import numpy as np
import tensorflow as tf
from ..base import Parameter, positive
from ..utilities.ops import square_distance
from .base import Kernel
class Stationary(Kernel):
"""
Base class for kernels that are stationary, that is, they only depend on
r = || x - x' ||
This class handles 'ard' behaviour, which stands for 'Automatic Relevance
Determination'. This means that the kernel has one lengthscale per
dimension, otherwise the kernel is isotropic (has a single lengthscale).
"""
def __init__(self, variance=1.0, lengthscale=1.0, active_dims=None, ard=None):
"""
- input_dim is the dimension of the input to the kernel
- variance is the (initial) value for the variance parameter
- lengthscale is the initial value for the lengthscale parameter
defaults to 1.0 (ard=False) or np.ones(input_dim) (ard=True).
- active_dims is a list of length input_dim which controls which
columns of X are used.
- if ard is not None, it specifies whether the kernel has one
lengthscale per dimension (ard=True) or a single lengthscale
(ard=False). Otherwise, inferred from shape of lengthscale.
"""
super().__init__(active_dims)
self.ard = ard
# lengthscale, self.ard = self._validate_ard_shape("lengthscale", lengthscale, ard)
self.variance = Parameter(variance, transform=positive())
self.lengthscale = Parameter(lengthscale, transform=positive())
def scaled_euclid_dist(self, X, X2):
"""
Returns |(X - X2ᵀ)/lengthscale| (L2-norm).
"""
X = X / self.lengthscale
X2 = X2 / self.lengthscale if X2 is not None else X2
r2 = square_distance(X, X2)
# Clipping around the (single) float precision which is ~1e-45.
return tf.sqrt(tf.maximum(r2, 1e-40))
def K(self, X, X2=None, presliced=False):
if not presliced:
X, X2 = self.slice(X, X2)
r = self.scaled_euclid_dist(X, X2)
return self.K_r(r)
def K_diag(self, X, presliced=False):
return tf.fill((X.shape[:-1]), tf.squeeze(self.variance))
def K_r(self, r):
"""
Returns the kernel evaluated on `r`, which is the scaled Euclidean distance
Should operate element-wise on r
"""
raise NotImplementedError
class RBF(Stationary):
"""
The radial basis function (RBF) or squared exponential kernel. The kernel equation is
k(r) = σ² exp{-½ r²}
where:
r is the Euclidean distance between the input points, scaled by the lengthscale parameter ℓ.
σ² is the variance parameter
Functions drawn from a GP with this kernel are infinitely differentiable!
"""
def K(self, X, X2=None, presliced=False):
if not presliced:
X, X2 = self.slice(X, X2)
X_scaled = X / self.lengthscale
X2_scaled = X2 / self.lengthscale if X2 is not None else X2
return self.variance * tf.exp(-0.5 * square_distance(X_scaled, X2_scaled))
class RationalQuadratic(Stationary):
"""
Rational Quadratic kernel,
k(r) = σ² (1 + r² / 2αℓ²)^(-α)
σ² : variance
ℓ : lengthscale
α : alpha, determines relative weighting of small-scale and large-scale fluctuations
For α → ∞, the RQ kernel becomes equivalent to the squared exponential.
"""
def __init__(self, variance=1.0, lengthscale=1.0, alpha=1.0, active_dims=None, ard=None):
super().__init__(variance=variance, lengthscale=lengthscale, active_dims=active_dims, ard=ard)
self.alpha = Parameter(alpha, transform=positive())
def K(self, X, X2=None, presliced=False):
if not presliced:
X, X2 = self.slice(X, X2)
X_scaled = X / self.lengthscale
X2_scaled = X2 / self.lengthscale if X2 is not None else X2
return self.variance * (1 + 0.5 * square_distance(X_scaled, X2_scaled) / self.alpha)**(-self.alpha)
class Exponential(Stationary):
"""
The Exponential kernel. It is equivalent to a Matern12 kernel with doubled lengthscales.
"""
def K_r(self, r):
return self.variance * tf.exp(-0.5 * r)
class Matern12(Stationary):
"""
The Matern 1/2 kernel. Functions drawn from a GP with this kernel are not
differentiable anywhere. The kernel equation is
k(r) = σ² exp{-r}
where:
r is the Euclidean distance between the input points, scaled by the lengthscale parameter ℓ.
σ² is the variance parameter
"""
def K_r(self, r):
return self.variance * tf.exp(-r)
class Matern32(Stationary):
"""
The Matern 3/2 kernel. Functions drawn from a GP with this kernel are once
differentiable. The kernel equation is
k(r) = σ² (1 + √3r) exp{-√3 r}
where:
r is the Euclidean distance between the input points, scaled by the lengthscale parameter ℓ,
σ² is the variance parameter.
"""
def K_r(self, r):
sqrt3 = np.sqrt(3.)
return self.variance * (1. + sqrt3 * r) * tf.exp(-sqrt3 * r)
class Matern52(Stationary):
"""
The Matern 5/2 kernel. Functions drawn from a GP with this kernel are twice
differentiable. The kernel equation is
k(r) = σ² (1 + √5r + 5/3r²) exp{-√5 r}
where:
r is the Euclidean distance between the input points, scaled by the lengthscale parameter ℓ,
σ² is the variance parameter.
"""
def K_r(self, r):
sqrt5 = np.sqrt(5.)
return self.variance * (1.0 + sqrt5 * r + 5.0 / 3.0 * tf.square(r)) * tf.exp(-sqrt5 * r)
class Cosine(Stationary):
"""
The Cosine kernel. Functions drawn from a GP with this kernel are sinusoids
(with a random phase). The kernel equation is
k(r) = σ² cos{r}
where:
r is the Euclidean distance between the input points, scaled by the lengthscale parameter ℓ,
σ² is the variance parameter.
"""
def K_r(self, r):
return self.variance * tf.cos(r)