https://bitbucket.org/hudson/magic-lantern
Tip revision: c326bc9a68a6bde8f07621fd89cb1cf9c67080f4 authored by a1ex on 22 October 2013, 21:31:00 UTC
Close branch 60d.
Close branch 60d.
Tip revision: c326bc9
dryos.h
/** \file
* DryOS structures and functions.
*
* These are reverse engineered from the 5D Mark 2 firmware
* version 1.0.7.
*
* \note Do not forget to update the stubs-5d2.107.S file with
* new functions as they are added here!
*/
/*
* Copyright (C) 2009 Trammell Hudson <hudson+ml@osresearch.net>
*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
* modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
* as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
* of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
* GNU General Public License for more details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
* along with this program; if not, write to the
* Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
* 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor,
* Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.
*/
#ifndef _dryos_h_
#define _dryos_h_
#include "arm-mcr.h"
#include "dialog.h"
#include "gui.h"
#include "vram.h"
#include "state-object.h"
#include "camera.h"
#include "tasks.h"
#include "debug.h"
#include "audio.h"
#include "consts-60d.109.h"
#include <stdarg.h>
/** Check a pointer for error code */
#define IS_ERROR(ptr) (1 & (uintptr_t) ptr)
/** Panic and abort the camera */
extern void __attribute__((noreturn))
DryosPanic(
uint32_t arg0,
uint32_t arg1
);
/** Call registered functions by name. */
extern void
call(
const char * name,
...
);
/** Put the current task to sleep for msec miliseconds */
extern void
msleep(
int msec
);
/** Create a new user level task.
*
* The arguments are not really known yet.
*/
extern struct task *
task_create(
const char * name,
uint32_t priority,
uint32_t unknown0,
void * entry,
void * arg
);
struct semaphore;
extern struct semaphore *
create_named_semaphore(
const char * name,
int initial_value
);
extern int
take_semaphore(
struct semaphore * semaphore,
int timeout_interval
);
extern int
give_semaphore(
struct semaphore * semaphore
);
extern int
oneshot_timer(
uint32_t msec,
void (*handler_if_expired)(void*),
void (*handler)(void*),
void * arg
);
extern void audio_set_alc_on(void);
extern void audio_set_alc_off(void);
extern void audio_set_filter_off(void);
extern void audio_set_windcut(int);
extern void audio_set_sampling_param(int, int, int);
extern void audio_set_volume_in(int,int);
extern void audio_start_asif_observer(void);
extern void audio_level_task(void);
extern void audio_interval_unlock(void*);
/** Official Canon sound device task.
* \internal
*/
extern void sound_dev_task(void);
/** \name File I/O flags.
*
* \note I don't know how many of these are supported
* @{
*/
#define O_RDONLY 00
#define O_WRONLY 01
#define O_RDWR 02
#define O_CREAT 0100 /* not fcntl */
