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--></script></head><body><div id="container"><div id="banner"><img src="Images/banner.jpg" alt="Text Encoding Initiative logo and banner" /></div></div><div class="mainhead"><h1>P5:
Guidelines for Electronic Text Encoding and Interchange</h1><p>Version 3.1.1a. Last updated on
10th May 2017, revision bd8dda3</p></div><div id="onecol" class="main-content"><h2><span class="headingNumber">3 </span>Elements Available in All TEI Documents</h2><div class="div1" id="CO"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_left"><p><span class="subtochead">Table of contents</span></p><div class="subtoc"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><a class="subtoc" href="CO.html#COPA" title="Paragraphs">3.1 Paragraphs</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="subtoc" href="CO.html#COPU" title="Treatment of Punctuation">3.2 Treatment of Punctuation</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="subtoc" href="CO.html#COHQ" title="Highlighting and Quotation">3.3 Highlighting and Quotation</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="subtoc" href="CO.html#COED" title="Simple Editorial Changes">3.4 Simple Editorial Changes</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="subtoc" href="CO.html#CONA" title="Names Numbers Dates Abbreviations and Addresses">3.5 Names, Numbers, Dates, Abbreviations, and Addresses</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="subtoc" href="CO.html#COXR" title="Simple Links and CrossReferences">3.6 Simple Links and Cross-References</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="subtoc" href="CO.html#COLI" title="Lists">3.7 Lists</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="subtoc" href="CO.html#CONO" title="Notes Annotation and Indexing">3.8 Notes, Annotation, and Indexing</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="subtoc" href="CO.html#COGR" title="Graphics and Other Nontextual Components">3.9 Graphics and Other Non-textual Components</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="subtoc" href="CO.html#CORS" title="Reference Systems">3.10 Reference Systems</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="subtoc" href="CO.html#COBI" title="Bibliographic Citations and References">3.11 Bibliographic Citations and References</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="subtoc" href="CO.html#CODV" title="Passages of Verse or Drama">3.12 Passages of Verse or Drama</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="subtoc" href="CO.html#COOV" title="Overview of the Core Module">3.13 Overview of the Core Module </a></li></ul></div><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="HD.html"><span class="headingNumber">2 </span>The TEI Header</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="DS.html"><span class="headingNumber">4 </span>Default Text Structure</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><p>This chapter describes elements which may appear in any kind of text and the tags used to mark them in all TEI documents. Most of these elements are freely floating phrases, which can appear at any point within the textual structure, although they must generally be contained by a higher-level element of some kind (such as a paragraph). A few of the elements described in this chapter (for example, bibliographic citations and lists) have a comparatively well-defined internal structure, but most of them have no consistent inner structure of their own. In the general case, they contain only a few words, and are often identifiable in a conventionally printed text by the use of typographic conventions such as shifts of font, use of quotation or other punctuation marks, or other changes in layout.</p><p>This chapter begins by describing the <a class="gi" title="(paragraph) marks paragraphs in prose." href="ref-p.html">p</a> tag used to mark paragraphs, the prototypical formal unit for running text in many TEI modules. This is followed, in section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#COPU" title="Treatment of Punctuation"><span class="headingNumber">3.2 </span>Treatment of Punctuation</a>, by a discussion of some specific problems associated with the interpretation of conventional punctuation, and the methods proposed by these Guidelines for resolving ambiguities therein.</p><p>The next section (section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#COHQ" title="Highlighting and Quotation"><span class="headingNumber">3.3 </span>Highlighting and Quotation</a>) describes a number of phrase-level elements commonly marked by typographic features (and thus well-represented in conventional markup languages). These include features commonly marked by font shifts (section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#COHQH" title="Emphasis Foreign Words and Unusual Language"><span class="headingNumber">3.3.2 </span>Emphasis, Foreign Words, and Unusual Language</a>) and features commonly marked by quotation marks (section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#COHQQ" title="Quotation"><span class="headingNumber">3.3.3 </span>Quotation</a>) as well as such features as terms, cited words, and glosses (section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#COHQU" title="Terms Glosses Equivalents and Descriptions"><span class="headingNumber">3.3.4 </span>Terms, Glosses, Equivalents, and Descriptions</a>).</p><p>Section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#COED" title="Simple Editorial Changes"><span class="headingNumber">3.4 </span>Simple Editorial Changes</a> introduces some phrase-level elements which may be used to record simple editorial interventions, such as emendation or correction of the encoded text. The elements described here constitute a simple subset of the full mechanisms for encoding such information (described in full in chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="PH.html" title="18"><span class="headingNumber">11 </span>Representation of Primary Sources</a>), which should be adequate to most commonly encountered situations.</p><p>The next section (section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#CONA" title="Names Numbers Dates Abbreviations and Addresses"><span class="headingNumber">3.5 </span>Names, Numbers, Dates, Abbreviations, and Addresses</a>) describes several phrase-level and inter-level elements which, although often of interest for analysis or processing, are rarely explicitly identified in conventional printing. These include names (section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#CONARS" title="Referring Strings"><span class="headingNumber">3.5.1 </span>Referring Strings</a>), numbers and measures (section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#CONANU" title="Numbers and Measures"><span class="headingNumber">3.5.3 </span>Numbers and Measures</a>), dates and times (section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#CONADA" title="Dates and Times"><span class="headingNumber">3.5.4 </span>Dates and Times</a>), abbreviations (section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#CONAAB" title="Abbreviations and Their Expansions"><span class="headingNumber">3.5.5 </span>Abbreviations and Their Expansions</a>), and addresses (section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#CONAAD" title="Addresses"><span class="headingNumber">3.5.2 </span>Addresses</a>).</p><p>In the same way, the following section (section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#COXR" title="Simple Links and CrossReferences"><span class="headingNumber">3.6 </span>Simple Links and Cross-References</a>) presents only a subset of the facilities available for the encoding of cross-references or text-linkage. The full story may be found in chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="SA.html" title="14"><span class="headingNumber">16 </span>Linking, Segmentation, and Alignment</a>; the tags presented here are intended to be usable for a wide variety of simple applications.</p><p>Sections <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#COLI" title="Lists"><span class="headingNumber">3.7 </span>Lists</a>, and <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#CONO" title="Notes Annotation and Indexing"><span class="headingNumber">3.8 </span>Notes, Annotation, and Indexing</a>, describe two kinds of quasi-structural elements: lists and notes. These may appear either within chunk-level elements such as paragraphs, or between them. Several kinds of lists are catered for, of an arbitrary complexity. The section on notes discusses both notes found in the source and simple mechanisms for adding annotations of an interpretive nature during the encoding; again, only a subset of the facilities described in full elsewhere (specifically, in chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="AI.html" title="15"><span class="headingNumber">17 </span>Simple Analytic Mechanisms</a>) is discussed.</p><p>Section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#COGR" title="Graphics and Other Nontextual Components"><span class="headingNumber">3.9 </span>Graphics and Other Non-textual Components</a> introduces some simple ways of representing graphic or other non-textual content found in a text. A fuller discussion of the multimedia facilities supported by these Guidelines may be found in chapters <a class="link_ptr" href="FT.html" title="22"><span class="headingNumber">14 </span>Tables, Formulæ, Graphics and Notated Music</a> and <a class="link_ptr" href="SA.html" title="14"><span class="headingNumber">16 </span>Linking, Segmentation, and Alignment</a>.</p><p>Next, section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#CORS" title="Reference Systems"><span class="headingNumber">3.10 </span>Reference Systems</a>, describes methods of encoding within a text the conventional system or systems used when making references to the text. Some reference systems have attained canonical authority and must be recorded to make the text useable in normal work; in other cases, a convenient reference system must be created by the creator or analyst of an electronic text.</p><p>Like lists and notes, the bibliographic citations discussed in section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#COBI" title="Bibliographic Citations and References"><span class="headingNumber">3.11 </span>Bibliographic Citations and References</a>, may be regarded as structural elements in their own right. A range of possibilities is presented for the encoding of bibliographic citations or references, which may be treated as simple phrases within a running text, or as highly-structured components suitable for inclusion in a bibliographic database.</p><p>Additional elements for the encoding of passages of verse or drama (whether prose or verse) are discussed in section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#CODV" title="Passages of Verse or Drama"><span class="headingNumber">3.12 </span>Passages of Verse or Drama</a>.</p><p>The chapter concludes with a technical overview of the structure and organization of the module described here. This should be read in conjunction with chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="ST.html" title="3"><span class="headingNumber">1 </span>The TEI Infrastructure</a>, describing the structure of the TEI document type definition.</p><div class="div2" id="COPA"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#COPU"><span class="headingNumber">3.2 </span>Treatment of Punctuation</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h3><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#COPA" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Paragraphs</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">3.1 </span><span class="head">Paragraphs</span></h3><p>The paragraph is the fundamental organizational unit for all prose texts, being the smallest regular unit into which prose can be divided. Prose can appear in all TEI texts, even those that are primarily of another genre (e.g., verse); thus the paragraph is described here, as an element which can appear in any kind of text.</p><p>Paragraphs can contain any of the other elements described within this chapter, as well as some other elements which are specific to individual text types. We distinguish <span class="term">phrase-level</span> elements, which must be entirely contained within a paragraph and cannot appear except within one, from <span class="term">chunks</span>, which can appear between, but not within, paragraphs, and from <span class="term">inter-level</span> elements, which can appear either within a single paragraph or between paragraphs. The class of phrases includes emphasized or quoted phrases, names, dates, etc. The class of inter-level elements includes bibliographic citations, notes, lists, etc. The class of chunks includes the paragraph itself, and other elements which have similar structural properties, notably the <a class="gi" title="(anonymous block) contains any arbitrary component-level unit of text, acting as an anonymous container for phrase or inter level elements analogous to, but without the semantic baggage of, a paragraph." href="ref-ab.html">ab</a> (anonymous block) element described in <a class="link_ptr" href="SA.html#SASE" title="Blocks Segments and Anchors"><span class="headingNumber">16.3 </span>Blocks, Segments, and Anchors</a>) which may be used as an alternative to the paragraph in some kinds of texts.</p><p>Because paragraphs may appear in different base or additional tag sets, their possible contents may differ in different kinds of documents. In particular, additional elements not listed in this chapter may appear in paragraphs in certain kinds of text. However, the elements described in this chapter are always by default available in all kinds of text.</p><p>The paragraph is marked using the <a class="gi" title="(paragraph) marks paragraphs in prose." href="ref-p.html">p</a> element: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-p.html">p</a></span> (paragraph) marks paragraphs in prose.</li></ul><p>If a consistent internal subdivision of paragraphs is desired, the <a class="gi" title="(s-unit) contains a sentence-like division of a text." href="ref-s.html">s</a> or <a class="gi" title="(arbitrary segment) represents any segmentation of text below the ‘chunk’ level." href="ref-seg.html">seg</a> (‘segment’) elements may be used, as discussed in chapters <a class="link_ptr" href="SA.html" title="14"><span class="headingNumber">16 </span>Linking, Segmentation, and Alignment</a> and <a class="link_ptr" href="AI.html" title="15"><span class="headingNumber">17 </span>Simple Analytic Mechanisms</a> respectively. More usually, however, paragraphs have no firm internal structure, but contain prose encoded as a mix of characters, entity references, phrases marked as described in the rest of this chapter, and embedded elements like lists, figures, or tables.</p><p>Since paragraphs are usually explicitly marked in Western texts, typically by indentation, the application of the <a class="gi" title="(paragraph) marks paragraphs in prose." href="ref-p.html">p</a> tag usually presents few problems.</p><div class="p">In some cases, the body of a text may comprise but a single paragraph: <div id="index-egXML-d52e29899" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><body></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>I fully appreciate Gen. Pope's splendid achievements with their<br /> invaluable results; but you must know that Major Generalships in the<br /> Regular Army, are not as plenty as blackberries.<span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"></body></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#COPA-eg-1">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">This news story shows typically short journalistic paragraphs: <div id="index-egXML-d52e29906" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><head></span>SARAJEVO, Bosnia and Herzegovina, April 19<span class="element"></head></span><br /><span class="element"><p></span>Serbs seized more territory in this struggling new country today as<br /> the United States Air Force ended a two-day airlift of humanitarian<br /> aid into the capital, Sarajevo.<span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"><p></span>International relief workers called on European Community nations<br /> to step up their humanitarian aid to the former Yugoslav republic,<br /> in conjunction with new American aid flights if necessary.<span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"><p></span>A special envoy from the European Community, Colin Doyle, harshly<br /> condemned the decision by Serbs to shell Sarajevo on Saturday night<br /> during a visit to the Bosnian capital by a senior American official,<br /> Deputy Assistant Secretary of State Ralph R. Johnson.<span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"><p></span>...<span class="element"></p></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NYT1992">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">The following extract from a Russian fairy tale demonstrates how other phrase level elements (in this case <a class="gi" title="(quoted) contains material which is distinguished from the surrounding text using quotation marks or a similar method, for any one of a variety of reasons including, but not limited to: direct speech or thought, technical terms or jargon, authorial distance, quotations from elsewhere, and passages that are mentioned but not used." href="ref-q.html">q</a> elements representing direct speech; see section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#COHQQ" title="Quotation"><span class="headingNumber">3.3.3 </span>Quotation</a>) may be nested within, but not across, paragraphs: <div id="index-egXML-d52e29925" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><p></span>A fly built a castle, a tall and mighty castle.<br /> There came to the castle the Crawling Louse. <span class="element"><q></span>Who,<br /> who's in the castle? Who, who's in your house?<span class="element"></q></span><br /> said the Crawling Louse. <span class="element"><q></span>I, I, the Languishing Fly.<br /> And who art thou?<span class="element"></q></span><br /> <span class="element"><q></span>I'm the Crawling Louse.<span class="element"></q></span><span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"><p></span>Then came to the castle the Leaping Flea. <span class="element"><q></span>Who,<br /> who's in the castle?<span class="element"></q></span> said the Leaping Flea. <span class="element"><q></span>I,<br /> I, the Languishing Fly, and I, the Crawling Louse. And<br /> who art thou?<span class="element"></q></span><br /> <span class="element"><q></span>I'm the Leaping Flea.<span class="element"></q></span><span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"><p></span>Then came to the castle the Mischievous Mosquito.<br /> <span class="element"><q></span>Who, who's in the castle?<span class="element"></q></span> said the Mischievous<br /> Mosquito. <span class="element"><q></span>I, I, the Languishing Fly, and I, the<br /> Crawling Louse, and I, the Leaping Flea. And who art<br /> thou?<span class="element"></q></span><br /> <span class="element"><q></span>I'm the Mischievous Mosquito.<span class="element"></q></span><span class="element"></p></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#COPA-eg-02">bibliography</a> </div></div></div></div><div class="div2" id="COPU"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#COPA"><span class="headingNumber">3.1 </span>Paragraphs</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#COHQ"><span class="headingNumber">3.3 </span>Highlighting and Quotation</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h3><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#COPU" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Treatment of Punctuation</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">3.2 </span><span class="head">Treatment of Punctuation</span></h3><p>Punctuation marks cause two distinct classes of problem for text markup: the marks may not be available in the character set used, and they may be significantly ambiguous. To some extent, the availability of the Unicode character set addresses the first of these problems, since it provides specific code points for most punctuation marks, and also the second to the extent that it distinguishes glyphs (such as stop, comma, and hyphen) which are used with different functions. Where punctuation itself is the subject of study, the element <a class="gi" title="(punctuation character) contains a character or string of characters regarded as constituting a single punctuation mark." href="ref-pc.html">pc</a> (punctuation character) may be used to mark it explicitly, as further discussed in <a class="link_ptr" href="AI.html#AIPC" title="Below the Word Level"><span class="headingNumber">17.1.2 </span>Below the Word Level</a>. Where the character used for a punctuation mark is not available in Unicode, the <a class="gi" title="(character or glyph) represents a glyph, or a non-standard character." href="ref-g.html">g</a> element and other facilities described in chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="WD.html" title="25"><span class="headingNumber">5 </span>Characters, Glyphs, and Writing Modes</a> may also be used to mark its presence.</p><div class="teidiv2" id="COPU-1"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#COPU-2"><span class="headingNumber">3.2.2 </span>Hyphenation</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#COPU-1" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Functions of Punctuation</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">3.2.1 </span><span class="head">Functions of Punctuation</span></h4><p>Punctuation is itself a form of markup, historically introduced to provide the reader with an indication about how the text should be read. As such, it is unsurprising that encoders will often wish to encode directly the purpose for which punctuation was provided, as well as, or even instead of, the punctuation itself. We discuss some typical cases below.</p><p>The <span class="noindex">Full stop (period)</span> may mark (orthographic) sentence boundaries, abbreviations, decimal points, or serve as a visual aid in printing numbers. These usages can be distinguished by tagging S-units, abbreviations, and numbers, as described in sections <a class="link_ptr" href="SA.html#SASE" title="Blocks Segments and Anchors"><span class="headingNumber">16.3 </span>Blocks, Segments, and Anchors</a>, <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#CONAAB" title="Abbreviations and Their Expansions"><span class="headingNumber">3.5.5 </span>Abbreviations and Their Expansions</a>, and <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#CONANU" title="Numbers and Measures"><span class="headingNumber">3.5.3 </span>Numbers and Measures</a> respectively. However, there are independent reasons for tagging these, whether or not they are marked by full stops, and the polysemy of the full stop itself is perhaps no different from that of any other character in the writing system.</p><p>The <span class="noindex">Question mark</span> and <span class="noindex">exclamation mark</span> usually mark the end of orthographic sentences, but may also be used as a mid-sentence comment by the author (<span class="mentioned">!</span> to express surprise or some other strong feeling, <span class="mentioned">?</span> to query a word or expression or mark a sentence as dubious in linguistic discussion). Such usages may be distinguished by marking S-units, in which case the mid-sentence uses of these punctuation marks may be left unmarked, or tagged using the <a class="gi" title="(punctuation character) contains a character or string of characters regarded as constituting a single punctuation mark." href="ref-pc.html">pc</a> element discussed in <a class="link_ptr" href="AI.html#AILC" title="Linguistic Segment Categories"><span class="headingNumber">17.1 </span>Linguistic Segment Categories</a>.</p><p><span class="noindex">Dashes</span> are used for a variety of purposes: as a mark of omission, insertion, or interruption; to show where a new speaker takes over (in dialogue); or to introduce a list item. In the latter two cases particularly, it is clearly desirable to mark the function as well as its rendition using the elements <a class="gi" title="(quoted) contains material which is distinguished from the surrounding text using quotation marks or a similar method, for any one of a variety of reasons including, but not limited to: direct speech or thought, technical terms or jargon, authorial distance, quotations from elsewhere, and passages that are mentioned but not used." href="ref-q.html">q</a> or <a class="gi" title="contains one component of a list." href="ref-item.html">item</a>, on which see section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#COHQQ" title="Quotation"><span class="headingNumber">3.3.3 </span>Quotation</a>, and section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#COLI" title="Lists"><span class="headingNumber">3.7 </span>Lists</a>, respectively.</p><p><span class="noindex">Quotation marks</span> may be removed from text contained by <a class="gi" title="(quoted) contains material which is distinguished from the surrounding text using quotation marks or a similar method, for any one of a variety of reasons including, but not limited to: direct speech or thought, technical terms or jargon, authorial distance, quotations from elsewhere, and passages that are mentioned but not used." href="ref-q.html">q</a> or <a class="gi" title="(quotation) contains a phrase or passage attributed by the narrator or author to some agency external to the text." href="ref-quote.html">quote</a> elements on editorial grounds, or they may be marked in a variety of ways; see the discussion of quotation and related features in section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#COHQQ" title="Quotation"><span class="headingNumber">3.3.3 </span>Quotation</a>.</p><p><span class="noindex">Apostrophes</span> must be distinguished from single quote marks. As with hyphens, this disambiguation is best performed by selecting the appropriate Unicode character, though it may also be represented by using appropriate XML markup for quotations as suggested above. However, apostrophes have a variety of uses. In English they mark contractions, genitive forms, and (occasionally) plural forms. Full disambiguation of these uses belongs to the level of linguistic analysis and interpretation.</p><p><span class="noindex">Parentheses</span> and other marks of suspension such as dashes or ellipses are often used to signal information about the syntactic structure of a text fragment. Full disambiguation of their uses also belongs to the level of linguistic analysis and interpretation, and will therefore need to use the mechanisms discussed in chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="AI.html" title="15"><span class="headingNumber">17 </span>Simple Analytic Mechanisms</a>.</p><p>Where punctuation marks are disambiguated by tagging their assumed function in the text (for example, quotation), it may be debated whether they should be excluded or left as part of the text. In the case of quotation marks, it may be more convenient to distinguish opening from closing marks simply by using the appropriate Unicode character than to use the <a class="gi" title="(quoted) contains material which is distinguished from the surrounding text using quotation marks or a similar method, for any one of a variety of reasons including, but not limited to: direct speech or thought, technical terms or jargon, authorial distance, quotations from elsewhere, and passages that are mentioned but not used." href="ref-q.html">q</a> element, with or without an indication of rendition.</p><p>Where segmentation of a text is performed automatically, the accuracy of the result may be considerably enhanced by a first pass in which the function of different punctuation characters is explicitly marked. This need not be done for all cases, but only where the structural function of the punctuation markup (for example as a word or phrase delimiter) is ambiguous. Thus, dots indicating abbreviation might be distinguished from dots indicating sentence end, and exclamation or question marks internal to a sentence distinguished from those which terminate one. Furthermore, when encoding historical materials, it may be considered essential to retain the original punctuation, whether by using an appropriate character code, if this is available (or using the <a class="gi" title="(character or glyph) represents a glyph, or a non-standard character." href="ref-g.html">g</a> element where it is not) or by an explicit encoding using <a class="gi" title="(punctuation character) contains a character or string of characters regarded as constituting a single punctuation mark." href="ref-pc.html">pc</a>. The particular method adopted will vary depending upon the feature concerned and upon the purpose of the project.</p></div><div class="teidiv2" id="COPU-2"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#COPU-1"><span class="headingNumber">3.2.1 </span>Functions of Punctuation</a></li><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#COPU-2" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Hyphenation</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">3.2.2 </span><span class="head">Hyphenation</span></h4><p>Hyphenation as a phenomenon is generally of most concern when producing formatted text for display in print or on screen: different languages and systems have developed quite sophisticated sets of rules about where hyphens may be introduced and for what reason. These generally do not concern the text encoder, since they belong to the domain of formatting and will generally be handled by the rendition software in use. In this section, we discuss issues arising from the appearance of hyphens in pre-existing formatted texts which are being re-encoded for analysis or other processing. Unicode distinguishes four characters visually similar to the hyphen, including the undifferentiated hyphen-minus (U+002D) which is retained for compatibility reasons. The hard hyphen (U+2010) is distinguished from the minus sign (U+2212) which is for use in mathematical expressions, and also from the soft hyphen (U+00AD) which may appear in ‘born digital’ documents to indicate places where it is acceptable to insert a hyphen when the document is formatted.</p><p>Historically, the hard hyphen has been used in printed or manuscript documents for two distinct purposes. In many languages, it is used between words to show that they function as a single syntactic or lexical unit. For example, in French, <span class="mentioned">est-ce que</span>; in English <span class="mentioned">body-snatcher</span>, <span class="mentioned">tea-party</span> etc. It may also have an important role in disambiguation (for example, by distinguishing say a <span class="mentioned">man-eating fish</span> from a <span class="mentioned">man eating fish</span>). Such usages, although possibly problematic when a linguistic analysis is undertaken, are not generally of concern to text encoders: the hyphen character is usually retained in the text, because it may be regarded as part of the way a compound or other lexical item is spelled. Deciding whether a compound is to be decomposed into its constituent parts, and if so how, is a different question, involving consideration of many other phenomena in addition to the simple presence of a hyphen.</p><p>When it appears at the end of a printed or written line however, the hard hyphen generally indicates that—contrary to what might be expected—a word is not yet complete, but continues on the next line (or over the next page or column or other boundary). The hyphen character is not, in this case, part of the word, but just a signal that the word continues over the break. Unfortunately, few languages distinguish these two cases visually, which necessarily poses a problem for text encoders. Suppose, for example, that we wish to investigate a diachronic English corpus for occurrences of <span class="mentioned">tea-pot</span> and <span class="mentioned">teapot</span>, to find evidence for the point at which this compound becomes lexicalized. Any case where the word is hyphenated across a linebreak, like this: </p><pre class="pre_eg cdata">tea-
