T}}) where {T<:Integer} = unsafe_rational(T, one(T), zero(T))
isinteger(x::Rational) = x.den == 1
ispow2(x::Rational) = ispow2(x.num) & ispow2(x.den)
+(x::Rational) = unsafe_rational(+x.num, x.den)
-(x::Rational) = unsafe_rational(-x.num, x.den)
function -(x::Rational{T}) where T<:BitSigned
x.num == typemin(T) && __throw_rational_numerator_typemin(T)
unsafe_rational(-x.num, x.den)
end
@noinline __throw_rational_numerator_typemin(T) = throw(OverflowError("rational numerator is typemin($T)"))
function -(x::Rational{T}) where T<:Unsigned
x.num != zero(T) && __throw_negate_unsigned()
x
end
function +(x::Rational, y::Rational)
xp, yp = promote(x, y)::NTuple{2,Rational}
if isinf(x) && x == y
return xp
end
xd, yd = divgcd(promote(x.den, y.den)...)
Rational(checked_add(checked_mul(x.num,yd), checked_mul(y.num,xd)), checked_mul(x.den,yd))
end
function -(x::Rational, y::Rational)
xp, yp = promote(x, y)::NTuple{2,Rational}
if isinf(x) && x == -y
return xp
end
xd, yd = divgcd(promote(x.den, y.den)...)
Rational(checked_sub(checked_mul(x.num,yd), checked_mul(y.num,xd)), checked_mul(x.den,yd))
end
for (op,chop) in ((:rem,:rem), (:mod,:mod))
@eval begin
function ($op)(x::Rational, y::Rational)
xd, yd = divgcd(promote(x.den, y.den)...)
Rational(($chop)(checked_mul(x.num,yd), checked_mul(y.num,xd)), checked_mul(x.den,yd))
end
end
end
for (op,chop) in ((:+,:checked_add), (:-,:checked_sub), (:rem,:rem), (:mod,:mod))
@eval begin
function ($op)(x::Rational, y::Integer)
unsafe_rational(($chop)(x.num, checked_mul(x.den, y)), x.den)
end
end
end
for (op,chop) in ((:+,:checked_add), (:-,:checked_sub))
@eval begin
function ($op)(y::Integer, x::Rational)
unsafe_rational(($chop)(checked_mul(x.den, y), x.num), x.den)
end
end
end
for (op,chop) in ((:rem,:rem), (:mod,:mod))
@eval begin
function ($op)(y::Integer, x::Rational)
Rational(($chop)(checked_mul(x.den, y), x.num), x.den)
end
end
end
function *(x::Rational, y::Rational)
xn, yd = divgcd(promote(x.num, y.den)...)
xd, yn = divgcd(promote(x.den, y.num)...)
unsafe_rational(checked_mul(xn, yn), checked_mul(xd, yd))
end
function *(x::Rational, y::Integer)
xd, yn = divgcd(promote(x.den, y)...)
unsafe_rational(checked_mul(x.num, yn), xd)
end
function *(y::Integer, x::Rational)
yn, xd = divgcd(promote(y, x.den)...)
unsafe_rational(checked_mul(yn, x.num), xd)
end
/(x::Rational, y::Union{Rational, Integer, Complex{<:Union{Integer,Rational}}}) = x//y
/(x::Union{Integer, Complex{<:Union{Integer,Rational}}}, y::Rational) = x//y
inv(x::Rational{T}) where {T} = checked_den(x.den, x.num)
fma(x::Rational, y::Rational, z::Rational) = x*y+z
==(x::Rational, y::Rational) = (x.den == y.den) & (x.num == y.num)
<( x::Rational, y::Rational) = x.den == y.den ? x.num < y.num :
widemul(x.num,y.den) < widemul(x.den,y.num)
<=(x::Rational, y::Rational) = x.den == y.den ? x.num <= y.num :
widemul(x.num,y.den) <= widemul(x.den,y.num)
==(x::Rational, y::Integer ) = (x.den == 1) & (x.num == y)
==(x::Integer , y::Rational) = y == x
<( x::Rational, y::Integer ) = x.num < widemul(x.den,y)
<( x::Integer , y::Rational) = widemul(x,y.den) < y.num
<=(x::Rational, y::Integer ) = x.num <= widemul(x.den,y)
<=(x::Integer , y::Rational) = widemul(x,y.den) <= y.num
function ==(x::AbstractFloat, q::Rational)
if isfinite(x)
(count_ones(q.den) == 1) & (x*q.den == q.num)
else
x == q.num/q.den
end
end
==(q::Rational, x::AbstractFloat) = x == q
for rel in (:<,:<=,:cmp)
for (Tx,Ty) in ((Rational,AbstractFloat), (AbstractFloat,Rational))
@eval function ($rel)(x::$Tx, y::$Ty)
if isnan(x)
$(rel === :cmp ? :(return isnan(y) ? 0 : 1) :
:(return false))
end
if isnan(y)
$(rel === :cmp ? :(return -1) :
:(return false))
end
xn, xp, xd = decompose(x)
yn, yp, yd = decompose(y)
if xd < 0
xn = -xn
xd = -xd
end
if yd < 0
yn = -yn
yd = -yd
end
xc, yc = widemul(xn,yd), widemul(yn,xd)
xs, ys = sign(xc), sign(yc)
if xs != ys
return ($rel)(xs,ys)
elseif xs == 0
# both are zero or ±Inf
return ($rel)(xn,yn)
end
xb, yb = ndigits0z(xc,2) + xp, ndigits0z(yc,2) + yp
if xb == yb
xc, yc = promote(xc,yc)
if xp > yp
xc = (xc<<(xp-yp))
else
yc = (yc<<(yp-xp))
end
return ($rel)(xc,yc)
else
return xc > 0 ? ($rel)(xb,yb) : ($rel)(yb,xb)
end
end
end
end
