# This file is a part of Julia. License is MIT: https://julialang.org/license
"""
Complex{T<:Real} <: Number
Complex number type with real and imaginary part of type `T`.
`ComplexF16`, `ComplexF32` and `ComplexF64` are aliases for
`Complex{Float16}`, `Complex{Float32}` and `Complex{Float64}` respectively.
"""
struct Complex{T<:Real} <: Number
re::T
im::T
end
Complex(x::Real, y::Real) = Complex(promote(x,y)...)
Complex(x::Real) = Complex(x, zero(x))
"""
im
The imaginary unit.
# Examples
```jldoctest
julia> im * im
-1 + 0im
```
"""
const im = Complex(false, true)
const ComplexF64 = Complex{Float64}
const ComplexF32 = Complex{Float32}
const ComplexF16 = Complex{Float16}
Complex{T}(x::Real) where {T<:Real} = Complex{T}(x,0)
Complex{T}(z::Complex) where {T<:Real} = Complex{T}(real(z),imag(z))
(::Type{T})(z::Complex) where {T<:Real} =
isreal(z) ? T(real(z))::T : throw(InexactError(Symbol(string(T)), T, z))
Complex(z::Complex) = z
promote_rule(::Type{Complex{T}}, ::Type{S}) where {T<:Real,S<:Real} =
Complex{promote_type(T,S)}
promote_rule(::Type{Complex{T}}, ::Type{Complex{S}}) where {T<:Real,S<:Real} =
Complex{promote_type(T,S)}
widen(::Type{Complex{T}}) where {T} = Complex{widen(T)}
float(::Type{Complex{T}}) where {T<:AbstractFloat} = Complex{T}
float(::Type{Complex{T}}) where {T} = Complex{float(T)}
"""
real(z)
Return the real part of the complex number `z`.
# Examples
```jldoctest
julia> real(1 + 3im)
1
```
"""
real(z::Complex) = z.re
"""
imag(z)
Return the imaginary part of the complex number `z`.
# Examples
```jldoctest
julia> imag(1 + 3im)
3
```
"""
imag(z::Complex) = z.im
real(x::Real) = x
imag(x::Real) = zero(x)
"""
reim(z)
Return both the real and imaginary parts of the complex number `z`.
# Examples
```jldoctest
julia> reim(1 + 3im)
(1, 3)
```
"""
reim(z) = (real(z), imag(z))
"""
real(T::Type)
Return the type that represents the real part of a value of type `T`.
e.g: for `T == Complex{R}`, returns `R`.
Equivalent to `typeof(real(zero(T)))`.
# Examples
```jldoctest
julia> real(Complex{Int})
Int64
julia> real(Float64)
Float64
```
"""
real(T::Type) = typeof(real(zero(T)))
real(::Type{T}) where {T<:Real} = T
real(::Type{Complex{T}}) where {T<:Real} = T
"""
isreal(x) -> Bool
Test whether `x` or all its elements are numerically equal to some real number
including infinities and NaNs. `isreal(x)` is true if `isequal(x, real(x))`
is true.
# Examples
```jldoctest
julia> isreal(5.)
true
julia> isreal(Inf + 0im)
true
julia> isreal([4.; complex(0,1)])
false
```
"""
isreal(x::Real) = true
isreal(z::Complex) = iszero(imag(z))
isinteger(z::Complex) = isreal(z) & isinteger(real(z))
isfinite(z::Complex) = isfinite(real(z)) & isfinite(imag(z))
isnan(z::Complex) = isnan(real(z)) | isnan(imag(z))
isinf(z::Complex) = isinf(real(z)) | isinf(imag(z))
iszero(z::Complex) = iszero(real(z)) & iszero(imag(z))
isone(z::Complex) = isone(real(z)) & iszero(imag(z))
"""
complex(r, [i])
Convert real numbers or arrays to complex. `i` defaults to zero.
# Examples
```jldoctest
julia> complex(7)
7 + 0im
julia> complex([1, 2, 3])
3-element Array{Complex{Int64},1}:
1 + 0im
2 + 0im
3 + 0im
```
"""
complex(z::Complex) = z
complex(x::Real) = Complex(x)
complex(x::Real, y::Real) = Complex(x, y)
"""
complex(T::Type)
Return an appropriate type which can represent a value of type `T` as a complex number.