pot</pre><p> is ambiguous: there is no simple way of deciding which of the two spellings was intended.</p><p>As elsewhere, therefore, encoders have a range of choices: </p><ul><li class="item">They may decide simply to remove any end-of-line hyphenation from the encoded text, on the grounds that its presence is purely a secondary matter of formatting. This will obviously apply also if line endings are themselves regarded as unimportant.</li><li class="item">Alternatively, they may decide to record the presence of the hyphen, perhaps on the grounds that it provides useful morphological information; perhaps in order to retain information about the visual appearance of the original source. In either case, they need to decide whether to record it explicitly, by including an appropriate punctuation character in the text data, or implicitly by supplying an appropriate symbolic value for one or more of the attributes on the <a class="gi" title="(line break) marks the start of a new (typographic) line in some edition or version of a text." href="ref-lb.html">lb</a> or other milestone element used to record the fact of the line division. If the hyphen is included in the character data of the TEI document, it might be marked up using the <a class="gi" title="(punctuation character) contains a character or string of characters regarded as constituting a single punctuation mark." href="ref-pc.html">pc</a> (punctuation character) tag, which allows the encoder to express information about its function as a separator, through the <span class="att">force</span> attribute. For example, the example above could be encoded with a <span class="att">force</span> value of "inter" to indicate that the punctuation mark may or may not be a word separator (See also <a class="link_ptr" href="AI.html#AIPC" title="Below the Word Level"><span class="headingNumber">17.1.2 </span>Below the Word Level</a>). <div id="index-egXML-d52e30226" class="pre egXML_valid">tea<span class="element"><pc <span class="attribute">force</span>="<span class="attributevalue">inter</span>"></span>-<span class="element"></pc></span>pot<div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div></li></ul><p> A similar range of possibilities applies equally to the representation of other common punctuation marks, notably quotation marks, as discussed in <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#COHQQ" title="Quotation"><span class="headingNumber">3.3.3 </span>Quotation</a>.</p><p>The ‘text data’ of which XML documents are composed is decomposable into smaller units, here called <span class="term">orthographic tokens</span>, even if those units are not explicitly indicated by the XML markup. The ambiguity of the end-of-line hyphen also causes problems in the way a processor identifies such tokens in the absence of explicit markup. If token boundaries are not explicitly marked (for example using the <a class="gi" title="(arbitrary segment) represents any segmentation of text below the ‘chunk’ level." href="ref-seg.html">seg</a> or <a class="gi" title="(word) represents a grammatical (not necessarily orthographic) word." href="ref-w.html">w</a> elements), for most languages a processor will rely on character class information to determine where they are to be found: some punctuation characters are considered to be word-breaking, while others are not. In XML, the newline character in text data is a kind of whitespace, and is therefore word breaking. However, it is generally unsafe to assume that whitespace adjacent to markup tags will always be preserved, and it is decidedly unsafe to assume that markup tags themselves are equivalent to whitespace.</p><p>The <a class="gi" title="(line break) marks the start of a new (typographic) line in some edition or version of a text." href="ref-lb.html">lb</a>, <a class="gi" title="(page break) marks the start of a new page in a paginated document." href="ref-pb.html">pb</a>, and <a class="gi" title="(column break) marks the beginning of a new column of a text on a multi-column page." href="ref-cb.html">cb</a> elements are notable exceptions to this general rule, since their function is precisely to represent (or replace) line, page, or column breaks, which, as noted above, are generally considered to be equivalent to whitespace. These elements provide a more reliable way of preserving the lineation, pagination, etc of a source document, since the encoder should not assume that (untagged) line breaks etc. in an XML source file will necessarily be preserved.</p><p>To control the intended tokenization, the encoder may use the <span class="att">break</span> attribute on such elements to indicate whether or not the element is to be regarded as equivalent to whitespace. This attribute can take the values <span class="val">yes</span> or <span class="val">no</span> to indicate whether or not the element corresponds with a token boundary. The value <span class="val">maybe</span> is also available, for cases where the encoder does not wish (or is unable) to determine whether the orthographic token concerned is broken by the line ending.</p><p>As a final complication, it should be noted that in some languages, particularly German and Dutch, the spelling of a word may be altered in the presence of end of line hyphenation. For example, in Dutch, the word <span class="mentioned">opaatje</span> (<span class="gloss">granddad</span>), occurring at the end of a line may be hyphenated as <span class="mentioned">opa-tje</span>, with a single letter a. An encoder wishing to preserve the original form of this orthographic token in a printed text while at the same time facilitating its recognition as the word <span class="mentioned">opaatje</span> will therefore need to rely on a more sophisticated process than simply removing the hyphen. This is however essentially the same as any other form of normalization accompanying the recognition of variations in spelling or morphology: as such it may be encoded using the <a class="gi" title="groups a number of alternative encodings for the same point in a text." href="ref-choice.html">choice</a> element discussed in <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#COED" title="Simple Editorial Changes"><span class="headingNumber">3.4 </span>Simple Editorial Changes</a>, or the more sophisticated mechanisms for linguistic analysis discussed in chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="AI.html" title="15"><span class="headingNumber">17 </span>Simple Analytic Mechanisms</a>.</p></div></div><div class="div2" id="COHQ"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#COPU"><span class="headingNumber">3.2 </span>Treatment of Punctuation</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#COED"><span class="headingNumber">3.4 </span>Simple Editorial Changes</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h3><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#COHQ" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Highlighting and Quotation</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">3.3 </span><span class="head">Highlighting and Quotation</span></h3><p>This section deals with a variety of textual features, all of which have in common that they are frequently realized in conventional printing practice by the use of such features as underlining, italic fonts, or quotation marks, collectively referred to here as <span class="term">highlighting</span>. After an initial discussion of this phenomenon and alternate approaches to encoding it, this section describes ways of encoding the following textual features, all of which are conventionally rendered using some kind of highlighting: </p><ul class="bulleted"><li class="item">emphasis, foreign words and other linguistically distinct uses of highlighting</li><li class="item">representation of speech and thought, quotation, etc.</li><li class="item">technical terms, glosses, etc.</li></ul><div class="div3" id="COHQW"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#COHQH"><span class="headingNumber">3.3.2 </span>Emphasis, Foreign Words, and Unusual Language</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#COHQW" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: What Is Highlighting?</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">3.3.1 </span><span class="head">What Is Highlighting?</span></h4><p>By <span class="mentioned">highlighting</span> we mean the use of any combination of typographic features (font, size, hue, etc.) in a printed or written text in order to distinguish some passage of a text from its surroundings.<span id="Note48_return"><a class="notelink" title="Although the way in which a spoken text is performed, (for example, the voice quality, loudness, etc.) might be regarded as analogous to highlighting …" href="#Note48"><sup>11</sup></a></span> The purpose of highlighting is generally to draw the reader's attention to some feature or characteristic of the passage highlighted; this section describes the elements recommended by these Guidelines for the encoding of such textual features.</p><p>In conventionally printed modern texts, highlighting is often employed to identify words or phrases which are regarded as being one or more of the following: </p><ul class="bulleted"><li class="item">distinct in some way—as foreign, dialectal, archaic, technical, etc.</li><li class="item">emphatic, and which would for example be stressed when spoken</li><li class="item">not part of the body of the text, for example cross-references, titles, headings, labels, etc.</li><li class="item">identified with a distinct narrative stream, for example an internal monologue or commentary.</li><li class="item">attributed by the narrator to some other agency, either within the text or outside it: for example, direct speech or quotation.</li><li class="item">set apart from the text in some other way: for example, proverbial phrases, words mentioned but not used, names of persons and places in older texts, editorial corrections or additions, etc.</li></ul><p>The textual functions indicated by highlighting may not be rendered consistently in different parts of a text or in different texts. (For example, a foreign word may appear in italics if the surrounding text is in roman, but in roman if the surrounding text is in italics.) For this reason, these Guidelines distinguish between the encoding of rendering itself and the encoding of the underlying feature expressed by it. </p><p>Highlighting as such may be encoded by using one of the global attributes <span class="att">rend</span>, <span class="att">rendition</span>, or <span class="att">style</span> (see further <a class="link_ptr" href="ST.html#STGA" title="Global Attributes"><span class="headingNumber">1.3.1.1 </span>Global Attributes</a>). This allows the encoder both to specify the function of a highlighted phrase or word, by selecting the appropriate element described here or elsewhere in these Guidelines, and to further describe the way in which it is highlighted, by means of an attribute. If the encoder wishes to offer no interpretation of the feature underlying the use of highlighting in the source text, then the <a class="gi" title="(highlighted) marks a word or phrase as graphically distinct from the surrounding text, for reasons concerning which no claim is made." href="ref-hi.html">hi</a> element may be used, which indicates only that the text so tagged was highlighted in some way. </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-hi.html">hi</a></span> (highlighted) marks a word or phrase as graphically distinct from the surrounding text, for reasons concerning which no claim is made.</li></ul><p> The <a class="gi" title="(highlighted) marks a word or phrase as graphically distinct from the surrounding text, for reasons concerning which no claim is made." href="ref-hi.html">hi</a> element is provided by the <a class="link_odd" title="groups phrase-level elements which are typographically distinct but to which no specific function can be attributed." href="ref-model.hiLike.html">model.hiLike</a> class.</p><p>The possible values carried by the <span class="att">rend</span> attribute are not formally defined in this version of the Guidelines. It may be used to document any peculiarity of the way a given segment of text was rendered in the original source text, and may thus express a very large range of typographic or other features, by no means restricted to typeface, type size, etc. The <span class="att">style</span> attribute, by contrast, defines the way the source text was rendered using a formally defined style language, such as the W3C standard Cascading Stylesheet Language (<a class="link_ptr" href="BIB.html#CSS1" title="Håkon Wium Lie Bert Bos Cascading Style Sheets Level 1W3C11 January 1999">Lie and Bos (eds.) (1999)</a>). The complementary <span class="att">rendition</span> attribute is used to point to one or more fragments expressed using such a language which have been predefined in the TEI header using the <a class="gi" title="supplies information about the rendition or appearance of one or more elements in the source text." href="ref-rendition.html">rendition</a> element discussed in section <a class="link_ptr" href="HD.html#HD57" title="The Tagging Declaration"><span class="headingNumber">2.3.4 </span>The Tagging Declaration</a>.</p><p>Where it is both appropriate and feasible, these Guidelines recommend that the textual feature marked by the highlighting should be encoded, rather than just the simple fact of the highlighting. This is for the following reasons: </p><ul class="bulleted"><li class="item">the same kind of highlighting may be used for different purposes in different contexts</li><li class="item">the same textual function may be highlighted in different ways in different contexts</li><li class="item">for analytic purposes, it is in general more useful to know the intended function of a highlighted phrase than simply that it is distinct.</li></ul><p>In many, if not most, cases the underlying function of a highlighted phrase will be obvious and non-controversial, since the distinctions indicated by a change of highlighting correspond with distinctions discussed elsewhere in these Guidelines. The elements available to record such distinctions are, for the most part, members of the <a class="link_odd" title="groups phrase-level elements which are typographically distinct and to which a specific function can be attributed." href="ref-model.emphLike.html">model.emphLike</a> class. This and the <a class="link_odd" title="groups phrase-level elements which are typographically distinct but to which no specific function can be attributed." href="ref-model.hiLike.html">model.hiLike</a> class mentioned above constitute the <a class="link_odd" title="groups phrase-level elements which are typographically distinct." href="ref-model.highlighted.html">model.highlighted</a> class, which is a phrase level class. Members of this class may appear anywhere within paragraph level elements.</p><p>The distinction between the two classes is simple, and typified by the two elements <a class="gi" title="(highlighted) marks a word or phrase as graphically distinct from the surrounding text, for reasons concerning which no claim is made." href="ref-hi.html">hi</a> and <a class="gi" title="(emphasized) marks words or phrases which are stressed or emphasized for linguistic or rhetorical effect." href="ref-emph.html">emph</a>: the former marks simply that a passage is typographically distinct in some way, while the latter asserts that a passage is linguistically emphasized for some purpose. These two properties, though often combined, are not identical. It should however be recognized, however, that cases do exist in which it is not economically feasible to mark the underlying function (e.g. in the preparation of large text corpora), as well as cases in which it is not intellectually appropriate (as in the transcription of some older materials, or in the preparation of material for the study of typographic practice). In such cases, the <a class="gi" title="(highlighted) marks a word or phrase as graphically distinct from the surrounding text, for reasons concerning which no claim is made." href="ref-hi.html">hi</a> element or some other element from the <a class="link_odd" title="groups phrase-level elements which are typographically distinct but to which no specific function can be attributed." href="ref-model.hiLike.html">model.hiLike</a> class should be used.</p><p>Elements which are sometimes realized by typographic distinction but which are not discussed in this section include <a class="gi" title="contains a title for any kind of work." href="ref-title.html">title</a> (discussed in section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#COBI" title="Bibliographic Citations and References"><span class="headingNumber">3.11 </span>Bibliographic Citations and References</a>) and <a class="gi" title="(name, proper noun) contains a proper noun or noun phrase." href="ref-name.html">name</a> (discussed in section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#CONARS" title="Referring Strings"><span class="headingNumber">3.5.1 </span>Referring Strings</a>).</p></div><div class="div3" id="COHQH"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#COHQW"><span class="headingNumber">3.3.1 </span>What Is Highlighting?</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#COHQQ"><span class="headingNumber">3.3.3 </span>Quotation</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#COHQH" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Emphasis, Foreign Words, and Unusual Language</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">3.3.2 </span><span class="head">Emphasis, Foreign Words, and Unusual Language</span></h4><p>This subsection discusses the following elements: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-foreign.html">foreign</a></span> identifies a word or phrase as belonging to some language other than that of the surrounding text.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-emph.html">emph</a></span> (emphasized) marks words or phrases which are stressed or emphasized for linguistic or rhetorical effect.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-distinct.html">distinct</a></span> identifies any word or phrase which is regarded as linguistically distinct, for example as archaic, technical, dialectal, non-preferred, etc., or as forming part of a sublanguage.</li></ul><p> These elements are all members of the <a class="link_odd" title="groups phrase-level elements which are typographically distinct and to which a specific function can be attributed." href="ref-model.emphLike.html">model.emphLike</a> class.</p><div class="div4" id="COHQHF"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#COHQHE"><span class="headingNumber">3.3.2.2 </span>Emphatic Words and Phrases</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h5><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#COHQHF" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Foreign Words or Expressions</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">3.3.2.1 </span><span class="head">Foreign Words or Expressions</span></h5><div class="p">Words or phrases which are not in the main language of the text should be tagged as such, at least where the fact is indicated in the text. Where the word or phrase concerned is already distinguished from the rest of the text by virtue of its function (for example, because it is a name, a technical term, a quotation, a mentioned word, etc.) then the global <span class="att">xml:lang</span> attribute should be used to specify additionally that its language distinguishes it from the surrounding text. Any element in the TEI scheme may take a <span class="att">xml:lang</span> attribute, which specifies both the writing system and the language used by its content (see sections <a class="link_ptr" href="ST.html#STGAla" title="Language Indicators"><span class="headingNumber">1.3.1.1.2 </span>Language Indicators</a> and <a class="link_ptr" href="CH.html#CHSH" title="Language Identification"><span class="headingNumber">vi.1. </span>Language Identification</a> for discussion of this attribute and its values respectively). Where there is no other applicable element, the element <a class="gi" title="identifies a word or phrase as belonging to some language other than that of the surrounding text." href="ref-foreign.html">foreign</a> may be used to provide a peg onto which the <span class="att">xml:lang</span> may be attached. <div id="index-egXML-d52e30480" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><q></span>Aren't you confusing <span class="element"><foreign <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">la</span>"></span>post hoc<span class="element"></foreign></span> with <span class="element"><foreign <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">la</span>"></span>propter<br /> hoc<span class="element"></foreign></span>?<span class="element"></q></span> said the Bee Master. <br /><span class="element"><q></span>Wax-moth only succeed when<br /> weak bees let them in.<span class="element"></q></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#COHQHF-eg-5">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="identifies a word or phrase as belonging to some language other than that of the surrounding text." href="ref-foreign.html">foreign</a> element should not be used to represent foreign words which are mentioned or glossed within the text: for these use the appropriate element from section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#COHQU" title="Terms Glosses Equivalents and Descriptions"><span class="headingNumber">3.3.4 </span>Terms, Glosses, Equivalents, and Descriptions</a> below. Compare the following example sentences: <div id="index-egXML-d52e30500" class="pre egXML_valid">John eats a <span class="element"><foreign <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">fr</span>"></span>croissant<span class="element"></foreign></span> every morning.<div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e30506" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><mentioned <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">fr</span>"></span>Croissant<span class="element"></mentioned></span> is difficult to<br /> pronounce with your mouth full.<div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e30511" class="pre egXML_valid">A <span class="element"><term <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">fr</span>"></span>croissant<span class="element"></term></span> is a crescent-shaped<br /> piece of light, buttery, pastry that is usually eaten for<br /> breakfast, especially in France.<div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#COHQHF-eg-8">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><p>Elements which do not explicitly state the language of their content by means of an <span class="att">xml:lang</span> attribute are understood to inherit a value for it from their parent element. In the general case, therefore, it is recommended practice to supply a default value for <span class="att">xml:lang</span> on the root <a class="gi" title="(TEI document) contains a single TEI-conformant document, combining a single TEI header with one or more members of the model.resourceLike class. Multiple <TEI> elements may be combined to form a <teiCorpus> element." href="ref-TEI.html">TEI</a> or <a class="gi" title="contains a single text of any kind, whether unitary or composite, for example a poem or drama, a collection of essays, a novel, a dictionary, or a corpus sample." href="ref-text.html">text</a> element, as further discussed in section <a class="link_ptr" href="ST.html#STGAla" title="Language Indicators"><span class="headingNumber">1.3.1.1.2 </span>Language Indicators</a></p></div><div class="div4" id="COHQHE"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#COHQHF"><span class="headingNumber">3.3.2.1 </span>Foreign Words or Expressions</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#COHQHD"><span class="headingNumber">3.3.2.3 </span>Other Linguistically Distinct Material</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h5><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#COHQHE" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Emphatic Words and Phrases</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">3.3.2.2 </span><span class="head">Emphatic Words and Phrases</span></h5><div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="(emphasized) marks words or phrases which are stressed or emphasized for linguistic or rhetorical effect." href="ref-emph.html">emph</a> element is provided to mark words or phrases which are <em>linguistically</em> emphatic or stressed. Text which is only typographically ‘emphasized’ falls into the class of highlighted text, and may be tagged with the <a class="gi" title="(highlighted) marks a word or phrase as graphically distinct from the surrounding text, for reasons concerning which no claim is made." href="ref-hi.html">hi</a> element. In printed works, emphasis is generally indicated by devices such as the use of an italic font, a large typeface, or extra wide letter spacing; in manuscripts and typescripts, it is usually indicated by the use of underlining. As the following examples demonstrate, an encoder may choose whether or not to make explicit the particular type of rendition associated with the emphasis. If a source text consistently renders a particular feature (e.g. emphasis or words in foreign languages) in a particular way, the rendering associated with that feature may be described in the TEI header using the <a class="gi" title="supplies information about the rendition or appearance of one or more elements in the source text." href="ref-rendition.html">rendition</a> element. The <span class="att">rend</span>, <span class="att">rendition</span>, or <span class="att">style</span> attributes may then be used to describe examples which deviate from the norm. For example, assuming that the TEI header has defined a default rendering for the <a class="gi" title="(emphasized) marks words or phrases which are stressed or emphasized for linguistic or rhetorical effect." href="ref-emph.html">emph</a> element, the following encoding would use it: <div id="index-egXML-d52e30703" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><q></span>Sex, sir, is <span class="element"><emph></span>purely<span class="element"></emph></span> a question<br /> of appetite!