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--></script></head><body><div id="container"><div id="banner"><img src="Images/banner.jpg" alt="Text Encoding Initiative logo and banner" /></div></div><div class="mainhead"><h1>P5:
Guidelines for Electronic Text Encoding and Interchange</h1><p>Version 3.1.1a. Last updated on
10th May 2017, revision bd8dda3</p></div><div id="onecol" class="main-content"><h2><span class="headingNumber">17 </span>Simple Analytic Mechanisms</h2><div class="div1" id="AI"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_left"><p><span class="subtochead">Table of contents</span></p><div class="subtoc"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><a class="subtoc" href="AI.html#AILC" title="Linguistic Segment Categories">17.1 Linguistic Segment Categories</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="subtoc" href="AI.html#AIATTS" title="Global Attributes for Simple Analyses">17.2 Global Attributes for Simple Analyses</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="subtoc" href="AI.html#AISP" title="Spans and Interpretations">17.3 Spans and Interpretations</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="subtoc" href="AI.html#AILA" title="Linguistic Annotation">17.4 Linguistic Annotation</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="subtoc" href="AI.html#index-body.1_div.17_div.5">17.5 Module for Analysis and Interpretation</a></li></ul></div><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="SA.html"><span class="headingNumber">16 </span>Linking, Segmentation, and Alignment</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="FS.html"><span class="headingNumber">18 </span>Feature Structures</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><p>This chapter describes a module for associating simple analyses and interpretations with text elements. We use the term <span class="term">analysis</span> here to refer to any kind of semantic or syntactic interpretation which an encoder wishes to attach to all or part of a text. Examples discussed in this chapter include familiar linguistic categorizations (such as <span class="q">‘clause’</span>, <span class="q">‘morpheme’</span>, <span class="q">‘part-of-speech’</span> etc.) and characterizations of narrative structure (such as <span class="q">‘theme’</span>, <span class="q">‘reconciliation’</span> etc.). The mechanisms presented in this chapter are simpler but less powerful than those described in chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="FS.html" title="16"><span class="headingNumber">18 </span>Feature Structures</a>.</p><p>Section <a class="link_ptr" href="AI.html#AILC" title="Linguistic Segment Categories"><span class="headingNumber">17.1 </span>Linguistic Segment Categories</a> introduces elements which can be used to characterize text segments according to the familiar linguistic categories of <span class="term">sentence</span> or <span class="term">s-unit</span>, <span class="term">clause</span>, <span class="term">phrase</span>, <span class="term">word</span>, <span class="term">morpheme</span>, <span class="term">character</span>, and <span class="term">punctuation mark</span>. These elements represent special cases of the generic <a class="gi" title="(arbitrary segment) represents any segmentation of text below the ‘chunk’ level." href="ref-seg.html">seg</a> element described in section <a class="link_ptr" href="SA.html#SASE" title="Blocks Segments and Anchors"><span class="headingNumber">16.3 </span>Blocks, Segments, and Anchors</a>.</p><p>Section <a class="link_ptr" href="AI.html#AIATTS" title="Global Attributes for Simple Analyses"><span class="headingNumber">17.2 </span>Global Attributes for Simple Analyses</a> introduces an additional global attribute which allows passages of text to be associated with specialized elements representing their interpretation. These ‘interpretative’ elements (<a class="gi" title="associates an interpretative annotation directly with a span of text." href="ref-span.html">span</a> and <a class="gi" title="(interpretation) summarizes a specific interpretative annotation which can be linked to a span of text." href="ref-interp.html">interp</a>) are described in detail in section <a class="link_ptr" href="AI.html#AISP" title="Spans and Interpretations"><span class="headingNumber">17.3 </span>Spans and Interpretations</a>. They allow the encoder to specify an analysis as a series of names and associated values,<span id="Note108_return"><a class="notelink" title="Or, as they are widely known, attribute-value pairs; this term should not be confused, however, with XML attributes and their values, which are simila…" href="#Note108"><sup>71</sup></a></span> each such pair being linked to one or more stretches of text, either directly, in the case of spans, or indirectly, in the case of interpretations.</p><p>Finally section <a class="link_ptr" href="AI.html#AILA" title="Linguistic Annotation"><span class="headingNumber">17.4 </span>Linguistic Annotation</a> revisits the topic of linguistic analysis, and illustrates how these interpretative mechanisms may be used to associate simple linguistic analysis with text segments.</p><div class="div2" id="AILC"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="AI.html#AIATTS"><span class="headingNumber">17.2 </span>Global Attributes for Simple Analyses</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h3><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#AILC" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Linguistic Segment Categories</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">17.1 </span><span class="head">Linguistic Segment Categories</span></h3><p>In this section we introduce specialized <span class="term">linguistic segment category</span> elements which may be used to represent the segmentation of a text into the traditional linguistic categories of <span class="term">sentence</span>, <span class="term">clause</span>, <span class="term">phrase</span>, <span class="term">word</span>, <span class="term">morpheme</span>, <span class="term">characters</span>, and <span class="term">punctuation marks</span>.</p><div class="div3" id="AILCW"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="AI.html#AIPC"><span class="headingNumber">17.1.2 </span>Below the Word Level</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#AILCW" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Words and Above</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">17.1.1 </span><span class="head">Words and Above</span></h4><p>Although different languages have very different rules about what constitutes a ‘word’ or a ‘sentence’, these remain generally useful concepts. In this section we discuss elements provided for marking up linguistic units down to the word level, however defined. </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-s.html">s</a></span> (s-unit) contains a sentence-like division of a text.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-cl.html">cl</a></span> (clause) represents a grammatical clause.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-phr.html">phr</a></span> (phrase) represents a grammatical phrase.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-w.html">w</a></span> (word) represents a grammatical (not necessarily orthographic) word.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">lemma</span></td><td>provides a lemma for the word, such as an uninflected dictionary entry form.</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">lemmaRef</span></td><td>provides a pointer to a definition of the lemma for the word, for example in an online lexicon.</td></tr></table></li></ul><p>As members of the <a class="link_odd" title="provides attributes for elements used for arbitrary segmentation." href="ref-att.segLike.html">att.segLike</a> class, these elements all share the following attribute: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-att.segLike.html">att.segLike</a></span> provides attributes for elements used for arbitrary segmentation.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">function</span></td><td>characterizes the function of the segment.</td></tr></table></li></ul><p> They also share attributes from <a class="link_odd" title="provides attributes which can be used to classify or subclassify elements in any way." href="ref-att.typed.html">att.typed</a>: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-att.typed.html">att.typed</a></span> provides attributes which can be used to classify or subclassify elements in any way.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">type</span></td><td>characterizes the element in some sense, using any convenient classification scheme or typology.</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">subtype</span></td><td>provides a sub-categorization of the element, if needed</td></tr></table></li></ul><p>These elements are also all members of the <a class="link_odd" title="groups elements used for arbitrary segmentation." href="ref-model.segLike.html">model.segLike</a> class, which is a subclass of <a class="link_odd" title="groups elements which can occur at the level of individual words or phrases." href="ref-model.phrase.html">model.phrase</a>. They may thus appear anywhere that text is permitted within a document, when the module defined by this chapter is included in a schema.</p><div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="(s-unit) contains a sentence-like division of a text." href="ref-s.html">s</a> element may be used simply to segment a text end-to-end into a series of non-overlapping segments, referred to here and elsewhere as <span class="term">s-units</span>, or <span class="term">sentences</span>. <div id="index-egXML-d52e125738" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><p></span><br /> <span class="element"><s></span>Nineteen fifty-four, when I was eighteen years old,<br /> is held to be a crucial turning point in the history of<br /> the Afro-American — for the U.S.A. as a whole — the<br /> year segregation was outlawed by the U.S. Supreme Court.<span class="element"></s></span><br /> <span class="element"><s></span>It was also a crucial year for me because on June 18,<br /> 1954, I began serving a sentence in state prison for<br /> possession of marijuana.<span class="element"></s></span><br /><span class="element"></p></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#AI-BIBL-1">bibliography</a> </div></div> The <a class="gi" title="(s-unit) contains a sentence-like division of a text." href="ref-s.html">s</a> element is more restricted both in its content and its usage than the generic <a class="gi" title="(arbitrary segment) represents any segmentation of text below the ‘chunk’ level." href="ref-seg.html">seg</a> element. The <a class="gi" title="(arbitrary segment) represents any segmentation of text below the ‘chunk’ level." href="ref-seg.html">seg</a> unit may contain anything which can appear within a paragraph: thus it may be used to enclose members of the <a class="link_odd" title="groups elements which can appear either within or between paragraph-like elements." href="ref-model.inter.html">model.inter</a> class (such as <a class="gi" title="(bibliographic citation) contains a loosely-structured bibliographic citation of which the sub-components may or may not be explicitly tagged." href="ref-bibl.html">bibl</a> or <a class="gi" title="contains any sequence of items organized as a list." href="ref-list.html">list</a>) as well as other phrase elements; the <a class="gi" title="(s-unit) contains a sentence-like division of a text." href="ref-s.html">s</a> unit may only contain phrase-level elements or text. Also, unlike <a class="gi" title="(arbitrary segment) represents any segmentation of text below the ‘chunk’ level." href="ref-seg.html">seg</a> elements, <a class="gi" title="(s-unit) contains a sentence-like division of a text." href="ref-s.html">s</a> elements should not be nested within each other.<span id="Note109_return"><a class="notelink" title="Neither this constraint, nor the requirement that the whole of the text be segmented by s elements is enforced by the current TEI schemas; such constr…" href="#Note109"><sup>72</sup></a></span> The <a class="gi" title="(arbitrary segment) represents any segmentation of text below the ‘chunk’ level." href="ref-seg.html">seg</a> element is intended for use as a generic segmentation element, the specific function of which may be indicated by its <span class="att">type</span> attribute; the other members of the class are more specialized. Thus, the <a class="gi" title="(s-unit) contains a sentence-like division of a text." href="ref-s.html">s</a>, <a class="gi" title="(clause) represents a grammatical clause." href="ref-cl.html">cl</a>, and <a class="gi" title="(phrase) represents a grammatical phrase." href="ref-phr.html">phr</a> elements may be thought of as equivalent to <span class="tag"><seg type="s-unit"></span>, <span class="tag"><seg type="clause"></span> and <span class="tag"><seg type="phrase"></span>, respectively, but with the above-mentioned restrictions.</div><div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="(s-unit) contains a sentence-like division of a text." href="ref-s.html">s</a> element may be further subdivided into <span class="term">clauses</span>, marked with the <a class="gi" title="(clause) represents a grammatical clause." href="ref-cl.html">cl</a> element, as in the following example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e125816" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><p></span><br /> <span class="element"><s></span><br /> <span class="element"><cl></span>It was about the beginning of September, 1664,<br /> <span class="element"><cl></span>that I, among the rest of my neighbours,<br /> heard in ordinary discourse<br /> <span class="element"><cl></span>that the plague was returned again to Holland; <span class="element"></cl></span><span class="element"></cl></span><span class="element"></cl></span><br /> <span class="element"><cl></span>for it had been very violent there, and particularly at<br /> Amsterdam and Rotterdam, in the year 1663, <span class="element"></cl></span><br /> <span class="element"><cl></span>whither, <span class="element"><cl></span>they say,<span class="element"></cl></span> it was brought,<br /> <span class="element"><cl></span>some said<span class="element"></cl></span> from Italy, others from the Levant, among some goods<br /> <span class="element"><cl></span>which were brought home by their Turkey fleet;<span class="element"></cl></span><span class="element"></cl></span><br /> <span class="element"><cl></span>others said it was brought from Candia;<br /> others from Cyprus. <span class="element"></cl></span><br /> <span class="element"></s></span><br /> <span class="element"><s></span><br /> <span class="element"><cl></span>It mattered not <span class="element"><cl></span>from whence it came;<span class="element"></cl></span><span class="element"></cl></span><br /> <span class="element"><cl></span>but all agreed <span class="element"><cl></span>it was come into Holland again.<span class="element"></cl></span><span class="element"></cl></span><br /> <span class="element"></s></span><br /><span class="element"></p></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#AI-BIBL-2">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><p>Clauses may be further divided into <a class="gi" title="(phrase) represents a grammatical phrase." href="ref-phr.html">phr</a> elements in the same way. A text may be segmented directly into clauses, or into phrases, with no need to include segmentation at a higher level as well.