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--></script></head><body><div id="container"><div id="banner"><img src="Images/banner.jpg" alt="Text Encoding Initiative logo and banner" /></div></div><div class="mainhead"><h1>P5:
Guidelines for Electronic Text Encoding and Interchange</h1><p>Version 3.1.1a. Last updated on
10th May 2017, revision bd8dda3</p></div><div id="onecol" class="main-content"><h2><span class="headingNumber">21 </span>Certainty, Precision, and Responsibility</h2><div class="div1" id="CE"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_left"><p><span class="subtochead">Table of contents</span></p><div class="subtoc"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><a class="subtoc" href="CE.html#CECERT" title="Levels of Certainty">21.1 Levels of Certainty</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="subtoc" href="CE.html#CEPREC" title="Indications of Precision">21.2 Indications of Precision</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="subtoc" href="CE.html#CERESP" title="Attribution of Responsibility">21.3 Attribution of Responsibility</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="subtoc" href="CE.html#index-body.1_div.21_div.4">21.4 The Certainty Module</a></li></ul></div><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="NH.html"><span class="headingNumber">20 </span>Non-hierarchical Structures</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="TD.html"><span class="headingNumber">22 </span>Documentation Elements</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><p>Encoders of text often find it useful to indicate that some aspects of the encoded text are problematic or uncertain, and to indicate who is responsible for various aspects of the markup of the electronic text. These Guidelines provide several methods of recording uncertainty about the text or its markup: </p><ul class="bulleted"><li class="item">the <a class="gi" title="contains a note or annotation." href="ref-note.html">note</a> element defined in section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#CONO" title="Notes Annotation and Indexing"><span class="headingNumber">3.8 </span>Notes, Annotation, and Indexing</a> may be used with a value of <span class="val">certainty</span> for its <span class="att">type</span> attribute.</li><li class="item">the <a class="gi" title="indicates the degree of certainty associated with some aspect of the text markup." href="ref-certainty.html">certainty</a> element defined in this chapter may be used to record the nature and degree of the uncertainty in a more structured way.</li><li class="item">the <a class="gi" title="indicates the numerical accuracy or precision associated with some aspect of the text markup." href="ref-precision.html">precision</a> element defined in this chapter may be used to record the accuracy with which some numerical value (such as a date or quantity) is provided by some other element or attribute.</li><li class="item">the <a class="gi" title="(alternation) identifies an alternation or a set of choices among elements or passages." href="ref-alt.html">alt</a> element defined in the module for linking and segmentation may be used to provide alternative encodings for parts of a text, as described in section <a class="link_ptr" href="SA.html#SAAT" title="Alternation"><span class="headingNumber">16.8 </span>Alternation</a>.</li></ul><p> There are three methods of indicating responsibility for different aspects of the electronic text: </p><ul class="bulleted"><li class="item">the TEI header records who is responsible for an electronic text by means of the <a class="gi" title="(statement of responsibility) supplies a statement of responsibility for the intellectual content of a text, edition, recording, or series, where the specialized elements for authors, editors, etc. do not suffice or do not apply. May also be used to encode information about individuals or organizations which have played a role in the production or distribution of a bibliographic work." href="ref-respStmt.html">respStmt</a> element and other more specific elements (<a class="gi" title="in a bibliographic reference, contains the name(s) of an author, personal or corporate, of a work; for example in the same form as that provided by a recognized bibliographic name authority." href="ref-author.html">author</a>, <a class="gi" title="specifies the name of a sponsoring organization or institution." href="ref-sponsor.html">sponsor</a>, <a class="gi" title="(funding body) specifies the name of an individual, institution, or organization responsible for the funding of a project or text." href="ref-funder.html">funder</a>, <a class="gi" title="(principal researcher) supplies the name of the principal researcher responsible for the creation of an electronic text." href="ref-principal.html">principal</a>, etc.) used within the <a class="gi" title="(title statement) groups information about the title of a work and those responsible for its content." href="ref-titleStmt.html">titleStmt</a>, <a class="gi" title="(edition statement) groups information relating to one edition of a text." href="ref-editionStmt.html">editionStmt</a>, and <a class="gi" title="(revision description) summarizes the revision history for a file." href="ref-revisionDesc.html">revisionDesc</a> elements.</li><li class="item">the <a class="gi" title="contains a note or annotation." href="ref-note.html">note</a> element may be used with a value of <span class="val">resp</span> or <span class="val">responsibility</span> in its <span class="att">type</span> attribute.</li><li class="item">the <a class="gi" title="(responsibility) identifies the individual(s) responsible for some aspect of the content or markup of particular element(s)." href="ref-respons.html">respons</a> element defined in this chapter may be used to record fine-grained structured information about responsibility for individual tags in the text.</li></ul><p> No special steps are needed to use the <a class="gi" title="contains a note or annotation." href="ref-note.html">note</a> and <a class="gi" title="(statement of responsibility) supplies a statement of responsibility for the intellectual content of a text, edition, recording, or series, where the specialized elements for authors, editors, etc. do not suffice or do not apply. May also be used to encode information about individuals or organizations which have played a role in the production or distribution of a bibliographic work." href="ref-respStmt.html">respStmt</a> elements, since they are defined in the core module and header respectively. The <a class="gi" title="(alternation) identifies an alternation or a set of choices among elements or passages." href="ref-alt.html">alt</a> element is only available when the module for linking has been selected, as described in chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="SA.html" title="14"><span class="headingNumber">16 </span>Linking, Segmentation, and Alignment</a>. To use the <a class="gi" title="indicates the degree of certainty associated with some aspect of the text markup." href="ref-certainty.html">certainty</a>, <a class="gi" title="indicates the numerical accuracy or precision associated with some aspect of the text markup." href="ref-precision.html">precision</a> or <a class="gi" title="(responsibility) identifies the individual(s) responsible for some aspect of the content or markup of particular element(s)." href="ref-respons.html">respons</a> elements, the module for certainty and responsibility must be selected.</p><p>These three elements are all members of an attribute class called <a class="link_odd" title="provides attributes for selecting particular elements within a document." href="ref-att.scoping.html">att.scoping</a> from which they inherit the following attributes: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-att.scoping.html">att.scoping</a></span> provides attributes for selecting particular elements within a document.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">target</span></td><td>points at one or several elements or sets of elements by means of one or more data pointers, using the URI syntax.</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">match</span></td><td>supplies an arbitrary XPath expression using the syntax defined in <a class="link_ptr" href="BIB.html#XSLT2" title="Michael Kay XSL Transformations (XSLT) Version 2.0W3C23 January 2007">Kay (ed.) (2007)</a> which identifies a set of nodes, selected within the context identified by the <span class="att">target</span> attribute if this is supplied, or within the context of the parent element if it is not.</td></tr></table></li></ul><p>These attributes enable statements about certainty, precision, or responsibility to be made with respect to the whole of a document, or any part or parts of it which can be identified using standard XML location methods. Several examples are given in the discussion of the <a class="gi" title="indicates the degree of certainty associated with some aspect of the text markup." href="ref-certainty.html">certainty</a> element below; the same mechanisms are available for all three elements discussed in this chapter.