<span class="element"></q></span> Tarr exclaimed.<div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#COHQHE-eg-10">bibliography</a> </div></div> If on the other hand no such default has been defined for the element, the encoder may specify it informally using the <span class="att">rend</span> attribute: <div id="index-egXML-d52e30715" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><q></span>What it all comes to is this,<span class="element"></q></span> he said.<br /><br /><span class="element"><q></span><br /> <span class="element"><emph <span class="attribute">rend</span>="<span class="attributevalue">italic</span>"></span>What does Christopher Robin do in the morning<br /> nowadays?<span class="element"></emph></span><br /><span class="element"></q></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#COHQHE-eg-11">bibliography</a> </div></div> If the encoder wishes to express information about the rendition used in the source using a formal language such as CSS, then the <span class="att">style</span> attribute can be used in a similar way: <div id="index-egXML-d52e30726" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><q></span>What it all comes to is this,<span class="element"></q></span> he said.<br /><br /><span class="element"><q></span><br /> <span class="element"><emph <span class="attribute">style</span>="<span class="attributevalue">font-style: italic</span>"></span>What does Christopher Robin do in<br /> the morning nowadays?<span class="element"></emph></span><br /><span class="element"></q></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#COHQHE-eg-11">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">In cases where the rendition of a source needs to be indicated several times in a document, it may be more convenient to provide a default value using the <a class="gi" title="supplies information about the rendition or appearance of one or more elements in the source text." href="ref-rendition.html">rendition</a> element in the header. If a small number of distinct values are required, it may also be convenient to define them all by means of a series of <a class="gi" title="supplies information about the rendition or appearance of one or more elements in the source text." href="ref-rendition.html">rendition</a> elements which can then be referenced from the elements in question by means of the global <span class="att">rendition</span> attribute: <div id="index-egXML-d52e30745" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><l></span>Here Thou, great <span class="element"><name <span class="attribute">rendition</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#italic</span>"></span>Anna<span class="element"></name></span>!<br /> whom three Realms obey,<span class="element"></l></span><br /><span class="element"><l></span>Doth sometimes Counsel take —<br /> and sometimes <span class="element"><emph <span class="attribute">rendition</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#italic</span>"></span>Tea<span class="element"></emph></span>.<span class="element"></l></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- in the header ... --></span><br /><span class="element"><rendition <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">italic</span>" <span class="attribute">scheme</span>="<span class="attributevalue">css</span>"></span>font-style: italic<span class="element"></rendition></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#COHQHE-eg-12">bibliography</a> </div></div> Further information on the use of the <a class="gi" title="supplies information about the rendition or appearance of one or more elements in the source text." href="ref-rendition.html">rendition</a> element is provided at <a class="link_ptr" href="HD.html#HD57" title="The Tagging Declaration"><span class="headingNumber">2.3.4 </span>The Tagging Declaration</a>.</div><p>The <a class="gi" title="(highlighted) marks a word or phrase as graphically distinct from the surrounding text, for reasons concerning which no claim is made." href="ref-hi.html">hi</a> element is used to mark words or phrases which are highlighted in some way, but for which identification of the intended distinction is difficult, controversial, or impossible. It enables an encoder simply to record the fact of highlighting, possibly describing it by the use of a <span class="att">rend</span>, <span class="att">style</span>, or <span class="att">rendition</span> attribute, as discussed above, without however taking a position as to the function of the highlighting. This may also be useful if the text is to be processed in two stages: representing simply typographic distinctions during a first pass, and then replacing the <a class="gi" title="(highlighted) marks a word or phrase as graphically distinct from the surrounding text, for reasons concerning which no claim is made." href="ref-hi.html">hi</a> elements with more specific elements in a second pass.</p><div class="p">Some simple examples: <div id="index-egXML-d52e30785" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><hi <span class="attribute">rend</span>="<span class="attributevalue">gothic</span>"></span>And this Indenture further witnesseth<span class="element"></hi></span><br /> that the said <span class="element"><hi <span class="attribute">rend</span>="<span class="attributevalue">italic</span>"></span>Walter Shandy<span class="element"></hi></span>, merchant,<br /> in consideration of the said intended marriage ...<div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#COHQHE-eg-13">bibliography</a> </div></div> In this example, the first highlighted phrase uses black letter or gothic print to mimic the appearance of a legal document, and italic to mark <span class="mentioned">Walter Shandy</span> as a name. In a second pass, the elements <a class="gi" title="(heading) contains any type of heading, for example the title of a section, or the heading of a list, glossary, manuscript description, etc." href="ref-head.html">head</a> or <a class="gi" title="contains any label or heading used to identify part of a text, typically but not exclusively in a list or glossary." href="ref-label.html">label</a> might be appropriate for the first use, and the element <a class="gi" title="(name, proper noun) contains a proper noun or noun phrase." href="ref-name.html">name</a> for the second. <div id="index-egXML-d52e30806" class="pre egXML_valid">The heaviest rain, and snow, and hail, and<br /> sleet, could boast of the advantage over him in only one respect. They<br /> often <span class="element"><hi <span class="attribute">rend</span>="<span class="attributevalue">quoted</span>"></span>came down<span class="element"></hi></span> handsomely, and Scrooge never<br /> did.<div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#COHQHE-eg-14">bibliography</a> </div></div> In this example, the phrase <span class="mentioned">came down</span> uses inverted commas to indicate a play on words.<span id="Note49_return"><a class="notelink" title="The Oxford English Dictionary documents the phrase to come down in the sense to bring or put down; esp. to lay down money; to make a disbursement as b…" href="#Note49"><sup>12</sup></a></span> In a second pass, the element <a class="gi" title="contains a word or phrase for which the author or narrator indicates a disclaiming of responsibility, for example by the use of scare quotes or italics." href="ref-soCalled.html">soCalled</a> might be preferred as a means of indicating that the narrator is distancing himself from this usage.</div></div><div class="div4" id="COHQHD"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#COHQHE"><span class="headingNumber">3.3.2.2 </span>Emphatic Words and Phrases</a></li><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h5><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#COHQHD" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Other Linguistically Distinct Material</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">3.3.2.3 </span><span class="head">Other Linguistically Distinct Material</span></h5><p>For some kinds of analysis, it may be desirable to encode the linguistic distinctiveness of words and phrases with more delicacy than is allowed by the <a class="gi" title="identifies a word or phrase as belonging to some language other than that of the surrounding text." href="ref-foreign.html">foreign</a> element. The <a class="gi" title="identifies any word or phrase which is regarded as linguistically distinct, for example as archaic, technical, dialectal, non-preferred, etc., or as forming part of a sublanguage." href="ref-distinct.html">distinct</a> element is provided for this purpose. Its attributes allow for additional information characterizing the nature of the linguistic distinction to be made in two distinct ways: the <span class="att">type</span> attribute simply assigns a user-defined code of some kind to the word or phrase which assigns it to some register, sub-language, etc. No recommendations as to the set of values for this attribute are provided at this time, as little consensus exists in the field.</p><p>Alternatively, the remaining three attributes may be used in combination to place a word or phrase on a three-dimensional scale sometimes used in descriptive linguistics, as for example in <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#CO-BIBL-1" title="Klaus Mattheier Ulrich Ammon Peter Trudgill SociolinguisticsSoziolinguistikAn international handbook of the science of language...">Mattheier et al, 1988</a>. The <span class="att">time</span> attribute places a word or phrase <span class="noindex">diachronically</span>, for example as archaic, old-fashioned, contemporary, futuristic, etc.; the <span class="att">space</span> attribute places a word or phrase <span class="noindex">diatopically</span>, that is, with respect to a geographical classification, for example as national, regional, international, etc.; the <span class="att">social</span> attribute places a word or phrase <span class="noindex">diastratically</span>, that is, with respect to a social classification, for example as technical, polite, impolite, restricted, etc. Again, no recommendations are made for the values of these attributes at this time; the encoder should provide a description of the scheme used in the appropriate section of the header (see section <a class="link_ptr" href="HD.html#HD5" title="The Encoding Description"><span class="headingNumber">2.3 </span>The Encoding Description</a>).</p><div class="p">Examples: <div id="index-egXML-d52e31049" class="pre egXML_valid">Next morning a boy in that dormitory confided to his<br /> bosom friend, a <span class="element"><distinct <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">psSlang</span>"></span>fag<span class="element"></distinct></span> of<br /> Macrea's, that there was trouble in their midst which<br /> King <span class="element"><distinct <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">archaic</span>"></span>would fain<span class="element"></distinct></span> keep<br /> secret.<div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#COHQHD-eg-18">bibliography</a> </div></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e31058" class="pre egXML_valid">Next morning a boy in that dormitory confided to his<br /> bosom friend, a<br /><span class="element"><distinct <span class="attribute">time</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1900</span>" <span class="attribute">space</span>="<span class="attributevalue">GB</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">social</span>="<span class="attributevalue">publicschool</span>"></span>fag<span class="element"></distinct></span><br /> of Macrea's, that there was trouble in their midst which<br /> King <span class="element"><distinct <span class="attribute">time</span>="<span class="attributevalue">archaic</span>"></span>would fain<span class="element"></distinct></span> keep<br /> secret.<div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#COHQHD-eg-18">bibliography</a> </div></div> Where more complex (or more rigorous) interpretive analyses of the associations of a word are required, the more detailed and general mechanisms described in chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="FS.html" title="16"><span class="headingNumber">18 </span>Feature Structures</a> should be preferred to these simple characterizations. It may also be preferable to record the kinds of analysis suggested here by means of the simple annotation element <a class="gi" title="contains a note or annotation." href="ref-note.html">note</a> described in section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#CONO" title="Notes Annotation and Indexing"><span class="headingNumber">3.8 </span>Notes, Annotation, and Indexing</a>, or the <a class="gi" title="associates an interpretative annotation directly with a span of text." href="ref-span.html">span</a> element described in section <a class="link_ptr" href="AI.html#AISP" title="Spans and Interpretations"><span class="headingNumber">17.3 </span>Spans and Interpretations</a>.</div></div></div><div class="div3" id="COHQQ"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#COHQH"><span class="headingNumber">3.3.2 </span>Emphasis, Foreign Words, and Unusual Language</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#COHQU"><span class="headingNumber">3.3.4 </span>Terms, Glosses, Equivalents, and Descriptions</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#COHQQ" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Quotation</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">3.3.3 </span><span class="head">Quotation</span></h4><p>One form of presentational variation found particularly frequently in written and printed texts is the use of quotation marks. As with the typographic variations discussed in the preceding section, it is generally helpful to separate the encoding of the underlying textual feature (for example, a quotation or a piece of direct speech) from the encoding of its rendering (for example, the use of a particular style of quotation marks).</p><p>This section discusses the following elements, all of which are often rendered by the use of quotation marks: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-q.html">q</a></span> (quoted) contains material which is distinguished from the surrounding text using quotation marks or a similar method, for any one of a variety of reasons including, but not limited to: direct speech or thought, technical terms or jargon, authorial distance, quotations from elsewhere, and passages that are mentioned but not used.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-said.html">said</a></span> (speech or thought) indicates passages thought or spoken aloud, whether explicitly indicated in the source or not, whether directly or indirectly reported, whether by real people or fictional characters.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">direct</span></td><td>may be used to indicate whether the quoted matter is regarded as direct or indirect speech.</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">aloud</span></td><td>may be used to indicate whether the quoted matter is regarded as having been vocalized or signed.</td></tr></table></li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-quote.html">quote</a></span> (quotation) contains a phrase or passage attributed by the narrator or author to some agency external to the text.</li><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-att.global.source.html">att.global.source</a></span> provides an attribute used by elements to point to an external source.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">source</span></td><td>specifies the source from which some aspect of this element is drawn.</td></tr></table></li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-cit.html">cit</a></span> (cited quotation) contains a quotation from some other document, together with a bibliographic reference to its source. In a dictionary it may contain an example text with at least one occurrence of the word form, used in the sense being described, or a translation of the headword, or an example.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-mentioned.html">mentioned</a></span> marks words or phrases mentioned, not used.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-soCalled.html">soCalled</a></span> contains a word or phrase for which the author or narrator indicates a disclaiming of responsibility, for example by the use of scare quotes or italics.</li></ul><p> The elements <a class="gi" title="() marks words or phrases mentioned, not used." href="ref-mentioned.html">mentioned</a> and <a class="gi" title="contains a word or phrase for which the author or narrator indicates a disclaiming of responsibility, for example by the use of scare quotes or italics." href="ref-soCalled.html">soCalled</a> are members of the class <a class="link_odd" title="groups phrase-level elements which are typographically distinct and to which a specific function can be attributed." href="ref-model.emphLike.html">model.emphLike</a>; the <a class="gi" title="(quoted) contains material which is distinguished from the surrounding text using quotation marks or a similar method, for any one of a variety of reasons including, but not limited to: direct speech or thought, technical terms or jargon, authorial distance, quotations from elsewhere, and passages that are mentioned but not used." href="ref-q.html">q</a> and <a class="gi" title="(speech or thought) indicates passages thought or spoken aloud, whether explicitly indicated in the source or not, whether directly or indirectly reported, whether by real people or fictional characters." href="ref-said.html">said</a> are members of the class <a class="link_odd" title="groups elements related to highlighting which can appear either within or between chunk-level elements." href="ref-model.qLike.html">model.qLike</a> in their own right, while <a class="gi" title="(cited quotation) contains a quotation from some other document, together with a bibliographic reference to its source. In a dictionary it may contain an example text with at least one occurrence of the word form, used in the sense being described, or a translation of the headword, or an example." href="ref-cit.html">cit</a> and <a class="gi" title="(quotation) contains a phrase or passage attributed by the narrator or author to some agency external to the text." href="ref-quote.html">quote</a> are members of <a class="link_odd" title="groups elements used to directly contain quotations." href="ref-model.quoteLike.html">model.quoteLike</a>, a subclass of <a class="link_odd" title="groups elements related to highlighting which can appear either within or between chunk-level elements." href="ref-model.qLike.html">model.qLike</a>. This class is a subclass of <a class="link_odd" title="groups elements which can appear either within or between paragraph-like elements." href="ref-model.inter.html">model.inter</a>; hence all of these elements are permitted both within and between paragraph-level elements.</p><p>The most common and important use of quotation marks is, of course, to mark <span class="term">quotation</span>, by which we mean simply any part of the text which the author or narrator wishes to attribute to some agency other than the narrative voice. The <a class="gi" title="(quoted) contains material which is distinguished from the surrounding text using quotation marks or a similar method, for any one of a variety of reasons including, but not limited to: direct speech or thought, technical terms or jargon, authorial distance, quotations from elsewhere, and passages that are mentioned but not used." href="ref-q.html">q</a> element may be used if no further distinction beyond this is judged necessary. If it is felt necessary to distinguish such passages further, for example to indicate whether they are regarded as speech, writing, or thought, either the <span class="att">type</span> attribute or one of the more specialized elements discussed in this section may be used. For example, the element <a class="gi" title="(quotation) contains a phrase or passage attributed by the narrator or author to some agency external to the text." href="ref-quote.html">quote</a> may be used for written passages cited from other works, or the element <a class="gi" title="(speech or thought) indicates passages thought or spoken aloud, whether explicitly indicated in the source or not, whether directly or indirectly reported, whether by real people or fictional characters." href="ref-said.html">said</a> for words or phrases represented as being spoken or thought by people or characters within the current work. The <a class="gi" title="contains a word or phrase for which the author or narrator indicates a disclaiming of responsibility, for example by the use of scare quotes or italics." href="ref-soCalled.html">soCalled</a> element is used for cases where the author or narrator distances him or herself from the words in question without however attributing them to any other voice in particular. The <a class="gi" title="() marks words or phrases mentioned, not used." href="ref-mentioned.html">mentioned</a> element is appropriate for a case where a word or phrase is being discussed in the body of a text rather than forming part of the text directly.</p><p>As noted above, if the distinction among these various reasons why a passage is offset from surrounding text cannot be made reliably, or is not of interest, then any representation of speech, thought, or writing may simply be marked using the <a class="gi" title="(quoted) contains material which is distinguished from the surrounding text using quotation marks or a similar method, for any one of a variety of reasons including, but not limited to: direct speech or thought, technical terms or jargon, authorial distance, quotations from elsewhere, and passages that are mentioned but not used." href="ref-q.html">q</a> element.</p><p>Quotation may be indicated in a printed source by changes in type face, by special punctuation marks (single or double or angled quotes, dashes, etc.) and by layout (indented paragraphs, etc.), or it may not be explicitly represented at all. If these characteristics are of interest, one or other of the global <span class="att">rend</span> or <span class="att">rendition</span> attributes discussed in section <a class="link_ptr" href="ST.html#STGA" title="Global Attributes"><span class="headingNumber">1.3.1.1 </span>Global Attributes</a> may be used to record them.</p><div class="p">Quotation marks themselves may, like other punctuation marks, be felt for some purposes to be worth retaining within a text, quite independently of their description by the <span class="att">rend</span> attribute. This should generally be done using the appropriate Unicode character, or, if this is not possible, a numeric character reference (see <a class="link_ptr" href="SG.html#SG-er" title="Character References"><span class="headingNumber"></span>Character References</a>). If the encoder decides both to retain the quotation marks and to represent their function by means of an explicit tag such as <a class="gi" title="(quotation) contains a phrase or passage attributed by the narrator or author to some agency external to the text." href="ref-quote.html">quote</a>, the quotation marks should be included within the element, rather than outside it, as in the first example below: <div id="index-egXML-d52e31306" class="pre egXML_valid">Adolphe se tourna vers lui :<br /><span class="element"><said></span>— Alors, Albert, quoi de neuf?<span class="element"></said></span><br /><span class="element"><said></span>— Pas grand-chose.<span class="element"></said></span><br /><span class="element"><said></span>— Il fait beau,<span class="element"></said></span> dit Robert.<div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#COHQQ-eg-23">bibliography</a> </div></div> Alternatively, since this use of the leading mdash is very common typographic practice, it may be considered unnecessary to retain it in the encoding. Its presence in the source might instead be signalled using one of the attributes <span class="att">rend</span>, <span class="att">style</span>, or <span class="att">rendition</span>. This kind of rendering might be predefined using a <a class="gi" title="supplies information about the rendition or appearance of one or more elements in the source text." href="ref-rendition.html">rendition</a> element, which can then be referenced using the <span class="att">rendition</span> attribute as follows: <div id="index-egXML-d52e31332" class="pre egXML_valid">Adolphe se tourna vers lui :<br /><span class="element"><said <span class="attribute">rendition</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#dashBefore</span>"></span>Alors,<br /> Albert, quoi de neuf ?<span class="element"></said></span><br /><span class="element"><said <span class="attribute">rendition</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#dashBefore</span>"></span>Pas grand-chose.<span class="element"></said></span><br /><span class="element"><said <span class="attribute">rendition</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#dashBefore</span>"></span>Il fait beau,<span class="element"></said></span><br /> dit Robert.<br /><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... within the header --></span><br /><span class="element"><rendition <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">dashBefore</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">scope</span>="<span class="attributevalue">before</span>"></span>content: '— '<span class="element"></rendition></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /><span class="element"><quotation <span class="attribute">marks</span>="<span class="attributevalue">none</span>"/></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#COHQQ-eg-23">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><p>Whatever policy is adopted, the encoder should document the decision in some way, for example by using the <a class="gi" title="specifies editorial practice adopted with respect to quotation marks in the original." href="ref-quotation.html">quotation</a> element provided in the TEI header (see <a class="link_ptr" href="HD.html#HD53" title="The Editorial Practices Declaration"><span class="headingNumber">2.3.3 </span>The Editorial Practices Declaration</a>) to indicate that quotation marks have not been retained in the encoding; their presence in the source is implied by the <span class="att">rendition</span> attribute values supplied.</p><div class="p">Whether or not the quotation marks are suppressed, their presence and nature may be described using some appropriate set of conventions in the <span class="att">rend</span> attribute. These conventions may be entirely idiosyncratic, and hence not necessarily useful for interchange, as in the following example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e31362" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><said <span class="attribute">rend</span>="<span class="attributevalue">pre(‘) post(’)</span>"></span>Who-e debel<br /> you?<span class="element"></said></span> — he at last said —<br /><span class="element"><said <span class="attribute">rend</span>="<span class="attributevalue">pre(‘) post(’)</span>"></span>you no speak-e,<br /> damme, I kill-e.<span class="element"></said></span> And so saying,<br /> the lighted tomahawk began flourishing<br /> about me in the dark.<div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#DSHD-eg-30">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">Such passages might more effectively be encoded without loss of rendering information by using the <span class="att">rendition</span> attribute and its associated <a class="gi" title="supplies information about the rendition or appearance of one or more elements in the source text." href="ref-rendition.html">rendition</a> element as described in section <a class="link_ptr" href="HD.html#HD57-1" title="Rendition"><span class="headingNumber">2.3.4.1 </span>Rendition</a>. If the rendition of passages tagged as <a class="gi" title="(speech or thought) indicates passages thought or spoken aloud, whether explicitly indicated in the source or not, whether directly or indirectly reported, whether by real people or fictional characters." href="ref-said.html">said</a> is generally uniform throughout a text, then the <a class="gi" title="supplies information about the rendition or appearance of one or more elements in the source text." href="ref-rendition.html">rendition</a> element may used to specify a default rendering, in which case the same section might simply be tagged: <div id="index-egXML-d52e31387" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><said></span>Who-e debel<br /> you?