</p><div class="p">For verse texts, the overlapping of metrical and syntactic structure requires that special care be given to representing both using an element hierarchy. One simple approach is to split the syntactic phrases into fragments when they cross verse boundaries, reuniting them with the <span class="att">part</span> attribute: <div id="index-egXML-d52e125859" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><div <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">stanza</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span><br /> <span class="element"><cl <span class="attribute">part</span>="<span class="attributevalue">I</span>"></span>Tweedledum and Tweedledee<span class="element"></cl></span><br /> <span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span><br /> <span class="element"><cl <span class="attribute">part</span>="<span class="attributevalue">F</span>"></span>Agreed to have a battle;<span class="element"></cl></span><br /> <span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span><br /> <span class="element"><cl <span class="attribute">part</span>="<span class="attributevalue">I</span>"></span>For Tweedledum said <span class="element"><cl <span class="attribute">part</span>="<span class="attributevalue">I</span>"></span>Tweedledee<span class="element"></cl></span><span class="element"></cl></span><br /> <span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span><br /> <span class="element"><cl <span class="attribute">part</span>="<span class="attributevalue">F</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><cl <span class="attribute">part</span>="<span class="attributevalue">F</span>"></span>Had spoiled his nice new rattle.<span class="element"></cl></span><br /> <span class="element"></cl></span><br /> <span class="element"></l></span><br /><span class="element"></div></span><br /><span class="element"><div <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">stanza</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span><br /> <span class="element"><cl <span class="attribute">part</span>="<span class="attributevalue">I</span>"></span>Just then flew down a monstrous crow,<span class="element"></cl></span><br /> <span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span><br /> <span class="element"><cl <span class="attribute">part</span>="<span class="attributevalue">F</span>"></span>As black as a tar barrel;<span class="element"></cl></span><br /> <span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span><br /> <span class="element"><cl <span class="attribute">part</span>="<span class="attributevalue">I</span>"></span>Which frightened both the heroes so,<span class="element"></cl></span><br /> <span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span><br /> <span class="element"><cl <span class="attribute">part</span>="<span class="attributevalue">F</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><cl></span>They quite forgot their quarrel.<span class="element"></cl></span><br /> <span class="element"></cl></span><br /> <span class="element"></l></span><br /><span class="element"></div></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#AI-BIBL-3">bibliography</a> </div></div> Another approach is to use the <span class="att">next</span> and <span class="att">prev</span> attributes defined in the additional module for linking (chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="SA.html" title="14"><span class="headingNumber">16 </span>Linking, Segmentation, and Alignment</a>): <div id="index-egXML-d52e125900" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><l></span><br /> <span class="element"><cl <span class="attribute">next</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#c5</span>" <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">c3</span>" <span class="attribute">part</span>="<span class="attributevalue">I</span>"></span>For Tweedledum said<br /> <span class="element"><cl <span class="attribute">next</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#c6</span>" <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">c4</span>" <span class="attribute">part</span>="<span class="attributevalue">I</span>"></span>Tweedledee<span class="element"></cl></span><span class="element"></cl></span><br /><span class="element"></l></span><br /><span class="element"><l></span><br /> <span class="element"><cl <span class="attribute">prev</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#c3</span>" <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">c5</span>" <span class="attribute">part</span>="<span class="attributevalue">F</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><cl <span class="attribute">prev</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#c4</span>" <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">c6</span>" <span class="attribute">part</span>="<span class="attributevalue">F</span>"></span>Had spoiled his nice new rattle.<span class="element"></cl></span><br /> <span class="element"></cl></span><br /><span class="element"></l></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#AI-BIBL-3">bibliography</a> </div></div> Other methods are also possible; for discussion, see chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="NH.html" title="31"><span class="headingNumber">20 </span>Non-hierarchical Structures</a>.</div><p>The <span class="att">type</span> attribute on linguistic segment categories can be used to provide additional interpretative information about the category. The <span class="att">function</span> attribute on the <a class="gi" title="(clause) represents a grammatical clause." href="ref-cl.html">cl</a> and <a class="gi" title="(phrase) represents a grammatical phrase." href="ref-phr.html">phr</a> elements can be used to provide additional information about the function of the category. Legal values for these two attributes are not defined by these Guidelines, but should be documented in the <a class="gi" title="describes the principles according to which the text has been segmented, for example into sentences, tone-units, graphemic strata, etc." href="ref-segmentation.html">segmentation</a> element of the <a class="gi" title="(encoding description) documents the relationship between an electronic text and the source or sources from which it was derived." href="ref-encodingDesc.html">encodingDesc</a> element within the document's header. A general approach to the encoding of linguistic categories for parts of a text is discussed in section <a class="link_ptr" href="AI.html#AILA" title="Linguistic Annotation"><span class="headingNumber">17.4 </span>Linguistic Annotation</a> below.</p><div class="p">Using traditional terminology, these attributes provide a convenient way of specifying, for example, that the clause <span class="mentioned">from whence it came</span> is a relative clause modifying another, or that the phrase <span class="mentioned">by the U.S. Supreme Court</span> is a prepositional post-modifier: <div id="index-egXML-d52e125944" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><cl></span>It mattered not<br /> <span class="element"><cl <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">relative</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">function</span>="<span class="attributevalue">clause_modifier</span>"></span>from whence it came;<span class="element"></cl></span><span class="element"></cl></span></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e125950" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><phr <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">NP</span>"></span>the year segregation<span class="element"></phr></span><br /><span class="element"><phr></span>was outlawed<span class="element"></phr></span><br /><span class="element"><phr <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">PP</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">function</span>="<span class="attributevalue">postmodifier-agent</span>"></span>by the U.S. Supreme Court.<span class="element"></phr></span></div></div><div class="p">Segmentation into clauses and phrases can, of course, be combined. Such detailed encodings as the following may require careful formatting if they are to be easily readable however. <div id="index-egXML-d52e125960" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><p></span><br /> <span class="element"><s></span><br /> <span class="element"><cl <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">finite-declarative</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">function</span>="<span class="attributevalue">independent</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><phr <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">NP</span>" <span class="attribute">function</span>="<span class="attributevalue">subject</span>"></span>Nineteen fifty-four,<br /> <span class="element"><cl <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">finite-relative-declarative</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">function</span>="<span class="attributevalue">appositive</span>"></span>when <span class="element"><phr <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">NP</span>" <span class="attribute">function</span>="<span class="attributevalue">subject</span>"></span>I<span class="element"></phr></span><br /> <span class="element"><phr <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">VP</span>" <span class="attribute">function</span>="<span class="attributevalue">predicate</span>"></span>was eighteen years old<span class="element"></phr></span><span class="element"></cl></span><span class="element"></phr></span>,<br /> <span class="element"><phr <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">VP</span>" <span class="attribute">function</span>="<span class="attributevalue">predicate</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><phr <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">V</span>" <span class="attribute">function</span>="<span class="attributevalue">verb-main</span>"></span>is held<span class="element"></phr></span><br /> <span class="element"><phr <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">NP</span>" <span class="attribute">function</span>="<span class="attributevalue">complement</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><cl <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">nonfinite</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">function</span>="<span class="attributevalue">predicate-nom.</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><phr <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">V</span>" <span class="attribute">function</span>="<span class="attributevalue">copula</span>"></span>to be<span class="element"></phr></span><br /> <span class="element"><phr <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">NP</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">function</span>="<span class="attributevalue">predicate-nom.</span>"></span>a crucial turning point<br /> <span class="element"><phr <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">PP</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">function</span>="<span class="attributevalue">postmodifier</span>"></span>in<br /> <span class="element"><phr <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">NP</span>" <span class="attribute">function</span>="<span class="attributevalue">prep.obj.</span>"></span>the history<br /> <span class="element"><phr <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">PP</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">function</span>="<span class="attributevalue">postmodifier</span>"></span>of the Afro-American<span class="element"></phr></span><span class="element"></phr></span><span class="element"></phr></span><br /> —<br /> <span class="element"><phr <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">PP</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">function</span>="<span class="attributevalue">postmodifier-appositive</span>"></span>for<br /> <span class="element"><phr <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">NP</span>" <span class="attribute">function</span>="<span class="attributevalue">prep.obj.</span>"></span>the U.S.A.<br /> <span class="element"><phr <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">PP</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">function</span>="<span class="attributevalue">postmodifier</span>"></span>as a whole<span class="element"></phr></span><span class="element"></phr></span><span class="element"></phr></span><span class="element"></phr></span><br /> —<br /> <span class="element"><phr <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">NP</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">function</span>="<span class="attributevalue">appositive-predicate-nom.</span>"></span>the year<br /> <span class="element"><cl <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">finite-relative</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">function</span>="<span class="attributevalue">adjectival</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><phr <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">NP</span>" <span class="attribute">function</span>="<span class="attributevalue">subject</span>"></span>segregation<span class="element"></phr></span><br /> <span class="element"><phr <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">VP</span>" <span class="attribute">function</span>="<span class="attributevalue">predicate</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><phr <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">V</span>" <span class="attribute">function</span>="<span class="attributevalue">verb-main</span>"></span>was outlawed<span class="element"></phr></span><br /> <span class="element"><phr <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">PP</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">function</span>="<span class="attributevalue">postmodifier</span>"></span>by the U.S. Supreme Court<span class="element"></phr></span><br /> <span class="element"></phr></span><br /> <span class="element"></cl></span><span class="element"></phr></span><span class="element"></cl></span><br /> <span class="element"></phr></span><br /> <span class="element"></phr></span>.<span class="element"></cl></span><br /> <span class="element"></s></span><br /> <span class="element"><s></span><br /> <span class="element"><cl <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">finite-declarative</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">function</span>="<span class="attributevalue">independent</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><phr <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">NP</span>" <span class="attribute">function</span>="<span class="attributevalue">subject</span>"></span>It<span class="element"></phr></span><br /> <span class="element"><phr <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">VP</span>" <span class="attribute">function</span>="<span class="attributevalue">predicate</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><phr <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">V</span>" <span class="attribute">function</span>="<span class="attributevalue">verb-main</span>"></span>was<span class="element"></phr></span><br /> also<br /> <span class="element"><phr <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">NP</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">function</span>="<span class="attributevalue">predicate-nom.