#define O_EXCL 0200 /* not fcntl */
#define O_NOCTTY 0400 /* not fcntl */
#define O_TRUNC 01000 /* not fcntl */
#define O_APPEND 02000
#define O_NONBLOCK 04000
#define O_NDELAY O_NONBLOCK
#define O_SYNC 010000
#define O_FSYNC O_SYNC
#define O_ASYNC 020000
/* @} */
extern int open( const char * name, int flags, ... );
extern int close( int fd );
extern ssize_t read( int fd, void * buf, size_t len );
/** We don't know anything about this one. */
struct fio_dirent;
/** Directory entry returned by FIO_FindFirstEx() */
struct fio_file {
//! 0x10 == directory, 0x22
uint32_t mode; // off_0x00;
uint32_t off_0x04;
uint32_t timestamp; // off_0x08;
uint32_t off_0x0c;
char name[ 0x80 ];
};
extern struct fio_dirent *
FIO_FindFirstEx(
const char * dirname,
struct fio_file * file
);
/** Returns 0 on success */
extern int
FIO_FindNextEx(
struct fio_dirent * dirent,
struct fio_file * file
);
typedef struct _file * FILE;
extern FILE *
FIO_Open(
const char * name,
unsigned flags
);
extern FILE *
FIO_OpenFile(
const char * name
);
extern void
FIO_CloseFile(
FILE * file
);
extern ssize_t
FIO_ReadFile(
FILE * file,
void * buf,
size_t len_in_bytes
);
extern ssize_t
FR_SyncReadFile(
const char * filename,
size_t offset,
size_t len,
void * address,
size_t mem_offset
);
/** Returns for 0 success */
extern int
FIO_GetFileSize(
const char * filename,
unsigned * size
);
#define INVALID_PTR ((void *)0xFFFFFFFF)
extern FILE *
FIO_CreateFile(
const char * name
);
extern int
FIO_WriteFile(
FILE * file,
const void * buf,
size_t len_in_bytes
);
extern void
FIO_CloseSync(
void * file
);
extern void
write_debug_file(
const char * name,
const void * buf,
size_t len
);
extern void
bzero32(
void * buf,
size_t len
);
/** Firmware entry points */
extern void firmware_entry(void);
extern void reloc_entry(void);
extern void __attribute__((noreturn)) cstart(void);
struct lvram_info
{
uint32_t off_0x00;
uint32_t off_0x04;
uint32_t off_0x08;
uint32_t off_0x0c;
uint32_t off_0x10;
uint32_t off_0x14;
uint32_t width; // off_0x18;
uint32_t height; // off_0x1c;
uint32_t off_0x20;
uint32_t off_0x24;
uint32_t off_0x28;
uint32_t off_0x2c;
uint32_t off_0x30;
uint32_t off_0x34;
uint32_t off_0x38;
uint32_t off_0x3c;
uint32_t off_0x40;
uint32_t off_0x44;
uint32_t off_0x48;
uint32_t off_0x4c;
uint32_t off_0x50;
uint32_t off_0x54;
uint32_t off_0x58;
uint32_t off_0x5c;
uint32_t off_0x60;
};
SIZE_CHECK_STRUCT( lvram_info, 0x64 );
extern struct lvram_info lvram_info;
/* Copies lvram info from 0x2f33c */
extern void
copy_lvram_info(
struct lvram_info * dest
);
/** Movie recording.
*
* State information is in this structure. A pointer to the global
* object is at 0x1ee0. It is of size 0x1b4.
*
* The state object is in 0x68a4.
*/
struct mvr_struct
{
const char * type; // "MovieRecorder" off 0
uint32_t off_0x04;
uint32_t task; // off_0x08;
uint32_t off_0x0c;
uint32_t off_0x10;
uint32_t off_0x14;
uint32_t off_0x18;