<span class="element"></said></span> — he at last said —<br /><span class="element"><said></span>you no speak-e,<br /> damme, I kill-e.<span class="element"></said></span> And so saying,<br /> the lighted tomahawk began flourishing<br /> about me in the dark.<br /><br /><span class="comment"><!-- in the header: --></span><br /><span class="element"><tagsDecl <span class="attribute">partial</span>="<span class="attributevalue">true</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><rendition <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">prequote</span>" <span class="attribute">scheme</span>="<span class="attributevalue">css</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">selector</span>="<span class="attributevalue">said</span>" <span class="attribute">scope</span>="<span class="attributevalue">before</span>"></span>content:"‘";<span class="element"></rendition></span><br /> <span class="element"><rendition <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">postquote</span>" <span class="attribute">scheme</span>="<span class="attributevalue">css</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">selector</span>="<span class="attributevalue">said</span>" <span class="attribute">scope</span>="<span class="attributevalue">after</span>"></span>content:"’";<span class="element"></rendition></span><br /> <span class="element"><namespace <span class="attribute">name</span>="<span class="attributevalue">http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><tagUsage <span class="attribute">gi</span>="<span class="attributevalue">said</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"></namespace></span><br /><span class="element"></tagsDecl></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#DSHD-eg-30">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">As members of the <a class="link_odd" title="provides attributes for elements representing speech or action that can be ascribed to a specific individual." href="ref-att.ascribed.html">att.ascribed</a> class, elements <a class="gi" title="(speech or thought) indicates passages thought or spoken aloud, whether explicitly indicated in the source or not, whether directly or indirectly reported, whether by real people or fictional characters." href="ref-said.html">said</a> and <a class="gi" title="(quoted) contains material which is distinguished from the surrounding text using quotation marks or a similar method, for any one of a variety of reasons including, but not limited to: direct speech or thought, technical terms or jargon, authorial distance, quotations from elsewhere, and passages that are mentioned but not used." href="ref-q.html">q</a> share the following attribute: <ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-att.ascribed.html">att.ascribed</a></span> provides attributes for elements representing speech or action that can be ascribed to a specific individual.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">who</span></td><td>indicates the person, or group of people, to whom the element content is ascribed.</td></tr></table></li></ul> This may be used to make explicit who is speaking: <div id="index-egXML-d52e31417" class="pre egXML_valid">Adolphe se tourna vers lui :<br /><span class="element"><said <span class="attribute">who</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#Adolphe</span>"></span>— Alors, Albert,<br /> quoi de neuf?<span class="element"></said></span><br /><span class="element"><said <span class="attribute">who</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#Albert</span>"></span>— Pas grand-chose.<span class="element"></said></span><br /><span class="element"><said <span class="attribute">who</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#Robert</span>"></span>— Il fait beau,<span class="element"></said></span><br /> dit Robert.<br /><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... elsewhere in the document --></span><br /><span class="element"><list <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">speakers</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><item <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Adolphe</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"><item <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Albert</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"><item <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Robert</span>"/></span><br /><span class="element"></list></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#COHQQ-eg-23">bibliography</a> </div></div> The <span class="att">who</span> attribute may be supplied whether or not an indication of the speaker is given explicitly in the text. It may take the form (as above) of a normalized form of the speaker's name, but its role is to act as a pointer to a location elsewhere in the text, or another document, where data about each speaker may be supplied. While this attribute could point to any source of information about the speaker available by a URI, the most appropriate place to place such information is within the <span class="term">participant description</span> component of the TEI header, as further discussed in <a class="link_ptr" href="CC.html#CCAHPA" title="The Participant Description"><span class="headingNumber">15.2.2 </span>The Participant Description</a> but for simple cases like the above, a simple list of speakers located in the front or back matter of the text may suffice.</div><div class="p">It may also be useful to distinguish representations of speech from representations of thought, in modern printed texts often indicated by a change of typeface. The <span class="att">aloud</span> attribute is provided for this purpose, as in this example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e31447" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><said <span class="attribute">aloud</span>="<span class="attributevalue">true</span>"></span>Oh yes,<span class="element"></said></span> said Henry, <br /><span class="element"><said <span class="attribute">aloud</span>="<span class="attributevalue">false</span>"></span>I mean<br /> Gordon Macrae, for example…<span class="element"></said></span><br /><span class="element"><said <span class="attribute">aloud</span>="<span class="attributevalue">false</span>"></span>Jungian<br /> Analyst with Winebox! That's what you called him, you callous bastard,<br /> didn't you? Eh? Eh?<span class="element"></said></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#COHQQ-eg-25">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">Quoted matter may be embedded within quoted matter, as when one speaker reports the speech of another: <div id="index-egXML-d52e31458" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><said <span class="attribute">who</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#Wilson</span>"></span>Spaulding, he came down into the office just this day<br /> eight weeks with this very paper in his hand, and he says:—<br /> <span class="element"><said <span class="attribute">who</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#WilsonSpaulding</span>"></span>I wish to the Lord, Mr. Wilson, that I was a<br /> red-headed man.<span class="element"></said></span><span class="element"></said></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /><span class="element"><list <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">speakers</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><item <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Wilson</span>"></span>Wilson<span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><item <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">WilsonSpaulding</span>"></span>Spaulding reported by Wilson<span class="element"></item></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ...--></span><br /><span class="element"></list></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#COHQQ-eg-26">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">Direct speech nested in this way is treated in the same way as elsewhere: a change of rendition may occur, but the same element should be used. An encoder may however choose to distinguish between direct speech which contains quotations from extra-textual matter and direct speech itself, as in the following example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e31473" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><p></span><br /> <span class="element"><said></span>The Lord! The Lord! It is Sakya Muni himself,<span class="element"></said></span> the lama half<br /> sobbed; and under his breath began the wonderful Buddhist<br /> invocation:-<span class="element"><said></span><br /> <span class="element"><quote></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>To Him the Way — the Law — Apart —<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Whom Maya held beneath her heart<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Ananda's Lord — the Bodhisat<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"></quote></span><br /> And He is here! The Most Excellent Law is here also. My<br /> pilgrimage is well begun. And what work! What work!<span class="element"></said></span><span class="element"></p></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#COHQQ-eg-27">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">Quotations from other works are often accompanied by a reference to their source. The <a class="gi" title="(cited quotation) contains a quotation from some other document, together with a bibliographic reference to its source. In a dictionary it may contain an example text with at least one occurrence of the word form, used in the sense being described, or a translation of the headword, or an example." href="ref-cit.html">cit</a> element may be used to group together the quotation and its associated bibliographic reference, which should be encoded using the elements for bibliographic references discussed in section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#COBI" title="Bibliographic Citations and References"><span class="headingNumber">3.11 </span>Bibliographic Citations and References</a>, as in the following example. <div id="index-egXML-d52e31495" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><div <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">mm01</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">chapter</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>Chapter 1<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><epigraph></span><br /> <span class="element"><cit></span><br /> <span class="element"><quote></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Since I can do no good because a woman<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Reach constantly at something that is near it.<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"></quote></span><br /> <span class="element"><bibl></span><br /> <span class="element"><title></span>The Maid's Tragedy<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"><author></span>Beaumont and Fletcher<span class="element"></author></span><br /> <span class="element"></bibl></span><br /> <span class="element"></cit></span><br /> <span class="element"></epigraph></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Miss Brooke had that kind of beauty which seems to be thrown into<br /> relief by poor dress...<span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"></div></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#COHQQ-eg-28">bibliography</a> </div></div> Like other bibliographic references, the citation associated with a quotation may be represented simply by a cross-reference, as in this example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e31514" class="pre egXML_valid">Lexicography has shown little sign of being affected by the<br /> work of followers of J.R. Firth, probably best summarized<br /> in his slogan, <span class="element"><cit></span><br /> <span class="element"><quote></span>You shall know a word by the company it keeps.<span class="element"></quote></span><br /> <span class="element"><ref></span>(Firth, 1957)<span class="element"></ref></span><br /><span class="element"></cit></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#COHQQ-eg-29">bibliography</a> </div></div> It is also common for quotations to be separated from their bibliographic reference by intervening text, which makes the use of <a class="gi" title="(cited quotation) contains a quotation from some other document, together with a bibliographic reference to its source. In a dictionary it may contain an example text with at least one occurrence of the word form, used in the sense being described, or a translation of the headword, or an example." href="ref-cit.html">cit</a> impractical. In such circumstances, the quotation can be linked to a bibliographical reference using <span class="att">source</span>: <div id="index-egXML-d52e31529" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><bibl <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">tlk_36</span>"></span>Tolkien (1936)<span class="element"></bibl></span> tells us that<br /><span class="element"><quote <span class="attribute">source</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#tlk_36</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><title></span>Beowulf<span class="element"></title></span> is in fact so interesting as<br /> poetry, in places poetry so powerful, that this quite<br /> overshadows the historical content<span class="element"></quote></span>.<div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#COHQQ-eg-31">bibliography</a> </div></div> <span class="att">source</span> could also be used to point to a complete external bibliographic reference in a <a class="gi" title="(citation list) contains a list of bibliographic citations of any kind." href="ref-listBibl.html">listBibl</a> elsewhere in the document, or external to it.</div><p>Unlike most of the other elements discussed in this chapter, direct speech and quotations may frequently contain other high-level elements such as paragraphs or verse lines, as well as being themselves contained by such elements. Three possible solutions exist for this well-known structural problem: </p><ul class="bulleted"><li class="item">the quotation is broken into segments, each of which is entirely contained within a paragraph</li><li class="item">the quotation is marked up using stand-off markup</li><li class="item">the quotation boundaries are represented by empty segment boundary delimiter elements</li></ul><p> For further discussion and several examples, see chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="NH.html" title="31"><span class="headingNumber">20 </span>Non-hierarchical Structures</a>.</p><div class="p">Finally, in this section, the element <a class="gi" title="contains a word or phrase for which the author or narrator indicates a disclaiming of responsibility, for example by the use of scare quotes or italics." href="ref-soCalled.html">soCalled</a> is provided for all cases in which quotation marks are used to distance the quoted text from the narrator or speaker. Common examples include the ‘scare’ quotes often found in newspaper headlines and advertising copy, where the effect is to cast doubts on the veracity of an assertion: <div id="index-egXML-d52e31565" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><head></span>PM dodges <span class="element"><soCalled></span>election threat<span class="element"></soCalled></span> in interview<span class="element"></head></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#COHQQ-eg-30">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">The same element should be used to mark a variety of special ironic usages. Some further examples follow: <div id="index-egXML-d52e31574" class="pre egXML_valid">He hated <span class="element"><soCalled></span>good<span class="element"></soCalled></span> books.<div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e31580" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><soCalled></span>Croissants<span class="element"></soCalled></span> indeed! toast not good enough for you?<div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e31587" class="pre egXML_valid">Although Chomsky's decision that all NL<br /> sentences are finite objects was never justified by arguments from<br /> the attested properties of NLs, it did have a certain<br /><span class="element"><soCalled></span>social<span class="element"></soCalled></span> justification. It was commonly assumed in<br /> works on logic until fairly recently that the notion<br /><span class="element"><mentioned></span>language<span class="element"></mentioned></span> is necessarily restricted to finite<br /> strings.<div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#COHQQ-eg-33">bibliography</a> </div></div></div></div><div class="div3" id="COHQU"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#COHQQ"><span class="headingNumber">3.3.3 </span>Quotation</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#COHQHEG"><span class="headingNumber">3.3.5 </span>Some Further Examples</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#COHQU" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Terms, Glosses, Equivalents, and Descriptions</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">3.3.4 </span><span class="head">Terms, Glosses, Equivalents, and Descriptions</span></h4><p>This section describes a set of textual elements which are used to provide a gloss, alternate identification, or description of something.</p><p>Technical terms are often italicized or emboldened upon first mention in printed texts; an explanation or gloss is sometimes given in quotation marks. Linguistic analyses conventionally cite words in languages under discussion in italics, providing a gloss immediately following marked with single quotation marks. Other texts in which individual words or phrases are <span class="noindex">mentioned</span> (for example, as examples) rather than <span class="noindex">used</span> may mark them either with italics or with quotation marks, and will gloss them less regularly.</p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-term.html">term</a></span> contains a single-word, multi-word, or symbolic designation which is regarded as a technical term.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-gloss.html">gloss</a></span> identifies a phrase or word used to provide a gloss or definition for some other word or phrase.</li></ul><p> These elements are also members of the class <a class="link_odd" title="groups phrase-level elements which are typographically distinct and to which a specific function can be attributed." href="ref-model.emphLike.html">model.emphLike</a>.</p><div class="p">A <a class="gi" title="contains a single-word, multi-word, or symbolic designation which is regarded as a technical term." href="ref-term.html">term</a> may appear with or without a gloss, as may a <a class="gi" title="() marks words or phrases mentioned, not used." href="ref-mentioned.html">mentioned</a> element. Where the <a class="gi" title="identifies a phrase or word used to provide a gloss or definition for some other word or phrase." href="ref-gloss.html">gloss</a> is present, it may be linked to the term it is glossing by means of its <span class="att">target</span> attribute. To establish such a link, the encoder should give an <span class="att">xml:id</span> value to the <a class="gi" title="contains a single-word, multi-word, or symbolic designation which is regarded as a technical term." href="ref-term.html">term</a> or <a class="gi" title="() marks words or phrases mentioned, not used." href="ref-mentioned.html">mentioned</a> element and provide that value, prefixed by a sharp sign, as the value of the <span class="att">target</span> attribute on the <a class="gi" title="identifies a phrase or word used to provide a gloss or definition for some other word or phrase." href="ref-gloss.html">gloss</a> element. For example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e32532" class="pre egXML_valid">We may define <span class="element"><term <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">TDPv</span>" <span class="attribute">rend</span>="<span class="attributevalue">sc</span>"></span>discoursal point of view<span class="element"></term></span><br /> as <br /><span class="element"><gloss <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#TDPv</span>"></span>the relationship, expressed through discourse<br /> structure, between the implied author or some other addresser,<br /> and the fiction.<span class="element"></gloss></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#COHQU-eg-42">bibliography</a> </div></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e32540" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><gloss <span class="attribute">rend</span>="<span class="attributevalue">unmarked</span>" <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#PRSR</span>"></span>A computational device that infers<br /> structure from grammatical strings of words<span class="element"></gloss></span> is known as a<br /><span class="element"><term <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">PRSR</span>"></span>parser<span class="element"></term></span>, and much of the history of NLP over the<br /> last 20 years has been occupied with the design of parsers.<div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#COHQU-eg-43">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">In the absence of a <a class="gi" title="identifies a phrase or word used to provide a gloss or definition for some other word or phrase." href="ref-gloss.html">gloss</a> in the source text, a <a class="gi" title="contains a single-word, multi-word, or symbolic designation which is regarded as a technical term." href="ref-term.html">term</a> can also be associated with a gloss or definition by means of its <span class="att">ref</span> attribute, as in this imaginary example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e32559" class="pre egXML_valid">We discuss Leech's concept of <span class="element"><term <span class="attribute">ref</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#TDPV2</span>" <span class="attribute">rend</span>="<span class="attributevalue">sc</span>"></span>discoursal point of view<span class="element"></term></span> below. <div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div> Here, the value <span class="ident">#TDPV2</span> references some other XML element in the same document. This might be, for example, an entry in a list of technical vocabulary given in the document header, or in an appendix. This attribute could also reference an entry in some centrally maintained terminological database, perhaps using one of the pointing mechanisms discussed in section <a class="link_ptr" href="SA.html#SAXP" title="Pointing Mechanisms"><span class="headingNumber">16.2 </span>Pointing Mechanisms</a>.</div><div class="p">Note that the element <a class="gi" title="contains a single-word, multi-word, or symbolic designation which is regarded as a technical term." href="ref-term.html">term</a> is intended for use with words or phrases identified as terminological in nature; where words or phrases are simply being cited, discussed, or glossed in a text, it will often be more appropriate to use the <a class="gi" title="() marks words or phrases mentioned, not used." href="ref-mentioned.html">mentioned</a> element, as in the following example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e32579" class="pre egXML_valid">There is thus a striking accentual difference between a verbal<br /> form like <span class="element"><mentioned <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">cw234</span>" <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">grc</span>"></span>eluthemen<span class="element"></mentioned></span><br /><span class="element"><gloss <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#cw234</span>"></span>we were released,<span class="element"></gloss></span> accented on the<br /> second syllable of the word, and its participial derivative<br /><br /><span class="element"><mentioned <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">cw235</span>" <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">grc</span>"></span>lutheis<span class="element"></mentioned></span><br /><span class="element"><gloss <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#cw235</span>"></span>released,<span class="element"></gloss></span> accented on the last.<div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#COHQU-eg-44">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><p>For technical terminology in particular, and generally in terminological studies, it may be useful to associate an instance of a term within a text with a canonical definition for it, which is stored either elsewhere in the same text (for example in a glossary of terms) or externally, for example in a database, authority file, or published standard. The attributes <span class="att">key</span> and <span class="att">ref</span> discussed in section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#CONARS" title="Referring Strings"><span class="headingNumber">3.5.1 </span>Referring Strings</a> below are available on the <a class="gi" title="contains a single-word, multi-word, or symbolic designation which is regarded as a technical term." href="ref-term.html">term</a> element for this purpose.</p><p>Another group of elements is used to supply different kinds of names for objects described by the TEI. Examples of this are documentation of elements, attributes, classes (and also attribute values where appropriate), and description of glyphs. </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-altIdent.html">altIdent</a></span> (alternate identifier) supplies the recommended XML name for an element, class, attribute, etc. in some language.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-desc.html">desc</a></span> (description) contains a brief description of the object documented by its parent element, typically a documentation element or an entity.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-equiv.html">equiv</a></span> (equivalent) specifies a component which is considered equivalent to the parent element, either by co-reference, or by external link.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">uri</span></td><td>(uniform resource identifier) references the underlying concept of which the parent is a representation by means of some external identifier</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">filter</span></td><td>references an external script which contains a method to transform instances of this element to canonical TEI</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">name</span></td><td>a single word which follows the rules defining a legal XML name (see <a class="link_ptr" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml/#dt-name"><span>http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml/#dt-name</span></a>), naming the underlying concept of which the parent is a representation.</td></tr></table></li></ul><p> Along with the <a class="gi" title="identifies a phrase or word used to provide a gloss or definition for some other word or phrase." href="ref-gloss.html">gloss</a> element mentioned above, these elements constitute the <a class="link_odd" title="groups elements which provide an alternative name, explanation, or description for any markup construct." href="ref-model.glossLike.html">model.glossLike</a> class. They are described in more detail in <a class="link_ptr" href="TD.html#TDcrystalsCEdc" title="Description of Components"><span class="headingNumber">22.4.1 </span>Description of Components</a>.</p></div><div class="div3" id="COHQHEG"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#COHQU"><span class="headingNumber">3.3.4 </span>Terms, Glosses, Equivalents, and Descriptions</a></li><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#COHQHEG" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Some Further Examples</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">3.3.5 </span><span class="head">Some Further Examples</span></h4><div class="p">As a simple example of the elements discussed here, consider the following sentence: <div class="q">On the one hand the <span class="titlem">Nibelungenlied</span> is associated with the new rise of romance of twelfth-century France, the <span class="foreign">romans d'antiquité</span>, the romances of Chrétien de Troyes, and the German adaptations of these works by Heinrich van Veldeke, Hartmann von Aue, and Wolfram von Eschenbach.