# needed to avoid ambiguity between ==(x::Real, z::Complex) and ==(x::Rational, y::Number)
==(z::Complex , x::Rational) = isreal(z) & (real(z) == x)
==(x::Rational, z::Complex ) = isreal(z) & (real(z) == x)
function div(x::Rational, y::Integer, r::RoundingMode)
xn,yn = divgcd(x.num,y)
div(xn, checked_mul(x.den,yn), r)
end
function div(x::Integer, y::Rational, r::RoundingMode)
xn,yn = divgcd(x,y.num)
div(checked_mul(xn,y.den), yn, r)
end
function div(x::Rational, y::Rational, r::RoundingMode)
xn,yn = divgcd(x.num,y.num)
xd,yd = divgcd(x.den,y.den)
div(checked_mul(xn,yd), checked_mul(xd,yn), r)
end
# For compatibility - to be removed in 2.0 when the generic fallbacks
# are removed from div.jl
div(x::T, y::T, r::RoundingMode) where {T<:Rational} =
invoke(div, Tuple{Rational, Rational, RoundingMode}, x, y, r)
for (S, T) in ((Rational, Integer), (Integer, Rational), (Rational, Rational))
@eval begin
div(x::$S, y::$T) = div(x, y, RoundToZero)
fld(x::$S, y::$T) = div(x, y, RoundDown)
cld(x::$S, y::$T) = div(x, y, RoundUp)
end
end
trunc(::Type{T}, x::Rational) where {T} = round(T, x, RoundToZero)
floor(::Type{T}, x::Rational) where {T} = round(T, x, RoundDown)
ceil(::Type{T}, x::Rational) where {T} = round(T, x, RoundUp)
round(x::Rational, r::RoundingMode=RoundNearest) = round(typeof(x), x, r)
function round(::Type{T}, x::Rational{Tr}, r::RoundingMode=RoundNearest) where {T,Tr}
if iszero(denominator(x)) && !(T <: Integer)
return convert(T, copysign(unsafe_rational(one(Tr), zero(Tr)), numerator(x)))
end
convert(T, div(numerator(x), denominator(x), r))
end
function round(::Type{T}, x::Rational{Bool}, ::RoundingMode=RoundNearest) where T
if denominator(x) == false && (T <: Integer)
throw(DivideError())
end
convert(T, x)
end
function ^(x::Rational, n::Integer)
n >= 0 ? power_by_squaring(x,n) : power_by_squaring(inv(x),-n)
end
^(x::Number, y::Rational) = x^(y.num/y.den)
^(x::T, y::Rational) where {T<:AbstractFloat} = x^convert(T,y)
^(z::Complex{T}, p::Rational) where {T<:Real} = z^convert(typeof(one(T)^p), p)
^(z::Complex{<:Rational}, n::Bool) = n ? z : one(z) # to resolve ambiguity
function ^(z::Complex{<:Rational}, n::Integer)
n >= 0 ? power_by_squaring(z,n) : power_by_squaring(inv(z),-n)
end
iszero(x::Rational) = iszero(numerator(x))
isone(x::Rational) = isone(numerator(x)) & isone(denominator(x))
function lerpi(j::Integer, d::Integer, a::Rational, b::Rational)
((d-j)*a)/d + (j*b)/d
end
float(::Type{Rational{T}}) where {T<:Integer} = float(T)
gcd(x::Rational, y::Rational) = unsafe_rational(gcd(x.num, y.num), lcm(x.den, y.den))
lcm(x::Rational, y::Rational) = unsafe_rational(lcm(x.num, y.num), gcd(x.den, y.den))
function gcdx(x::Rational, y::Rational)
c = gcd(x, y)
if iszero(c.num)
a, b = one(c.num), c.num
elseif iszero(c.den)
a = ifelse(iszero(x.den), one(c.den), c.den)
b = ifelse(iszero(y.den), one(c.den), c.den)
else
idiv(x, c) = div(x.num, c.num) * div(c.den, x.den)
_, a, b = gcdx(idiv(x, c), idiv(y, c))
end
c, a, b
end
## streamlined hashing for smallish rational types ##
decompose(x::Rational) = numerator(x), 0, denominator(x)
function hash(x::Rational{<:BitInteger64}, h::UInt)
num, den = Base.numerator(x), Base.denominator(x)
den == 1 && return hash(num, h)
den == 0 && return hash(ifelse(num > 0, Inf, -Inf), h)
if isodd(den) # since den != 1, this rational can't be a Float64
pow = trailing_zeros(num)
num >>= pow
h = hash_integer(den, h)
else
pow = trailing_zeros(den)
den >>= pow
pow = -pow
if den == 1
if uabs(num) < UInt64(maxintfloat(Float64))
return hash(ldexp(Float64(num),pow),h)
end
else
h = hash_integer(den, h)
end
end
h = hash_integer(pow, h)
h = hash_integer(num, h)
return h
end
# These methods are only needed for performance. Since `first(r)` and `last(r)` have the
# same denominator (because their difference is an integer), `length(r)` can be calculated
# without calling `gcd`.
function length(r::AbstractUnitRange{T}) where T<:Rational
@inline
f = first(r)
l = last(r)
return div(l.num - f.num + f.den, f.den)
end
function checked_length(r::AbstractUnitRange{T}) where T<:Rational
f = first(r)
l = last(r)
if isempty(r)
return f.num - f.num
end
return div(checked_add(checked_sub(l.num, f.num), f.den), f.den)
end