Equivalent to `typeof(complex(zero(T)))`.
# Examples
```jldoctest
julia> complex(Complex{Int})
Complex{Int64}
julia> complex(Int)
Complex{Int64}
```
"""
complex(::Type{T}) where {T<:Real} = Complex{T}
complex(::Type{Complex{T}}) where {T<:Real} = Complex{T}
flipsign(x::Complex, y::Real) = ifelse(signbit(y), -x, x)
function show(io::IO, z::Complex)
r, i = reim(z)
compact = get(io, :compact, false)
show(io, r)
if signbit(i) && !isnan(i)
i = -i
print(io, compact ? "-" : " - ")
else
print(io, compact ? "+" : " + ")
end
show(io, i)
if !(isa(i,Integer) && !isa(i,Bool) || isa(i,AbstractFloat) && isfinite(i))
print(io, "*")
end
print(io, "im")
end
show(io::IO, z::Complex{Bool}) =
print(io, z == im ? "im" : "Complex($(z.re),$(z.im))")
function show_unquoted(io::IO, z::Complex, ::Int, prec::Int)
if operator_precedence(:+) <= prec
print(io, "(")
show(io, z)
print(io, ")")
else
show(io, z)
end
end
function read(s::IO, ::Type{Complex{T}}) where T<:Real
r = read(s,T)
i = read(s,T)
Complex{T}(r,i)
end
function write(s::IO, z::Complex)
write(s,real(z),imag(z))
end
## byte order swaps: real and imaginary part are swapped individually
bswap(z::Complex) = Complex(bswap(real(z)), bswap(imag(z)))
## equality and hashing of complex numbers ##
==(z::Complex, w::Complex) = (real(z) == real(w)) & (imag(z) == imag(w))
==(z::Complex, x::Real) = isreal(z) && real(z) == x
==(x::Real, z::Complex) = isreal(z) && real(z) == x
isequal(z::Complex, w::Complex) = isequal(real(z),real(w)) & isequal(imag(z),imag(w))
in(x::Complex, r::AbstractRange{<:Real}) = isreal(x) && real(x) in r
if UInt === UInt64
const h_imag = 0x32a7a07f3e7cd1f9
else
const h_imag = 0x3e7cd1f9
end
const hash_0_imag = hash(0, h_imag)
function hash(z::Complex, h::UInt)
# TODO: with default argument specialization, this would be better:
# hash(real(z), h ⊻ hash(imag(z), h ⊻ h_imag) ⊻ hash(0, h ⊻ h_imag))
hash(real(z), h ⊻ hash(imag(z), h_imag) ⊻ hash_0_imag)
end
## generic functions of complex numbers ##
"""
conj(z)
Compute the complex conjugate of a complex number `z`.
# Examples
```jldoctest
julia> conj(1 + 3im)
1 - 3im
```
"""
conj(z::Complex) = Complex(real(z),-imag(z))
abs(z::Complex) = hypot(real(z), imag(z))
abs2(z::Complex) = real(z)*real(z) + imag(z)*imag(z)
inv(z::Complex) = conj(z)/abs2(z)
inv(z::Complex{<:Integer}) = inv(float(z))
-(z::Complex) = Complex(-real(z), -imag(z))
+(z::Complex, w::Complex) = Complex(real(z) + real(w), imag(z) + imag(w))
-(z::Complex, w::Complex) = Complex(real(z) - real(w), imag(z) - imag(w))
*(z::Complex, w::Complex) = Complex(real(z) * real(w) - imag(z) * imag(w),
real(z) * imag(w) + imag(z) * real(w))
muladd(z::Complex, w::Complex, x::Complex) =
Complex(muladd(real(z), real(w), real(x)) - imag(z)*imag(w), # TODO: use mulsub given #15985
muladd(real(z), imag(w), muladd(imag(z), real(w), imag(x))))