</div> A first approximation to the encoding of this sentence might be simply to record the fact that the phrases printed above in italics are highlighted, as follows: <div id="index-egXML-d52e33015" class="pre egXML_valid">On the one hand the <span class="element"><hi <span class="attribute">rend</span>="<span class="attributevalue">italic</span>"></span>Nibelungenlied<span class="element"></hi></span> is<br /> associated with the new rise of romance of twelfth-century France,<br /> the <span class="element"><hi <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">fr</span>" <span class="attribute">rend</span>="<span class="attributevalue">italic</span>"></span>romans d'antiquité<span class="element"></hi></span>,<br /> the romances of Chrétien de Troyes, ...<div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#CONADA-eg-144">bibliography</a> </div></div> This encoding would, however, lose the important distinction between an italicized title and an italicized foreign phrase. Many other phrases might also be italicized in the text, and a retrieval program seeking to identify foreign terms (for example) would not be able to produce reliable results by simply looking for italicized words. Where economic and intellectual constraints permit, therefore, it would be preferable to encode both the function of the highlighted phrases and their appearance, as follows: <div id="index-egXML-d52e33024" class="pre egXML_valid">On the one hand the <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">rend</span>="<span class="attributevalue">italic</span>"></span>Nibelungenlied<span class="element"></title></span><br /> is associated with the new rise of romance of twelfth-century France,<br /> the <span class="element"><foreign <span class="attribute">rend</span>="<span class="attributevalue">italic</span>"></span>romans d'antiquité<span class="element"></foreign></span>, the<br /> romances of Chrétien de Troyes, ...<div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#CONADA-eg-144">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><p>In this example, the decision as to which textual features are distinguished by the highlighting is relatively uncontroversial. As a less straightforward example, consider the use of italic font in the following passage: </p><div class="q">A pretty common case, I believe; in all <span style="font-style:italic">vehement</span> debatings. She says I am <span style="font-style:italic">too witty</span>; Anglicé, <span style="font-style:italic">too pert</span>; I, that she is <span style="font-style:italic">too wise</span>; that is to say, being likewise put into English, <span style="font-style:italic">not so young as she has been</span>: in short, she is grown so much into a <span style="font-style:italic">mother</span>, that she had forgotten she ever was a <span style="font-style:italic">daughter</span>. ...</div><p>Clearly, the word <span class="mentioned">vehement</span> is not italicized for the same reason as the phrase <span class="mentioned">not so young as she has been</span>; the former is emphasized, while the latter is proverbial. It also provides an ironic gloss for the words <span class="mentioned">too wise</span>, in the same way as <span class="mentioned">too pert</span> glosses <span class="mentioned">too witty</span>. The glossed phrases are not, however, technical terms or cited words, but quoted phrases, as if the writer were putting words into her own and her mother's mouths. Finally, the words <span class="mentioned">mother</span> and <span class="mentioned">daughter</span> are apparently italicized simply to oppose them in the sentence; certainly they do not fit into any of the categories so far proposed as reasons for italicizing. Note also that the word <span class="mentioned">Anglicé</span> is not italicized although it is not generally considered an English word.</p><div class="p">The following sample encoding for the above passage attempts to take into account all the above points: <div id="index-egXML-d52e33088" class="pre egXML_valid">A pretty common case, I believe; in all <span class="element"><emph></span>vehement<span class="element"></emph></span><br /> debatings. She says I am <span class="element"><q <span class="attribute">rend</span>="<span class="attributevalue">italic</span>"></span>too witty<span class="element"></q></span>;<br /><span class="element"><foreign <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">la</span>" <span class="attribute">rend</span>="<span class="attributevalue">roman</span>"></span>Anglicé<span class="element"></foreign></span>,<br /><span class="element"><gloss <span class="attribute">rend</span>="<span class="attributevalue">italic</span>"></span>too pert<span class="element"></gloss></span>; I, that she is<br /><span class="element"><q <span class="attribute">rend</span>="<span class="attributevalue">italic</span>"></span> too wise<span class="element"></q></span>; that is to say, being likewise<br /> put into English, <span class="element"><gloss <span class="attribute">rend</span>="<span class="attributevalue">italic</span>"></span>not so young as she has<br /> been<span class="element"></gloss></span>: in short, she is grown so much into a<br /><span class="element"><hi <span class="attribute">rend</span>="<span class="attributevalue">italic</span>"></span>mother<span class="element"></hi></span>, that she had forgotten she ever<br /> was a <span class="element"><hi <span class="attribute">rend</span>="<span class="attributevalue">italic</span>"></span>daughter<span class="element"></hi></span>.<div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#COHQHEG-eg-02">bibliography</a> </div></div> </div></div></div><div class="div2" id="COED"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#COHQ"><span class="headingNumber">3.3 </span>Highlighting and Quotation</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#CONA"><span class="headingNumber">3.5 </span>Names, Numbers, Dates, Abbreviations, and Addresses</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h3><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#COED" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Simple Editorial Changes</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">3.4 </span><span class="head">Simple Editorial Changes</span></h3><p>As in editing a printed text, so in encoding a text in electronic form, it may be necessary to accommodate editorial comment on the text and to render account of any changes made to the text in preparing it. The tags described in this section may be used to record such editorial interventions, whether made by the encoder, by the editor of a printed edition used as a copy text, by earlier editors, or by the copyists of manuscripts.</p><p>The tags described here handle most common types of editorial intervention and stereotyped comment; where less structured commentary of other types is to be included, it should be marked using the <a class="gi" title="contains a note or annotation." href="ref-note.html">note</a> element described in section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#CONO" title="Notes Annotation and Indexing"><span class="headingNumber">3.8 </span>Notes, Annotation, and Indexing</a>. Systematic interpretive annotation is also possible using the various methods described in chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="SA.html" title="14"><span class="headingNumber">16 </span>Linking, Segmentation, and Alignment</a>. The examples given here illustrate only simple cases of editorial intervention; in particular, they permit economical encoding of a simple set of alternative readings of a short span of text. To encode multiple views of large or heterogeneous spans of text, the mechanisms described in chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="SA.html" title="14"><span class="headingNumber">16 </span>Linking, Segmentation, and Alignment</a> should be used. To encode multiple witnesses of a particular text, a similar mechanism designed specifically for critical editions is described in chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="TC.html" title="19"><span class="headingNumber">12 </span>Critical Apparatus</a>.</p><p>For most of the elements discussed here, some encoders may wish to indicate both a <span class="term">responsibility</span>, that is, a code indicating the person or agency responsible for making the editorial intervention in question, and also an indication of the degree of <span class="term">certainty</span> which the encoder wishes to associate with the intervention. These requirements are served by the <a class="link_odd" title="provides attributes indicating the agent responsible for some aspect of the text, the markup or something asserted by the markup, and the degree of certainty associated with it." href="ref-att.global.responsibility.html">att.global.responsibility</a> class, along with <a class="link_odd" title="provides an attribute used by elements to point to an external source." href="ref-att.global.source.html">att.global.source</a> and <a class="link_odd" title="provides attributes for describing the size of physical objects." href="ref-att.dimensions.html">att.dimensions</a>. Any of the elements discussed here thus may potentially carry any of the following optional attributes: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-att.global.responsibility.html">att.global.responsibility</a></span> provides attributes indicating the agent responsible for some aspect of the text, the markup or something asserted by the markup, and the degree of certainty associated with it.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">cert</span></td><td>(certainty) signifies the degree of certainty associated with the intervention or interpretation.</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">resp</span></td><td>(responsible party) indicates the agency responsible for the intervention or interpretation, for example an editor or transcriber.</td></tr></table></li><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-att.global.source.html">att.global.source</a></span> provides an attribute used by elements to point to an external source.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">source</span></td><td>specifies the source from which some aspect of this element is drawn.</td></tr></table></li><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-att.editLike.html">att.editLike</a></span> provides attributes describing the nature of an encoded scholarly intervention or interpretation of any kind.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">evidence</span></td><td>indicates the nature of the evidence supporting the reliability or accuracy of the intervention or interpretation.
Suggested values include: 1] internal; 2] external; 3] conjecture</td></tr></table></li><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-att.dimensions.html">att.dimensions</a></span> provides attributes for describing the size of physical objects.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">unit</span></td><td>names the unit used for the measurement
Suggested values include: 1] cm(centimetres) ; 2] mm(millimetres) ; 3] in(inches) ; 4] lines; 5] chars(characters) </td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">quantity</span></td><td>specifies the length in the units specified</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">extent</span></td><td>indicates the size of the object concerned using a project-specific vocabulary combining quantity and units in a single string of words.</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">precision</span></td><td>characterizes the precision of the values specified by the other attributes.</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">scope</span></td><td>where the measurement summarizes more than one observation, specifies the applicability of this measurement.
Sample values include: 1] all; 2] most; 3] range</td></tr></table></li></ul><p>Many of the elements discussed here can be used in two ways. Their primary purpose is to indicate that the text encoded as the element's content represents an editorial intervention (or non-intervention) of a specific kind, indicated by the element itself. However, pairs or other meaningful groupings of such elements can also be supplied, wrapped within a special purpose <a class="gi" title="groups a number of alternative encodings for the same point in a text." href="ref-choice.html">choice</a> element: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-choice.html">choice</a></span> groups a number of alternative encodings for the same point in a text.</li></ul><p> This element enables the encoder to represent for example a text in its ‘original’ uncorrected and unaltered form, alongside the same text in one or more ‘edited’ forms. This usage permits software to switch automatically between one ‘view’ of a text and another, so that (for example) a stylesheet may be set to display either the text in its original form or after the application of editorial interventions of particular kinds.</p><p>Elements which can be combined in this way constitute the <a class="link_odd" title="groups elements (other than <choice> itself) which can be used within a <choice> alternation." href="ref-model.choicePart.html">model.choicePart</a> class. The default members of this class are <a class="gi" title="(Latin for thus or so) contains text reproduced although apparently incorrect or inaccurate." href="ref-sic.html">sic</a>, <a class="gi" title="(correction) contains the correct form of a passage apparently erroneous in the copy text." href="ref-corr.html">corr</a>, <a class="gi" title="(regularization) contains a reading which has been regularized or normalized in some sense." href="ref-reg.html">reg</a>, <a class="gi" title="(original form) contains a reading which is marked as following the original, rather than being normalized or corrected." href="ref-orig.html">orig</a>, <a class="gi" title="contains a word, phrase, or passage which cannot be transcribed with certainty because it is illegible or inaudible in the source." href="ref-unclear.html">unclear</a>, <a class="gi" title="signifies text supplied by the transcriber or editor for any reason; for example because the original cannot be read due to physical damage, or because of an obvious omission by the author or scribe." href="ref-supplied.html">supplied</a>, <a class="gi" title="(abbreviation) contains an abbreviation of any sort." href="ref-abbr.html">abbr</a>, <a class="gi" title="(expansion) contains the expansion of an abbreviation." href="ref-expan.html">expan</a>, <a class="gi" title="(editorial expansion) contains a sequence of letters added by an editor or transcriber when expanding an abbreviation." href="ref-ex.html">ex</a>, <a class="gi" title="(abbreviation marker) contains a sequence of letters or signs present in an abbreviation which are omitted or replaced in the expanded form of the abbreviation." href="ref-am.html">am</a> and <a class="gi" title="(arbitrary segment) represents any segmentation of text below the ‘chunk’ level." href="ref-seg.html">seg</a>; some of their functions and usage are described further below.</p><p>Three categories of editorial intervention are discussed in this section: </p><ul class="bulleted"><li class="item">indication or correction of apparent errors </li><li class="item">indication or regularization of variant, irregular, non-standard, or eccentric forms</li><li class="item">editorial additions, suppressions, and omissions</li></ul><p>A more extended treatment of the use of these tags in transcriptional and editorial work is given in chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="PH.html" title="18"><span class="headingNumber">11 </span>Representation of Primary Sources</a>.</p><div class="div3" id="COEDCOR"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#COEDREG"><span class="headingNumber">3.4.2 </span>Regularization and Normalization</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#COEDCOR" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Apparent Errors</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">3.4.1 </span><span class="head">Apparent Errors</span></h4><p>When the copy text is manifestly faulty, an encoder or transcriber may elect simply to correct it without comment, although for scholarly purposes it will often be more generally useful to record both the correction and the original state of the text. The elements described here enable all three approaches, and allows the last to be done in such a way as make it easy for software to present either the original or the correction. </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-sic.html">sic</a></span> (Latin for thus or so) contains text reproduced although apparently incorrect or inaccurate.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-corr.html">corr</a></span> (correction) contains the correct form of a passage apparently erroneous in the copy text.</li></ul><p>The following examples show alternative treatment of the same material. The copy text reads: </p><div class="q">Another property of computer-assisted historical research is that data modelling must permit any one textual feature or part of a textual feature to be a part of more than one information model and to allow the researcher to draw on several such models simultaneously, for example, to select from a machine-readable text those marginal comments which indicate that the date's mentioned in the main body of the text are incorrect.</div><div class="p">An encoder may choose to correct the typographic error, either silently or with an indication that a correction has been made, as follows: <div id="index-egXML-d52e33257" class="pre egXML_valid">… marginal comments which indicate that the <span class="element"><corr></span>dates<span class="element"></corr></span><br /> mentioned in the main body of the text are incorrect.<div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">Alternatively, the encoder may simply record the typographic error without correcting it, either without comment or with a <a class="gi" title="(Latin for thus or so) contains text reproduced although apparently incorrect or inaccurate." href="ref-sic.html">sic</a> element to indicate the error is not a transcription error in the encoding: <div id="index-egXML-d52e33267" class="pre egXML_valid">… marginal comments which indicate that the <span class="element"><sic></span>date's<span class="element"></sic></span><br /> mentioned in the main body of the text are incorrect.<div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">If the encoder elects both to record the original source text and to provide a correction for the sake of word-search and other programs, both <a class="gi" title="(Latin for thus or so) contains text reproduced although apparently incorrect or inaccurate." href="ref-sic.html">sic</a> and <a class="gi" title="(correction) contains the correct form of a passage apparently erroneous in the copy text." href="ref-corr.html">corr</a> are used, wrapped in a <a class="gi" title="groups a number of alternative encodings for the same point in a text." href="ref-choice.html">choice</a>: <div id="index-egXML-d52e33283" class="pre egXML_valid">… marginal comments which indicate that the<br /><span class="element"><choice></span><br /> <span class="element"><corr></span>dates<span class="element"></corr></span><br /> <span class="element"><sic></span>date's<span class="element"></sic></span><br /><span class="element"></choice></span> mentioned in the main body of the text are<br /> incorrect.<div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div>The <a class="gi" title="(Latin for thus or so) contains text reproduced although apparently incorrect or inaccurate." href="ref-sic.html">sic</a> and <a class="gi" title="(correction) contains the correct form of a passage apparently erroneous in the copy text." href="ref-corr.html">corr</a> elements can appear in either order.</div><div class="p">If it is desired to indicate the person or edition responsible for the emendation, this might be done as follows: <div id="index-egXML-d52e33301" class="pre egXML_valid">… marginal comments which indicate that the<br /><span class="element"><choice></span><br /> <span class="element"><corr <span class="attribute">resp</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#msm</span>"></span>dates<span class="element"></corr></span><br /> <span class="element"><sic></span>date's<span class="element"></sic></span><br /><span class="element"></choice></span> mentioned in the main body of the text are<br /> incorrect.<br /><br /><span class="comment"><!-- within the header for this document ... --></span><br /><span class="element"><respStmt <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">msm</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><resp></span>editor<span class="element"></resp></span><br /> <span class="element"><name></span>C.M. Sperberg-McQueen<span class="element"></name></span><br /><span class="element"></respStmt></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div>Here the <span class="att">resp</span> attribute has been used to indicate responsibility for the correction. Its value (<span class="val">#msm</span>) is an example of the <span class="term">pointer</span> values discussed in section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#COXR" title="Simple Links and CrossReferences"><span class="headingNumber">3.6 </span>Simple Links and Cross-References</a>; in this case, it points to a <a class="gi" title="(statement of responsibility) supplies a statement of responsibility for the intellectual content of a text, edition, recording, or series, where the specialized elements for authors, editors, etc. do not suffice or do not apply. May also be used to encode information about individuals or organizations which have played a role in the production or distribution of a bibliographic work." href="ref-respStmt.html">respStmt</a> element within the TEI header, but any element might be indicated in this way, including for example a <a class="gi" title="(name, proper noun) contains a proper noun or noun phrase." href="ref-name.html">name</a> element, or (if the module described in <a class="link_ptr" href="ND.html" title="20"><span class="headingNumber">13 </span>Names, Dates, People, and Places</a> has been included) a <a class="gi" title="provides information about an identifiable individual, for example a participant in a language interaction, or a person referred to in a historical source." href="ref-person.html">person</a> element. The <span class="att">resp</span> attribute is available for all elements which are members of the <a class="link_odd" title="provides attributes indicating the agent responsible for some aspect of the text, the markup or something asserted by the markup, and the degree of certainty associated with it." href="ref-att.global.responsibility.html">att.global.responsibility</a> class. The same class makes available a <span class="att">cert</span> attribute, which may be used to indicate the degree of editorial confidence in a particular correction, as in the following example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e33349" class="pre egXML_valid">An <span class="element"><choice></span><br /> <span class="element"><corr <span class="attribute">cert</span>="<span class="attributevalue">high</span>"></span>Autumn<span class="element"></corr></span><br /> <span class="element"><sic></span>Antony<span class="element"></sic></span><br /><span class="element"></choice></span> it was,<br /> That grew the more by reaping<div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#COEDCOR-eg-64">bibliography</a> </div></div> See further the discussion in section <a class="link_ptr" href="PH.html#PHCC" title="Correction and Conjecture"><span class="headingNumber">11.3.1.3 </span>Correction and Conjecture</a>.</div><p>Where, as here, the correction takes the form of adding text not otherwise present in the text being encoded, the encoder should use the <a class="gi" title="(correction) contains the correct form of a passage apparently erroneous in the copy text." href="ref-corr.html">corr</a> element. Where the correction is present in the text being encoded, and consists of some combination of visible additions and deletions, the elements <a class="gi" title="(addition) contains letters, words, or phrases inserted in the source text by an author, scribe, or a previous annotator or corrector." href="ref-add.html">add</a> or <a class="gi" title="(deletion) contains a letter, word, or passage deleted, marked as deleted, or otherwise indicated as superfluous or spurious in the copy text by an author, scribe, or a previous annotator or corrector." href="ref-del.html">del</a> should be used: see further section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#COEDADD" title="Additions Deletions and Omissions"><span class="headingNumber">3.4.3 </span>Additions, Deletions, and Omissions</a> below. Where the correction takes the form of addition of material not present in the original because of physical damage or illegibility, the <a class="gi" title="signifies text supplied by the transcriber or editor for any reason; for example because the original cannot be read due to physical damage, or because of an obvious omission by the author or scribe." href="ref-supplied.html">supplied</a> element may be used. Where the ‘correction’ is simply a matter of expanding an abbreviation the <a class="gi" title="(editorial expansion) contains a sequence of letters added by an editor or transcriber when expanding an abbreviation." href="ref-ex.html">ex</a> element may be used. These and other elements to support the detailed encoding of authorial or scribal interventions of this kind are all provided by the module described in chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="PH.html" title="18"><span class="headingNumber">11 </span>Representation of Primary Sources</a>.</p></div><div class="div3" id="COEDREG"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#COEDCOR"><span class="headingNumber">3.4.1 </span>Apparent Errors</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#COEDADD"><span class="headingNumber">3.4.3 </span>Additions, Deletions, and Omissions</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#COEDREG" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Regularization and