uint32_t off_0x1c;
uint32_t off_0x20;
uint32_t off_0x24;
uint32_t off_0x28;
uint32_t off_0x2c;
uint32_t off_0x30;
uint32_t off_0x34;
uint32_t off_0x38;
uint32_t off_0x3c;
uint32_t off_0x40;
uint32_t off_0x44;
uint32_t off_0x48;
uint32_t off_0x4c;
uint32_t off_0x50;
uint32_t off_0x54;
uint32_t off_0x58;
uint32_t off_0x5c;
uint32_t off_0x60;
uint32_t off_0x64;
uint32_t off_0x68;
uint32_t off_0x6c;
uint32_t off_0x70;
uint32_t off_0x74;
uint32_t off_0x78;
uint32_t off_0x7c;
uint32_t off_0x80;
uint32_t off_0x84;
uint32_t off_0x88;
uint32_t off_0x8c;
uint32_t off_0x90;
uint32_t off_0x94;
uint32_t off_0x98;
uint32_t off_0x9c;
uint32_t off_0xa0;
uint32_t off_0xa4;
uint32_t off_0xa8;
uint32_t off_0xac;
uint32_t off_0xb0;
uint32_t off_0xb4;
uint32_t off_0xb8;
uint32_t off_0xbc;
uint32_t off_0xc0;
uint32_t off_0xc4;
uint32_t off_0xc8;
uint32_t off_0xcc;
uint32_t off_0xd0;
uint32_t off_0xd4;
uint32_t off_0xd8;
uint32_t off_0xdc;
uint32_t off_0xe0;
uint32_t off_0xe4;
uint32_t off_0xe8;
uint32_t off_0xec;
uint32_t off_0xf0;
uint32_t off_0xf4;
uint32_t off_0xf8;
uint32_t off_0xfc;
uint32_t off_0x100;
uint32_t off_0x104;
uint32_t off_0x108;
uint32_t off_0x10c;
uint32_t off_0x110;
uint32_t off_0x114;
uint32_t off_0x118;
uint32_t off_0x11c;
uint32_t off_0x120;
uint32_t off_0x124;
uint32_t off_0x128;
uint32_t off_0x12c;
uint32_t off_0x130;
uint32_t off_0x134;
uint32_t off_0x138;
uint32_t off_0x13c;
uint32_t is_vga; // 0==1920, 1==640 off_0x140;
uint32_t off_0x144;
uint32_t off_0x148;
uint32_t fps; // 30, off_0x14c;
uint32_t width; // off_0x150;
uint32_t height; // off_0x154;
uint32_t audio_rec; // off_0x158;
uint32_t auido_channels; // 2 or 0, off_0x15c;
uint32_t audio_rate; // 44100 or 0, off_0x160;
uint32_t off_0x164;
uint32_t off_0x168;
uint32_t off_0x16c;
uint32_t off_0x170;
uint32_t off_0x174;
uint32_t off_0x178;
uint32_t off_0x17c;
uint32_t off_0x180;
uint32_t off_0x184;
uint32_t off_0x188;
uint32_t off_0x18c;
uint32_t bit_rate; // off_0x190;
uint32_t off_0x194;
uint32_t off_0x198;
uint32_t off_0x19c;
uint32_t off_0x1a0;
uint32_t off_0x1a4;
uint32_t off_0x1a8;
uint32_t off_0x1ac;
uint32_t off_0x1b0;
uint32_t off_0x1b4;
uint32_t off_0x1b8;
uint32_t off_0x1bc;
uint32_t off_0x1c0;
uint32_t off_0x1c4;
uint32_t off_0x1c8;
uint32_t off_0x1cc;
uint32_t off_0x1d0;
uint32_t off_0x1d4;
uint32_t off_0x1d8;
uint32_t off_0x1dc;
uint32_t off_0x1e0;
uint32_t off_0x1e4;
uint32_t off_0x1e8;
uint32_t off_0x1ec;
uint32_t off_0x1f0;
uint32_t off_0x1f4;
uint32_t off_0x1f8;
uint32_t off_0x1fc;
};
SIZE_CHECK_STRUCT( mvr_struct, 512 );
extern struct mvr_struct * mvr_struct;
extern struct state_object * mvr_state;
// tab size: 4
// these are not correct (values are for 550D)
struct mvr_config
{
uint16_t debug_flag; // 0x00, 67bc, 1 = write debugmsg's
uint16_t qscale_mode; // 0x02, 67be, 1 = QScale, 0 = CBR
uint16_t db_filter_a; // 0x04, 67c0, no effect
uint16_t db_filter_b; // 0x06, 67c2, no effect