# handle Bool and Complex{Bool}
# avoid type signature ambiguity warnings
+(x::Bool, z::Complex{Bool}) = Complex(x + real(z), imag(z))
+(z::Complex{Bool}, x::Bool) = Complex(real(z) + x, imag(z))
-(x::Bool, z::Complex{Bool}) = Complex(x - real(z), - imag(z))
-(z::Complex{Bool}, x::Bool) = Complex(real(z) - x, imag(z))
*(x::Bool, z::Complex{Bool}) = Complex(x * real(z), x * imag(z))
*(z::Complex{Bool}, x::Bool) = Complex(real(z) * x, imag(z) * x)
+(x::Bool, z::Complex) = Complex(x + real(z), imag(z))
+(z::Complex, x::Bool) = Complex(real(z) + x, imag(z))
-(x::Bool, z::Complex) = Complex(x - real(z), - imag(z))
-(z::Complex, x::Bool) = Complex(real(z) - x, imag(z))
*(x::Bool, z::Complex) = Complex(x * real(z), x * imag(z))
*(z::Complex, x::Bool) = Complex(real(z) * x, imag(z) * x)
+(x::Real, z::Complex{Bool}) = Complex(x + real(z), imag(z))
+(z::Complex{Bool}, x::Real) = Complex(real(z) + x, imag(z))
function -(x::Real, z::Complex{Bool})
# we don't want the default type for -(Bool)
re = x-real(z)
Complex(re, - oftype(re, imag(z)))
end
-(z::Complex{Bool}, x::Real) = Complex(real(z) - x, imag(z))
*(x::Real, z::Complex{Bool}) = Complex(x * real(z), x * imag(z))
*(z::Complex{Bool}, x::Real) = Complex(real(z) * x, imag(z) * x)
# adding or multiplying real & complex is common
+(x::Real, z::Complex) = Complex(x + real(z), imag(z))
+(z::Complex, x::Real) = Complex(x + real(z), imag(z))
function -(x::Real, z::Complex)
# we don't want the default type for -(Bool)
re = x - real(z)
Complex(re, - oftype(re, imag(z)))
end
-(z::Complex, x::Real) = Complex(real(z) - x, imag(z))
*(x::Real, z::Complex) = Complex(x * real(z), x * imag(z))
*(z::Complex, x::Real) = Complex(x * real(z), x * imag(z))
muladd(x::Real, z::Complex, y::Number) = muladd(z, x, y)
muladd(z::Complex, x::Real, y::Real) = Complex(muladd(real(z),x,y), imag(z)*x)
muladd(z::Complex, x::Real, w::Complex) =
Complex(muladd(real(z),x,real(w)), muladd(imag(z),x,imag(w)))
muladd(x::Real, y::Real, z::Complex) = Complex(muladd(x,y,real(z)), imag(z))
muladd(z::Complex, w::Complex, x::Real) =
Complex(muladd(real(z), real(w), x) - imag(z)*imag(w), # TODO: use mulsub given #15985
muladd(real(z), imag(w), imag(z) * real(w)))
/(a::R, z::S) where {R<:Real,S<:Complex} = (T = promote_type(R,S); a*inv(T(z)))
/(z::Complex, x::Real) = Complex(real(z)/x, imag(z)/x)
function /(a::Complex{T}, b::Complex{T}) where T<:Real
are = real(a); aim = imag(a); bre = real(b); bim = imag(b)
if abs(bre) <= abs(bim)
if isinf(bre) && isinf(bim)
r = sign(bre)/sign(bim)
else
r = bre / bim
end
den = bim + r*bre
Complex((are*r + aim)/den, (aim*r - are)/den)
else
if isinf(bre) && isinf(bim)
r = sign(bim)/sign(bre)
else
r = bim / bre
end
den = bre + r*bim
Complex((are + aim*r)/den, (aim - are*r)/den)
end
end
inv(z::Complex{<:Union{Float16,Float32}}) =
oftype(z, conj(widen(z))/abs2(widen(z)))
/(z::Complex{T}, w::Complex{T}) where {T<:Union{Float16,Float32}} =
oftype(z, widen(z)*inv(widen(w)))