Normalization</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">3.4.2 </span><span class="head">Regularization and Normalization</span></h4><p>When the source text makes extensive use of variant forms or non-standard spellings, it may be desirable for a number of reasons to <span class="term">regularize</span> it: that is, to provide ‘standard’ or ‘regularized’ forms equivalent to the non-standard forms.<span id="Note50_return"><a class="notelink" title="In some contexts, the term regularization has a narrower and more specific significance than that proposed here: the reg element may be used for any k…" href="#Note50"><sup>13</sup></a></span></p><p>As with other such changes to the copy text, the changes may be made silently (in which case the TEI header should specify the types of silent changes made) or may be explicitly marked using the following elements: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-reg.html">reg</a></span> (regularization) contains a reading which has been regularized or normalized in some sense.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-orig.html">orig</a></span> (original form) contains a reading which is marked as following the original, rather than being normalized or corrected.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-choice.html">choice</a></span> groups a number of alternative encodings for the same point in a text.</li></ul><p>Typical applications for these elements include the production of editions intended for student or lay readers, linguistic research in which spelling or usage variation is not the main question at issue, production of spelling dictionaries, etc.</p><p>Consider this 16th-century text: </p><div class="q">how godly a dede it is to overthrowe so wicked a race the world may judge: for my part I thinke there canot be a greater sacryfice to God.</div><div class="p">An encoder may choose to preserve the original spelling of this text, but simply flag it as nonstandard by using the <a class="gi" title="(original form) contains a reading which is marked as following the original, rather than being normalized or corrected." href="ref-orig.html">orig</a> element with no attributes specified, as follows: <div id="index-egXML-d52e33892" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><p></span>...how godly a <span class="element"><orig></span>dede<span class="element"></orig></span> it is to<br /> <span class="element"><orig></span>overthrowe<span class="element"></orig></span> so wicked a race the<br /> world may judge: for my part I <span class="element"><orig></span>thinke<span class="element"></orig></span><br /> there <span class="element"><orig></span>canot<span class="element"></orig></span> be a greater<br /> <span class="element"><orig></span>sacryfice<span class="element"></orig></span> to God<span class="element"></p></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#COEDREG-eg-74">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">Alternatively, the encoder may simply indicate that certain words have been modernized by using the <a class="gi" title="(regularization) contains a reading which has been regularized or normalized in some sense." href="ref-reg.html">reg</a> element with no attributes specified, as follows:<div id="index-egXML-d52e33915" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><p></span>...how godly a<br /> <span class="element"><reg></span>deed<span class="element"></reg></span> it is to <span class="element"><reg></span>overthrow<span class="element"></reg></span> so wicked a race the<br /> world may judge: for my part I <span class="element"><reg></span>think<span class="element"></reg></span><br /> there <span class="element"><reg></span>cannot<span class="element"></reg></span> be a greater<br /> <span class="element"><reg></span>sacrifice<span class="element"></reg></span> to God.<span class="element"></p></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#COEDREG-eg-74">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">Alternatively, the encoder may elect to record both old and new spellings, so that (for example) the same electronic text may serve as the basis of an old- or new-spelling edition: <div id="index-egXML-d52e33935" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><p></span>...how godly a <span class="element"><choice></span><br /> <span class="element"><orig></span>dede<span class="element"></orig></span><br /> <span class="element"><reg></span>deed<span class="element"></reg></span><br /> <span class="element"></choice></span> it is to<br /> <span class="element"><choice></span><br /> <span class="element"><orig></span>overthrowe<span class="element"></orig></span><br /> <span class="element"><reg></span>overthrow<span class="element"></reg></span><br /> <span class="element"></choice></span> so wicked a race the<br /> world may judge: for my part I <span class="element"><choice></span><br /> <span class="element"><orig></span>thinke<span class="element"></orig></span><br /> <span class="element"><reg></span>think<span class="element"></reg></span><br /> <span class="element"></choice></span><br /> there <span class="element"><choice></span><br /> <span class="element"><orig></span>canot<span class="element"></orig></span><br /> <span class="element"><reg></span>cannot<span class="element"></reg></span><br /> <span class="element"></choice></span> be a greater<br /> <span class="element"><choice></span><br /> <span class="element"><orig></span>sacryfice<span class="element"></orig></span><br /> <span class="element"><reg></span>sacrifice<span class="element"></reg></span><br /> <span class="element"></choice></span> to God.<span class="element"></p></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#COEDREG-eg-74">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><p>As elsewhere, the <span class="att">resp</span> attribute may be used to specify the agency responsible for the regularization.</p></div><div class="div3" id="COEDADD"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#COEDREG"><span class="headingNumber">3.4.2 </span>Regularization and Normalization</a></li><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#COEDADD" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Additions, Deletions, and Omissions</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">3.4.3 </span><span class="head">Additions, Deletions, and Omissions</span></h4><p>The following elements are used to indicate when words or phrases have been omitted from, added to, or marked for deletion from, a text. Like the other editorial elements, they allow for a wide range of editorial practices: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-gap.html">gap</a></span> indicates a point where material has been omitted in a transcription, whether for editorial reasons described in the TEI header, as part of sampling practice, or because the material is illegible, invisible, or inaudible.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">reason</span></td><td>gives the reason for omission
Suggested values include: 1] cancelled; 2] deleted; 3] editorial; 4] illegible; 5] inaudible; 6] irrelevant; 7] sampling</td></tr></table></li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-unclear.html">unclear</a></span> contains a word, phrase, or passage which cannot be transcribed with certainty because it is illegible or inaudible in the source.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">reason</span></td><td>indicates why the material is hard to transcribe.</td></tr></table></li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-add.html">add</a></span> (addition) contains letters, words, or phrases inserted in the source text by an author, scribe, or a previous annotator or corrector.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-del.html">del</a></span> (deletion) contains a letter, word, or passage deleted, marked as deleted, or otherwise indicated as superfluous or spurious in the copy text by an author, scribe, or a previous annotator or corrector.</li></ul><div class="p">Encoders may choose to omit parts of the copy text for reasons ranging from illegibility of the source or impossibility of transcribing it, to editorial policy, e.g. a systematic exclusion of poetry or prose from an encoding. The full details of the policy decisions concerned should be documented in the TEI header (see section <a class="link_ptr" href="HD.html#HD5" title="The Encoding Description"><span class="headingNumber">2.3 </span>The Encoding Description</a>). Each place in the text at which omission has taken place should be marked with a <a class="gi" title="indicates a point where material has been omitted in a transcription, whether for editorial reasons described in the TEI header, as part of sampling practice, or because the material is illegible, invisible, or inaudible." href="ref-gap.html">gap</a> element, with optionally further information about the reason for the omission, its extent, and the person or agency responsible for it, as in the following examples: <div id="index-egXML-d52e34325" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><gap <span class="attribute">reason</span>="<span class="attributevalue">illegible</span>" <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">word</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">quantity</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2</span>"/></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div><div id="index-egXML-d52e34327" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><gap <span class="attribute">reason</span>="<span class="attributevalue">overwriting illegible</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">extent</span>="<span class="attributevalue">several characters</span>"/></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div> Note that the extent of the gap may be marked precisely using attributes <span class="att">unit</span> and <span class="att">quantity</span>, or more descriptively using the <span class="att">extent</span> attribute. Other, more detailed, options are also available for representing dimensions of any kind; see further <a class="link_ptr" href="MS.html#msdim" title="Dimensions"><span class="headingNumber">10.3.4 </span>Dimensions</a>.</div><div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="(description) contains a brief description of the object documented by its parent element, typically a documentation element or an entity." href="ref-desc.html">desc</a> element may be used to supply a description of the material omitted, where that is considered useful: <div id="index-egXML-d52e34347" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><gap <span class="attribute">reason</span>="<span class="attributevalue">sampling</span>" <span class="attribute">quantity</span>="<span class="attributevalue">120</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">lines</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><desc></span>irrelevant commentary<span class="element"></desc></span><br /><span class="element"></gap></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e34352" class="pre egXML_valid">… Their arrangement with respect to Jupiter and to each other was as follows:<br /><span class="element"><gap <span class="attribute">reason</span>="<span class="attributevalue">sampling</span>" <span class="attribute">extent</span>="<span class="attributevalue">restOfPage</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><desc></span>astrological figure<span class="element"></desc></span><br /><span class="element"></gap></span><br /> That is, there were two stars on the easterly side and one to the<br /> west; …<div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#COEDADD-eg-83">bibliography</a> </div></div> </div><p>The <a class="gi" title="(addition) contains letters, words, or phrases inserted in the source text by an author, scribe, or a previous annotator or corrector." href="ref-add.html">add</a> and <a class="gi" title="(deletion) contains a letter, word, or passage deleted, marked as deleted, or otherwise indicated as superfluous or spurious in the copy text by an author, scribe, or a previous annotator or corrector." href="ref-del.html">del</a> elements may be used to record where words or phrases have been added or deleted in the copy text. They are not appropriate where longer passages have been added or deleted, which span several elements; for these, the elements <a class="gi" title="(added span of text) marks the beginning of a longer sequence of text added by an author, scribe, annotator or corrector (see also <add>)." href="ref-addSpan.html">addSpan</a> and <a class="gi" title="(deleted span of text) marks the beginning of a longer sequence of text deleted, marked as deleted, or otherwise signaled as superfluous or spurious by an author, scribe, annotator, or corrector." href="ref-delSpan.html">delSpan</a> described in chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="PH.html#PHAD" title="Additions and Deletions"><span class="headingNumber">11.3.1.4 </span>Additions and Deletions</a> must be used.</p><div class="p">Additions to a text may be recorded for a number of reasons. Sometimes they are marked in a distinctive way in the source text, for example by brackets or insertion above the line (<span class="noindex">supralinear</span> insertion), as in the following example, taken from a 19th century manuscript: <div id="index-egXML-d52e34404" class="pre egXML_valid">The story I am going to relate is true as to its main facts,<br /> and as to the consequences <span class="element"><add <span class="attribute">place</span>="<span class="attributevalue">above</span>"></span>of<br /> these facts<span class="element"></add></span> from which this tale takes its title.<div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#COEDADD-eg-84">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><p>The <a class="gi" title="(addition) contains letters, words, or phrases inserted in the source text by an author, scribe, or a previous annotator or corrector." href="ref-add.html">add</a> element should not be used to mark editorial changes, such as supplying a word omitted by mistake from the source text or a passage present in another version. In these cases, either the <a class="gi" title="(correction) contains the correct form of a passage apparently erroneous in the copy text." href="ref-corr.html">corr</a> or <a class="gi" title="signifies text supplied by the transcriber or editor for any reason; for example because the original cannot be read due to physical damage, or because of an obvious omission by the author or scribe." href="ref-supplied.html">supplied</a> tags should be used, as discussed above in section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#COEDCOR" title="Apparent Errors"><span class="headingNumber">3.4.1 </span>Apparent Errors</a>, and in section <a class="link_ptr" href="PH.html#PHCC" title="Correction and Conjecture"><span class="headingNumber">11.3.1.3 </span>Correction and Conjecture</a>, respectively.</p><p>The <a class="gi" title="contains a word, phrase, or passage which cannot be transcribed with certainty because it is illegible or inaudible in the source." href="ref-unclear.html">unclear</a> element is used to mark passages in the original which cannot be read with confidence, or about which the transcriber is uncertain for other reasons, as for example when transcribing a partially inaudible or illegible source. Its <span class="att">reason</span> and <span class="att">resp</span> attributes are used, as with the <a class="gi" title="indicates a point where material has been omitted in a transcription, whether for editorial reasons described in the TEI header, as part of sampling practice, or because the material is illegible, invisible, or inaudible." href="ref-gap.html">gap</a> element, to indicate the cause of uncertainty and the person responsible for the conjectured reading.</p><div class="p">For example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e34441" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><l></span>And where the sandy mountain Fenwick scald<span class="element"></l></span><br /><span class="element"><l></span><br /> <span class="element"><unclear <span class="attribute">reason</span>="<span class="attributevalue">ink blot</span>"></span>The<span class="element"></unclear></span> sea between<br /> yet hence his pray'r prevail'd<span class="element"></l></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#COEDADD-eg-85">bibliography</a> </div></div> or from a spoken text: <div id="index-egXML-d52e34449" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><p></span>... and then <span class="element"><unclear <span class="attribute">reason</span>="<span class="attributevalue">passingTruck</span>"></span>marbled queen<span class="element"></unclear></span>...<span class="element"></p></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><p>Where the material affected is entirely illegible or inaudible, the <a class="gi" title="indicates a point where material has been omitted in a transcription, whether for editorial reasons described in the TEI header, as part of sampling practice, or because the material is illegible, invisible, or inaudible." href="ref-gap.html">gap</a> element discussed above should be used in preference.</p><div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="(deletion) contains a letter, word, or passage deleted, marked as deleted, or otherwise indicated as superfluous or spurious in the copy text by an author, scribe, or a previous annotator or corrector." href="ref-del.html">del</a> element is used to mark material which is deleted in the source but which can still be read with some degree of confidence, as opposed to material which has been omitted by the encoder or transcriber either because it is entirely illegible or for some other reason. This is of particular importance in transcribing manuscript material, though deletion is also found in printed texts, sometimes for humorous purposes: <div id="index-egXML-d52e34466" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><l></span>One day I will sojourn to your shores<span class="element"></l></span><br /><span class="element"><l></span>I live in the middle of England<span class="element"></l></span><br /><span class="element"><l></span>But!<span class="element"></l></span><br /><span class="element"><l></span>Norway! My soul resides in your watery<br /> <span class="element"><del <span class="attribute">rend</span>="<span class="attributevalue">overstrike</span>"></span>fiords fyords fiiords<span class="element"></del></span><span class="element"></l></span><br /><span class="element"><l></span>Inlets.<span class="element"></l></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#CO-eg-01">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">The <span class="att">rend</span> attribute may be used to distinguish different methods of deletion in manuscript or typescript material, as in this line from the typescript of Eliot's <span class="titlem">Waste Land</span>: <div id="index-egXML-d52e34489" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><l></span><br /> <span class="element"><del <span class="attribute">rend</span>="<span class="attributevalue">overtyped</span>"></span>Mein<span class="element"></del></span> Frisch<br /> <span class="element"><del <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">overstrike</span>"></span>schwebt<span class="element"></del></span> weht der Wind<span class="element"></l></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#COEDADD-eg-89">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">Deletion in manuscript or typescript is often associated with addition: <div id="index-egXML-d52e34499" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><l></span><br /> <span class="element"><del <span class="attribute">rend</span>="<span class="attributevalue">overstrike</span>"></span>Inviolable<span class="element"></del></span><br /> <span class="element"><add <span class="attribute">place</span>="<span class="attributevalue">below</span>"></span>Inexplicable<span class="element"></add></span><br /> splendour of Corinthian white and gold<span class="element"></l></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#COEDADD-eg-89">bibliography</a> </div></div> The <a class="gi" title="(substitution) groups one or more deletions with one or more additions when the combination is to be regarded as a single intervention in the text." href="ref-subst.html">subst</a> element discussed in <a class="link_ptr" href="PH.html#PHSU" title="Substitutions"><span class="headingNumber">11.3.1.5 </span>Substitutions</a> provides a way of grouping additions and deletions of this kind.</div><p>The <a class="gi" title="(deletion) contains a letter, word, or passage deleted, marked as deleted, or otherwise indicated as superfluous or spurious in the copy text by an author, scribe, or a previous annotator or corrector." href="ref-del.html">del</a> element should not be used where the deletion is such that material cannot be read with confidence, or read at all, or where the material has been omitted by the transcriber or editor for some other reason. Where the material deleted cannot be read with confidence, the <a class="gi" title="contains a word, phrase, or passage which cannot be transcribed with certainty because it is illegible or inaudible in the source." href="ref-unclear.html">unclear</a> tag should be used with the <span class="att">reason</span> attribute indicating that the difficulty of transcription is due to deletion. Where material has been omitted by the transcriber or editor, this may be indicated by use of the <a class="gi" title="indicates a point where material has been omitted in a transcription, whether for editorial reasons described in the TEI header, as part of sampling practice, or because the material is illegible, invisible, or inaudible." href="ref-gap.html">gap</a> element. A deletion in which some parts may be read but not others may thus be represented by one or more <a class="gi" title="indicates a point where material has been omitted in a transcription, whether for editorial reasons described in the TEI header, as part of sampling practice, or because the material is illegible, invisible, or inaudible." href="ref-gap.html">gap</a> elements intermingled with text, all contained by a <a class="gi" title="(deletion) contains a letter, word, or passage deleted, marked as deleted, or otherwise indicated as superfluous or spurious in the copy text by an author, scribe, or a previous annotator or corrector." href="ref-del.html">del</a> element. Text supplied or marked as unneccessary by an editor should be marked with the <a class="gi" title="signifies text supplied by the transcriber or editor for any reason; for example because the original cannot be read due to physical damage, or because of an obvious omission by the author or scribe." href="ref-supplied.html">supplied</a> and <a class="gi" title="marks text present in the source which the editor believes to be superfluous or redundant." href="ref-surplus.html">surplus</a> elements (discussed in <a class="link_ptr" href="PH.html#PHOM" title="Text Omitted from or Supplied in the Transcription"><span class="headingNumber">11.3.1.7 </span>Text Omitted from or Supplied in the Transcription</a>) rather than <a class="gi" title="(addition) contains letters, words, or phrases inserted in the source text by an author, scribe, or a previous annotator or corrector." href="ref-add.html">add</a> and <a class="gi" title="(deletion) contains a letter, word, or passage deleted, marked as deleted, or otherwise indicated as superfluous or spurious in the copy text by an author, scribe, or a previous annotator or corrector." href="ref-del.html">del</a>. These two sets of elements allow the encoder to distinguish editorial changes from those visible in the source text.</p></div></div><div class="div2" id="CONA"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#COED"><span class="headingNumber">3.4 </span>Simple Editorial Changes</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#COXR"><span class="headingNumber">3.6 </span>Simple Links and Cross-References</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h3><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#CONA" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Names, Numbers, Dates, Abbreviations, and Addresses</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">3.5 </span><span class="head">Names, Numbers, Dates, Abbreviations, and Addresses</span></h3><p>This section describes a number of textual features which it is often convenient to distinguish from their surrounding text. Names, dates, and numbers are likely to be of particular importance to the scholar treating a text as source for a database; distinguishing such items from the surrounding text is however equally important to the scholar primarily interested in lexis.</p><p>The treatment of these textual features proposed here is not intended to be exhaustive: fuller treatments for names, numbers, measures, and dates are provided in the names and dates module (see chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="ND.html" title="20"><span class="headingNumber">13 </span>Names, Dates, People, and Places</a>); more detailed treatment of abbreviations is provided by the transcription module (see section <a class="link_ptr" href="PH.html#PHAB" title="Abbreviation and Expansion"><span class="headingNumber">11.3.1.2 </span>Abbreviation and Expansion</a>).</p><div class="div3" id="CONARS"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#CONAAD"><span class="headingNumber">3.5.2 </span>Addresses</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#CONARS" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Referring Strings</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">3.5.1 </span><span class="head">Referring Strings</span></h4><p>A <span class="term">referring string</span> is a phrase which refers to some person, place, object, etc. Two elements are provided to mark such strings: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-rs.html">rs</a></span> (referencing string) contains a general purpose name or referring string.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-name.html">name</a></span> (name, proper noun) contains a proper noun or noun phrase.</li></ul><p> The <a class="gi" title="(name, proper noun) contains a proper noun or noun phrase." href="ref-name.html">name</a> element is a member of the <a class="link_odd" title="provides attributes which can be used to classify or subclassify elements in any way." href="ref-att.typed.html">att.typed</a> class, from which it inherits the following attributes: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-att.typed.html">att.typed</a></span> provides attributes which can be used to classify or subclassify elements in any way.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">type</span></td><td>characterizes the element in some sense, using any convenient classification scheme or typology.</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">subtype</span></td><td>provides a sub-categorization of the element, if needed</td></tr></table></li></ul><p> which may be used to further categorize the kind of object referred to. The <a class="gi" title="(referencing string) contains a general purpose name or referring string." href="ref-rs.html">rs</a> element defines the <span class="att">type</span> attribute locally.</p><div class="p">Examples include: <div id="index-egXML-d52e35716" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><p></span><br /> <span class="element"><q></span>My dear<br /> <span class="element"><rs <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">person</span>"></span>Mr. Bennet<span class="element"></rs></span><span class="element"></q></span>, said his lady to<br /> him one day, <span class="element"><q></span>have you heard that <span class="element"><rs <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">place</span>"></span>Netherfield Park<span class="element"></rs></span> is let at last?<span class="element"></q></span><span class="element"></p></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#CONARS-eg-101">bibliography</a> </div></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e35729" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><p></span>Collectors of water-rents were appointed by the<br /> <span class="element"><rs <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">org</span>"></span>Watering Committee<span class="element"></rs></span>.<br /> They were paid a commission not exceeding four per<br /> cent, and gave bond.<span class="element"></p></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#CONARS-eg-102">bibliography</a> </div></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e35736" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><p></span>It being one of the principles of the<br /> <span class="element"><rs <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">org</span>"></span>Circumlocution Office<span class="element"></rs></span> never, on any<br /> account whatsoever, to give a straightforward answer,<br /> <span class="element"><rs <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">person</span>"></span>Mr Barnacle<span class="element"></rs></span> said, <span class="element"><q></span>Possibly.<span class="element"></q></span><span class="element"></p></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#CONARS-eg-103">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">As the following example shows, the <a class="gi" title="(referencing string) contains a general purpose name or referring string." href="ref-rs.html">rs</a> element may be used for any reference to a person, place, etc., not only to references in the form of a proper noun or noun phrase. <div id="index-egXML-d52e35753" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><p></span><br /> <span class="element"><q></span>My dear <span class="element"><rs <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">person</span>"></span>Mr. Bennet<span class="element"></rs></span><span class="element"></q></span>, said<br /> <span class="element"><rs <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">person</span>"></span>his lady<span class="element"></rs></span> to him one day ... <span class="element"></p></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#CONARS-eg-101">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="(name, proper noun) contains a proper noun or noun phrase." href="ref-name.html">name</a> element by contrast is provided for the special case of referencing strings which consist only of proper nouns; it may be used synonymously with the <a class="gi" title="(referencing string) contains a general purpose name or referring string." href="ref-rs.html">rs</a> element, or nested within it if a referring string contains a mixture of common and proper nouns. The following example shows an alternative way of encoding the short sentence from <span class="titlem">Pride and Prejudice</span> quoted above: <div id="index-egXML-d52e35775" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><p></span><br /> <span class="element"><q></span>My dear <span class="element"><name <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">person</span>"></span>Mr. Bennet<span class="element"></name></span>,<span class="element"></q></span> said <span class="element"><rs <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">person</span>"></span>his lady<span class="element"></rs></span> to him one day,<br /> <span class="element"><q></span>have you heard that <span class="element"><name <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">place</span>"></span>Netherfield Park<span class="element"></name></span> is let at last?