int16_t def_q_scale; // 0x08, 67c4, works when qscale_mode = 1
int16_t qscale_related_1; // 0x0a, 67c6
int16_t qscale_related_2; // 0x0c, 67c8
int16_t qscale_related_3; // 0x0e, 67ca
int16_t qscale_limit_L; // 0x10, 67cc
int16_t qscale_limit_H; // 0x12, 67ce
uint16_t time_const; // 0x14, 67d0, unknown
uint16_t x67d0; // 0x16, 67d2
uint32_t fullhd_30fps_opt_size_I;// 0x18, 67d4, works when qscale_mode = 0
uint32_t fullhd_30fps_opt_size_P;// 0x1c, 67d8
uint32_t D1_30fps; // 0x20, 67dc
uint32_t D2_30fps; // 0x24, 67e0
uint32_t x67e4; // 0x28, 67e4
uint32_t fullhd_25fps_opt_size_I;// 0x2c, 67e8
uint32_t fullhd_25fps_opt_size_P;// 0x30, 67ec
uint32_t fullhd_25fps_D1; // 0x34, 67f0
uint32_t fullhd_25fps_D2; // 0x38, 67f4
uint32_t x67f8; // 0x3c, 67f8
uint32_t fullhd_24fps_opt_size_I;// 0x40, 67fc
uint32_t fullhd_24fps_opt_size_P;// 0x44, 6800
uint32_t fullhd_24fps_D1; // 0x48, 6804
uint32_t fullhd_24fps_D2; // 0x4c, 6808
uint32_t x680c; // 0x50, 680c
uint32_t hd_60fps_opt_size_I; // 0x54, 6810
uint32_t hd_60fps_opt_size_P; // 0x58, 6814
uint32_t hd_60fps_D1; // 0x5c, 6818
uint32_t hd_60fps_D2; // 0x60, 681c
uint32_t x6820; // 0x64, 6820
uint32_t hd_50fps_opt_size_I; // 0x68, 6824
uint32_t hd_50fps_opt_size_P; // 0x6c, 6828
uint32_t hd_50fps_D1; // 0x70, 682c
uint32_t hd_50fps_D2; // 0x74, 6830
uint32_t x6834_kinda_counter; // 0x78, 6834
uint32_t vga_60fps_opt_size_I; // 0x7c, 6838
uint32_t vga_60fps_opt_size_P; // 0x80, 683c
uint32_t vga_60fps_D1; // 0x84, 6840
uint32_t vga_60fps_D2; // 0x88, 6844
uint32_t x6848; // 0x8c, 6848
uint32_t vga_50fps_opt_size_I; // 0x90, 684c
uint32_t vga_50fps_opt_size_P; // 0x94, 6850
uint32_t vga_50fps_D1; // 0x98, 6854
uint32_t vga_50fps_D2; // 0x9c, 6858
uint32_t x685c; // 0xa0, 685c
int32_t xa4; // 0xa4, 6860
int32_t xa8; // 0xa8, 6864
int32_t xac; // 0xac, 6868
uint32_t xb0; // 0xb0, 686c
uint32_t xb4; // 0xb4, 6870
uint32_t xb8; // 0xb8, 6874
uint32_t xbc; // 0xbc, 6878
uint32_t xc0; // 0xc0, 687c
uint32_t xc4; // 0xc4, 6880
uint32_t xc8; // 0xc8, 6884
uint32_t xcc; // 0xcc, 6888
uint32_t xd0; // 0xd0, 688c
uint32_t xd4; // 0xd4, 6890
uint32_t xd8; // 0xd8, 6894
uint32_t xdc; // 0xdc, 6898
uint32_t xe0; // 0xe0, 689c
uint32_t xe4; // 0xe4, 68a0
uint32_t xe8; // 0xe8, 68a4
uint32_t xec; // 0xec, 68a8
uint32_t xf0; // 0xf0, 68ac
int32_t another_def_q_scale; // 0xf4, 68b0
int32_t IniQScale; // 0xf8, 68b4
int32_t actual_qscale_maybe; // 0xfc, 68b8
uint32_t x100; // 0x100, 68bc
uint32_t x104; // 0x104, 68c0
uint32_t x108; // 0x108, 68c4
uint32_t x10c; // 0x10c, 68c8
uint32_t x110; // 0x110, 68cc
uint32_t x114; // 0x114, 68d0
uint32_t x118; // 0x118, 68d4
uint32_t x11c; // 0x11c, 68d8
uint32_t x120; // 0x120, 68dc
uint32_t x124; // 0x124, 68e0
uint32_t fullhd_30fps_gop_opt_0; // 0x128, 6894
uint32_t fullhd_30fps_gop_opt_1; // 0x12c, 6898
uint32_t fullhd_30fps_gop_opt_2; // 0x130, 689c