</p><div class="div2" id="CECERT"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="CE.html#CEPREC"><span class="headingNumber">21.2 </span>Indications of Precision</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h3><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#CECERT" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Levels of Certainty</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">21.1 </span><span class="head">Levels of Certainty</span></h3><p>Many types of uncertainty may be distinguished. The <a class="gi" title="indicates the degree of certainty associated with some aspect of the text markup." href="ref-certainty.html">certainty</a> element is designed to encode the following sorts: </p><ul class="bulleted"><li class="item">a given tag may or may not correctly apply (e.g. a given word may be a personal name, or perhaps not)</li><li class="item">the precise point at which an element begins or ends is uncertain</li><li class="item">the value given for an attribute is uncertain</li><li class="item">the content given for an element is unreliable for any reason.</li></ul><p>The following types of uncertainty are <em>not</em> indicated with the <a class="gi" title="indicates the degree of certainty associated with some aspect of the text markup." href="ref-certainty.html">certainty</a> element: </p><ul class="bulleted"><li class="item">the numerical precision associated with a number or date (for this use the <a class="gi" title="indicates the numerical accuracy or precision associated with some aspect of the text markup." href="ref-precision.html">precision</a> element discussed in <a class="link_ptr" href="CE.html#CEPREC" title="Indications of Precision"><span class="headingNumber">21.2 </span>Indications of Precision</a>)</li><li class="item">the content of the document being transcribed is identifiable, but may be read or understood in different ways (for this use the transcriptional elements such as <a class="gi" title="contains a word, phrase, or passage which cannot be transcribed with certainty because it is illegible or inaudible in the source." href="ref-unclear.html">unclear</a>, discussed in chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="PH.html" title="18"><span class="headingNumber">11 </span>Representation of Primary Sources</a>)</li><li class="item">a transcriber, editor, or author wishes to indicate a level of confidence in a factual assertion made in the text (for this use the interpretative mechanisms discussed in <a class="link_ptr" href="AI.html" title="15"><span class="headingNumber">17 </span>Simple Analytic Mechanisms</a> and <a class="link_ptr" href="FS.html" title="16"><span class="headingNumber">18 </span>Feature Structures</a>)</li></ul><div class="div3" id="CECENO"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="CE.html#CECECE"><span class="headingNumber">21.1.2 </span>Structured Indications of Uncertainty</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#CECENO" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Using Notes to Record Uncertainty</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">21.1.1 </span><span class="head">Using Notes to Record Uncertainty</span></h4><div class="p">The simplest way of recording uncertainty about markup is to attach a note to the element or location about which one is unsure. In the following (invented) paragraph, for example, an encoder might be uncertain whether to mark <span class="q">‘Essex’</span> as a place name or a personal name, since both might be plausible in the given context: <div class="q">Elizabeth went to Essex. She had always liked Essex.</div> Using <a class="gi" title="contains a note or annotation." href="ref-note.html">note</a>, the uncertainty here may be recorded quite simply: <div id="index-egXML-d52e138871" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><persName></span>Elizabeth<span class="element"></persName></span> went to <span class="element"><placeName></span>Essex<span class="element"></placeName></span>. She had always liked <span class="element"><placeName></span>Essex<span class="element"></placeName></span>.<br /><span class="element"><note <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">certainty</span>" <span class="attribute">resp</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#MSM</span>"></span>It is not<br /> clear here whether <span class="element"><mentioned></span>Essex<span class="element"></mentioned></span><br /> refers to the place or to the nobleman. -MSM<span class="element"></note></span></div></div><div class="p">Using the normal mechanisms, the note may be associated unambiguously with specific elements of the text, thus: <div id="index-egXML-d52e138888" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><persName></span>Elizabeth<span class="element"></persName></span> went to <span class="element"><placeName <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">CE-p1a</span>"></span>Essex<span class="element"></placeName></span>.<br /> She had always liked <span class="element"><placeName <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">CE-p1b</span>"></span>Essex<span class="element"></placeName></span>.<br /><span class="element"><note <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">certainty</span>" <span class="attribute">resp</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#MSM</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#CE-p1a #CE-p1b</span>"></span>It<br /> is not clear here whether <span class="element"><mentioned></span>Essex<span class="element"></mentioned></span><br /> refers to the place or to the nobleman. If the latter,<br /> it should be tagged as a personal name. -<span class="element"><name <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">MSM</span>"></span>Michael<span class="element"></name></span><span class="element"></note></span></div></div><p>The advantage of this technique is its relative simplicity. Its disadvantage is that the nature and degree of uncertainty are not conveyed in any systematic way and thus are not susceptible to any sort of automatic processing.</p></div><div class="div3" id="CECECE"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="CE.html#CECENO"><span class="headingNumber">21.1.1 </span>Using Notes to Record Uncertainty</a></li><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#CECECE" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Structured Indications of Uncertainty</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">21.1.2 </span><span class="head">Structured Indications of Uncertainty</span></h4><p>To record uncertainty in a more structured way, susceptible of at least simple automatic processing, the <a class="gi" title="indicates the degree of certainty associated with some aspect of the text markup." href="ref-certainty.html">certainty</a> element may be used: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-certainty.html">certainty</a></span> indicates the degree of certainty associated with some aspect of the text markup.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">locus</span></td><td>indicates more exactly the aspect concerning which certainty is being expressed: specifically, whether the markup is correctly located, whether the correct element or attribute name has been used, or whether the content of the element or attribute is correct, etc.</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">degree</span></td><td>indicates the degree of confidence assigned to the aspect of the markup named by the <span class="att">locus</span> attribute.</td></tr></table></li></ul><div class="p">Returning to the example, the <a class="gi" title="indicates the degree of certainty associated with some aspect of the text markup." href="ref-certainty.html">certainty</a> element may be used to record doubts about the proper encoding of <span class="q">‘Essex’</span> in several ways of varying precision. To record merely that we are not certain that <span class="q">‘Essex’</span> is in fact a place name, as it is tagged, we use the <span class="att">target</span> attribute to identify the element in question, and the <span class="att">locus</span> attribute to indicate which aspect of the markup we are uncertain about (in this case, whether we have used the correct <span class="q">‘name’</span> for the element used to mark it): <div id="index-egXML-d52e138938" class="pre egXML_valid">Elizabeth went to<br /><span class="element"><placeName <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">CE-pl1</span>"></span>Essex<span class="element"></placeName></span>.<br /><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... elsewhere in the document ... --></span><br /><span class="element"><certainty <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#CE-pl1</span>" <span class="attribute">locus</span>="<span class="attributevalue">name</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><desc></span>possibly not a placename<span class="element"></desc></span><br /><span class="element"></certainty></span></div> There are no particular constraints as to where the <a class="gi" title="indicates the degree of certainty associated with some aspect of the text markup." href="ref-certainty.html">certainty</a> element is placed in a document; it may be placed adjacent to the target element, or elsewhere in the same or another document. Its position is however significant when the <span class="att">target</span> attribute is not specified as further discussed below.