</span>"></span>a crucial year for me<span class="element"></phr></span><span class="element"></phr></span><br /> <span class="element"><cl <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">declarative-finite</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">function</span>="<span class="attributevalue">dependent-causative</span>"></span>because<br /> <span class="element"><phr <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">PP</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">function</span>="<span class="attributevalue">sentence_adverb</span>"></span>on June 18, 1954<span class="element"></phr></span>,<br /> <span class="element"><phr <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">NP</span>" <span class="attribute">function</span>="<span class="attributevalue">subject</span>"></span>I<span class="element"></phr></span><br /> <span class="element"><phr <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">VP</span>" <span class="attribute">function</span>="<span class="attributevalue">predicate</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><phr <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">V</span>" <span class="attribute">function</span>="<span class="attributevalue">verb-main</span>"></span>began serving<span class="element"></phr></span><br /> <span class="element"><phr <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">NP</span>" <span class="attribute">function</span>="<span class="attributevalue">complement</span>"></span>a sentence in state prison<br /> <span class="element"><phr <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">PP</span>" <span class="attribute">function</span>="<span class="attributevalue">complement</span>"></span>for possession of marijuana<span class="element"></phr></span><span class="element"></phr></span><br /> <span class="element"></phr></span><span class="element"></cl></span><br /> <span class="element"></cl></span><br /> <span class="element"></s></span>.<span class="element"></p></span></div></div><p>This style of markup may introduce spurious new lines and blanks into the text. If the original layout is important, it should be explicitly encoded, using such facilities as the <a class="gi" title="(line break) marks the start of a new (typographic) line in some edition or version of a text." href="ref-lb.html">lb</a> element, the global <span class="att">rend</span> or <span class="att">rendition</span> attributes, etc.</p><p>The <a class="gi" title="(word) represents a grammatical (not necessarily orthographic) word." href="ref-w.html">w</a>, <a class="gi" title="(morpheme) represents a grammatical morpheme." href="ref-m.html">m</a>, and <a class="gi" title="(character) represents a character." href="ref-c.html">c</a> elements are identical in meaning to the <a class="gi" title="(arbitrary segment) represents any segmentation of text below the ‘chunk’ level." href="ref-seg.html">seg</a> element with a <span class="att">type</span> attribute of <span class="q">‘w’</span>, <span class="q">‘m’</span>, or <span class="q">‘c’</span> respectively, and may occur wherever <a class="gi" title="(arbitrary segment) represents any segmentation of text below the ‘chunk’ level." href="ref-seg.html">seg</a> is permitted to occur. However, their content is more constrained than <a class="gi" title="(arbitrary segment) represents any segmentation of text below the ‘chunk’ level." href="ref-seg.html">seg</a>: for example, the <a class="gi" title="(word) represents a grammatical (not necessarily orthographic) word." href="ref-w.html">w</a> element should only contain <a class="gi" title="(word) represents a grammatical (not necessarily orthographic) word." href="ref-w.html">w</a>, <a class="gi" title="(morpheme) represents a grammatical morpheme." href="ref-m.html">m</a>, <a class="gi" title="(character) represents a character." href="ref-c.html">c</a> elements or <a class="gi" title="(punctuation character) contains a character or string of characters regarded as constituting a single punctuation mark." href="ref-pc.html">pc</a> elements, or plain text; the <a class="gi" title="(morpheme) represents a grammatical morpheme." href="ref-m.html">m</a> element should contain only <a class="gi" title="(character) represents a character." href="ref-c.html">c</a> or <a class="gi" title="(punctuation character) contains a character or string of characters regarded as constituting a single punctuation mark." href="ref-pc.html">pc</a> elements or plain text; both the <a class="gi" title="(character) represents a character." href="ref-c.html">c</a> and <a class="gi" title="(punctuation character) contains a character or string of characters regarded as constituting a single punctuation mark." href="ref-pc.html">pc</a> elements should contain only plain text, most often only a single character or a sequence of graphemes to be treated as a single character. Consequently, while these more specific elements can be translated directly into typed <a class="gi" title="(arbitrary segment) represents any segmentation of text below the ‘chunk’ level." href="ref-seg.html">seg</a> elements, the reverse is not necessarily the case.</p><div class="p">The restriction on the content of the <a class="gi" title="(word) represents a grammatical (not necessarily orthographic) word." href="ref-w.html">w</a> element in particular requires that a certain care must be exercised when using it, especially in relation to the use of other tags that one may think of as <span class="term">word level</span>, but which are in fact defined as <span class="term">phrase level</span>. Consider the problem of segmenting an occurrence of the <a class="gi" title="() marks words or phrases mentioned, not used." href="ref-mentioned.html">mentioned</a> element as a word. <div id="index-egXML-d52e126126" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><mentioned></span>grandiloquent<span class="element"></mentioned></span></div> The first of the following two encodings is legitimate; the second is not, since the <a class="gi" title="() marks words or phrases mentioned, not used." href="ref-mentioned.html">mentioned</a> element is not part of the content model of the <a class="gi" title="(word) represents a grammatical (not necessarily orthographic) word." href="ref-w.html">w</a> element: <div id="index-egXML-d52e126137" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><mentioned></span><br /> <span class="element"><w></span>grandiloquent<span class="element"></w></span><br /><span class="element"></mentioned></span></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e126142" class="pre egXML_invalid"><span class="element"><w></span><br /> <span class="element"><mentioned></span>grandiloquent<span class="element"></mentioned></span><br /><span class="element"></w></span></div></div><div class="p">On the other hand, both of the following encodings <em>are</em> legitimate: <div id="index-egXML-d52e126151" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><mentioned></span><br /> <span class="element"><phr></span>grandiloquent speech<span class="element"></phr></span><br /><span class="element"></mentioned></span></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e126156" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><phr></span><br /> <span class="element"><mentioned></span>grandiloquent speech<span class="element"></mentioned></span><br /><span class="element"></phr></span></div> The first encoding describes the citing of a phrase. The second describes a phrase which consists of something mentioned. </div><div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="(word) represents a grammatical (not necessarily orthographic) word." href="ref-w.html">w</a> element carries additional attributes which may be of use in many indexing or analytic applications. The <span class="att">lemma</span> attribute may be used to specify the <span class="term">lemma</span>, that is the head- or uninflected form of an inflected verb or noun, for example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e126176" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><s <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">la</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><w <span class="attribute">lemma</span>="<span class="attributevalue">timeo</span>"></span>timeo<span class="element"></w></span><br /> <span class="element"><w <span class="attribute">lemma</span>="<span class="attributevalue">danaii</span>"></span>Danaos<span class="element"></w></span><br /> <span class="element"><w <span class="attribute">lemma</span>="<span class="attributevalue">et</span>"></span>et<span class="element"></w></span><br /> <span class="element"><w <span class="attribute">lemma</span>="<span class="attributevalue">donum</span>"></span>dona<span class="element"></w></span><br /> <span class="element"><w <span class="attribute">lemma</span>="<span class="attributevalue">fero</span>"></span>ferentes<span class="element"></w></span><br /><span class="element"></s></span></div></div><div class="p">In some situations it may be more convenient to use the <span class="att">lemmaRef</span> pointer attribute than to supply an explicit uninflected form. This attribute assumes the existence of a list of uninflected forms, for example in an online lexicon, with which individual w entries can be associated using the usual TEI pointer mechanisms. Assuming that a standardized lexicon for Latin is available at the location <code>http://lexicon.org/latin.xml</code>, we might for example revise the above example as: <div id="index-egXML-d52e126200" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><s <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">la</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><w <span class="attribute">lemmaRef</span>="<span class="attributevalue">http://lexicon.org/latin.xml#timeo</span>"></span>timeo<span class="element"></w></span><br /> <span class="element"><w <span class="attribute">lemmaRef</span>="<span class="attributevalue">http://lexicon.org/latin.xml#danaii</span>"></span>Danaos<span class="element"></w></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /><span class="element"></s></span></div></div></div><div class="teidiv2" id="AIPC"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="AI.html#AILCW"><span class="headingNumber">17.1.1 </span>Words and Above</a></li><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#AIPC" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Below the Word Level</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">17.1.2 </span><span class="head">Below the Word Level</span></h4><p>It is sometimes helpful to markup explicitly sub-word components such as morphemes, characters, or punctuation. </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-m.html">m</a></span> (morpheme) represents a grammatical morpheme.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-c.html">c</a></span> (character) represents a character.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-pc.html">pc</a></span> (punctuation character) contains a character or string of characters regarded as constituting a single punctuation mark.</li></ul><div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="(morpheme) represents a grammatical morpheme." href="ref-m.html">m</a> element is used to mark up morphologically identified segmentation below the word level. Analogous to the <span class="att">lemma</span> attribute for <a class="gi" title="(word) represents a grammatical (not necessarily orthographic) word." href="ref-w.html">w</a>, there is a <span class="att">baseForm</span> attribute for the <a class="gi" title="(morpheme) represents a grammatical morpheme." href="ref-m.html">m</a> element, which may be used to indicate the ‘base form’ of an inflected morpheme; where appropriate, <a class="gi" title="(morpheme) represents a grammatical morpheme." href="ref-m.html">m</a> elements may also be organized hierarchically: <div id="index-egXML-d52e126241" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><w <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">adjective</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><m <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">base</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><m <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">prefix</span>" <span class="attribute">baseForm</span>="<span class="attributevalue">con</span>"></span>com<span class="element"></m></span><br /> <span class="element"><m <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">root</span>"></span>fort<span class="element"></m></span><br /> <span class="element"></m></span><br /> <span class="element"><m <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">suffix</span>"></span>able<span class="element"></m></span><br /><span class="element"></w></span></div></div><div class="p">The distinction between <a class="gi" title="(morpheme) represents a grammatical morpheme." href="ref-m.html">m</a> and <a class="gi" title="(word) represents a grammatical (not necessarily orthographic) word." href="ref-w.html">w</a> is provided as a convenience only; it may not be appropriate for all linguistic theories, nor is it meaningful in all languages. The intention is to provide a means for those cases where it is considered helpful to distinguish lexical from sub-lexical tokens, to complement the more general mechanism already provided by the <a class="gi" title="(arbitrary segment) represents any segmentation of text below the ‘chunk’ level." href="ref-seg.html">seg</a> element, using which the above example could alternatively be marked up as follows: <div id="index-egXML-d52e126262" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><seg <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">adjective</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><seg <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">base</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><seg <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">prefix</span>"></span>com<span class="element"></seg></span><br /> <span class="element"><seg <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">morph</span>"></span>fort<span class="element"></seg></span><br /> <span class="element"></seg></span><br /> <span class="element"><seg <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">suffix</span>"></span>able<span class="element"></seg></span><br /><span class="element"></seg></span></div></div><p>There is a substantial linguistic difference between characters like letters or diacritics and punctuation marks. The former are used to construct meaningful units like morphemes or words. The latter are functionally independent units acting at the level of syntactic units. A word may consist of a single letter (for example ‘I’ in English), but this does not mean that we should use <a class="gi" title="(character) represents a character." href="ref-c.html">c</a> instead of <a class="gi" title="(word) represents a grammatical (not necessarily orthographic) word." href="ref-w.html">w</a> to mark it up.