<span class="element"></q></span><span class="element"></p></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#CONARS-eg-101">bibliography</a> </div></div> As the following example shows, a proper name may be nested within a referring string: <div id="index-egXML-d52e35792" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><rs></span>His Excellency the Life President, <span class="element"><name></span>Ngwazi Dr H. Kamuzu Banda<span class="element"></name></span><span class="element"></rs></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#CONARS-eg-106">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><p>Simply tagging something as a name is generally not enough to enable automatic processing of personal names into the canonical forms usually required for reference purposes. The name as it appears in the text may be inconsistently spelled, partial, or vague. Moreover, name prefixes such as <span class="mentioned">van</span> or <span class="mentioned">de la</span> may or may not be included as part of the reference form of a name, depending on the language and country of origin of the bearer.</p><p>Two issues arise in this context: firstly, there may be a need to encode a regularized form of a name, distinct from the actual form in the source to hand; secondly, there may be a need to identify the particular person, place, etc. referred to by the name, irrespective of whether the name itself is normalized or not. The element <a class="gi" title="(regularization) contains a reading which has been regularized or normalized in some sense." href="ref-reg.html">reg</a>, introduced in <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#COEDREG" title="Regularization and Normalization"><span class="headingNumber">3.4.2 </span>Regularization and Normalization</a> is provided for the former purpose; the attributes <span class="att">key</span> or <span class="att">ref</span> for the latter.</p><p>The <span class="att">key</span> and <span class="att">ref</span> attributes are common to all members of the <a class="link_odd" title="provides attributes which can be used to associate a representation such as a name or title with canonical information about the object being named or referenced." href="ref-att.canonical.html">att.canonical</a> class and are defined as follows: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-att.canonical.html">att.canonical</a></span> provides attributes which can be used to associate a representation such as a name or title with canonical information about the object being named or referenced.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">key</span></td><td>provides an externally-defined means of identifying the entity (or entities) being named, using a coded value of some kind.</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">ref</span></td><td>(reference) provides an explicit means of locating a full definition or identity for the entity being named by means of one or more URIs.</td></tr></table></li></ul><div class="p">A very useful application for them is as a means of gathering together all references to the same individual or location scattered throughout a document: <div id="index-egXML-d52e35835" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><q></span>My dear<br /> <span class="element"><rs <span class="attribute">key</span>="<span class="attributevalue">BENM1</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">person</span>"></span>Mr. Bennet<span class="element"></rs></span>,<span class="element"></q></span> said<br /><span class="element"><rs <span class="attribute">key</span>="<span class="attributevalue">BENM2</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">person</span>"></span>his lady<span class="element"></rs></span> to him one day,<br /><br /><span class="element"><q></span>have you heard that<br /> <span class="element"><rs <span class="attribute">key</span>="<span class="attributevalue">NETP1</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">place</span>"></span>Netherfield Park<span class="element"></rs></span> is let at<br /> last?<span class="element"></q></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#CONARS-eg-101">bibliography</a> </div></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e35851" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><p></span><br /> <span class="element"><name <span class="attribute">key</span>="<span class="attributevalue">VOM1</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">person</span>"></span>Mme. de Volanges<span class="element"></name></span> <br /> marie <span class="element"><rs <span class="attribute">key</span>="<span class="attributevalue">VOM2</span>"></span>sa fille<span class="element"></rs></span>:<br /> c'est encore un secret;<br /> mais elle m'en a fait part hier.<span class="element"></p></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#CONARS-eg-108">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">The value of the <span class="att">key</span> attribute may be an unexpanded code, as in the examples above, with no particular significance. More usually however, it will be an externally defined code of some kind, as provided by a standard reference source. <div id="index-egXML-d52e35865" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><p></span><br /> <span class="element"><name <span class="attribute">key</span>="<span class="attributevalue">LHR</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">airport</span>"></span>Heathrow<span class="element"></name></span><br /><span class="element"></p></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><p>The standard reference source should be documented using a <a class="gi" title="defines a typology either implicitly, by means of a bibliographic citation, or explicitly by a structured taxonomy." href="ref-taxonomy.html">taxonomy</a> element in the TEI header.</p><div class="p">The <span class="att">ref</span> attribute can be used to point directly to some other resource providing more information about the entity named by the element, such as an authority record in a database, an encylopaedia entry, another element in the same or a different document etc. <div id="index-egXML-d52e35881" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><p></span><br /> <span class="element"><name <span class="attribute">ref</span>="<span class="attributevalue">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathrow_airport</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">airport</span>"></span>Heathrow<span class="element"></name></span><br /><span class="element"></p></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">This use should be distinguished from the use of a nested <a class="gi" title="(regularization) contains a reading which has been regularized or normalized in some sense." href="ref-reg.html">reg</a> (regularization) element to provide the standard form of a referring string, as in this example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e35891" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><p></span>My personal life during<br /> the administration of <span class="element"><rs <span class="attribute">key</span>="<span class="attributevalue">POJA1</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">person</span>"></span>Col. Polk<br /> (<span class="element"><reg></span>Polk, James K.<span class="element"></reg></span>)<span class="element"></rs></span> has but poorly compensated me for the<br /> suspended enjoyments and pursuits of private and professional<br /> spheres<span class="element"></p></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#CONARS-eg-109">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">No particular syntax is proposed for the values of the <span class="att">key</span> attribute, since its form will depend entirely on practice within a given project. For the same reason, this attribute is not recommended in data interchange, since there is no way of ensuring that the values used by one project are distinct from those used by another. In such a situation, a preferable approach for magic tokens which follows standard practice on the Web is to use a <span class="att">ref</span> attribute whose value is a tag URI as defined in <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#RFC4151" title="T. Kindberg S. Hawke The tag URI SchemeRFC 41512005IETF">RFC 4151</a>. For example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e35912" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><p></span><br /> <span class="element"><name <span class="attribute">ref</span>="<span class="attributevalue">tag:projectname.org,2012:VOM1</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">person</span>"></span>Mme. de Volanges<span class="element"></name></span> marie <span class="element"><rs <span class="attribute">ref</span>="<span class="attributevalue">tag:theworksoflaclos.org,2012:VOM2</span>"></span>sa fille<span class="element"></rs></span>: c'est encore un secret;<br /> mais elle m'en a fait part hier.<span class="element"></p></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#CONARS-eg-108">bibliography</a> </div></div> The inclusion of the domain name of the party responsible for tagging (<span class="ident">theworksoflaclos.org</span>), as specified in RFC 4151, helps ensure uniqueness of magic token values across TEI encoding projects, allowing for improved interchange of TEI documents.</div><div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="groups a number of alternative encodings for the same point in a text." href="ref-choice.html">choice</a> element discussed in <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#COED" title="Simple Editorial Changes"><span class="headingNumber">3.4 </span>Simple Editorial Changes</a> may be used if it is desired to record both a normalized form of a name and the name used in the source being encoded: <div id="index-egXML-d52e35931" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><p></span><br /> <span class="element"><name <span class="attribute">ref</span>="<span class="attributevalue">tag:projectname.org,2012:WADLM1</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">person</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><choice></span><br /> <span class="element"><orig></span>Walter de la Mare<span class="element"></orig></span><br /> <span class="element"><reg></span>de la Mare, Walter<span class="element"></reg></span><br /> <span class="element"></choice></span><br /> <span class="element"></name></span><br /> was born at <span class="element"><name <span class="attribute">ref</span>="<span class="attributevalue">tag:projectname.org,2012:Ch1</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">place</span>"></span>Charlton<span class="element"></name></span>, in<br /> <span class="element"><name <span class="attribute">ref</span>="<span class="attributevalue">tag:projectname.org,2012:KT1</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">county</span>"></span>Kent<span class="element"></name></span>, in 1873.<span class="element"></p></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#CONARS-eg-110">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="(index entry) marks a location to be indexed for whatever purpose." href="ref-index.html">index</a> element discussed in <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#CONOIX" title="Index Entries"><span class="headingNumber">3.8.2 </span>Index Entries</a> may be more appropriate if the function of the regularization is to provide a consistent index: <div id="index-egXML-d52e35954" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><p></span><br /> <span class="element"><name <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">place</span>"></span>Montaillou<span class="element"></name></span> is not a large parish.<br /> At the time of the events which led to<br /> <span class="element"><name <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">person</span>"></span>Fournier<span class="element"><index></span><br /> <span class="element"><term></span>Benedict XII, Pope of Avignon (Jacques Fournier)<span class="element"></term></span><br /> <span class="element"></index></span><span class="element"></name></span>'s<br /> investigations, the local population consisted of between 200 and 250 inhabitants.<span class="element"></p></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#CONARS-eg-111">bibliography</a> </div></div> Although adequate for many simple applications, these methods have two inconveniences: if the name occurs many times, then its regularized form must be repeated many times; and the burden of additional XML markup in the body of the text may be inconvenient to maintain and complex to process. For applications such as onomastics, relating to persons or places named rather than the name itself, or wherever a detailed analysis of the component parts of a name is needed, the specialized elements described in chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="ND.html" title="20"><span class="headingNumber">13 </span>Names, Dates, People, and Places</a> or the analytical tools described in chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="FS.html" title="16"><span class="headingNumber">18 </span>Feature Structures</a> should be used.</div></div><div class="div3" id="CONAAD"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#CONARS"><span class="headingNumber">3.5.1 </span>Referring Strings</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#CONANU"><span class="headingNumber">3.5.3 </span>Numbers and Measures</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#CONAAD" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Addresses</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">3.5.2 </span><span class="head">Addresses</span></h4><p>These Guidelines propose the following elements to distinguish postal and electronic addresses: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-address.html">address</a></span> contains a postal address, for example of a publisher, an organization, or an individual.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-email.html">email</a></span> (electronic mail address) contains an email address identifying a location to which email messages can be delivered.</li></ul><p> These two elements constitute the class of <a class="link_odd" title="groups elements used to represent a postal or email address." href="ref-model.addressLike.html">model.addressLike</a> elements; for other kinds of address this class may be extended by adding new elements if necessary.</p><div class="p">These Guidelines provide no particular means for encoding the substructure of an email address (for example, distinguishing the local part from the domain part), nor of distinguishing personal email addresses from generic or fictitious ones. <div id="index-egXML-d52e36185" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><email></span>info@tei-c.org<span class="element"></email></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">The simplest way of encoding a postal address is to regard it as a series of distinct lines, just as they might be written on an envelope. The following element supports this view: <ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-addrLine.html">addrLine</a></span> (address line) contains one line of a postal address.</li></ul> Here is an example of a postal address encoded using this approach: <div id="index-egXML-d52e36194" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><address></span><br /> <span class="element"><addrLine></span>110 Southmoor Road,<span class="element"></addrLine></span><br /> <span class="element"><addrLine></span>Oxford OX2 6RB,<span class="element"></addrLine></span><br /> <span class="element"><addrLine></span>UK<span class="element"></addrLine></span><br /><span class="element"></address></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><p>Alternatively, an address may be encoded as a structure of more semantically rich elements. The class <a class="link_odd" title="groups elements such as names or postal codes which may appear as part of a postal address." href="ref-model.addrPart.html">model.addrPart</a> element class identifies a number of such possible components: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-street.html">street</a></span> contains a full street address including any name or number identifying a building as well as the name of the street or route on which it is located.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-name.html">name</a></span> (name, proper noun) contains a proper noun or noun phrase.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-postCode.html">postCode</a></span> (postal code) contains a numerical or alphanumeric code used as part of a postal address to simplify sorting or delivery of mail.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-postBox.html">postBox</a></span> (postal box or post office box) contains a number or other identifier for some postal delivery point other than a street address.</li><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-model.nameLike.html">model.nameLike</a></span> groups elements which name or refer to a person, place, or organization.<table class="classList"><tr><td class="odd_label"><a href="ref-model.nameLike.agent.html">model.nameLike.agent</a></td><td class="odd_value">groups elements which contain names of individuals or corporate bodies.</td></tr><tr><td class="odd_label"><a href="ref-model.offsetLike.html">model.offsetLike</a></td><td class="odd_value">groups elements which can appear only as part of a place name.</td></tr><tr><td class="odd_label"><a href="ref-model.persNamePart.html">model.persNamePart</a></td><td class="odd_value">groups elements which form part of a personal name.</td></tr><tr><td class="odd_label"><a href="ref-model.placeStateLike.html">model.placeStateLike</a></td><td class="odd_value">groups elements which describe changing states of a place.</td></tr></table><table class="elementList"><tr><td class="odd_label"><a href="ref-idno.html">idno</a></td><td class="odd_value">(identifier) supplies any form of identifier used to identify some object, such as a bibliographic item, a person, a title, an organization, etc. in a standardized way.</td></tr><tr><td class="odd_label"><a href="ref-lang.html">lang</a></td><td class="odd_value">(language name) contains the name of a language mentioned in etymological or other linguistic discussion.</td></tr><tr><td class="odd_label"><a href="ref-rs.html">rs</a></td><td class="odd_value">(referencing string) contains a general purpose name or referring string.</td></tr></table></li><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-model.persNamePart.html">model.persNamePart</a></span> groups elements which form part of a personal name.<table class="elementList"><tr><td class="odd_label"><a href="ref-addName.html">addName</a></td><td class="odd_value">(additional name) contains an additional name component, such as a nickname, epithet, or alias, or any other descriptive phrase used within a personal name.</td></tr><tr><td class="odd_label"><a href="ref-forename.html">forename</a></td><td class="odd_value">contains a forename, given or baptismal name.</td></tr><tr><td class="odd_label"><a href="ref-genName.html">genName</a></td><td class="odd_value">(generational name component) contains a name component used to distinguish otherwise similar names on the basis of the relative ages or generations of the persons named.</td></tr><tr><td class="odd_label"><a href="ref-nameLink.html">nameLink</a></td><td class="odd_value">(name link) contains a connecting phrase or link used within a name but not regarded as part of it, such as <span class="mentioned">van der</span> or <span class="mentioned">of</span>.</td></tr><tr><td class="odd_label"><a href="ref-roleName.html">roleName</a></td><td class="odd_value">contains a name component which indicates that the referent has a particular role or position in society, such as an official title or rank.</td></tr><tr><td class="odd_label"><a href="ref-surname.html">surname</a></td><td class="odd_value">contains a family (inherited) name, as opposed to a given, baptismal, or nick name.</td></tr></table></li><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-model.placeNamePart.html">model.placeNamePart</a></span> groups elements which form part of a place name.<table class="elementList"><tr><td class="odd_label"><a href="ref-bloc.html">bloc</a></td><td class="odd_value">contains the name of a geo-political unit consisting of two or more nation states or countries.</td></tr><tr><td class="odd_label"><a href="ref-country.html">country</a></td><td class="odd_value">contains the name of a geo-political unit, such as a nation, country, colony, or commonwealth, larger than or administratively superior to a region and smaller than a bloc.</td></tr><tr><td class="odd_label"><a href="ref-district.html">district</a></td><td class="odd_value">contains the name of any kind of subdivision of a settlement, such as a parish, ward, or other administrative or geographic unit.</td></tr><tr><td class="odd_label"><a href="ref-geogName.html">geogName</a></td><td class="odd_value">(geographical name) identifies a name associated with some geographical feature such as Windrush Valley or Mount Sinai.</td></tr><tr><td class="odd_label"><a href="ref-placeName.html">placeName</a></td><td class="odd_value">contains an absolute or relative place name.</td></tr><tr><td class="odd_label"><a href="ref-region.html">region</a></td><td class="odd_value">contains the name of an administrative unit such as a state, province, or county, larger than a settlement, but smaller than a country.</td></tr><tr><td class="odd_label"><a href="ref-settlement.html">settlement</a></td><td class="odd_value">contains the name of a settlement such as a city, town, or village identified as a single geo-political or administrative unit.</td></tr></table></li></ul><p> Any number of elements from the <a class="link_odd" title="groups elements such as names or postal codes which may appear as part of a postal address." href="ref-model.addrPart.html">model.addrPart</a> class may appear within an address and in any order. None of them is required.</p><p>Where code letters are commonly used in addresses (for example, to identify regions or countries) a useful practice is to supply the full name of the region or country as the content of the element, but to supply the abbreviatory code as the value of the global <span class="att">n</span> attribute, so that (for example) an application preparing formatted labels can readily find the required information. Other components of addresses may be represented using the general-purpose <a class="gi" title="(name, proper noun) contains a proper noun or noun phrase." href="ref-name.html">name</a> element or (when the additional module for names and dates is included) the more specialized elements provided for that purpose.</p><div class="p">Using just the elements defined by the core module, the above address could thus be represented as follows: <div id="index-egXML-d52e36230" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><address></span><br /> <span class="element"><street></span>110 Southmoor Road<span class="element"></street></span><br /> <span class="element"><name <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">city</span>"></span>Oxford<span class="element"></name></span><br /> <span class="element"><postCode></span>OX2 6RB<span class="element"></postCode></span><br /> <span class="element"><name <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">country</span>"></span>United Kingdom<span class="element"></name></span><br /><span class="element"></address></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">The order of elements within an address is highly culture-specific, and is therefore unconstrained: <div id="index-egXML-d52e36243" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><address></span><br /> <span class="element"><name <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">org</span>"></span>Università di Bologna<span class="element"></name></span><br /> <span class="element"><name <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">country</span>"></span>Italy<span class="element"></name></span><br /> <span class="element"><postCode></span>40126<span class="element"></postCode></span><br /> <span class="element"><name <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">city</span>"></span>Bologna<span class="element"></name></span><br /> <span class="element"><street></span>via Marsala 24<span class="element"></street></span><br /><span class="element"></address></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">A telephone number (normally outside of the <a class="gi" title="contains a postal address, for example of a publisher, an organization, or an individual." href="ref-address.html">address</a> element) might be tagged with an <a class="gi" title="(address line) contains one line of a postal address." href="ref-addrLine.html">addrLine</a> and <a class="gi" title="(reference) defines a reference to another location, possibly modified by additional text or comment." href="ref-ref.html">ref</a>, with the number itself appearing in the <code>tel:</code> namespace: <div id="index-egXML-d52e36270" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><addrLine></span><br /> <span class="element"><ref <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">tel:+1-201-555-0123</span>"></span>(201) 555 0123<span class="element"></ref></span><br /><span class="element"></addrLine></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><p>For further discussion of ways of regularizing the names of places, see section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#CONA" title="Names Numbers Dates Abbreviations and Addresses"><span class="headingNumber">3.5 </span>Names, Numbers, Dates, Abbreviations, and Addresses</a>. A full postal address may also include the name of the addressee, tagged as above using the general purpose <a class="gi" title="(name, proper noun) contains a proper noun or noun phrase." href="ref-name.html">name</a> element.</p><div class="p">When a schema includes the names and dates module discussed in chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="ND.html" title="20"><span class="headingNumber">13 </span>Names, Dates, People, and Places</a>, a large number of more specific elements such as <a class="gi" title="contains the name of a geo-political unit, such as a nation, country, colony, or commonwealth, larger than or administratively superior to a region and smaller than a bloc." href="ref-country.html">country</a> or <a class="gi" title="contains the name of a settlement such as a city, town, or village identified as a single geo-political or administrative unit." href="ref-settlement.html">settlement</a> will be available from the class <a class="link_odd" title="groups elements such as names or postal codes which may appear as part of a postal address." href="ref-model.addrPart.html">model.addrPart</a>. The above example might then be encoded as follows: <div id="index-egXML-d52e36294" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><address></span><br /> <span class="element"><street></span>110 Southmoor Road<span class="element"></street></span><br /> <span class="element"><settlement></span>Oxford<span class="element"></settlement></span><br /> <span class="element"><postCode></span>OX2 6RB<span class="element"></postCode></span><br /> <span class="element"><country></span>United Kingdom<span class="element"></country></span><br /><span class="element"></address></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div></div></div><div class="div3" id="CONANU"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#CONAAD"><span class="headingNumber">3.5.2 </span>Addresses</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#CONADA"><span class="headingNumber">3.5.4 </span>Dates and Times</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#CONANU" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Numbers and
Measures</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">3.5.3 </span><span class="head">Numbers and Measures</span></h4><p>This section describes elements provided for the simple encoding of numbers and measurements and gives some indication of circumstances in which this may usefully be done. The following phrase level elements are provided for this purpose: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-num.html">num</a></span> (number) contains a number, written in any form.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">type</span></td><td>indicates the type of numeric value.