</div><div class="p">We may wish to record the probability, assessed in some subjective way, that <span class="q">‘Essex’</span> really is a place name here. The <span class="att">degree</span> attribute is used to indicate the degree of confidence associated with the <a class="gi" title="indicates the degree of certainty associated with some aspect of the text markup." href="ref-certainty.html">certainty</a> element, expressed as a number between 0 and 1: <div id="index-egXML-d52e138965" class="pre egXML_valid"><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><span class="element"><certainty <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#CE-pl1</span>" <span class="attribute">locus</span>="<span class="attributevalue">name</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">degree</span>="<span class="attributevalue">0.6</span>"/></span></div> This expresses the point of view that there is a 60 percent chance of <span class="q">‘Essex’</span> being a place name here, and hence a 40 percent chance of its being a personal name. We can use two <a class="gi" title="indicates the degree of certainty associated with some aspect of the text markup." href="ref-certainty.html">certainty</a> elements to indicate the two probabilities independently. Both elements indicate the same location in the text, but the second provides an alternative choice of name identifier (in this case <a class="gi" title="(personal name) contains a proper noun or proper-noun phrase referring to a person, possibly including one or more of the person's forenames, surnames, honorifics, added names, etc." href="ref-persName.html">persName</a>), which is given as the value of the <span class="att">assertedValue</span> attribute: <div id="index-egXML-d52e138982" class="pre egXML_valid"><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><span class="element"><certainty <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#CE-pl1</span>" <span class="attribute">locus</span>="<span class="attributevalue">name</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">degree</span>="<span class="attributevalue">0.6</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><desc></span>probably a placename, but possibly not<span class="element"></desc></span><br /><span class="element"></certainty></span><br /><span class="element"><certainty <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#CE-pl1</span>" <span class="attribute">locus</span>="<span class="attributevalue">name</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">degree</span>="<span class="attributevalue">0.4</span>" <span class="attribute">assertedValue</span>="<span class="attributevalue">persName</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><desc></span>may refer to the Earl of Essex<span class="element"></desc></span><br /><span class="element"></certainty></span></div></div><div class="p">In the simplest case, it is also possible to place the <a class="gi" title="indicates the degree of certainty associated with some aspect of the text markup." href="ref-certainty.html">certainty</a> element within the element concerned: <div id="index-egXML-d52e138995" class="pre egXML_valid">Elizabeth went to<br /><span class="element"><placeName></span>Essex<br /> <span class="element"><certainty <span class="attribute">locus</span>="<span class="attributevalue">name</span>" <span class="attribute">degree</span>="<span class="attributevalue">0.6</span>"/></span><span class="element"></placeName></span>.</div> When no <span class="att">target</span> is specified, by default the proposed certainty applies to its parent element, in this case the <a class="gi" title="contains an absolute or relative place name." href="ref-placeName.html">placeName</a> element. The <span class="att">match</span> attribute discussed below may be used to further vary this behaviour.</div><div class="teidiv3" id="CEconcon"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="CE.html#index-body.1_div.21_div.1_div.2_div.2"><span class="headingNumber">21.1.2.2 </span>Pervasive Conditions</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h5><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#CEconcon" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Contingent Conditions</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">21.1.2.1 </span><span class="head">Contingent Conditions</span></h5><div class="p">Finally, we may wish to make our probability estimates contingent on some condition. In the passage <span class="q">‘Elizabeth went to Essex; she had always liked Essex,’</span> for example, we may feel there is a 60 percent chance that the county is meant, and a 40 percent chance that the earl is meant. But the two occurrences of the word are not independent: there is (we may feel) no chance at all that the first occurrence refers to the county and the second to the earl. We can express this by using the <span class="att">given</span> attribute to list the identifiers of <a class="gi" title="indicates the degree of certainty associated with some aspect of the text markup." href="ref-certainty.html">certainty</a> elements. <div id="index-egXML-d52e139025" class="pre egXML_valid">Elizabeth went to <span class="element"><placeName <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">CE-PL1</span>"></span>Essex<span class="element"></placeName></span>.<br /> She had always liked <span class="element"><placeName <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">CE-PL2</span>"></span>Essex<span class="element"></placeName></span>.<br /><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- 60% chance that P1 is a placename,
40% chance a personal name. --></span><br /><span class="element"><certainty <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">cert-1</span>" <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#CE-PL1</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">locus</span>="<span class="attributevalue">name</span>" <span class="attribute">degree</span>="<span class="attributevalue">0.6</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><desc></span>probably a placename, but possibly not"<span class="element"></desc></span><br /><span class="element"></certainty></span><br /><span class="element"><certainty <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">cert-2</span>" <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#CE-PL1</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">locus</span>="<span class="attributevalue">name</span>" <span class="attribute">assertedValue</span>="<span class="attributevalue">persName</span>" <span class="attribute">degree</span>="<span class="attributevalue">0.4</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><desc></span>may refer to the Earl of Essex"<span class="element"></desc></span><br /><span class="element"></certainty></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- 60% chance that P2 is a placename,
40% chance a personal name.
100% chance that it agrees with P1. --></span><br /><span class="element"><certainty <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#CE-PL2</span>" <span class="attribute">locus</span>="<span class="attributevalue">name</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">given</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#cert-1</span>" <span class="attribute">degree</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1.0</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><desc></span>if CE-PL1 is a placename, CE-PL2 certainly is"<span class="element"></desc></span><br /><span class="element"></certainty></span><br /><span class="element"><certainty <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#CE-PL2</span>" <span class="attribute">locus</span>="<span class="attributevalue">name</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">assertedValue</span>="<span class="attributevalue">persName</span>" <span class="attribute">degree</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1.0</span>" <span class="attribute">given</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#cert-2</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><desc></span>if CE-PL1 is a personal name, then so is CE-PL2<span class="element"></desc></span><br /><span class="element"></certainty></span></div> When <span class="att">given</span> conditions are listed, the <a class="gi" title="indicates the degree of certainty associated with some aspect of the text markup." href="ref-certainty.html">certainty</a> element is interpreted as claiming a given degree of confidence in a particular markup given the assertional content of the <a class="gi" title="indicates the degree of certainty associated with some aspect of the text markup." href="ref-certainty.html">certainty</a> elements indicated. That is, a conjectural assertion is being made solely on the assumption that the interpretation indicated by the element named by the <span class="att">given</span> attribute is actually correct.