uint32_t fullhd_30fps_gop_opt_3; // 0x134, 68a0
uint32_t fullhd_30fps_gop_opt_4; // 0x138, 68a4
uint32_t fullhd_25fps_gop_opt_0; // 0x13c, 68a8
uint32_t fullhd_25fps_gop_opt_1; // 0x140, 68ac
uint32_t fullhd_25fps_gop_opt_2; // 0x144, 68b0
uint32_t fullhd_25fps_gop_opt_3; // 0x148, 68b4
uint32_t fullhd_25fps_gop_opt_4; // 0x14c, 68b8
uint32_t fullhd_24fps_gop_opt_0; // 0x150, 68bc
uint32_t fullhd_24fps_gop_opt_1; // 0x154, 68c0
uint32_t fullhd_24fps_gop_opt_2; // 0x158, 68c4
uint32_t fullhd_24fps_gop_opt_3; // 0x15c, 68c8
uint32_t fullhd_24fps_gop_opt_4; // 0x160, 68cc
uint32_t hd_60fps_gop_opt_0; // 0x164, 68d0
uint32_t hd_60fps_gop_opt_1; // 0x168, 68d4
uint32_t hd_60fps_gop_opt_2; // 0x16c, 68d8
uint32_t hd_60fps_gop_opt_3; // 0x170, 68dc
uint32_t hd_60fps_gop_opt_4; // 0x174, 68e0
uint32_t hd_50fps_gop_opt_0; // 0x178, 68e4
uint32_t hd_50fps_gop_opt_1; // 0x17c, 68e8
uint32_t hd_50fps_gop_opt_2; // 0x180, 68ec
uint32_t hd_50fps_gop_opt_3; // 0x184, 68f0
uint32_t hd_50fps_gop_opt_4; // 0x188, 68f4
uint32_t vga_60fps_gop_opt_0; // 0x18c, 68f8
uint32_t vga_60fps_gop_opt_1; // 0x190, 68fc
uint32_t vga_60fps_gop_opt_2; // 0x194, 6900
uint32_t vga_60fps_gop_opt_3; // 0x198, 6904
uint32_t vga_60fps_gop_opt_4; // 0x19c, 6908
uint32_t vga_50fps_gop_opt_0; // 0x1a0, 690c
uint32_t vga_50fps_gop_opt_1; // 0x1a4, 6910
uint32_t vga_50fps_gop_opt_2; // 0x1a8, 6914
uint32_t vga_50fps_gop_opt_3; // 0x1ac, 6918
uint32_t vga_50fps_gop_opt_4; // 0x1b0, 691c
}__attribute__((aligned,packed));
//~ SIZE_CHECK_STRUCT( mvr_config, 0x30 );
extern struct mvr_config mvr_config;
struct image_play_struct
{
uint32_t off_0x00;
uint16_t off_0x04; // sharpness?
uint16_t off_0x06;
uint32_t off_0x08;
uint32_t off_0x0c;
uint32_t copy_vram_mode; // off_0x10;
uint32_t off_0x14;
uint32_t off_0x18;
uint32_t image_player_effective; // off_0x1c;
uint32_t vram_num; // off_0x20;
uint32_t work_image_pataion; // off_0x24 ?;
uint32_t visible_image_vram_offset_x; // off_0x28;
uint32_t visible_image_vram_offset_y; // off_0x2c;
uint32_t work_image_id; // off_0x30;
uint32_t off_0x34;
uint32_t image_aspect; // off_0x38;
uint32_t off_0x3c;
uint32_t off_0x40;
uint32_t off_0x44;
uint32_t sharpness_rate; // off_0x48;
uint32_t off_0x4c;
uint32_t off_0x50; // passed to gui_change_something
uint32_t off_0x54;
struct semaphore * sem; // off_0x58;
uint32_t off_0x5c;
uint32_t image_vram; // off_0x60;
uint32_t off_0x64;
uint32_t rectangle_copy; // off_0x68;
uint32_t image_play_driver_handler; // off_0x6c;
uint32_t off_0x70;
uint32_t image_vram_complete_callback; // off_0x74;
uint32_t off_0x78;
uint32_t work_image_width; // off_0x7c;
uint32_t work_image_height; // off_0x80;
uint32_t off_0x84;
uint32_t off_0x88;
uint32_t off_0x8c;
uint32_t off_0x90;
uint32_t off_0x94;
uint32_t off_0x98;
uint32_t off_0x9c;
};
extern struct image_play_struct image_play_struct;
/** The top-level Liveview object.
* 0x2670 bytes; it is huge!