</p><div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="(character) represents a character." href="ref-c.html">c</a> (character) element should be used to mark up any non-lexical character, whether this appears within a word, or outside it. In the following example, the encoder wishes to indicate that the letters are not to be regarded as words: <div id="index-egXML-d52e126288" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><phr></span><br /> <span class="element"><c></span>M<span class="element"></c></span><br /> <span class="element"><c></span>O<span class="element"></c></span><br /> <span class="element"><c></span>A<span class="element"></c></span><br /> <span class="element"><c></span>I<span class="element"></c></span><br /> <span class="element"><w></span>doth<span class="element"></w></span><br /> <span class="element"><w></span>sway<span class="element"></w></span><br /> <span class="element"><w></span>my<span class="element"></w></span><br /> <span class="element"><w></span>life<span class="element"></w></span><br /><span class="element"></phr></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#TwN">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="(character) represents a character." href="ref-c.html">c</a> element may be used for individual characters occurring within a <a class="gi" title="(word) represents a grammatical (not necessarily orthographic) word." href="ref-w.html">w</a> or <a class="gi" title="(morpheme) represents a grammatical morpheme." href="ref-m.html">m</a> element which it is desired to distinguish for some reason, as in the following examples: <div id="index-egXML-d52e126318" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><m <span class="attribute">baseForm</span>="<span class="attributevalue">not</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><c></span>n<span class="element"></c></span><br /> <span class="element"><c <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">punct</span>"></span>'<span class="element"></c></span><br /> <span class="element"><c></span>t<span class="element"></c></span><br /><span class="element"></m></span></div> This encoding represents the constituents of a common abbreviation, but does not indicate that it is in fact an abbreviation; the <a class="gi" title="(abbreviation marker) contains a sequence of letters or signs present in an abbreviation which are omitted or replaced in the expanded form of the abbreviation." href="ref-am.html">am</a> element (<a class="link_ptr" href="PH.html#PHAB" title="Abbreviation and Expansion"><span class="headingNumber">11.3.1.2 </span>Abbreviation and Expansion</a>) may be preferred for the latter purpose. Generally speaking, the use of <a class="gi" title="(character) represents a character." href="ref-c.html">c</a> use to mark non-lexical punctuation marks is deprecated, since the <a class="gi" title="(punctuation character) contains a character or string of characters regarded as constituting a single punctuation mark." href="ref-pc.html">pc</a> element is provided specifically to distinguish these.</div><div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="(punctuation character) contains a character or string of characters regarded as constituting a single punctuation mark." href="ref-pc.html">pc</a> (punctuation character) element should be used to mark up characters which are specifically regarded as providing punctuation, rather than constituting parts of a word. It may be particularly useful when transcribing older written materials, in which an encoding of the original punctuation may be useful for interpretive or analytic purposes, in much the same way as an encoding of the original orthography may be. For example, in the following extract from a Bodleian Library musical manuscript <figure class="figure"><img src="Images/punctus.png" alt="" class="graphic" /></figure> two different punctuation marks are used to distinguish kinds of pause in the text. The <span class="term">punctus elevatus</span> (which resembles an inverted semicolon) is not a Unicode character, but may still be encoded using the <a class="gi" title="(character or glyph) represents a glyph, or a non-standard character." href="ref-g.html">g</a> element. As further described in chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="WD.html" title="25"><span class="headingNumber">5 </span>Characters, Glyphs, and Writing Modes</a>, this element points to a definition for the intended character which may be stored either locally or elsewhere. <div id="index-egXML-d52e126356" class="pre egXML_valid">deus qui regis omnia<br /><span class="element"><pc></span><br /> <span class="element"><g <span class="attribute">ref</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#pelev</span>"></span>;<span class="element"></g></span><br /><span class="element"></pc></span> natus est in bethlehem<br /><span class="element"><pc></span>.<span class="element"></pc></span>o <span class="element"><pc></span>.<span class="element"></pc></span> mira gratia...<br /><br /><span class="comment"><!-- elsewhere --></span><br /><span class="element"><char <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">pelev</span>"></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- definition of the punctus elevatus character --></span><br /><span class="element"></char></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#punctuseg">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><p>The <a class="gi" title="(punctuation character) contains a character or string of characters regarded as constituting a single punctuation mark." href="ref-pc.html">pc</a> element carries special attributes to record analyses of the functional behaviour or classification of the punctuation mark it contains. The <span class="att">unit</span> attribute may be used, as on the <a class="gi" title="marks a boundary point separating any kind of section of a text, typically but not necessarily indicating a point at which some part of a standard reference system changes, where the change is not represented by a structural element." href="ref-milestone.html">milestone</a> element to name the kind of unit which the punctuation mark delimits, for example a paragraph or section. The <span class="att">pre</span> attribute may be used to indicate whether the punctuation precedes or follows the unit it delimits. The <span class="att">force</span> attribute indicates the strength of the association between the punctuation mark and its adjacent word.</p><div class="p">In the following example, the paragraph marker (¶) has been tagged as a strong punctuation mark, preceding the unit it marks, which is named ‘para’: <div id="index-egXML-d52e126394" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><p></span><br /> <span class="element"><pc <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">para</span>" <span class="attribute">force</span>="<span class="attributevalue">strong</span>" <span class="attribute">pre</span>="<span class="attributevalue">true</span>"></span>¶<span class="element"></pc></span>Incipit...<span class="element"></p></span></div></div><div class="p">A similar encoding can be used for hyphenation: <div id="index-egXML-d52e126402" class="pre egXML_valid">A fire<span class="element"><pc <span class="attribute">force</span>="<span class="attributevalue">strong</span>"></span>-<span class="element"></pc></span>proof vest is recom<span class="element"><pc <span class="attribute">force</span>="<span class="attributevalue">weak</span>"></span>-<span class="element"></pc></span><span class="element"><lb/></span>
mended.
</div> Refer to <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#COPU-2" title="Hyphenation"><span class="headingNumber">3.2.2 </span>Hyphenation</a> for a discussion of the motivations for explicitely recording the presence of hyphens.</div><div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="(word) represents a grammatical (not necessarily orthographic) word." href="ref-w.html">w</a>, <a class="gi" title="(morpheme) represents a grammatical morpheme." href="ref-m.html">m</a>, <a class="gi" title="(character) represents a character." href="ref-c.html">c</a>, and <a class="gi" title="(punctuation character) contains a character or string of characters regarded as constituting a single punctuation mark." href="ref-pc.html">pc</a> elements can be used together to give a fairly detailed low-level grammatical analysis of text. For example, consider the following segmentation of the English S-unit <span class="mentioned">I didn't do it</span>. <div id="index-egXML-d52e126433" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><w></span>I<span class="element"></w></span><br /><span class="element"><w></span><br /> <span class="element"><m <span class="attribute">baseForm</span>="<span class="attributevalue">do</span>"></span>did<span class="element"></m></span><br /> <span class="element"><m></span>n't<span class="element"></m></span><br /><span class="element"></w></span><br /><span class="element"><w <span class="attribute">lemma</span>="<span class="attributevalue">do</span>"></span>do<span class="element"></w></span><br /><span class="element"><w></span>it<span class="element"></w></span><br /><span class="element"><pc></span>.<span class="element"></pc></span></div> </div><p>This segmentation, crude as it is, succeeds in representing the idea that <span class="mentioned">did</span> occurring as a morphological component of the word <span class="mentioned">didn't</span> has something in common with the word <span class="gi"><do></span>. A further advantage of segmenting the text down to this level is that it becomes relatively simple to associate each such segment with a more detailed formal analysis, for example by providing a baseform, or morphological analysis at whichever level is appropriate. This matter is taken up in detail in section <a class="link_ptr" href="AI.html#AILA" title="Linguistic Annotation"><span class="headingNumber">17.4 </span>Linguistic Annotation</a>.</p></div></div><div class="div2" id="AIATTS"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="AI.html#AILC"><span class="headingNumber">17.1 </span>Linguistic Segment Categories</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="AI.html#AISP"><span class="headingNumber">17.3 </span>Spans and Interpretations</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h3><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#AIATTS" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Global Attributes for Simple Analyses</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">17.2 </span><span class="head">Global Attributes for Simple Analyses</span></h3><p>When the module described by this chapter is selected, an additional attribute is defined for all elements: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-att.global.analytic.html">att.global.analytic</a></span> provides additional global attributes for associating specific analyses or interpretations with appropriate portions of a text.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">ana</span></td><td>(analysis) indicates one or more elements containing interpretations of the element on which the <span class="att">ana</span> attribute appears.</td></tr></table></li></ul><p> The <span class="att">ana</span> attribute may be specified for any element. Its effect is to associate the element with one or more others representing an analysis or interpretation of it. Its target should be one of the elements described in the section <a class="link_ptr" href="AI.html#AISP" title="Spans and Interpretations"><span class="headingNumber">17.3 </span>Spans and Interpretations</a> below, or some other interpretative element such as <a class="gi" title="contains a note or annotation." href="ref-note.html">note</a>, on which see section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#CONO" title="Notes Annotation and Indexing"><span class="headingNumber">3.8 </span>Notes, Annotation, and Indexing</a> or <a class="gi" title="(feature structure) represents a feature structure, that is, a collection of feature-value pairs organized as a structural unit." href="ref-fs.html">fs</a>, on which see chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="FS.html" title="16"><span class="headingNumber">18 </span>Feature Structures</a>. If a hierarchical form of classification is desired then it may point to <a class="gi" title="contains an individual descriptive category, possibly nested within a superordinate category, within a user-defined taxonomy." href="ref-category.html">category</a> element at a suitable level in a <a class="gi" title="defines a typology either implicitly, by means of a bibliographic citation, or explicitly by a structured taxonomy." href="ref-taxonomy.html">taxonomy</a> see <a class="link_ptr" href="HD.html#HD55" title="The Classification Declaration"><span class="headingNumber">2.3.7 </span>The Classification Declaration</a>.</p></div><div class="div2" id="AISP"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="AI.html#AIATTS"><span class="headingNumber">17.2 </span>Global Attributes for Simple Analyses</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="AI.html#AILA"><span class="headingNumber">17.4 </span>Linguistic Annotation</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h3><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#AISP" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Spans and Interpretations</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">17.3 </span><span class="head">Spans and Interpretations</span></h3><p>The simplest mechanisms for attaching analytic notes in some structured vocabulary to particular passages of text are provided by the <a class="gi" title="associates an interpretative annotation directly with a span of text." href="ref-span.html">span</a> and <a class="gi" title="(interpretation) summarizes a specific interpretative annotation which can be linked to a span of text." href="ref-interp.html">interp</a> elements, and their associated grouping elements <a class="gi" title="(span group) collects together span tags." href="ref-spanGrp.html">spanGrp</a> and <a class="gi" title="(interpretation group) collects together a set of related interpretations which share responsibility or type." href="ref-interpGrp.html">interpGrp</a>. </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-span.html">span</a></span> associates an interpretative annotation directly with a span of text.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-spanGrp.html">spanGrp</a></span> (span group) collects together span tags.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-interp.html">interp</a></span> (interpretation) summarizes a specific interpretative annotation which can be linked to a span of text.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-interpGrp.html">interpGrp</a></span> (interpretation group) collects together a set of related interpretations which share responsibility or type.</li></ul><p>These elements are all members of the class <a class="link_odd" title="provides attributes for elements which represent a formal analysis or interpretation." href="ref-att.interpLike.html">att.interpLike</a>, and thus share the following attributes: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-att.interpLike.html">att.interpLike</a></span> provides attributes for elements which represent a formal analysis or interpretation.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">type</span></td><td>indicates what kind of phenomenon is being noted in the passage.