</div><div class="p">Conditional confidence may be less than 100 percent: given the sentence <span class="q">‘Ernest went to old Saybrook’</span>, we may interpret <span class="q">‘Saybrook’</span> as a personal name or a place name, assigning a 60 percent probability to the former. If it is a place name, there may be a 50 percent chance that the place name actually in question is <span class="q">‘Old Saybrook’</span> rather than <span class="q">‘Saybrook’</span>, while if it is correctly tagged as a personal name, it is much more likely (say, 90 percent certain) that the name is <span class="q">‘Saybrook’</span>. Hence there is uncertainty about the correct location for the markup as well as about which markup to use. This state of affairs can be expressed using the <a class="gi" title="indicates the degree of certainty associated with some aspect of the text markup." href="ref-certainty.html">certainty</a> element thus: <div id="index-egXML-d52e139084" class="pre egXML_valid">Ernest went to <span class="element"><anchor <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">CE-a1</span>"/></span> old <span class="element"><persName <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">CE-p2</span>"></span>Saybrook<span class="element"></persName></span>.<br /><br /><span class="element"><certainty <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">cert1</span>" <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#CE-p2</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">locus</span>="<span class="attributevalue">name</span>" <span class="attribute">degree</span>="<span class="attributevalue">0.6</span>"/></span><br /><span class="element"><certainty <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#CE-p2</span>" <span class="attribute">locus</span>="<span class="attributevalue">start</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">given</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#cert1</span>" <span class="attribute">degree</span>="<span class="attributevalue">0.9</span>"/></span><br /><span class="element"><certainty <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">cert2</span>" <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#CE-p2</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">locus</span>="<span class="attributevalue">name</span>" <span class="attribute">assertedValue</span>="<span class="attributevalue">placeName</span>" <span class="attribute">degree</span>="<span class="attributevalue">0.4</span>"/></span><br /><span class="element"><certainty <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#CE-p2</span>" <span class="attribute">locus</span>="<span class="attributevalue">start</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">given</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#cert2</span>" <span class="attribute">degree</span>="<span class="attributevalue">0.5</span>"/></span><br /><span class="element"><certainty <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">cert3</span>" <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#CE-p2</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">locus</span>="<span class="attributevalue">start</span>" <span class="attribute">assertedValue</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#CE-a1</span>" <span class="attribute">given</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#cert1</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">degree</span>="<span class="attributevalue">0.1</span>"/></span><br /><span class="element"><certainty <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">cert4</span>" <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#CE-p2</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">locus</span>="<span class="attributevalue">start</span>" <span class="attribute">assertedValue</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#CE-a1</span>" <span class="attribute">given</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#cert2</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">degree</span>="<span class="attributevalue">0.5</span>"/></span></div> Note the use of the <span class="att">assertedValue</span> on <a class="gi" title="indicates the degree of certainty associated with some aspect of the text markup." href="ref-certainty.html">certainty</a> elements <span class="val">cert3</span> and <span class="val">cert4</span> to reference the <a class="gi" title="(anchor point) attaches an identifier to a point within a text, whether or not it corresponds with a textual element." href="ref-anchor.html">anchor</a> element placed at the alternative starting point for the element.</div><div class="p">Multiplying the numeric values out, this markup may be interpreted as assigning specific probabilities to three different ways of marking up the sentence: <div id="index-egXML-d52e139116" class="pre egXML_valid">Ernest went to old <span class="element"><persName></span>Saybrook<span class="element"></persName></span>. (0.6 * 0.9, or 0.54)<br /> Ernest went to old <span class="element"><placeName></span>Saybrook<span class="element"></placeName></span>. (0.4 * 0.5, or 0.20)<br /> Ernest went to <span class="element"><placeName></span>old Saybrook<span class="element"></placeName></span>. (0.4 * 0.5, or 0.20)</div> The probabilities do not add up to 1.00 because the markup indicates that if <span class="q">‘Saybrook’</span> is (part of) a personal name, there is a 10 percent likelihood that the element should start somewhere other than the place indicated, without however giving an alternative location; there is thus a 6 percent chance (0.1 × 0.6) that none of the alternatives given is correct.</div></div><div class="teidiv3" id="index-body.1_div.21_div.1_div.2_div.2"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="CE.html#CEconcon"><span class="headingNumber">21.1.2.1 </span>Contingent Conditions</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="CE.html#index-body.1_div.21_div.1_div.2_div.3"><span class="headingNumber">21.1.2.3 </span>Content Uncertainty</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h5><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#index-body.1_div.21_div.1_div.2_div.2" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Pervasive Conditions</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">21.1.2.2 </span><span class="head">Pervasive Conditions</span></h5><div class="p">We may also wish to indicate confidence in some aspect of the tagging throughout a document, rather than (as discussed so far) in one particular instance. The <span class="att">match</span> attribute may be used to supply a pattern identifying the portion of a document concerning which certainty is being expressed. The value of the <span class="att">match</span> attribute is an XPath expression using the syntax defined in <a class="link_ptr" href="BIB.html#XSLT2" title="Michael Kay XSL Transformations (XSLT) Version 2.0W3C23 January 2007">Kay (ed.) (2007)</a>. In the following example, we wish to indicate a low degree of confidence that the <a class="gi" title="(personal name) contains a proper noun or proper-noun phrase referring to a person, possibly including one or more of the person's forenames, surnames, honorifics, added names, etc." href="ref-persName.html">persName</a> elements used throughout the whole document have been correctly applied: <div id="index-egXML-d52e139150" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><certainty <span class="attribute">locus</span>="<span class="attributevalue">name</span>" <span class="attribute">degree</span>="<span class="attributevalue">0.3</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">match</span>="<span class="attributevalue">//persName</span>"/></span></div> No <span class="att">target</span> has been supplied here, and so by default the <a class="gi" title="indicates the degree of certainty associated with some aspect of the text markup." href="ref-certainty.html">certainty</a> expressed would therefore apply to the parent element. However, in this case the XPath supplied as the value for <span class="att">match</span> returns a set of all the <a class="gi" title="(personal name) contains a proper noun or proper-noun phrase referring to a person, possibly including one or more of the person's forenames, surnames, honorifics, added names, etc." href="ref-persName.html">persName</a> elements in the document, independent of the current context. By contrast, in the following example <div id="index-egXML-d52e139165" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><div></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>[...]<span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"></div></span><br /><span class="element"><div></span><br /> <span class="element"><certainty <span class="attribute">locus</span>="<span class="attributevalue">name</span>" <span class="attribute">degree</span>="<span class="attributevalue">0.3</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">match</span>="<span class="attributevalue">.