# robust complex division for double precision
# the first step is to scale variables if appropriate ,then do calculations
# in a way that avoids over/underflow (subfuncs 1 and 2), then undo the scaling.
# scaling variable s and other techniques
# based on arxiv.1210.4539
# a + i*b
# p + i*q = ---------
# c + i*d
function /(z::ComplexF64, w::ComplexF64)
a, b = reim(z); c, d = reim(w)
absa = abs(a); absb = abs(b); ab = absa >= absb ? absa : absb # equiv. to max(abs(a),abs(b)) but without NaN-handling (faster)
absc = abs(c); absd = abs(d); cd = absc >= absd ? absc : absd
# constants
ov = floatmax(Float64)
un = floatmin(Float64)
ϵ = eps(Float64)
halfov = 0.5*ov
twounϵ = un*2.0/ϵ
bs = 2.0/(ϵ*ϵ)
# scaling
s = 1.0
if ab >= halfov
a*=0.5; b*=0.5; s*=2.0 # scale down a,b
elseif ab <= twounϵ
a*=bs; b*=bs; s/=bs # scale up a,b
end
if cd >= halfov
c*=0.5; d*=0.5; s*=0.5 # scale down c,d
elseif cd <= twounϵ
c*=bs; d*=bs; s*=bs # scale up c,d
end
# division operations
abs(d)<=abs(c) ? ((p,q)=robust_cdiv1(a,b,c,d) ) : ((p,q)=robust_cdiv1(b,a,d,c); q=-q)
return ComplexF64(p*s,q*s) # undo scaling
end
function robust_cdiv1(a::Float64, b::Float64, c::Float64, d::Float64)
r = d/c
t = 1.0/(c+d*r)
p = robust_cdiv2(a,b,c,d,r,t)
q = robust_cdiv2(b,-a,c,d,r,t)
return p,q
end
function robust_cdiv2(a::Float64, b::Float64, c::Float64, d::Float64, r::Float64, t::Float64)
if r != 0
br = b*r
return (br != 0 ? (a+br)*t : a*t + (b*t)*r)
else
return (a + d*(b/c)) * t
end
end
function inv(w::ComplexF64)
c, d = reim(w)
half = 0.5
two = 2.0
cd = max(abs(c), abs(d))
ov = floatmax(c)
un = floatmin(c)
ϵ = eps(Float64)
bs = two/(ϵ*ϵ)
s = 1.0
cd >= half*ov && (c=half*c; d=half*d; s=s*half) # scale down c,d
cd <= un*two/ϵ && (c=c*bs; d=d*bs; s=s*bs ) # scale up c,d
if abs(d)<=abs(c)
r = d/c
t = 1.0/(c+d*r)
p = t
q = -r * t
else
c, d = d, c
r = d/c
t = 1.0/(c+d*r)
p = r * t
q = -t
end
return ComplexF64(p*s,q*s) # undo scaling
end
function ssqs(x::T, y::T) where T<:AbstractFloat
k::Int = 0
ρ = x*x + y*y
if !isfinite(ρ) && (isinf(x) || isinf(y))
ρ = convert(T, Inf)
elseif isinf(ρ) || (ρ==0 && (x!=0 || y!=0)) || ρ<nextfloat(zero(T))/(2*eps(T)^2)
m::T = max(abs(x), abs(y))
k = m==0 ? m : exponent(m)
xk, yk = ldexp(x,-k), ldexp(y,-k)
ρ = xk*xk + yk*yk
end
ρ, k
end
function sqrt(z::Complex{<:AbstractFloat})
x, y = reim(z)
if x==y==0
return Complex(zero(x),y)
end
ρ, k::Int = ssqs(x, y)
if isfinite(x) ρ=ldexp(abs(x),-k)+sqrt(ρ) end
if isodd(k)
k = div(k-1,2)
else
k = div(k,2)-1
ρ += ρ
end
ρ = ldexp(sqrt(ρ),k) #sqrt((abs(z)+abs(x))/2) without over/underflow
ξ = ρ
η = y
if ρ != 0
if isfinite(η) η=(η/ρ)/2 end
if x<0
ξ = abs(η)
η = copysign(ρ,y)
end
end
Complex(ξ,η)
end
sqrt(z::Complex) = sqrt(float(z))
# function sqrt(z::Complex)
# rz = float(real(z))
# iz = float(imag(z))
# r = sqrt((hypot(rz,iz)+abs(rz))/2)
# if r == 0
# return Complex(zero(iz), iz)
# end
# if rz >= 0
# return Complex(r, iz/r/2)
# end
# return Complex(abs(iz)/r/2, copysign(r,iz))
# end
# compute exp(im*theta)
function cis(theta::Real)
s, c = sincos(theta)
Complex(c, s)
end
"""
cis(z)
Return ``\\exp(iz)``.