Sample values include: 1] image; 2] character; 3] theme; 4] allusion</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">inst</span></td><td>(instances) points to instances of the analysis or interpretation represented by the current element.</td></tr></table></li></ul><p> They also inherit the following attributes from <a class="link_odd" title="provides attributes indicating the agent responsible for some aspect of the text, the markup or something asserted by the markup, and the degree of certainty associated with it." href="ref-att.global.responsibility.html">att.global.responsibility</a>: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-att.global.responsibility.html">att.global.responsibility</a></span> provides attributes indicating the agent responsible for some aspect of the text, the markup or something asserted by the markup, and the degree of certainty associated with it.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">cert</span></td><td>(certainty) signifies the degree of certainty associated with the intervention or interpretation.</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">resp</span></td><td>(responsible party) indicates the agency responsible for the intervention or interpretation, for example an editor or transcriber.</td></tr></table></li></ul><p>The <span class="att">type</span> attribute of the <a class="gi" title="associates an interpretative annotation directly with a span of text." href="ref-span.html">span</a> and <a class="gi" title="(interpretation) summarizes a specific interpretative annotation which can be linked to a span of text." href="ref-interp.html">interp</a> elements may be used to indicate that the annotations are of specific types, for example thematic or structural. The annotation itself is supplied as the content of the <a class="gi" title="associates an interpretative annotation directly with a span of text." href="ref-span.html">span</a> or <a class="gi" title="(interpretation) summarizes a specific interpretative annotation which can be linked to a span of text." href="ref-interp.html">interp</a> element. In the case of the <a class="gi" title="associates an interpretative annotation directly with a span of text." href="ref-span.html">span</a> element, the span of text being annotated is indicated by values of the <span class="att">from</span>, <span class="att">to</span> or <span class="att">target</span> attributes, used in combination as follows. If only the <span class="att">from</span> attribute is supplied, then the span is coterminous with the element indicated by its value; if both <span class="att">from</span> and <span class="att">to</span> are supplied, the span runs from the start of the element indicated by the <span class="att">from</span> attribute up to the end of the element indicated by the <span class="att">to</span> attribute; if the <span class="att">target</span> attribute is used, the span is defined by aggregating the contents of the (possibly non-contiguous) elements pointed to by its values. It is an error to supply only the <span class="att">to</span> attribute; to supply more than one pointer value for either <span class="att">to</span> or <span class="att">from</span> attributes; or to supply either of these in conjunction with the <span class="att">target</span> attribute. In the case of <a class="gi" title="(interpretation) summarizes a specific interpretative annotation which can be linked to a span of text." href="ref-interp.html">interp</a> (see below), the span is indicated by a pointer from a <a class="gi" title="defines an association or hypertextual link among elements or passages, of some type not more precisely specifiable by other elements." href="ref-link.html">link</a> element or some similar mechanism. The <span class="att">resp</span> attribute indicates the annotator responsible for this annotation.</p><div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="associates an interpretative annotation directly with a span of text." href="ref-span.html">span</a> element provides a simple way of indicating such features as phrasal verbs in a linguistic analysis, as in this example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e127403" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><s></span><br /> <span class="element"><w></span>What<span class="element"></w></span><br /> <span class="element"><w></span>did<span class="element"></w></span><br /> <span class="element"><w></span>you<span class="element"></w></span><br /> <span class="element"><w <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">mk01</span>"></span>make<span class="element"></w></span><br /> <span class="element"><w <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">up01</span>"></span>up<span class="element"></w></span><br /><span class="element"></s></span><br /><span class="element"><span <span class="attribute">from</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#mk01</span>" <span class="attribute">to</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#up01</span>"></span>phrasal verb "make up"<span class="element"></span></span></div> Here the two components of the span follow each other, so the <span class="att">to</span> and <span class="att">from</span> attributes may be used. The same effect could however be achieved by using the <span class="att">target</span> attribute: <div id="index-egXML-d52e127428" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><s></span><br /> <span class="element"><w></span>What<span class="element"></w></span><br /> <span class="element"><w></span>did<span class="element"></w></span><br /> <span class="element"><w></span>you<span class="element"></w></span><br /> <span class="element"><w <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">mk02</span>"></span>make<span class="element"></w></span><br /> <span class="element"><w <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">up02</span>"></span>up<span class="element"></w></span><br /><span class="element"></s></span><br /><span class="element"><span <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#mk02 #up02</span>"></span>phrasal verb "make up"<span class="element"></span></span></div> This second approach might be cumbersome if the number of components to be combined is very large. It is however essential if the components do not follow each other, as in this example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e127443" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><s></span><br /> <span class="element"><w></span>Did<span class="element"></w></span><br /> <span class="element"><w></span>you<span class="element"></w></span><br /> <span class="element"><w <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">mk03</span>"></span>make<span class="element"></w></span><br /> <span class="element"><w></span>it<span class="element"></w></span><br /> <span class="element"><w <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">up03</span>"></span>up<span class="element"></w></span><br /><span class="element"></s></span><br /><span class="element"><span <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#mk03 #up03</span>"></span>phrasal verb "make up"<span class="element"></span></span></div></div><div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="associates an interpretative annotation directly with a span of text." href="ref-span.html">span</a> element can be used for any kind of annotation. In this example it is used in a narratological analysis: <div id="index-egXML-d52e127463" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><p <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">MaQp1s2p114</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><s <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">MaQp1s2p114s1</span>"></span>There was certainly a definite point at which the<br /> thing began.<span class="element"></s></span><br /> <span class="element"><s <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">MaQp1s2p114s2</span>"></span>It was not; then it was suddenly inescapable,<br /> and nothing could have frightened it away.<span class="element"></s></span><br /> <span class="element"><s <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">MaQp1s2p114s3</span>"></span>There was a slow integration, during which she,<br /> and the little animals, and the moving grasses, and the sun-warmed<br /> trees, and the slopes of shivering silvery mealies, and the great<br /> dome of blue light overhead, and the stones of earth under her feet,<br /> became one, shuddering together in a dissolution of dancing<br /> atoms.<span class="element"></s></span><br /> <span class="element"><s <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">MaQp1s2p114s4</span>"></span>She felt the rivers under the ground forcing<br /> themselves painfully along her veins, swelling them out in an<br /> unbearable pressure; her flesh was the earth, and suffered growth<br /> like a ferment; and her eyes stared, fixed like the eye of the<br /> sun.<span class="element"></s></span><br /> <span class="element"><s <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">MaQp1s2p114s5</span>"></span>Not for one second longer (if the terms for time<br /> apply) could she have borne it; but then, with a sudden movement<br /> forwards and out, the whole process stopped; and <span class="element"><emph <span class="attribute">rend</span>="<span class="attributevalue">italic</span>"></span>that<span class="element"></emph></span> was <span class="element"><soCalled <span class="attribute">rend</span>="<span class="attributevalue">dquo</span>"></span>the<br /> moment<span class="element"></soCalled></span> which it was impossible to remember<br /> afterwards.<span class="element"></s></span><br /> <span class="element"><span <span class="attribute">from</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#MaQp1s2p114s3</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">to</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#MaQp1s2p114s5</span>"></span>the moment<span class="element"></span></span><br /> <span class="element"><s <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">MaQp1s2p114s6</span>"></span>For during that space of time (which was<br /> timeless) she understood quite finally her smallness, the<br /> unimportance of humanity.<span class="element"></s></span><br /><span class="element"></p></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#AI-BIBL-4">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="associates an interpretative annotation directly with a span of text." href="ref-span.html">span</a> element may, as in this example, be placed in the text near the textual span it is associated with. Alternatively, it may be placed elsewhere in the same or a different document. Where several <a class="gi" title="associates an interpretative annotation directly with a span of text." href="ref-span.html">span</a> or <a class="gi" title="(interpretation) summarizes a specific interpretative annotation which can be linked to a span of text." href="ref-interp.html">interp</a> elements share the same attributes, for example having the same responsibility or type, it may be convenient to group them within a <a class="gi" title="(span group) collects together span tags." href="ref-spanGrp.html">spanGrp</a> or <a class="gi" title="(interpretation group) collects together a set of related interpretations which share responsibility or type." href="ref-interpGrp.html">interpGrp</a> element as follows: <div id="index-egXML-d52e127504" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><spanGrp <span class="attribute">resp</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#DTL</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><span <span class="attribute">from</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#MaQp1s2p114s3</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">to</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#MaQp1s2p114s5</span>"></span>the moment<span class="element"></span></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- other spans identified by DTL here --></span><br /><span class="element"></spanGrp></span></div></div><p>Spans may also be used to represent structural divisions within a narrative, particularly when these do not coincide with the structure implied by the element structure. Consider the following narrative: </p><div class="q"><p>Sigmund, the son of Volsung, was a king in Frankish country. Sinfiotli was the eldest of his sons, the second was Helgi, the third Hamund. Borghild, Sigmund's wife, had a brother named — But Sinfiotli, her stepson, and — both wooed the same woman and Sinfiotli killed him over it.<span id="Note110_return"><a class="notelink" title="The rule marks spaces left for the missing name in the manuscript." href="#Note110"><sup>73</sup></a></span> And when he came home, Borghild asked him to go away, but Sigmund offered her weregild, and she was obliged to accept it. At the funeral feast Borghild was serving beer. She took poison, a big drinking horn full, and brought it to Sinfiotli. When Sinfiotli looked into the horn, he saw that poison was in it, and said to Sigmund <span class="q">‘This drink is cloudy, old man.’</span> Sigmund took the horn and drank it off. It is said that Sigmund was hardy and that poison did him no harm, inside or out. And all his sons could tolerate poison on their skin. Borghild brought another horn to Sinfiotli, and asked him to drink, and everything happened as before. And a third time she brought him a horn, and reproachful words as well, if he didn't drink from it. He spoke again to Sigmund as before. He said <span class="q">‘Filter it through your mustache, son!’</span> Sinfiotli drank it off and at once fell dead.</p> <p>Sigmund carried him a long way in his arms and came to a long, narrow fjord, and there was a small boat there and a man in it. He offered to ferry Sigmund over the fjord. But when Sigmund carried the body out to the boat, it was fully laden. The man said Sigmund should go around the fjord inland. The man pushed the boat out and then suddenly vanished. </p> <p>King Sigmund lived a long time in Denmark in the kingdom of Borghild, after he married her. Then he went south to Frankish lands, to the kingdom he had there. Then he married Hiordis, the daughter of King Eylimi. Their son was Sigurd. King Sigmund fell in a battle with the sons of Hunding. And then Hiordis married Alf, the son of King Hialprec. Sigurd grew up there as a boy. </p> <p>Sigmund and all his sons were tall and outstanding in their strength, their growth, their intelligence, and their accomplishments. But Sigurd was the most outstanding of all, and everyone who knows about the old days says he was the most outstanding of men and the noblest of all the warrior kings.</p></div><div class="p">A structural analysis of this text, dividing it into narrative units in a pattern shared with other texts from the same literature, might look like this: <div id="index-egXML-d52e127537" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><p <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">P1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><s <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">S1</span>"></span>Sigmund ... was a king in Frankish country.<span class="element"></s></span><br /> <span class="element"><s <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">S2</span>"></span>Sinfiotli was the eldest of his sons.<span class="element"></s></span><br /> <span class="element"><s <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">S3</span>"></span>Borghild, Sigmund's wife, had a brother ...<span class="element"></s></span><br /> <span class="element"><s <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">S4A</span>"></span>But Sinfiotli ... wooed the same woman<span class="element"></s></span><br /> <span class="element"><s <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">S4B</span>"></span>and Sinfiotli killed him over it.<span class="element"></s></span><br /> <span class="element"><s <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">S5</span>"></span>And when he came home, ... she was obliged to accept it.<span class="element"></s></span><br /> <span class="element"><s <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">S6</span>"></span>At the funeral feast Borghild was serving beer.<span class="element"></s></span><br /> <span class="element"><s <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">S7</span>"></span>She took poison ... and brought it to Sinfiotli.<span class="element"></s></span><br /> <span class="element"><s <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">S17</span>"></span>Sinfiotli drank it off and at once fell dead.