//persName</span>"/></span><br /><span class="element"></div></span></div> only the <a class="gi" title="(personal name) contains a proper noun or proper-noun phrase referring to a person, possibly including one or more of the person's forenames, surnames, honorifics, added names, etc." href="ref-persName.html">persName</a> elements within the second <a class="gi" title="(text division) contains a subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div.html">div</a> element are in question. Similarly, we may indicate that we have more confidence in the <a class="gi" title="(personal name) contains a proper noun or proper-noun phrase referring to a person, possibly including one or more of the person's forenames, surnames, honorifics, added names, etc." href="ref-persName.html">persName</a> tagging within those <a class="gi" title="(text division) contains a subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div.html">div</a> elements which have a <span class="att">type</span> value of <code>checked</code>: <div id="index-egXML-d52e139192" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><certainty <span class="attribute">locus</span>="<span class="attributevalue">name</span>" <span class="attribute">degree</span>="<span class="attributevalue">0.7</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">match</span>="<span class="attributevalue">//div[@type='checked']//persName</span>"/></span></div> If an element in a document is matched by more than one match expression, then the most specific pattern applies. <span id="Note123_return"><a class="notelink" title="Specificity of pattern matching is defined further in the XSLT2 reference cited above (see )" href="#Note123"><sup>86</sup></a></span> As a simple case, if both the preceding <a class="gi" title="indicates the degree of certainty associated with some aspect of the text markup." href="ref-certainty.html">certainty</a> elements were present in the same document, a <a class="gi" title="(personal name) contains a proper noun or proper-noun phrase referring to a person, possibly including one or more of the person's forenames, surnames, honorifics, added names, etc." href="ref-persName.html">persName</a> occurring within a <span class="tag"><div type="checked"></span> element would potentially match both pattern expressions. However because the second pattern is more specific than the former, in fact this is the only one that would apply. If multiple patterns match and have the same priority, then the first one (in document order) is applied. Only those statements of certainty which have matched in this sense are available for conditional application using the <span class="att">given</span> attribute mentioned above.</div><div class="p">When the <span class="att">match</span> attribute is processed, the namespace bindings in force are those in effect at that point in the document. For example, <div id="index-egXML-d52e139217" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><div></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"><certainty <span class="attribute">match</span>="<span class="attributevalue">.//my:*</span>" <span class="attribute">locus</span>="<span class="attributevalue">value</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">degree</span>="<span class="attributevalue">0.9</span>"/></span><br /><span class="element"></div></span></div> might be used to indicate a high degree of certainty about the content of any elements taken the namespace associated with the prefix <code>my</code>. This namespace prefix must be associated with an appropriate namespace definition, either on the <a class="gi" title="indicates the degree of certainty associated with some aspect of the text markup." href="ref-certainty.html">certainty</a> element itself, or on one of its ancestor elements.</div></div><div class="teidiv3" id="index-body.1_div.21_div.1_div.2_div.3"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="CE.html#index-body.1_div.21_div.1_div.2_div.2"><span class="headingNumber">21.1.2.2 </span>Pervasive Conditions</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="CE.html#index-body.1_div.21_div.1_div.2_div.4"><span class="headingNumber">21.1.2.4 </span>Target or Match?</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h5><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#index-body.1_div.21_div.1_div.2_div.3" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Content Uncertainty</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">21.1.2.3 </span><span class="head">Content Uncertainty</span></h5><div class="p">Doubts about whether the content of an element is correct may also be expressed by assigning to <span class="att">locus</span> the value <span class="mentioned">value</span>. For example, if the source is hard to read and so the transcription is uncertain: <div id="index-egXML-d52e139239" class="pre egXML_valid">I have a <span class="element"><emph <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">CE-p3</span>"></span>bun<span class="element"></emph></span>.<br /><br /><span class="element"><certainty <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#CE-p3</span>" <span class="attribute">locus</span>="<span class="attributevalue">value</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">degree</span>="<span class="attributevalue">0.5</span>"/></span></div></div><div class="p">Degrees of confidence in the proper expansion of abbreviations may also be expressed, as in the following example:<div id="index-egXML-d52e139247" class="pre egXML_valid">You will want to use<br /><span class="element"><choice></span><br /> <span class="element"><expan <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">CE-e1</span>"></span>Standard<br /> Generalized Markup Language<span class="element"></expan></span><br /> <span class="element"><expan <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">CE-e40</span>"></span>Some Grandiose Methodology for Losers<span class="element"></expan></span><br /> <span class="element"><abbr></span>SGML<span class="element"></abbr></span><br /><span class="element"></choice></span> ...<br /><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /><span class="element"><certainty <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#CE-e1</span>" <span class="attribute">locus</span>="<span class="attributevalue">value</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">degree</span>="<span class="attributevalue">0.9</span>"/></span><br /><span class="element"><certainty <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#CE-e40</span>" <span class="attribute">locus</span>="<span class="attributevalue">value</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">degree</span>="<span class="attributevalue">0.5</span>"/></span></div></div><div class="p">The <span class="att">assertedValue</span> attribute should be used to provide an alternative value for whatever aspect of the markup is in doubt: an alternative name, or the identifier of an alternative starting or ending point, as already shown, an alternative attribute value, or alternative element content, as in this example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e139265" class="pre egXML_valid">I have a <span class="element"><emph <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">CE-P3</span>"></span>bun<span class="element"></emph></span>.<br /><br /><span class="element"><certainty <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#CE-P3</span>" <span class="attribute">locus</span>="<span class="attributevalue">value</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">assertedValue</span>="<span class="attributevalue">gun</span>" <span class="attribute">degree</span>="<span class="attributevalue">0.8</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><desc></span>a gun makes more sense in a holdup<span class="element"></desc></span><br /><span class="element"></certainty></span></div> Since attribute values have no internal substructure, the <span class="att">assertedValue</span> attribute is not generally useful for specifying alternative transcriptions; it cannot for example be used if the alternative reading contains markup of any kind. More robust methods of handling uncertainties of transcription are the <a class="gi" title="contains a word, phrase, or passage which cannot be transcribed with certainty because it is illegible or inaudible in the source." href="ref-unclear.html">unclear</a> element and the <a class="gi" title="(apparatus entry) contains one entry in a critical apparatus, with an optional lemma and usually one or more readings or notes on the relevant passage." href="ref-app.html">app</a> and <a class="gi" title="(reading) contains a single reading within a textual variation." href="ref-rdg.html">rdg</a> elements described in chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="TC.html" title="19"><span class="headingNumber">12 </span>Critical Apparatus</a>. The <a class="gi" title="indicates the degree of certainty associated with some aspect of the text markup." href="ref-certainty.html">certainty</a> element allows for indications of uncertainty to be structured with at least as much detail and clarity as appears to be currently required in most ongoing text projects.</div></div><div class="teidiv3" id="index-body.1_div.21_div.1_div.2_div.4"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="CE.html#index-body.1_div.21_div.1_div.2_div.3"><span class="headingNumber">21.1.2.3 </span>Content Uncertainty</a></li><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h5><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#index-body.1_div.21_div.1_div.2_div.4" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Target or Match?</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">21.1.2.4 </span><span class="head">Target or Match?