# Examples
```jldoctest
julia> cis(π) ≈ -1
true
```
"""
function cis(z::Complex)
v = exp(-imag(z))
s, c = sincos(real(z))
Complex(v * c, v * s)
end
"""
angle(z)
Compute the phase angle in radians of a complex number `z`.
# Examples
```jldoctest
julia> rad2deg(angle(1 + im))
45.0
julia> rad2deg(angle(1 - im))
-45.0
julia> rad2deg(angle(-1 - im))
-135.0
```
"""
angle(z::Complex) = atan(imag(z), real(z))
function log(z::Complex{T}) where T<:AbstractFloat
T1::T = 1.25
T2::T = 3
ln2::T = log(convert(T,2)) #0.6931471805599453
x, y = reim(z)
ρ, k = ssqs(x,y)
ax = abs(x)
ay = abs(y)
if ax < ay
θ, β = ax, ay
else
θ, β = ay, ax
end
if k==0 && (0.5 < β*β) && (β <= T1 || ρ < T2)
ρρ = log1p((β-1)*(β+1)+θ*θ)/2
else
ρρ = log(ρ)/2 + k*ln2
end
Complex(ρρ, angle(z))
end
log(z::Complex) = log(float(z))
# function log(z::Complex)
# ar = abs(real(z))
# ai = abs(imag(z))
# if ar < ai
# r = ar/ai
# re = log(ai) + log1p(r*r)/2
# else
# if ar == 0
# re = isnan(ai) ? ai : -inv(ar)
# elseif isinf(ai)
# re = oftype(ar,Inf)
# else
# r = ai/ar
# re = log(ar) + log1p(r*r)/2
# end
# end
# Complex(re, angle(z))
# end
function log10(z::Complex)
a = log(z)
a/log(oftype(real(a),10))
end
function log2(z::Complex)
a = log(z)
a/log(oftype(real(a),2))
end
function exp(z::Complex)
zr, zi = reim(z)
if isnan(zr)
Complex(zr, zi==0 ? zi : zr)
elseif !isfinite(zi)
if zr == Inf
Complex(-zr, oftype(zr,NaN))
elseif zr == -Inf
Complex(-zero(zr), copysign(zero(zi), zi))
else
Complex(oftype(zr,NaN), oftype(zi,NaN))
end
else
er = exp(zr)
if iszero(zi)
Complex(er, zi)
else
s, c = sincos(zi)
Complex(er * c, er * s)
end
end
end
function expm1(z::Complex{T}) where T<:Real
Tf = float(T)
zr,zi = reim(z)
if isnan(zr)
Complex(zr, zi==0 ? zi : zr)
elseif !isfinite(zi)
if zr == Inf
Complex(-zr, oftype(zr,NaN))
elseif zr == -Inf
Complex(-one(zr), copysign(zero(zi), zi))
else
Complex(oftype(zr,NaN), oftype(zi,NaN))
end
else
erm1 = expm1(zr)
if zi == 0
Complex(erm1, zi)
else
er = erm1+one(erm1)
if isfinite(er)
wr = erm1 - 2 * er * (sin(convert(Tf, 0.5) * zi))^2
return Complex(wr, er * sin(zi))
else
s, c = sincos(zi)
return Complex(er * c, er * s)
end
end
end
end
function log1p(z::Complex{T}) where T
zr,zi = reim(z)
if isfinite(zr)
isinf(zi) && return log(z)
# This is based on a well-known trick for log1p of real z,
# allegedly due to Kahan, only modified to handle real(u) <= 0
# differently to avoid inaccuracy near z==-2 and for correct branch cut
u = one(float(T)) + z
u == 1 ? convert(typeof(u), z) : real(u) <= 0 ? log(u) : log(u)*z/(u-1)
elseif isnan(zr)
Complex(zr, zr)
elseif isfinite(zi)
Complex(T(Inf), copysign(zr > 0 ? zero(T) : convert(T, pi), zi))
else
Complex(T(Inf), T(NaN))
end
end
function exp2(z::Complex{T}) where T<:AbstractFloat
er = exp2(real(z))
theta = imag(z) * log(convert(T, 2))
s, c = sincos(theta)
Complex(er * c, er * s)
end
exp2(z::Complex) = exp2(float(z))
function exp10(z::Complex{T}) where T<:AbstractFloat
er = exp10(real(z))
theta = imag(z) * log(convert(T, 10))
s, c = sincos(theta)
Complex(er * c, er * s)
end
exp10(z::Complex) = exp10(float(z))
# _cpow helper function to avoid method ambiguity with ^(::Complex,::Real)
function _cpow(z::Union{T,Complex{T}}, p::Union{T,Complex{T}}) where {T<:AbstractFloat}
if isreal(p)
pᵣ = real(p)
if isinteger(pᵣ) && abs(pᵣ) < typemax(Int32)