*/
struct liveview_mgr
{
const char * type; // "LiveViewMgr"
struct task * task; // off 0x04
uint32_t off_0x08;
struct state_object * lv_state; // off 0x0c
};
extern struct liveview_mgr * liveview_mgr;
struct lv_struct
{
uint32_t off_0x00;
uint32_t off_0x04;
uint32_t off_0x08;
uint32_t off_0x0c;
uint32_t off_0x10;
uint32_t off_0x14;
uint32_t off_0x18;
uint32_t off_0x1c;
struct state_object * lv_state; // off 0x20
struct state_object * lv_rec_state; // off 0x24
};
/** Main menu tab functions */
extern int main_tab_dialog_id;
extern void main_tab_header_dialog( void );
extern void StopMnMainTabHeaderApp( void );
extern void StartMnMainRec1App( void );
extern void StartMnMainRec2App( void );
extern void StartMnMainPlay1App( void );
extern void StartMnMainPlay2App( void );
extern void StartMnMainSetup1App( void );
extern void StartMnMainSetup2App( void );
extern void StartMnMainSetup3App( void );
extern void StartMnMainCustomFuncApp( void );
extern void StartMnMainMyMenuApp( void );
/** Hidden menus */
extern void StartFactoryMenuApp( void );
extern void StartMnStudioSetupMenuApp( void );
/** stdio / stdlib / string */
extern char * strcpy( char *, const char * );
extern char * strncpy( char *, const char *, size_t );
extern void * memcpy( void *, const void *, size_t );
extern ssize_t read( int fd, void *, size_t );
extern int atoi( const char * );
extern int streq( const char *, const char * );
extern int
vsnprintf(
char * buf,
size_t max_len,
const char * fmt,
va_list ap
);
extern int __attribute__((format(printf,3,4)))
snprintf(
char * buf,
size_t max_len,
const char * fmt,
...
);
extern int __attribute__((format(printf,2,3)))
fprintf(
FILE * file,
const char * fmt,
...
);
struct tm {
int tm_sec; /* seconds after the minute [0-60] */
int tm_min; /* minutes after the hour [0-59] */
int tm_hour; /* hours since midnight [0-23] */
int tm_mday; /* day of the month [1-31] */
int tm_mon; /* months since January [0-11] */
int tm_year; /* years since 1900 */
int tm_wday; /* days since Sunday [0-6] */
int tm_yday; /* days since January 1 [0-365] */
int tm_isdst; /* Daylight Savings Time flag */
long tm_gmtoff; /* offset from CUT in seconds */
char *tm_zone; /* timezone abbreviation */
};
extern void
LoadCalendarFromRTC(
struct tm * tm
);
extern size_t
strftime(
char * buf,
size_t maxsize,
const char * fmt,
const struct tm * timeptr
);
/** Power management */
extern void powersave_disable( void );
extern void powersave_enable( void );
#define EM_ALLOW 1
#define EM_PROHIBIT 2
extern void prop_request_icu_auto_poweroff( int mode );
/** Battery management */
extern void GUI_SetErrBattery( unsigned ok );
extern void StopErrBatteryApp( void );
extern void * err_battery_ptr;
/** Memory allocation */
struct dryos_meminfo
{
void * next; // off_0x00;
void * prev; // off_0x04;
uint32_t size; //!< Allocated size or if bit 1 is set already free
};
SIZE_CHECK_STRUCT( dryos_meminfo, 0xC );
extern void * malloc( size_t len );
extern void free( void * buf );
extern void * AllocateMemory( size_t len );
extern void FreeMemory( void * buf );
extern void * realloc( void * buf, size_t newlen );
/** Allocate DMA memory for writing to the CF card */
extern void *
alloc_dma_memory(
size_t len
);
extern void
free_dma_memory(
const void * len
);
/** Set if the firmware was loaded via AUTOEXEC.BIN */
extern int autoboot_loaded;
extern void DryosDebugMsg(int,int,const char *,...);
//~ #define DebugMsg(a,b,fmt,...) { console_printf(fmt "\n", ## __VA_ARGS__); DryosDebugMsg(a,b,fmt, ## __VA_ARGS__); }
#if CONFIG_DEBUGMSG
#define DebugMsg(a,b,fmt,...) { DryosDebugMsg(a,b,fmt, ## __VA_ARGS__); }
#else
#define DebugMsg(a,b,fmt,...) { }
#define console_printf(fmt,...) { }
#endif
#define DEBUG(fmt,...) DebugMsg(50,3,"%s:%d: " fmt, __func__, __LINE__, ## __VA_ARGS__)
#define MIN(a,b) ((a) < (b) ? (a) : (b))
#define MAX(a,b) ((a) > (b) ? (a) : (b))
#define COERCE(x,lo,hi) MAX(MIN(x,hi),lo)
#define ABS(a) ((a) > 0 ? (a) : -(a))
#define SGN(a) ((a) > 0 ? 1 : (a) < 0 ? -1 : 0)
#define SGNX(a) ((a) > 0 ? 1 : -1)
// mod like in math... x mod n is from 0 to n-1
#define mod(x,m) ((((int)x) % ((int)m) + ((int)m)) % ((int)m))
#endif