<span class="element"></s></span><br /> <span class="element"><anchor <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">EOS17</span>"/></span><br /><span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"><p <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">P2</span>"></span>Sigmund carried him a long way in his arms ... <span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"><p <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">P3</span>"></span>King Sigmund lived a long time in Denmark ... <span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"><p <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">P4</span>"></span>Sigmund and all his sons were tall ... <span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"><spanGrp <span class="attribute">resp</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#TMA</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">narrative-structure</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><span <span class="attribute">from</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#S1</span>" <span class="attribute">to</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#S3</span>"></span>introduction<span class="element"></span></span><br /> <span class="element"><span <span class="attribute">from</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#S4A</span>"></span>conflict<span class="element"></span></span><br /> <span class="element"><span <span class="attribute">from</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#S4B</span>"></span>climax<span class="element"></span></span><br /> <span class="element"><span <span class="attribute">from</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#S5</span>" <span class="attribute">to</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#S17</span>"></span>revenge<span class="element"></span></span><br /> <span class="element"><span <span class="attribute">from</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#EOS17</span>"></span>reconciliation<span class="element"></span></span><br /> <span class="element"><span <span class="attribute">from</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#P2</span>" <span class="attribute">to</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#P4</span>"></span>aftermath<span class="element"></span></span><br /><span class="element"></spanGrp></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#AI-eg-01">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><p>Note the use of an empty <a class="gi" title="(anchor point) attaches an identifier to a point within a text, whether or not it corresponds with a textual element." href="ref-anchor.html">anchor</a> element to provide a target for the ‘reconciliation’ unit which is normally part of the narrative pattern but which is not realized in the text shown.</p><p>The same analysis may be expressed with the <a class="gi" title="(interpretation) summarizes a specific interpretative annotation which can be linked to a span of text." href="ref-interp.html">interp</a> element instead of the <a class="gi" title="associates an interpretative annotation directly with a span of text." href="ref-span.html">span</a> element; this element provides attributes for recording an interpretive category and its value, as well as the identity of the interpreter, but does not itself indicate which passage of text is being interpreted; the same interpretive structures can thus be associated with many passages of the text. The association between text passages and <a class="gi" title="(interpretation) summarizes a specific interpretative annotation which can be linked to a span of text." href="ref-interp.html">interp</a> elements must be made either by pointing from the text to the <a class="gi" title="(interpretation) summarizes a specific interpretative annotation which can be linked to a span of text." href="ref-interp.html">interp</a> element with the <span class="att">ana</span> attribute defined in section <a class="link_ptr" href="AI.html#AIATTS" title="Global Attributes for Simple Analyses"><span class="headingNumber">17.2 </span>Global Attributes for Simple Analyses</a>, or by pointing at both text and interpretation from a <a class="gi" title="defines an association or hypertextual link among elements or passages, of some type not more precisely specifiable by other elements." href="ref-link.html">link</a> element, as described in chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="SA.html" title="14"><span class="headingNumber">16 </span>Linking, Segmentation, and Alignment</a>.</p><div class="p">To encode the first example above using <a class="gi" title="(interpretation) summarizes a specific interpretative annotation which can be linked to a span of text." href="ref-interp.html">interp</a>, it is necessary to create a text element which contains—or corresponds to—the third, fourth, and fifth orthographic sentences (S-units) in the paragraph. This can be done either with the <a class="gi" title="(arbitrary segment) represents any segmentation of text below the ‘chunk’ level." href="ref-seg.html">seg</a> element, described in <a class="link_ptr" href="SA.html#SASE" title="Blocks Segments and Anchors"><span class="headingNumber">16.3 </span>Blocks, Segments, and Anchors</a>, or the <a class="gi" title="identifies a possibly fragmented segment of text, by pointing at the possibly discontiguous elements which compose it." href="ref-join.html">join</a> element, described in <a class="link_ptr" href="SA.html#SAAG" title="Aggregation"><span class="headingNumber">16.7 </span>Aggregation</a>. The resulting element can then be associated with the <a class="gi" title="(interpretation) summarizes a specific interpretative annotation which can be linked to a span of text." href="ref-interp.html">interp</a> element using the <span class="att">ana</span> attribute described in section <a class="link_ptr" href="AI.html#AIATTS" title="Global Attributes for Simple Analyses"><span class="headingNumber">17.2 </span>Global Attributes for Simple Analyses</a>. We illustrate using the <a class="gi" title="(arbitrary segment) represents any segmentation of text below the ‘chunk’ level." href="ref-seg.html">seg</a> element. <div id="index-egXML-d52e127642" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><p <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">MarQp1s2p114</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><s <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">MarQp1s2p114s1</span>"></span>There was certainly a definite point ... <span class="element"></s></span><br /> <span class="element"><s <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">MarQp1s2p114s2</span>"></span>It was not; then it was suddenly inescapable ... <span class="element"></s></span><br /> <span class="element"><seg <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">MarQp1s2p114s3-5</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">ana</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#moment</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><s <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">MarQp1s2p114s3</span>"></span>There was a slow integration ... <span class="element"></s></span><br /> <span class="element"><s <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">MarQp1s2p114s4</span>"></span>She felt the rivers under the ground ... <span class="element"></s></span><br /> <span class="element"><s <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">MarQp1s2p114s5</span>"></span>Not for one second longer ... <span class="element"></s></span><br /> <span class="element"></seg></span><br /> <span class="element"><s <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">MarQp1s2p114s6</span>"></span>For during that space of time ... <span class="element"></s></span><br /><span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"><interp <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">moment</span>"></span>the moment<span class="element"></interp></span></div></div><div class="p">The second example above can be recoded using <a class="gi" title="(interpretation) summarizes a specific interpretative annotation which can be linked to a span of text." href="ref-interp.html">interp</a> and <a class="gi" title="(interpretation group) collects together a set of related interpretations which share responsibility or type." href="ref-interpGrp.html">interpGrp</a> tags in a similar manner. The interpretation itself can be expressed in an <a class="gi" title="(interpretation group) collects together a set of related interpretations which share responsibility or type." href="ref-interpGrp.html">interpGrp</a> element, which would replace the <a class="gi" title="(span group) collects together span tags." href="ref-spanGrp.html">spanGrp</a> in the example shown above: <div id="index-egXML-d52e127674" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><interpGrp <span class="attribute">resp</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#TMA</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">structuralUnit</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><interp <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">INTRO</span>"></span>introduction<span class="element"></interp></span><br /> <span class="element"><interp <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">CONFLICT</span>"></span>conflict<span class="element"></interp></span><br /> <span class="element"><interp <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">CLIMAX</span>"></span>climax<span class="element"></interp></span><br /> <span class="element"><interp <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">REVENGE</span>"></span>revenge<span class="element"></interp></span><br /> <span class="element"><interp <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">RECONCIL</span>"></span>reconciliation<span class="element"></interp></span><br /> <span class="element"><interp <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">AFTERM</span>"></span>aftermath<span class="element"></interp></span><br /><span class="element"></interpGrp></span></div></div><div class="p">Any of these <a class="gi" title="(interpretation) summarizes a specific interpretative annotation which can be linked to a span of text." href="ref-interp.html">interp</a> elements may be linked to the text either by means of the <span class="att">ana</span> attribute, or by means of <a class="gi" title="defines an association or hypertextual link among elements or passages, of some type not more precisely specifiable by other elements." href="ref-link.html">link</a> elements. Using the <span class="att">ana</span> attribute (on <a class="gi" title="(arbitrary segment) represents any segmentation of text below the ‘chunk’ level." href="ref-seg.html">seg</a> elements introduced specifically for this purpose), the text would be encoded as follows: <div id="index-egXML-d52e127707" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><p <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">PP1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><seg <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">SS1-SS3</span>" <span class="attribute">ana</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#INTRO</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><s <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">SS1</span>"></span>Sigmund ... was a king in Frankish country.<span class="element"></s></span><br /> <span class="element"><s <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">SS2</span>"></span>Sinfiotli was the eldest of his sons.<span class="element"></s></span><br /> <span class="element"><s <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">SS3</span>"></span>Borghild, Sigmund's wife, had a brother ... <span class="element"></s></span><br /> <span class="element"></seg></span><br /> <span class="element"><s <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">SS4A</span>" <span class="attribute">ana</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#CONFLICT</span>"></span>But Sinfiotli ... wooed the same woman<span class="element"></s></span><br /> <span class="element"><s <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">SS4B</span>" <span class="attribute">ana</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#CLIMAX</span>"></span>and Sinfiotli killed him over it.<span class="element"></s></span><br /> <span class="element"><seg <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">SS5-SS17</span>" <span class="attribute">ana</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#REVENGE</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><s <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">SS5</span>"></span>And when he came home, ... she was obliged to accept it.<span class="element"></s></span><br /> <span class="element"><s <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">SS6</span>"></span>At the funeral feast Borghild was serving beer.<span class="element"></s></span><br /> <span class="element"><s <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">SS17</span>"></span>Sinfiotli drank it off and at once fell dead.<span class="element"></s></span><br /> <span class="element"></seg></span><br /><span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"><anchor <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">NIL1</span>" <span class="attribute">ana</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#RECONCIL</span>"/></span><br /><span class="element"><p <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">PP2</span>"></span>Sigmund carried him a long way in his arms ... <span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"><p <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">PP3</span>"></span>King Sigmund lived a long time in Denmark ... <span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"><p <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">PP4</span>"></span>Sigmund and all his sons were tall ... <span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"><join <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">PP2-PP4</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#PP2 #PP3 #PP4</span>" <span class="attribute">ana</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#AFTERM</span>"/></span></div></div><div class="p">The linkage may also be accomplished using a <a class="gi" title="(link group) defines a collection of associations or hypertextual links." href="ref-linkGrp.html">linkGrp</a> element, whose content is a set of <a class="gi" title="defines an association or hypertextual link among elements or passages, of some type not more precisely specifiable by other elements." href="ref-link.html">link</a> elements which point to each interpretive element and its corresponding text unit. This method does not require the use of the <span class="att">ana</span> attribute on the text units. <div id="index-egXML-d52e127747" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><linkGrp <span class="attribute">targFunc</span>="<span class="attributevalue">interpretation text</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><link <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#INTRO #SS1-SS3</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"><link <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#CONFLICT #SS4A</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"><link <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#CLIMAX #SS4B</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"><link <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#REVENGE #SS5-SS17</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"><link <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#RECONCIL #NIL1</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"><link <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#AFTERM #PP2-PP4</span>"/></span><br /><span class="element"></linkGrp></span></div></div><p>One obvious advantage of using <a class="gi" title="(interpretation) summarizes a specific interpretative annotation which can be linked to a span of text." href="ref-interp.html">interp</a> rather than <a class="gi" title="associates an interpretative annotation directly with a span of text." href="ref-span.html">span</a> elements for the Sigmund text is that the <a class="gi" title="(interpretation) summarizes a specific interpretative annotation which can be linked to a span of text." href="ref-interp.html">interp</a> elements can be reused for marking up other texts in the same document, whereas the <a class="gi" title="associates an interpretative annotation directly with a span of text." href="ref-span.html">span</a> elements cannot. On the other hand, the use of <a class="gi" title="(interpretation) summarizes a specific interpretative annotation which can be linked to a span of text." href="ref-interp.html">interp</a> elements may require the creation of special text elements not otherwise needed (e.g. the <a class="gi" title="(arbitrary segment) represents any segmentation of text below the ‘chunk’ level." href="ref-seg.html">seg</a> and the <a class="gi" title="identifies a possibly fragmented segment of text, by pointing at the possibly discontiguous elements which compose it." href="ref-join.html">join</a> in the revised encoding of the text), whereas the use of <a class="gi" title="associates an interpretative annotation directly with a span of text." href="ref-span.html">span</a> elements does not.