</span></h5><p>As noted in <a class="link_ptr" href="SA.html" title="14"><span class="headingNumber">16 </span>Linking, Segmentation, and Alignment</a>, the <span class="att">target</span> attribute may take any general <span class="val">data.pointer</span> as values and may thus also contain an XPath expression of arbitrary complexity. Because full support for XPath is not provided by current processors, it is not generally recommended TEI practice. There are however some simple cases in which XPath syntax is to be preferred, notably those in which the <span class="att">xml:id</span> attribute is used to identify a single element occurrence. The usage <span class="val">#A</span> (to indicate the element whose <span class="att">xml:id</span> attribute has the value <span class="val">A</span>) is syntactically much simpler than the equivalent xpath2 expression <span class="val">//*[@xml:id='A']</span> and is hence preferred throughout these guidelines.</p><p>For similar reasons, the <a class="gi" title="indicates the degree of certainty associated with some aspect of the text markup." href="ref-certainty.html">certainty</a> element may specify both a <span class="att">target</span> value (expressed as an URI) and a <span class="att">match</span> value (expressed as an XPath). The former defines the context within which the latter is to be evaluated. As previously noted, if no value is supplied for <span class="att">target</span>, the context within which the value of <span class="att">match</span> should be evaluated is the parent element of the <a class="gi" title="indicates the degree of certainty associated with some aspect of the text markup." href="ref-certainty.html">certainty</a> element itself.</p><div class="p">A typical case where it may be convenient to specify both <span class="att">target</span> and <span class="att">match</span> is that where we wish to indicate that the value of an attribute on some specific element is uncertain. In this case, the <span class="att">locus</span> attribute takes the value <span class="val">value</span>. For example, supposing there is only a 50 percent chance that the question was spoken by participant A: <div id="index-egXML-d52e139356" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><u <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">CE-u1</span>" <span class="attribute">who</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#A</span>"></span>Have you heard the election results?<span class="element"></u></span><br /><span class="element"><certainty <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#CE-u1</span>" <span class="attribute">match</span>="<span class="attributevalue">@who</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">locus</span>="<span class="attributevalue">value</span>" <span class="attribute">degree</span>="<span class="attributevalue">0.5</span>"/></span></div> or, equivalently and without the need to define a target, <div id="index-egXML-d52e139362" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><u <span class="attribute">who</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#A</span>"></span>Have you heard the election results?<span class="element"><certainty <span class="attribute">match</span>="<span class="attributevalue">@who</span>" <span class="attribute">locus</span>="<span class="attributevalue">value</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">degree</span>="<span class="attributevalue">0.5</span>"/></span><span class="element"></u></span></div></div><div class="p">The <span class="att">match</span> and <span class="att">target</span> attributes together provide a powerful mechanism which can be used to indicate precision for a large number of assertions throughout an encoded document in an economical way. Some further examples follow: <div id="index-egXML-d52e139375" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><certainty <span class="attribute">match</span>="<span class="attributevalue">//p</span>" <span class="attribute">locus</span>="<span class="attributevalue">location</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">degree</span>="<span class="attributevalue">0.2</span>"/></span></div> This encoding indicates that there is only a 0.2 certainty that the boundaries of all <a class="gi" title="(paragraph) marks paragraphs in prose." href="ref-p.html">p</a> elements in the document have been correctly identified.</div><div class="p"><div id="index-egXML-d52e139383" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><certainty <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#a101</span>" <span class="attribute">match</span>="<span class="attributevalue">p</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">locus</span>="<span class="attributevalue">location</span>" <span class="attribute">degree</span>="<span class="attributevalue">0.2</span>"/></span></div> This encoding indicates that there is only a 0.2 certainty that the boundaries of the <a class="gi" title="(paragraph) marks paragraphs in prose." href="ref-p.html">p</a> elements contained by the element with <span class="att">xml:id</span> value <span class="val">a101</span> have been correctly identified.</div><div class="p"><div id="index-egXML-d52e139397" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><persName <span class="attribute">resp</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#LB</span>"></span>Essex<br /> <span class="element"><certainty <span class="attribute">match</span>="<span class="attributevalue">@resp</span>" <span class="attribute">locus</span>="<span class="attributevalue">value</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">degree</span>="<span class="attributevalue">0.2</span>"/></span><span class="element"></persName></span></div> This encoding indicates that there is only a 0.2 certainty that the value for the <span class="att">resp</span> attribute on the given <a class="gi" title="(personal name) contains a proper noun or proper-noun phrase referring to a person, possibly including one or more of the person's forenames, surnames, honorifics, added names, etc." href="ref-persName.html">persName</a> element is correct.</div><div class="p"><div id="index-egXML-d52e139410" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><certainty <span class="attribute">match</span>="<span class="attributevalue">//*/@resp</span>" <span class="attribute">locus</span>="<span class="attributevalue">value</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">degree</span>="<span class="attributevalue">0.2</span>"/></span></div> This encoding indicates that there is only a 0.2 certainty that any value for the <span class="att">resp</span> attribute is correct, wherever it appears in the document.</div><div class="p"><div id="index-egXML-d52e139417" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><certainty <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#dd001</span>" <span class="attribute">match</span>="<span class="attributevalue">@resp</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">locus</span>="<span class="attributevalue">value</span>" <span class="attribute">degree</span>="<span class="attributevalue">0.2</span>"/></span></div> This encoding indicates that there is only a 0.2 certainty that the value for the <span class="att">resp</span> attribute of the element indicated by the pointer <span class="val">#dd001</span> is correct</div><div class="p"><div id="index-egXML-d52e139427" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><certainty <span class="attribute">match</span>="<span class="attributevalue">//*[@resp='#LB']</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">locus</span>="<span class="attributevalue">value</span>" <span class="attribute">degree</span>="<span class="attributevalue">0.2</span>"/></span></div> This encoding indicates that there is only a 0.2 certainty that the content of any element the <span class="att">resp</span> attribute of which has the value <span class="val">#LB</span> is correct, wherever it appears in the document.</div><p>The <a class="gi" title="indicates the degree of certainty associated with some aspect of the text markup." href="ref-certainty.html">certainty</a> element and the other TEI mechanisms for indicating uncertainty provide a range of methods of graduated complexity. Simple expressions of uncertainty may be made by using the <a class="gi" title="contains a note or annotation." href="ref-note.html">note</a> element. This is simple and convenient, and can accommodate either a discursive and unstructured indication of uncertainty, or a complex and structured but probably project-specific expression of uncertainty. In general, however, unless special steps are taken, the <a class="gi" title="contains a note or annotation." href="ref-note.html">note</a> element does not provide as much expressive power as the <a class="gi" title="indicates the degree of certainty associated with some aspect of the text markup." href="ref-certainty.html">certainty</a> element, and in cases where highly structured certainty information must be given, it is recommended that the <a class="gi" title="indicates the degree of certainty associated with some aspect of the text markup." href="ref-certainty.html">certainty</a> element be preferred.