# |p| < typemax(Int32) serves two purposes: it prevents overflow
# when converting p to Int, and it also turns out to be roughly
# the crossover point for exp(p*log(z)) or similar to be faster.
if iszero(pᵣ) # fix signs of imaginary part for z^0
zer = flipsign(copysign(zero(T),pᵣ), imag(z))
return Complex(one(T), zer)
end
ip = convert(Int, pᵣ)
if isreal(z)
zᵣ = real(z)
if ip < 0
iszero(z) && return Complex(T(NaN),T(NaN))
re = power_by_squaring(inv(zᵣ), -ip)
im = -imag(z)
else
re = power_by_squaring(zᵣ, ip)
im = imag(z)
end
# slightly tricky to get the correct sign of zero imag. part
return Complex(re, ifelse(iseven(ip) & signbit(zᵣ), -im, im))
else
return ip < 0 ? power_by_squaring(inv(z), -ip) : power_by_squaring(z, ip)
end
elseif isreal(z)
# (note: if both z and p are complex with ±0.0 imaginary parts,
# the sign of the ±0.0 imaginary part of the result is ambiguous)
if iszero(real(z))
return pᵣ > 0 ? complex(z) : Complex(T(NaN),T(NaN)) # 0 or NaN+NaN*im
elseif real(z) > 0
return Complex(real(z)^pᵣ, z isa Real ? ifelse(real(z) < 1, -imag(p), imag(p)) : flipsign(imag(z), pᵣ))
else
zᵣ = real(z)
rᵖ = (-zᵣ)^pᵣ
if isfinite(pᵣ)
# figuring out the sign of 0.0 when p is a complex number
# with zero imaginary part and integer/2 real part could be
# improved here, but it's not clear if it's worth it…
return rᵖ * complex(cospi(pᵣ), flipsign(sinpi(pᵣ),imag(z)))
else
iszero(rᵖ) && return zero(Complex{T}) # no way to get correct signs of 0.0
return Complex(T(NaN),T(NaN)) # non-finite phase angle or NaN input
end
end
else
rᵖ = abs(z)^pᵣ
ϕ = pᵣ*angle(z)
end
elseif isreal(z)
iszero(z) && return real(p) > 0 ? complex(z) : Complex(T(NaN),T(NaN)) # 0 or NaN+NaN*im
zᵣ = real(z)
pᵣ, pᵢ = reim(p)
if zᵣ > 0
rᵖ = zᵣ^pᵣ
ϕ = pᵢ*log(zᵣ)
else
r = -zᵣ
θ = copysign(T(π),imag(z))
rᵖ = r^pᵣ * exp(-pᵢ*θ)
ϕ = pᵣ*θ + pᵢ*log(r)
end
else
pᵣ, pᵢ = reim(p)
r = abs(z)
θ = angle(z)
rᵖ = r^pᵣ * exp(-pᵢ*θ)
ϕ = pᵣ*θ + pᵢ*log(r)
end
if isfinite(ϕ)
return rᵖ * cis(ϕ)
else
iszero(rᵖ) && return zero(Complex{T}) # no way to get correct signs of 0.0
return Complex(T(NaN),T(NaN)) # non-finite phase angle or NaN input
end
end
_cpow(z, p) = _cpow(float(z), float(p))
^(z::Complex{T}, p::Complex{T}) where T<:Real = _cpow(z, p)
^(z::Complex{T}, p::T) where T<:Real = _cpow(z, p)
^(z::T, p::Complex{T}) where T<:Real = _cpow(z, p)
^(z::Complex, n::Bool) = n ? z : one(z)
^(z::Complex, n::Integer) = z^Complex(n)
^(z::Complex{<:AbstractFloat}, n::Bool) = n ? z : one(z) # to resolve ambiguity
^(z::Complex{<:Integer}, n::Bool) = n ? z : one(z) # to resolve ambiguity
^(z::Complex{<:AbstractFloat}, n::Integer) =