</p></div><div class="div2" id="AILA"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="AI.html#AISP"><span class="headingNumber">17.3 </span>Spans and Interpretations</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="AI.html#index-body.1_div.17_div.5"><span class="headingNumber">17.5 </span>Module for Analysis and Interpretation</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h3><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#AILA" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Linguistic Annotation</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">17.4 </span><span class="head">Linguistic Annotation</span></h3><p>By <span class="term">linguistic annotation</span> we mean here any annotation determined by an analysis of linguistic features of the text, excluding as borderline cases both the formal structural properties of the text (e.g. its division into chapters or paragraphs) and descriptive information about its context (the circumstances of its production, its genre or medium). The structural properties of any TEI-conformant text should be represented using the structural elements discussed elsewhere in this chapter and in chapters <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html" title="6"><span class="headingNumber">3 </span>Elements Available in All TEI Documents</a>, <a class="link_ptr" href="DS.html" title="7"><span class="headingNumber">4 </span>Default Text Structure</a>, and the various chapters of Part III. The contextual properties of a TEI text are fully documented in the TEI header, which is discussed in chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="HD.html" title="5"><span class="headingNumber">2 </span>The TEI Header</a>, and in section <a class="link_ptr" href="CC.html#CCAH" title="Contextual Information"><span class="headingNumber">15.2 </span>Contextual Information</a>.</p><p>Other forms of linguistic annotation may be applied at a number of levels in a text. A code (such as a word-class or part-of-speech code) may be associated with each word or token, or with groups of such tokens, which may be continuous, discontinuous, or nested. A code may also be associated with relationships (such as cohesion) perceived as existing between distinct parts of a text. The codes themselves may stand for discrete and non-decomposable categories, or they may represent highly articulated bundles of textual features. Their function may be to place the annotated part of the text somewhere within a narrowly linguistic or discoursal domain of analysis, or within a more general semantic field, or any combination drawn from these and other domains. </p><p>The manner by which such annotations are generated and attached to the text may be entirely automatic, entirely manual or a mixture. The ease and accuracy with which analysis may be automated may vary with the level at which the annotation is attached. The method employed should be documented in the <a class="gi" title="describes the scope of any analytic or interpretive information added to the text in addition to the transcription." href="ref-interpretation.html">interpretation</a> element within the encoding description of the TEI header, as described in section <a class="link_ptr" href="HD.html#HD53" title="The Editorial Practices Declaration"><span class="headingNumber">2.3.3 </span>The Editorial Practices Declaration</a>. Where different parts of a language corpus have used different annotation methods, the <span class="att">decls</span> attribute may be used to indicate the fact, as further discussed in section <a class="link_ptr" href="CC.html#CCAS" title="Associating Contextual Information with a Text"><span class="headingNumber">15.3 </span>Associating Contextual Information with a Text</a>.</p><p>As one example of such types of analysis, consider the following sentence, taken from the Lancaster/IBM Treebank Project (<a class="link_ptr" href="BIB.html#AI-BIBL-5" title="G. N. Leech R. G. Garside Running a Grammar Factory S. Johansson A.B. Stenstrøm English Computer Corpora Selected Papers and Re...">Leech and Garside (1991)</a>). </p><div class="q">The victim's friends told police that Kruger drove into the quarry and never surfaced.</div><p>Our discussion focuses on the way that this sentence might be analysed using the CLAWS system developed at the University of Lancaster but exactly the same principles may be applied to a wide variety of other systems.<span id="Note111_return"><a class="notelink" title="For the word-class tagging method used by CLAWS see ; For an overview of the system see . The example sentence was processed using an online version o…" href="#Note111"><sup>74</sup></a></span> Output from the system consists of a segmented and tokenized version of the text, in which word class codes have been associated with each token. CLAWS offers outputs in a variety of non-XML and XML formats: for example, the simplest format for the sample sentence would be: </p><pre class="pre_eg cdata">
The_AT0 victim_NN1 's_POS friends_NN2 told_VVD police_NN2 that_CJT Kruger_NP0
drove_VVD into_PRP the_AT0 quarry_NN1 and_CJC never_AV0 surfaced_VVD
</pre><div class="p">This may be easily transformed into an equivalent TEI XML representation: <div id="index-egXML-d52e128263" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><s></span><br /> <span class="element"><w <span class="attribute">ana</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#AT0</span>"></span>The <span class="element"></w></span><br /> <span class="element"><w <span class="attribute">ana</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#NN1</span>"></span>victim<span class="element"></w></span><br /> <span class="element"><w <span class="attribute">ana</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#POS</span>"></span>'s<span class="element"></w></span><br /> <span class="element"><w <span class="attribute">ana</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#NN2</span>"></span>friends <span class="element"></w></span><br /> <span class="element"><w <span class="attribute">ana</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#VVD</span>"></span>told <span class="element"></w></span><br /> <span class="element"><w <span class="attribute">ana</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#NN2</span>"></span>police <span class="element"></w></span><br /> <span class="element"><w <span class="attribute">ana</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#CJT</span>"></span>that <span class="element"></w></span><br /> <span class="element"><w <span class="attribute">ana</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#NP0</span>"></span>Kruger <span class="element"></w></span><br /> <span class="element"><w <span class="attribute">ana</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#VVD</span>"></span>drove <span class="element"></w></span><br /> <span class="element"><w <span class="attribute">ana</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#PRP</span>"></span>into <span class="element"></w></span><br /> <span class="element"><w <span class="attribute">ana</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#AT0</span>"></span>the <span class="element"></w></span><br /> <span class="element"><w <span class="attribute">ana</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#NN1</span>"></span>quarry <span class="element"></w></span><br /> <span class="element"><w <span class="attribute">ana</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#CJC</span>"></span>and <span class="element"></w></span><br /> <span class="element"><w <span class="attribute">ana</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#AV0</span>"></span>never <span class="element"></w></span><br /> <span class="element"><w <span class="attribute">ana</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#VVD</span>"></span>surfaced<span class="element"></w></span><br /><span class="element"></s></span></div> Although the names used for the attribute values here may have some significance for the human reader (<span class="val">AT0</span> for <span class="term">article</span>, <span class="val">NN1</span> for <span class="term">singular noun</span>, <span class="val">NN2</span> for <span class="term">plural noun</span>, etc.) they are arbitrary codes, used in this case as pointers to other elements which define their significance more precisely. If the codes are considered to be <span class="term">atomic</span>, then the <a class="gi" title="(interpretation) summarizes a specific interpretative annotation which can be linked to a span of text." href="ref-interp.html">interp</a> element described in section <a class="link_ptr" href="AI.html#AISP" title="Spans and Interpretations"><span class="headingNumber">17.3 </span>Spans and Interpretations</a> might be used to supply brief definitions in the header: <div id="index-egXML-d52e128324" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><interpGrp <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">POS</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><interp <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">AT0</span>"></span>Definite article<span class="element"></interp></span><br /> <span class="element"><interp <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">AV0</span>"></span>Adverb<span class="element"></interp></span><br /> <span class="element"><interp <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">CJC</span>"></span>Conjunction<span class="element"></interp></span><br /> <span class="element"><interp <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">CJT</span>"></span>Relative that<span class="element"></interp></span><br /> <span class="element"><interp <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">NN1</span>"></span>Noun singular<span class="element"></interp></span><br /> <span class="element"><interp <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">NN2</span>"></span>Noun plural<span class="element"></interp></span><br /> <span class="element"><interp <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">NP0</span>"></span>Proper noun<span class="element"></interp></span><br /> <span class="element"><interp <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">POS</span>"></span>Genitive marker<span class="element"></interp></span><br /> <span class="element"><interp <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">PRP</span>"></span>Preposition<span class="element"></interp></span><br /> <span class="element"><interp <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">VVD</span>"></span>Verb past tense<span class="element"></interp></span><br /><span class="element"></interpGrp></span></div> If the codes are considered to be compositional (for example that <span class="val">NN1</span> and <span class="val">NN2</span> have something in common, namely their <span class="term">noun-ness</span>, which they do not share with, say, <span class="val">VVD</span>), then this compositionality may be most clearly expressed using a mechanism based on the <a class="gi" title="(feature structure) represents a feature structure, that is, a collection of feature-value pairs organized as a structural unit." href="ref-fs.html">fs</a> element defined in chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="FS.html" title="16"><span class="headingNumber">18 </span>Feature Structures</a>.</div><p>This approach requires the text to be fully segmented, using the linguistic segment elements described in section <a class="link_ptr" href="AI.html#AILC" title="Linguistic Segment Categories"><span class="headingNumber">17.1 </span>Linguistic Segment Categories</a>, so that the scope of the <span class="att">ana</span> attribute used to point to each interpretation is clearly defined. A further analysis into phrase and clause elements can be superimposed on the word and morpheme tagging in the preceding illustration. For example, CLAWS provides the following constituent analysis of the sample sentence (the word class codes have been deleted): </p><pre class="pre_eg cdata">
[N [G The victim's G] friends N] [V told [N police N] [Fn that
[N Krueger N] [V [V& drove [P into [N the quarry N]P]V&] and
[V+ never surfaced V+]V]Fn]V]</pre><div class="p">Treating the labels on the brackets as phrase or clause interpretations, this analysis of the structure of the example sentence can be combined with the word class analysis and represented as follows (the symbol <span class="val">V&"/></span> representing the first part of a coordinate phrase, has been replaced by <span class="val">V1</span>, and <span class="val">V+</span>, representing the second part, has been replaced by <span class="val">V2</span>). <div id="index-egXML-d52e128389" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><s <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">sentence</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><phr <span class="attribute">ana</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#n</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><phr <span class="attribute">ana</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#gn</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><w <span class="attribute">ana</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#AT0</span>"></span>The<span class="element"></w></span><br /> <span class="element"><w <span class="attribute">ana</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#NN1</span>"></span>victim<span class="element"></w></span><br /> <span class="element"><m <span class="attribute">ana</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#POS</span>"></span>'s<span class="element"></m></span><br /> <span class="element"></phr></span><br /> <span class="element"><w <span class="attribute">ana</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#NN2</span>"></span>friends<span class="element"></w></span><br /> <span class="element"></phr></span><br /> <span class="element"><phr <span class="attribute">ana</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#v</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><w <span class="attribute">ana</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#VVD</span>"></span>told<span class="element"></w></span><br /> <span class="element"><phr <span class="attribute">ana</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#n</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><w <span class="attribute">ana</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#NN2</span>"></span>police<span class="element"></w></span><br /> <span class="element"></phr></span><br /> <span class="element"><cl <span class="attribute">ana</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#fn</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><w <span class="attribute">ana</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#CJT</span>"></span>that<span class="element"></w></span><br /> <span class="element"><phr <span class="attribute">ana</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#n</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><w <span class="attribute">ana</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#NP0</span>"></span>Krueger<span class="element"></w></span><br /> <span class="element"></phr></span><br /> <span class="element"><phr <span class="attribute">ana</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#v</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><phr <span class="attribute">ana</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#v1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><w <span class="attribute">ana</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#VVD</span>"></span>drove<span class="element"></w></span><br /> <span class="element"><phr <span class="attribute">ana</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#pr</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><w <span class="attribute">ana</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#PRP</span>"></span>into<span class="element"></w></span><br /> <span class="element"><phr <span class="attribute">ana</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#n</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><w <span class="attribute">ana</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#AT0</span>"></span>the<span class="element"></w></span><br /> <span class="element"><w <span class="attribute">ana</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#NN1</span>"></span>quarry<span class="element"></w></span><br /> <span class="element"></phr></span><br /> <span class="element"></phr></span><br /> <span class="element"></phr></span><br /> <span class="element"><w <span class="attribute">ana</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#CJC</span>"></span>and<span class="element"></w></span><br /> <span class="element"><phr <span class="attribute">ana</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#v2</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><w <span class="attribute">ana</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#AV0</span>"></span>never<span class="element"></w></span><br /> <span class="element"><w <span class="attribute">ana</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#VVD</span>"></span>surfaced<span class="element"></w></span><br /> <span class="element"></phr></span><br /> <span class="element"></phr></span><br /> <span class="element"></cl></span><br /> <span class="element"></phr></span><br /> <span class="element"><c <span class="attribute">ana</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#pun</span>"></span>.