</p></div></div></div><div class="div2" id="CEPREC"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="CE.html#CECERT"><span class="headingNumber">21.1 </span>Levels of Certainty</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="CE.html#CERESP"><span class="headingNumber">21.3 </span>Attribution of Responsibility</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h3><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#CEPREC" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Indications of Precision</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">21.2 </span><span class="head">Indications of Precision</span></h3><p>As noted above, certainty about the accuracy of an encoding or its content is not the same thing as the <span class="term">precision</span> with which a value is specified. In the case of a date or a quantity, for example, we might be certain that the value given is imprecise, or uncertain about whether or not the value given is correct. The latter possibility would be represented by the <a class="gi" title="indicates the degree of certainty associated with some aspect of the text markup." href="ref-certainty.html">certainty</a> element discussed in the previous section; the former by the <a class="gi" title="indicates the numerical accuracy or precision associated with some aspect of the text markup." href="ref-precision.html">precision</a> element discussed in this section.</p><p>The elements concerning which statements of precision are to be made are identified using the same <span class="att">target</span> and <span class="att">match</span> attributes inherited from the <a class="link_odd" title="provides attributes for selecting particular elements within a document." href="ref-att.scoping.html">att.scoping</a> class discussed in the previous section and in the same way. Other aspects are provided by other attributes as further discussed below. </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-precision.html">precision</a></span> indicates the numerical accuracy or precision associated with some aspect of the text markup.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">precision</span></td><td>characterizes the precision of the element or attribute pointed to by the <a class="gi" title="indicates the numerical accuracy or precision associated with some aspect of the text markup." href="ref-precision.html">precision</a> element.</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">stdDeviation</span></td><td>supplies a standard deviation associated with the value in question</td></tr></table></li></ul><div class="p">In <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#CONANU" title="Numbers and Measures"><span class="headingNumber">3.5.3 </span>Numbers and Measures</a> several ways of indicating ranges of values were introduced. For example, if we know that a date falls between 1930 and 1935, without being certain exactly where, this fact may be encoded using attributes <span class="att">notBefore</span> and <span class="att">notAfter</span>, as in the following example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e140046" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><date <span class="attribute">notBefore</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1930</span>" <span class="attribute">notAfter</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1935</span>"></span>Early in the 1930s<span class="element"></date></span>...</div> Equally, if we know that every page of a manuscript has a width of at least 10 cm but no more than 30, we can use the attributes <span class="att">atLeast</span> and <span class="att">atMost</span>, as in the following examples: <div id="index-egXML-d52e140058" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><width <span class="attribute">atLeast</span>="<span class="attributevalue">10</span>" <span class="attribute">atMost</span>="<span class="attributevalue">30</span>" <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">cm</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">scope</span>="<span class="attributevalue">all</span>"/></span></div></div><p>Suppose however that the precision with which the value of such an attribute can be specified is variable. For example, suppose an event is dated <span class="q">‘about fifty years after the death of Augustus’</span>. In this case, the precision of one end of the range (the death of Augustus) is higher than the other, assuming we know when Augustus died. We can say that the latest possible date is probably 50 years after that, but with less confidence than we can attach to the earliest possible date.</p><div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="indicates the numerical accuracy or precision associated with some aspect of the text markup." href="ref-precision.html">precision</a> element allows us to indicate the two attributes concerned and attach different levels of precision to them, using a similar mechanism as that provided for the <a class="gi" title="indicates the degree of certainty associated with some aspect of the text markup." href="ref-certainty.html">certainty</a> element: <div id="index-egXML-d52e140074" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><date <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">d001</span>" <span class="attribute">notBefore</span>="<span class="attributevalue">0014</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">notAfter</span>="<span class="attributevalue">0064</span>"></span>About 50<br /> years after the death of Augustus<span class="element"></date></span><br /><span class="element"><precision <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#d001</span>" <span class="attribute">match</span>="<span class="attributevalue">@notAfter</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">precision</span>="<span class="attributevalue">low</span>"/></span><br /><span class="element"><precision <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#d001</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">match</span>="<span class="attributevalue">@notBefore</span>" <span class="attribute">precision</span>="<span class="attributevalue">high</span>"/></span></div></div><div class="p">In much the same way, we may wish to indicate different levels of precision about the dating of either end of a historical period. For example, the elements defined for encoding personal data all bear a similar set of attributes to indicate normalized values for earliest or latest dates, etc. (see section <a class="link_ptr" href="ND.html#NDATTSda" title="Dating Attributes"><span class="headingNumber">13.1.2 </span>Dating Attributes</a>); the precision of these attribute values may be indicated in exactly the same way. For example, <div id="index-egXML-d52e140083" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><residence <span class="attribute">from</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1857-03-01</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">notAfter</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1857-04-30</span>"></span>From the 1st of March to<br /> some time in April of 1857.<br /> <span class="element"><precision <span class="attribute">match</span>="<span class="attributevalue">@notAfter</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">precision</span>="<span class="attributevalue">medium</span>"/></span><span class="element"></residence></span></div></div><div class="p">It may also be useful to indicate that the precisions given for minimum and maximum quanta differ. For example, to indicate that all pages measure at least 10 cm wide, and at most <em>about</em> 30: <div id="index-egXML-d52e140093" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><width <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">w00t</span>" <span class="attribute">atLeast</span>="<span class="attributevalue">10</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">atMost</span>="<span class="attributevalue">30</span>" <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">cm</span>" <span class="attribute">scope</span>="<span class="attributevalue">all</span>"/></span><br /><span class="element"><precision <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#w00t</span>" <span class="attribute">match</span>="<span class="attributevalue">@atMost</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">precision</span>="<span class="attributevalue">low</span>"/></span></div></div><div class="p">The <span class="att">stdDeviation</span> attribute may be used to indicate the standard deviation for a range of values. The generic <a class="gi" title="contains any single measurement forming part of a dimensional specification of some sort." href="ref-dim.html">dim</a> element introduced in <a class="link_ptr" href="MS.html#msdim" title="Dimensions"><span class="headingNumber">10.3.4 </span>Dimensions</a> might be used to record the average number of characters per line in a typescript. If in addition we wish to record the standard deviation for the values summarized by that average, this would require an additional <a class="gi" title="indicates the numerical accuracy or precision associated with some aspect of the text markup." href="ref-precision.html">precision</a> element, as in the following example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e140110" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><dim <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">dim1</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">avgLineLength</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">chars</span>" <span class="attribute">quantity</span>="<span class="attributevalue">62.4</span>"/></span><br /><span class="element"><precision <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#dim1</span>" <span class="attribute">stdDeviation</span>="<span class="attributevalue">4</span>"/></span></div></div></div><div class="div2" id="CERESP"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="CE.html#CEPREC"><span class="headingNumber">21.2 </span>Indications of Precision</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="CE.html#index-body.1_div.21_div.4"><span class="headingNumber">21.4 </span>The Certainty Module</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h3><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#CERESP" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Attribution of Responsibility</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">21.3 </span><span class="head">Attribution of Responsibility</span></h3><p>In general, attribution of responsibility for the transcription and markup of an electronic text is made by <a class="gi" title="(statement of responsibility) supplies a statement of responsibility for the intellectual content of a text, edition, recording, or series, where the specialized elements for authors, editors, etc. do not suffice or do not apply. May also be used to encode information about individuals or organizations which have played a role in the production or distribution of a bibliographic work." href="ref-respStmt.html">respStmt</a> elements within the header: specifically, within the title statement, the edition statement(s), and the revision history.