n>=0 ? power_by_squaring(z,n) : power_by_squaring(inv(z),-n)
^(z::Complex{<:Integer}, n::Integer) = power_by_squaring(z,n) # DomainError for n<0
function ^(z::Complex{T}, p::S) where {T<:Real,S<:Real}
P = promote_type(T,S)
return Complex{P}(z) ^ P(p)
end
function ^(z::T, p::Complex{S}) where {T<:Real,S<:Real}
P = promote_type(T,S)
return P(z) ^ Complex{P}(p)
end
function sin(z::Complex{T}) where T
F = float(T)
zr, zi = reim(z)
if zr == 0
Complex(F(zr), sinh(zi))
elseif !isfinite(zr)
if zi == 0 || isinf(zi)
Complex(F(NaN), F(zi))
else
Complex(F(NaN), F(NaN))
end
else
s, c = sincos(zr)
Complex(s * cosh(zi), c * sinh(zi))
end
end
function cos(z::Complex{T}) where T
F = float(T)
zr, zi = reim(z)
if zr == 0
Complex(cosh(zi), isnan(zi) ? F(zr) : -flipsign(F(zr),zi))
elseif !isfinite(zr)
if zi == 0
Complex(F(NaN), isnan(zr) ? zero(F) : -flipsign(F(zi),zr))
elseif isinf(zi)
Complex(F(Inf), F(NaN))
else
Complex(F(NaN), F(NaN))
end
else
s, c = sincos(zr)
Complex(c * cosh(zi), -s * sinh(zi))
end
end
function tan(z::Complex)
zr, zi = reim(z)
w = tanh(Complex(-zi, zr))
Complex(imag(w), -real(w))
end
function asin(z::Complex)
zr, zi = reim(z)
if isinf(zr) && isinf(zi)
return Complex(copysign(oftype(zr,pi)/4, zr),zi)
elseif isnan(zi) && isinf(zr)
return Complex(zi, oftype(zr, Inf))
end
ξ = zr == 0 ? zr :
!isfinite(zr) ? oftype(zr,pi)/2 * sign(zr) :
atan(zr, real(sqrt(1-z)*sqrt(1+z)))
η = asinh(copysign(imag(sqrt(conj(1-z))*sqrt(1+z)), imag(z)))
Complex(ξ,η)
end
function acos(z::Complex{<:AbstractFloat})
zr, zi = reim(z)
if isnan(zr)
if isinf(zi) return Complex(zr, -zi)
else return Complex(zr, zr) end
elseif isnan(zi)
if isinf(zr) return Complex(zi, abs(zr))
elseif zr==0 return Complex(oftype(zr,pi)/2, zi)
else return Complex(zi, zi) end
elseif zr==zi==0
return Complex(oftype(zr,pi)/2, -zi)
elseif zr==Inf && zi===0.0
return Complex(zi, -zr)
elseif zr==-Inf && zi===-0.0
return Complex(oftype(zi,pi), -zr)
end
ξ = 2*atan(real(sqrt(1-z)), real(sqrt(1+z)))
η = asinh(imag(sqrt(conj(1+z))*sqrt(1-z)))
if isinf(zr) && isinf(zi) ξ -= oftype(η,pi)/4 * sign(zr) end
Complex(ξ,η)
end
acos(z::Complex) = acos(float(z))
function atan(z::Complex)
w = atanh(Complex(-imag(z),real(z)))
Complex(imag(w),-real(w))
end
function sinh(z::Complex)
zr, zi = reim(z)
w = sin(Complex(zi, zr))
Complex(imag(w),real(w))
end
function cosh(z::Complex)
zr, zi = reim(z)
cos(Complex(zi,-zr))
end
function tanh(z::Complex{T}) where T<:AbstractFloat
Ω = prevfloat(typemax(T))
ξ, η = reim(z)
if isnan(ξ) && η==0 return Complex(ξ, η) end
if 4*abs(ξ) > asinh(Ω) #Overflow?