<span class="element"></c></span><br /><span class="element"></s></span></div></div><div class="p">This approach requires the definition of further <a class="gi" title="(interpretation) summarizes a specific interpretative annotation which can be linked to a span of text." href="ref-interp.html">interp</a> (or <a class="gi" title="(feature structure) represents a feature structure, that is, a collection of feature-value pairs organized as a structural unit." href="ref-fs.html">fs</a>) elements to provide targets for the pointers used to represent the constituent analysis: <div id="index-egXML-d52e128443" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><interpGrp <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">constituentFunction</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><interp <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">v2</span>"></span>coordinate continuation<span class="element"></interp></span><br /> <span class="element"><interp <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">v</span>"></span>verbal<span class="element"></interp></span><br /> <span class="element"><interp <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">no</span>"></span>nominal<span class="element"></interp></span><br /> <span class="element"><interp <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">gn</span>"></span>genitive<span class="element"></interp></span><br /> <span class="element"><interp <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">fn</span>"></span>finite clause<span class="element"></interp></span><br /> <span class="element"><interp <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">pr</span>"></span>prepositional<span class="element"></interp></span><br /> <span class="element"><interp <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">v1</span>"></span>coordinate start<span class="element"></interp></span><br /><span class="element"></interpGrp></span></div></div><div class="p">Alternatively, a ‘stand-off’ representation for these analyses might be created using the <a class="gi" title="(link group) defines a collection of associations or hypertextual links." href="ref-linkGrp.html">linkGrp</a> element. In this case, each linguistic segment must be supplied with its own <span class="att">xml:id</span> attribute: <div id="index-egXML-d52e128470" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><s></span><br /> <span class="element"><w <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">word-1</span>"></span>The<span class="element"></w></span><br /> <span class="element"><w <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">word-2</span>"></span>victim<span class="element"></w></span><br /> <span class="element"><w <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">word-3</span>"></span>'s<span class="element"></w></span><br /> <span class="element"><w <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">word-4</span>"></span>friends<span class="element"></w></span><br /> <span class="element"><w <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">word-5</span>"></span>told<span class="element"></w></span><br /> <span class="element"><w <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">word-6</span>"></span>police<span class="element"></w></span><br /> <span class="element"><w <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">word-7</span>"></span>that<span class="element"></w></span><br /> <span class="element"><w <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">word-8</span>"></span>Kruger<span class="element"></w></span><br /> <span class="element"><w <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">word-9</span>"></span>drove<span class="element"></w></span><br /> <span class="element"><w <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">word10</span>"></span>into<span class="element"></w></span><br /> <span class="element"><w <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">word11</span>"></span>the<span class="element"></w></span><br /> <span class="element"><w <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">word12</span>"></span>quarry<span class="element"></w></span><br /> <span class="element"><w <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">word13</span>"></span>and<span class="element"></w></span><br /> <span class="element"><w <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">word14</span>"></span>never<span class="element"></w></span><br /> <span class="element"><w <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">word15</span>"></span>surfaced<span class="element"></w></span><br /><span class="element"></s></span></div> Each segment-interpretation pair may now be represented by means of a <a class="gi" title="defines an association or hypertextual link among elements or passages, of some type not more precisely specifiable by other elements." href="ref-link.html">link</a> element inside an appropriate <a class="gi" title="(link group) defines a collection of associations or hypertextual links." href="ref-linkGrp.html">linkGrp</a> element: <div id="index-egXML-d52e128511" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><linkGrp <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">POS-annotation</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><link <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#word-1 #AT0</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"><link <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#word-2 #NN1</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"><link <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#word-3 #POS</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"><link <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#word-4 #NN2</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"><link <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#word-5 #VVD</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"><link <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#word-6 #NN2</span>"/></span><br /><span class="comment"><!--... --></span><br /><span class="element"></linkGrp></span></div></div><p>Each linguistic segment so far discussed has been well-behaved with respect to the basic document hierarchy, having only a single parent. Moreover, the segmentation has been complete, in that each part of the text is accounted for by some segment at each level of analysis, without discontinuities or overlap. This state of affairs does not of course apply in all types of analysis, and these Guidelines provide a number of mechanisms to support the representation of discontinuities or multiple analyses. A brief overview of these facilities is provided in chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="NH.html" title="31"><span class="headingNumber">20 </span>Non-hierarchical Structures</a>; also see <a class="link_ptr" href="SA.html" title="14"><span class="headingNumber">16 </span>Linking, Segmentation, and Alignment</a>. These mechanisms all depend to a greater or lesser degree on the use of pointing elements of various kinds.</p><div class="p">The mechanisms proposed in this chapter may also be used to encode analyses of an entirely different kind, for example discourse function. Here is an application of the span technique to record details of a sales transaction in a spoken text. <div id="index-egXML-d52e128530" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><u <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">u1</span>"></span>Can I have ten oranges and a kilo of bananas please?<span class="element"></u></span><br /><span class="element"><u <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">u2</span>"></span>Yes, anything else?<span class="element"></u></span><br /><span class="element"><u <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">u3</span>"></span>No thanks.<span class="element"></u></span><br /><span class="element"><u <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">u4</span>"></span>That'll be dollar forty.<span class="element"></u></span><br /><span class="element"><u <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">u5</span>"></span>Two dollars<span class="element"></u></span><br /><span class="element"><u <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">u6</span>"></span>Sixty, eighty, two dollars. Thank you.<span class="element"></u></span><br /><span class="element"><spanGrp <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">transactions</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><span <span class="attribute">from</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#u1</span>"></span>sale request<span class="element"></span></span><br /> <span class="element"><span <span class="attribute">from</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#u2</span>" <span class="attribute">to</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#u3</span>"></span>sale compliance<span class="element"></span></span><br /> <span class="element"><span <span class="attribute">from</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#u4</span>"></span>sale<span class="element"></span></span><br /> <span class="element"><span <span class="attribute">from</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#u5</span>"></span>purchase<span class="element"></span></span><br /> <span class="element"><span <span class="attribute">from</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#u6</span>"></span>purchase closure<span class="element"></span></span><br /><span class="element"></spanGrp></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#CONAAB-eg-150">bibliography</a> </div></div> For further discussion of the <a class="gi" title="(utterance) contains a stretch of speech usually preceded and followed by silence or by a change of speaker." href="ref-u.html">u</a> (utterance) element and other elements recommended for transcriptions of spoken language, see chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="TS.html" title="11"><span class="headingNumber">8 </span>Transcriptions of Speech</a>.</div></div><div class="teidiv1" id="index-body.1_div.17_div.5"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="AI.html#AILA"><span class="headingNumber">17.4 </span>Linguistic Annotation</a></li><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h3><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#index-body.1_div.17_div.5" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Module for Analysis and Interpretation</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">17.5 </span><span class="head">Module for Analysis and Interpretation</span></h3><p>The module described in this chapter makes available the following components: </p><dl class="moduleSpec"><dt class="moduleSpecHead"><span lang="en">Module</span> analysis: Simple analytic mechanisms</dt><dd><ul><li><span lang="en">Elements defined</span>: <a class="link_odd" title="(character) represents a character." href="ref-c.html">c</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(clause) represents a grammatical clause." href="ref-cl.html">cl</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(interpretation) summarizes a specific interpretative annotation which can be linked to a span of text." href="ref-interp.html">interp</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(interpretation group) collects together a set of related interpretations which share responsibility or type." href="ref-interpGrp.html">interpGrp</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(morpheme) represents a grammatical morpheme." href="ref-m.html">m</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(punctuation character) contains a character or string of characters regarded as constituting a single punctuation mark." href="ref-pc.html">pc</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(phrase) represents a grammatical phrase." href="ref-phr.html">phr</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(s-unit) contains a sentence-like division of a text." href="ref-s.html">s</a> <a class="link_odd" title="associates an interpretative annotation directly with a span of text." href="ref-span.html">span</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(span group) collects together span tags." href="ref-spanGrp.html">spanGrp</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(word) represents a grammatical (not necessarily orthographic) word." href="ref-w.html">w</a></li><li><span lang="en">Classes defined</span>: <a class="link_odd" title="provides additional global attributes for associating specific analyses or interpretations with appropriate portions of a text." href="ref-att.global.analytic.html">att.global.analytic</a></li></ul></dd></dl><p> The selection and combination of modules to form a TEI schema is described in <a class="link_ptr" href="ST.html#STIN" title="Defining a TEI Schema"><span class="headingNumber">1.2 </span>Defining a TEI Schema</a>. </p></div></div><nav class="left"><span class="upLink"> ↑ </span><a class="navigation" href="index.html">TEI P5 Guidelines</a><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="SA.html"><span class="headingNumber">16 </span>Linking, Segmentation, and Alignment</a><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="FS.html"><span class="headingNumber">18 </span>Feature Structures</a></nav><!--Notes in [div]--><div class="notes"><div class="noteHeading">Notes</div><div class="note" id="Note108"><span class="noteLabel">71 </span><div class="noteBody">Or, as they are widely known, <span class="term">attribute-value pairs</span>; this term should not be confused, however, with XML attributes and their values, which are similar in concept but distinct in their formal definitions.</div> <a class="link_return" title="Go back to text" href="#Note108_return">↵</a></div><div class="note" id="Note109"><span class="noteLabel">72 </span><div class="noteBody">Neither this constraint, nor the requirement that the whole of the text be segmented by <a class="gi" title="(s-unit) contains a sentence-like division of a text." href="ref-s.html">s</a> elements is enforced by the current TEI schemas; such constraints may however be introduced in a later version of these Guidelines.</div> <a class="link_return" title="Go back to text" href="#Note109_return">↵</a></div><div class="note" id="Note110"><span class="noteLabel">73 </span><div class="noteBody">The rule marks spaces left for the missing name in the manuscript.</div> <a class="link_return" title="Go back to text" href="#Note110_return">↵</a></div><div class="note" id="Note111"><span class="noteLabel">74 </span><div class="noteBody">For the word-class tagging method used by CLAWS see <a class="link_ptr" href="BIB.html#AI-BIBL-6" title="I. Marshall Choice of Grammatical Word Class without Global Syntactic Analysis Tagging Words in the LOB CorpusComputers and the...">Marshall (1983)</a>; For an overview of the system see <a class="citlink" href="BIB.html#AI-BIBL-7">Garside et al. (1991)</a>. The example sentence was processed using an online version of the CLAWS tagger at <a class="link_ptr" href="http://ucrel.lancs.ac.uk/claws/"><span>http://ucrel.lancs.ac.uk/claws/</span></a></div> <a class="link_return" title="Go back to text" href="#Note111_return">↵</a></div></div><div class="stdfooter autogenerated"><p>
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