</p><p>In some cases, however, more detailed element-by-element information may be desired. For example, an encoder may wish to distinguish between the individuals responsible for transcribing the content and those responsible for determining that a given word or phrase constitutes a proper noun. Where such fine-grained attribution of responsibility is required, the <a class="gi" title="(responsibility) identifies the individual(s) responsible for some aspect of the content or markup of particular element(s)." href="ref-respons.html">respons</a> element can be used. </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-respons.html">respons</a></span> (responsibility) identifies the individual(s) responsible for some aspect of the content or markup of particular element(s).<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">locus</span></td><td>indicates the specific aspect of the encoding (markup or content) for which responsibility is being assigned.</td></tr></table></li></ul><p>This element allows one or more aspects of the markup to be attributed to a given individual. This element inherits the <span class="att">target</span> and <span class="att">match</span> attributes from the <a class="link_odd" title="provides attributes for selecting particular elements within a document." href="ref-att.scoping.html">att.scoping</a> class, in the same way as the <a class="gi" title="indicates the degree of certainty associated with some aspect of the text markup." href="ref-certainty.html">certainty</a> and <a class="gi" title="indicates the numerical accuracy or precision associated with some aspect of the text markup." href="ref-precision.html">precision</a> elements. Its <span class="att">locus</span> attribute functions in the same way as that on the <a class="gi" title="indicates the degree of certainty associated with some aspect of the text markup." href="ref-certainty.html">certainty</a> element (see <a class="link_ptr" href="CE.html#CECERT" title="Levels of Certainty"><span class="headingNumber">21.1 </span>Levels of Certainty</a>). It inherits the <span class="att">resp</span> and <span class="att">cert</span> attributes from the <a class="link_odd" title="provides attributes indicating the agent responsible for some aspect of the text, the markup or something asserted by the markup, and the degree of certainty associated with it." href="ref-att.global.responsibility.html">att.global.responsibility</a> class.</p><div class="p">For example, the following encoding indicates that RC is responsible for transcribing an illegible word, and that PMWR is responsible for identifying that word as a proper noun, i.e. deciding to mark it with the <a class="gi" title="(personal name) contains a proper noun or proper-noun phrase referring to a person, possibly including one or more of the person's forenames, surnames, honorifics, added names, etc." href="ref-persName.html">persName</a> element at the location indicated: <div id="index-egXML-d52e140169" class="pre egXML_valid">Ernest went to old<br /><span class="element"><persName <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">CE-p5</span>" <span class="attribute">rend</span>="<span class="attributevalue">it</span>"></span>Saybrook<span class="element"></persName></span>.<br /><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /><span class="element"><respons <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#CE-p5</span>" <span class="attribute">locus</span>="<span class="attributevalue">value</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">resp</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#RC</span>"/></span><br /><span class="element"><respons <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#CE-p5</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">locus</span>="<span class="attributevalue">name location</span>" <span class="attribute">resp</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#PMWR</span>"/></span><br /><span class="element"><list <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">encoders</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><item <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">PMWR</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"><item <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">RC</span>"/></span><br /><span class="element"></list></span></div></div><div class="p">Similarly, in the following example, we indicate that RC is responsible for proposing the value of the <span class="att">rend</span> attribute: <div id="index-egXML-d52e140185" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><respons <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#CE-p5</span>" <span class="attribute">match</span>="<span class="attributevalue">@rend</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">locus</span>="<span class="attributevalue">value</span>" <span class="attribute">resp</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#RC</span>"/></span></div></div></div><div class="teidiv1" id="index-body.1_div.21_div.4"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="CE.html#CERESP"><span class="headingNumber">21.3 </span>Attribution of Responsibility</a></li><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h3><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#index-body.1_div.21_div.4" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: The Certainty Module</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">21.4 </span><span class="head">The Certainty Module</span></h3><p>The module described in this chapter makes available the following additional elements: </p><dl class="moduleSpec"><dt class="moduleSpecHead"><span lang="en">Module</span> certainty: Certainty and uncertainty</dt><dd><ul><li><span lang="en">Elements defined</span>: <a class="link_odd" title="indicates the degree of certainty associated with some aspect of the text markup." href="ref-certainty.html">certainty</a> <a class="link_odd" title="indicates the numerical accuracy or precision associated with some aspect of the text markup." href="ref-precision.html">precision</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(responsibility) identifies the individual(s) responsible for some aspect of the content or markup of particular element(s)." href="ref-respons.html">respons</a></li></ul></dd></dl><p> The selection and combination of modules to form a TEI schema is described in <a class="link_ptr" href="ST.html#STIN" title="Defining a TEI Schema"><span class="headingNumber">1.2 </span>Defining a TEI Schema</a>.</p></div></div><nav class="left"><span class="upLink"> ↑ </span><a class="navigation" href="index.html">TEI P5 Guidelines</a><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="NH.html"><span class="headingNumber">20 </span>Non-hierarchical Structures</a><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="TD.html"><span class="headingNumber">22 </span>Documentation Elements</a></nav><!--Notes in [div]--><div class="notes"><div class="noteHeading">Notes</div><div class="note" id="Note123"><span class="noteLabel">86 </span><div class="noteBody">Specificity of pattern matching is defined further in the XSLT2 reference cited above (see <a class="link_ptr" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xslt20/#conflict"><span>http://www.w3.org/TR/xslt20/#conflict</span></a>)</div> <a class="link_return" title="Go back to text" href="#Note123_return">↵</a></div></div><div class="stdfooter autogenerated"><p>
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</p><hr /><div class="footer"><a class="plain" href="http://www.tei-c.org/About/">TEI Consortium</a> | <a class="plain" href="http://www.tei-c.org/About/contact.xml">Feedback</a></div><hr /><address><br />TEI Guidelines <a class="link_ref" href="AB.html#ABTEI4">Version</a> <a class="link_ref" href="../../readme-3.1.1.html">3.1.1a</a>. Last updated on <span class="date">10th May 2017</span>, revision <a class="link_ref" href="https://github.com/TEIC/TEI/commit/bd8dda3">bd8dda3</a>. This page generated on 2017-05-12T12:30:09Z.</address></div></div></body></html>