Complex(copysign(one(T),ξ),
copysign(zero(T),η*(isfinite(η) ? sin(2*abs(η)) : one(η))))
else
t = tan(η)
β = 1+t*t #sec(η)^2
s = sinh(ξ)
ρ = sqrt(1 + s*s) #cosh(ξ)
if isinf(t)
Complex(ρ/s,1/t)
else
Complex(β*ρ*s,t)/(1+β*s*s)
end
end
end
tanh(z::Complex) = tanh(float(z))
function asinh(z::Complex)
w = asin(Complex(-imag(z),real(z)))
Complex(imag(w),-real(w))
end
function acosh(z::Complex)
zr, zi = reim(z)
if isnan(zr) || isnan(zi)
if isinf(zr) || isinf(zi)
return Complex(oftype(zr, Inf), oftype(zi, NaN))
else
return Complex(oftype(zr, NaN), oftype(zi, NaN))
end
elseif zr==-Inf && zi===-0.0 #Edge case is wrong - WHY?
return Complex(oftype(zr,Inf), oftype(zi, -pi))
end
ξ = asinh(real(sqrt(conj(z-1))*sqrt(z+1)))
η = 2*atan(imag(sqrt(z-1)),real(sqrt(z+1)))
if isinf(zr) && isinf(zi)
η -= oftype(η,pi)/4 * sign(zi) * sign(zr)
end
Complex(ξ, η)
end
function atanh(z::Complex{T}) where T<:AbstractFloat
Ω = prevfloat(typemax(T))
θ = sqrt(Ω)/4
ρ = 1/θ
x, y = reim(z)
ax = abs(x)
ay = abs(y)
if ax > θ || ay > θ #Prevent overflow
if isnan(y)
if isinf(x)
return Complex(copysign(zero(x),x), y)
else
return Complex(real(1/z), y)
end
end
if isinf(y)
return Complex(copysign(zero(x),x), copysign(oftype(y,pi)/2, y))
end
return Complex(real(1/z), copysign(oftype(y,pi)/2, y))
elseif ax==1
if y == 0
ξ = copysign(oftype(x,Inf),x)
η = zero(y)
else
ym = ay+ρ
ξ = log(sqrt(sqrt(4+y*y))/sqrt(ym))
η = copysign(oftype(y,pi)/2 + atan(ym/2), y)/2
end
else #Normal case
ysq = (ay+ρ)^2
if x == 0
ξ = x
else
ξ = log1p(4x/((1-x)^2 + ysq))/4
end
η = angle(Complex((1-x)*(1+x)-ysq, 2y))/2
end
Complex(ξ, η)
end
atanh(z::Complex) = atanh(float(z))
#Rounding complex numbers
#Requires two different RoundingModes for the real and imaginary components
"""
round(z::Complex[, RoundingModeReal, [RoundingModeImaginary]])
round(z::Complex[, RoundingModeReal, [RoundingModeImaginary]]; digits=, base=10)
round(z::Complex[, RoundingModeReal, [RoundingModeImaginary]]; sigdigits=, base=10)
Return the nearest integral value of the same type as the complex-valued `z` to `z`,
breaking ties using the specified [`RoundingMode`](@ref)s. The first
[`RoundingMode`](@ref) is used for rounding the real components while the
second is used for rounding the imaginary components.
# Example
```jldoctest
julia> round(3.14 + 4.5im)
3.0 + 4.0im
```
"""
function round(z::Complex, rr::RoundingMode=RoundNearest, ri::RoundingMode=rr; kwargs...)
Complex(round(real(z), rr; kwargs...),
round(imag(z), ri; kwargs...))
end
float(z::Complex{<:AbstractFloat}) = z
float(z::Complex) = Complex(float(real(z)), float(imag(z)))
big(::Type{Complex{T}}) where {T<:Real} = Complex{big(T)}
big(z::Complex{T}) where {T<:Real} = Complex{big(T)}(z)
## Array operations on complex numbers ##
complex(A::AbstractArray{<:Complex}) = A
function complex(A::AbstractArray{T}) where T
if !isconcretetype(T)
error("`complex` not defined on abstractly-typed arrays; please convert to a more specific type")
end
convert(AbstractArray{typeof(complex(zero(T)))}, A)
end
## promotion to complex ##
_default_type(T::Type{Complex}) = Complex{Int}