Suggested values include: 1] cardinal; 2] ordinal; 3] fraction; 4] percentage</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">value</span></td><td>supplies the value of the number in standard form.</td></tr></table></li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-measure.html">measure</a></span> contains a word or phrase referring to some quantity of an object or commodity, usually comprising a number, a unit, and a commodity name.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">type</span></td><td>specifies the type of measurement in any convenient typology.</td></tr></table></li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-measureGrp.html">measureGrp</a></span> (measure group) contains a group of dimensional specifications which relate to the same object, for example the height and width of a manuscript page.</li></ul><p>Like names or abbreviations, numbers can occur virtually anywhere in a text. Numbers are special in that they can be written with either letters or digits (<span class="mentioned">twenty-one</span>, <span class="mentioned">xxi</span>, and <span class="mentioned">21</span>) and their presentation is language-dependent (e.g. English <span class="mentioned">5th</span> becomes Greek <span class="mentioned">5.</span>; English <span class="mentioned">123,456.78</span> equals French <span class="mentioned">123.456,78</span>).</p><p>For many kinds of application, e.g. natural-language processing or machine translation, numbers are not regarded as ‘lexical’ in the same way as other parts of a text. For these and other applications, the <a class="gi" title="(number) contains a number, written in any form." href="ref-num.html">num</a> element provides a convenient method of distinguishing numbers from the surrounding text. For other kinds of application, numbers are only useful if normalized: here the <a class="gi" title="(number) contains a number, written in any form." href="ref-num.html">num</a> element is useful precisely because it provides a standardized way of representing a numerical value.</p><div class="p">For example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e36939" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><num <span class="attribute">value</span>="<span class="attributevalue">33</span>"></span>xxxiii<span class="element"></num></span><br /><span class="element"><num <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">cardinal</span>" <span class="attribute">value</span>="<span class="attributevalue">21</span>"></span>twenty-one<span class="element"></num></span><br /><span class="element"><num <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">percentage</span>" <span class="attribute">value</span>="<span class="attributevalue">10</span>"></span>ten percent<span class="element"></num></span><br /><span class="element"><num <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">percentage</span>" <span class="attribute">value</span>="<span class="attributevalue">10</span>"></span>10%<span class="element"></num></span><br /><span class="element"><num <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">ordinal</span>" <span class="attribute">value</span>="<span class="attributevalue">5</span>"></span>5th<span class="element"></num></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e36951" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><num <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">fraction</span>" <span class="attribute">value</span>="<span class="attributevalue">0.5</span>"></span>one half<span class="element"></num></span><br /><span class="element"><num <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">fraction</span>" <span class="attribute">value</span>="<span class="attributevalue">0.5</span>"></span>1/2<span class="element"></num></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><p>Sometimes it may be desired to mark something as numerical which cannot be accurately normalized, for example an expression such as <span class="mentioned">dozens</span>; less frequently the number may be recognisable linguistically as such but may use a notation with which the encoder is unfamiliar. To help in these situations, the <a class="gi" title="(number) contains a number, written in any form." href="ref-num.html">num</a> element may also bear either or both of the following attributes from the <a class="link_odd" title="provides attributes for describing numerical ranges." href="ref-att.ranging.html">att.ranging</a> class: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-att.ranging.html">att.ranging</a></span> provides attributes for describing numerical ranges.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">atLeast</span></td><td>gives a minimum estimated value for the approximate measurement.</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">atMost</span></td><td>gives a maximum estimated value for the approximate measurement.</td></tr></table></li></ul><p>In its fullest form, a <span class="term">measure</span> consists of a number, a phrase expressing units of measure and a phrase expressing the commodity being measured, though not all of these components need be present in every case. It may be helpful to distinguish measures from surrounding text for two reasons. Firstly, a measure may be expressed using a particular notation or system of abbreviations which the encoder does not wish to regard as lexical. Secondly, a quantitative application may wish to distinguish and normalize the internal components of a measure, in order to perform calculations on them.</p><div class="p">Consider, as an example of the first case, the following list of Celia's charms, in which the encoder has chosen to make explicit the measurements: <div id="index-egXML-d52e36978" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><div <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><list <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">gloss</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><label></span>Age<span class="element"></label></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>Unimportant<span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><label></span>Head<span class="element"></label></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>Small and round<span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><label></span>Eyes<span class="element"></label></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>Green<span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><label></span>Complexion<span class="element"></label></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>White<span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><label></span>Hair<span class="element"></label></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>yellow<span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><label></span>Features<span class="element"></label></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>Mobile<span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><label></span>Neck<span class="element"></label></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span><br /> <span class="element"><measure></span>13¾"<span class="element"></measure></span><br /> <span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><label></span>Upper arm<span class="element"></label></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span><br /> <span class="element"><measure></span>11"<span class="element"></measure></span><br /> <span class="element"></item></span><br /><span class="comment"><!--...--></span><br /> <span class="element"></list></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /><span class="element"></div></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#CO-eg-02">bibliography</a> </div></div> In the same way, it may be convenient to mark representations of currency which might otherwise be misinterpreted as lexical: <div id="index-egXML-d52e37019" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><p></span>...the sum of<br /> <span class="element"><measure <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">currency</span>"></span>12s 6d<span class="element"></measure></span>...<span class="element"></p></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">In general, normalization of a measure will require specification of one or more of its three parts: the quantity, the units, and possibly also the commodity being measured. This is accomplished by supplying values for the three attributes <span class="att">quantity</span>, <span class="att">unit</span>, and <span class="att">commodity</span>, which are supplied by the <a class="link_odd" title="provides attributes to represent a regularized or normalized measurement." href="ref-att.measurement.html">att.measurement</a> class: <ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-att.measurement.html">att.measurement</a></span> provides attributes to represent a regularized or normalized measurement.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">quantity</span></td><td>specifies the number of the specified units that comprise the measurement</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">unit</span></td><td>indicates the units used for the measurement, usually using the standard symbol for the desired units.
Suggested values include: 1] m(metre) ; 2] kg(kilogram) ; 3] s(second) ; 4] Hz(hertz) ; 5] Pa(pascal) ; 6] Ω(ohm) ; 7] L(litre) ; 8] t(tonne) ; 9] ha(hectare) ; 10] Å(ångström) ; 11] mL(millilitre) ; 12] cm(centimetre) ; 13] dB(decibel) ; 14] kbit(kilobit) ; 15] Kibit(kibibit) ; 16] kB(kilobyte) ; 17] KiB(kibibyte) ; 18] MB(megabyte) ; 19] MiB(mebibyte) </td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">commodity</span></td><td>indicates the substance that is being measured</td></tr></table></li></ul> With these attributes, the measurement of Celia's neck may be specified in a normalized form: <div id="index-egXML-d52e37044" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><measure <span class="attribute">quantity</span>="<span class="attributevalue">13.75</span>" <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">in</span>"></span>13¾"<span class="element"></measure></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div> Such techniques are particularly useful when representing historical data such as inventories: <div id="index-egXML-d52e37048" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><list></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span><br /> <span class="element"><measure <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">volume</span>" <span class="attribute">quantity</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">bag</span>" <span class="attribute">commodity</span>="<span class="attributevalue">hops</span>"></span>ii bags hops<span class="element"></measure></span><br /> <span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span><br /> <span class="element"><measure <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">volume</span>" <span class="attribute">quantity</span>="<span class="attributevalue">6</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">truss</span>" <span class="attribute">commodity</span>="<span class="attributevalue">cloth</span>"></span>six trusses Woolen and linen goods<span class="element"></measure></span><br /> <span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span><br /> <span class="element"><measure <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">weight</span>" <span class="attribute">quantity</span>="<span class="attributevalue">5</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">ton</span>" <span class="attribute">commodity</span>="<span class="attributevalue">coal</span>"></span>5 tonnes coale<span class="element"></measure></span><br /> <span class="element"></item></span><br /><span class="element"></list></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#CO-eg-03">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="(measure group) contains a group of dimensional specifications which relate to the same object, for example the height and width of a manuscript page." href="ref-measureGrp.html">measureGrp</a> element is provided as a means of grouping several related measurements together, either because the measurement involves several dimensions (for example height and width) or to avoid the need to repeat all the normalizing attributes: <div id="index-egXML-d52e37065" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><measureGrp <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">volume</span>" <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">in</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><measure <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">height</span>" <span class="attribute">quantity</span>="<span class="attributevalue">14</span>"></span>xiv<span class="element"></measure></span><br /> <span class="element"><measure <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">width</span>" <span class="attribute">quantity</span>="<span class="attributevalue">5</span>"></span>v<span class="element"></measure></span><br /> <span class="element"><measure <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">depth</span>" <span class="attribute">quantity</span>="<span class="attributevalue">10</span>"></span>x<span class="element"></measure></span><br /><span class="element"></measureGrp></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div> </div></div><div class="div3" id="CONADA"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#CONANU"><span class="headingNumber">3.5.3 </span>Numbers and Measures</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#CONAAB"><span class="headingNumber">3.5.5 </span>Abbreviations and Their Expansions</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#CONADA" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Dates and Times</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">3.5.4 </span><span class="head">Dates and Times</span></h4><p>Dates and times, like numbers, can appear in widely varying culture- and language-dependent forms, and can pose similar problems in automatic language processing. Such elements constitute the <a class="link_odd" title="groups elements containing temporal expressions." href="ref-model.dateLike.html">model.dateLike</a> class, of which the default members are: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-date.html">date</a></span> contains a date in any format.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-time.html">time</a></span> contains a phrase defining a time of day in any format.</li></ul><p> These elements have some additional attributes by virtue of being members of the <a class="link_odd" title="provides attributes for normalization of elements that contain dates, times, or datable events." href="ref-att.datable.html">att.datable</a> and <a class="link_odd" title="provides attributes for normalization of elements that contain datable events." href="ref-att.duration.html">att.duration</a> classes which, in turn, are members of the <a class="link_odd" title="provides attributes for normalization of elements that contain datable events conforming to the W3C _XML_Schema_Part_2:_Datatypes_Second_Edition_." href="ref-att.datable.w3c.html">att.datable.w3c</a> and <a class="link_odd" title="provides attributes for recording normalized temporal durations." href="ref-att.duration.w3c.html">att.duration.w3c</a> classes. In particular, the <span class="att">when</span> and <span class="att">calendar</span> attributes will be discussed here: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-att.datable.w3c.html">att.datable.w3c</a></span> provides attributes for normalization of elements that contain datable events conforming to the W3C <span class="titlem">XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes Second Edition</span>.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">when</span></td><td>supplies the value of the date or time in a standard form, e.g. yyyy-mm-dd.</td></tr></table></li><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-att.datable.html">att.datable</a></span> provides attributes for normalization of elements that contain dates, times, or datable events.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">calendar</span></td><td>indicates the system or calendar to which the date represented by the content of this element belongs.</td></tr></table></li></ul><p>Dates can occur virtually anywhere in a text, but in some contexts (e.g. bibliographic citations) their encoding is recommended or required rather than optional. Times can also appear anywhere but are generally optional. </p><p>Partial dates or times (e.g. <span class="mentioned">1990</span>, <span class="mentioned">September 1990</span>, <span class="mentioned">twelvish</span>) can be expressed in the <span class="att">when</span> attribute by simply omitting a part of the value supplied. Imprecise dates or times (for example <span class="mentioned">early August</span>, <span class="mentioned">some time after ten and before twelve</span>) may be expressed as date or time ranges.</p><p>These mechanisms are useful primarily for fully specified dates or times known with certainty. If component parts of dates or times are to be marked up, or if a more complex analysis of the meaning of a temporal expression is required, the techniques described in chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="ND.html" title="20"><span class="headingNumber">13 </span>Names, Dates, People, and Places</a> should be used in preference to the simple method outlined here.</p><p>Where the certainty (i.e. reliability) of the date or time is in question, the encoder should record this fact using the mechanisms discussed in chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="CE.html" title="17"><span class="headingNumber">21 </span>Certainty, Precision, and Responsibility</a>. The same chapter also discusses various methods of recording the precision of numerical or temporal assertions.</p><div class="p">The <span class="att">when</span> attribute is a useful way of normalizing or disambiguating dates and times which can appear in many formats, as the following examples show: <div id="index-egXML-d52e37590" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><date <span class="attribute">when</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1980-02-12</span>"></span>12/2/1980<span class="element"></date></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e37594" class="pre egXML_valid">Given on the <span class="element"><date <span class="attribute">when</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1977-06-12</span>"></span>Twelfth Day of June<br /> in the Year of Our Lord One Thousand Nine Hundred and<br /> Seventy-seven of the Republic the Two Hundredth and first<br /> and of the University the Eighty-Sixth.<span class="element"></date></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">The <span class="att">when</span> attribute always supplies a normalized representation of the date given as content of the <a class="gi" title="contains a date in any format." href="ref-date.html">date</a> element. The format used should be a valid W3C schema datatype.<span id="Note51_return"><a class="notelink" title="The datatypes are taken from the W3C Recommendation XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes Second Edition. The permitted datatypes are: dategYeargMonthgDaygYear…" href="#Note51"><sup>14</sup></a></span> Some typical examples follow: <div id="index-egXML-d52e37645" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><date <span class="attribute">when</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2001</span>"></span>The year 2001<span class="element"></date></span><br /><span class="element"><date <span class="attribute">when</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2001-09</span>"></span>September 2001<span class="element"></date></span><br /><span class="element"><date <span class="attribute">when</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2001-09-11</span>"></span>11 Sep 01<span class="element"></date></span><br /><span class="element"><date <span class="attribute">when</span>="<span class="attributevalue">--09-11</span>"></span>9/11<span class="element"></date></span><br /><span class="element"><date <span class="attribute">when</span>="<span class="attributevalue">--09</span>"></span>September<span class="element"></date></span><br /><span class="element"><date <span class="attribute">when</span>="<span class="attributevalue">---11</span>"></span>Eleventh of the month<span class="element"></date></span><br /><span class="element"><time <span class="attribute">when</span>="<span class="attributevalue">08:48:00</span>"></span>8:48<span class="element"></time></span><br /><span class="element"><date <span class="attribute">when</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2001-09-11T12:48:00</span>"></span>Sept 11th, 12 minutes before 9 am<span class="element"></date></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div>Note in the last example the use of a normalized representation for the date string which includes a time: this example could thus equally well be tagged using the <a class="gi" title="contains a phrase defining a time of day in any format." href="ref-time.html">time</a> element.</div><div class="p">The following examples demonstrate the use of the <a class="gi" title="contains a date in any format." href="ref-date.html">date</a> element to mark a period of time:<div id="index-egXML-d52e37671" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><p></span>Those five years —<br /> <span class="element"><date <span class="attribute">from</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1918</span>" <span class="attribute">to</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1923</span>"></span>1918 to 1923<span class="element"></date></span><br /> — had been, he suspected,<br /> somehow very important.<span class="element"></p></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#CONADA-eg-143">bibliography</a> </div></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e37678" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><p></span>The Eddic poems are preserved in a unique<br /> manuscript (Codex Regius 2365) from<br /> <span class="element"><date <span class="attribute">notBefore</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1250</span>" <span class="attribute">notAfter</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1300</span>"></span>the second half of the<br /> thirteenth century<span class="element"></date></span>, and <span class="element"><title></span>Hervarar<br /> saga<span class="element"></title></span> dates from <span class="element"><date <span class="attribute">when</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1300</span>"></span>around 1300<span class="element"></date></span>.<span class="element"></p></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#CONADA-eg-144">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><p>The <span class="att">calendar</span> attribute may be used to specify a date in any calendar system; if the <span class="att">when</span> attribute is also supplied, it should specify the equivalent date in the Gregorian calendar.</p></div><div class="div3" id="CONAAB"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#CONADA"><span class="headingNumber">3.5.4 </span>Dates and Times</a></li><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#CONAAB" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Abbreviations and Their Expansions</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">3.5.5 </span><span class="head">Abbreviations and Their Expansions</span></h4><p>It is sometimes desirable to mark abbreviations in the copy text, whether to trigger special processing for them, to provide the full form of the word or phrase abbreviated, or to allow for different possible expansions of the abbreviation. Abbreviations may be transcribed as they stand, or expanded; they may be left unmarked, or marked using these tags: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-abbr.html">abbr</a></span> (abbreviation) contains an abbreviation of any sort.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-expan.html">expan</a></span> (expansion) contains the expansion of an abbreviation.</li></ul><div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="(abbreviation) contains an abbreviation of any sort." href="ref-abbr.html">abbr</a> element is useful as a means of distinguishing semi-lexical items such as acronyms or jargon: <div id="index-egXML-d52e37894" class="pre egXML_valid">We can sum up the above discussion as follows:<br /> the identity of a <span class="element"><abbr></span>CC<span class="element"></abbr></span> is defined by that calibration of values which<br /> motivates the elements of its <span class="element"><abbr></span>GSP<span class="element"></abbr></span>; ...<div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#CONAAB-eg-150">bibliography</a> </div></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e37903" class="pre egXML_valid">Every manufacturer of <span class="element"><abbr></span>3GL<span class="element"></abbr></span> or <span class="element"><abbr></span>4GL<span class="element"></abbr></span><br /> languages is currently nailing on <span class="element"><abbr></span>OOP<span class="element"></abbr></span> extensions.<div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#CONAAB-eg-151">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">The <span class="att">type</span> attribute may be used to distinguish types of abbreviation by their function:<div id="index-egXML-d52e37920" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><abbr <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">title</span>"></span>Dr.<span class="element"></abbr></span><br /><span class="element"><abbr <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">initial</span>"></span>M.<span class="element"></abbr></span> Deegan is<br /> the Director of the <span class="element"><abbr <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">acronym</span>"></span>CTI<span class="element"></abbr></span> Centre for Textual Studies.<div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">Abbreviations such as <span class="mentioned">Dr. M.</span> above may be treated as two abbreviations, as above, or as one: <div id="index-egXML-d52e37935" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><abbr></span>Dr. M.<span class="element"></abbr></span> Deegan is<br /> the Director of the <span class="element"><abbr></span>CTI<span class="element"></abbr></span> Centre for Textual Studies.<div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="(expansion) contains the expansion of an abbreviation." href="ref-expan.html">expan</a> element may be used simply to record that an abbreviation has been silently expanded by the encoder, perhaps for reasons of house style or editorial policy. It should always include the whole of an abbreviated phrase or word. More usually however this will be combined with the <a class="gi" title="(abbreviation) contains an abbreviation of any sort." href="ref-abbr.html">abbr</a> element inside a <a class="gi" title="groups a number of alternative encodings for the same point in a text." href="ref-choice.html">choice</a> element to record both the abbreviation and its expansion: <div id="index-egXML-d52e37954" class="pre egXML_valid"> the<br /><span class="element"><choice></span><br /> <span class="element"><expan></span>World Wide Web Consortium<span class="element"></expan></span><br /> <span class="element"><abbr></span>W3C<span class="element"></abbr></span><br /><span class="element"></choice></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div> Nested abbreviations may also be handled in this way: <div id="index-egXML-d52e37962" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><choice></span><br /> <span class="element"><abbr></span>RELAX NG<span class="element"></abbr></span><br /> <span class="element"><expan></span>regular<br /> language for <span class="element"><choice></span><br /> <span class="element"><abbr></span>XML<span class="element"></abbr></span><br /> <span class="element"><expan></span>extensible markup<br /> language<span class="element"></expan></span><br /> <span class="element"></choice></span>, next<br /> generation<span class="element"></expan></span><br /><span class="element"></choice></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><p>Abbreviation is a particularly important feature of manuscript and other source materials, the transcription of which needs more detailed treatment than is possible using these simple elements. A more detailed set of recommendations is discussed in <a class="link_ptr" href="PH.html#PHCH" title="Altered Corrected and Erroneous Texts"><span class="headingNumber">11.3.1 </span>Altered, Corrected, and Erroneous Texts</a>, which includes additional elements made available for the purpose by the <span class="ident-module">transcr</span> module.</p></div></div><div class="div2" id="COXR"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#CONA"><span class="headingNumber">3.5 </span>Names, Numbers, Dates, Abbreviations, and Addresses</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#COLI"><span class="headingNumber">3.7 </span>Lists</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h3><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#COXR" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Simple Links and Cross-References</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">3.6 </span><span class="head">Simple Links and Cross-References</span></h3><p>Cross-references or links between one location in a document and one or more other locations, either in the same or different XML documents, may be encoded using the elements <a class="gi" title="(pointer) defines a pointer to another location." href="ref-ptr.html">ptr</a> and <a class="gi" title="(reference) defines a reference to another location, possibly modified by additional text or comment." href="ref-ref.html">ref</a>, as discussed in this section. These elements both ‘point’ from one location in a document, the place that the element itself appears, to another (or to several), specified by means of a <span class="att">target</span> attribute, supplied by the <a class="link_odd" title="provides a set of attributes used by all elements which point to other elements by means of one or more URI references." href="ref-att.pointing.html">att.pointing</a> class: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-att.pointing.html">att.pointing</a></span> provides a set of attributes used by all elements which point to other elements by means of one or more URI references.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">target</span></td><td>specifies the destination of the reference by supplying one or more URI References</td></tr></table></li></ul><p> Linkages of several other kinds are also provided for in these guidelines; see further chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="SA.html" title="14"><span class="headingNumber">16 </span>Linking, Segmentation, and Alignment</a>.</p><div class="p">The value of the <span class="att">target</span> attribute, wherever it appears, provides a way of pointing to some other element using a method standardized by the W3C consortium, and known as the <span class="term">XPointer</span> mechanism. This permits a range of complexity, from the very simple (a reference to the value of the target element's <span class="att">xml:id</span> attribute) to the more complex usage of a full URI with embedded XPointers. For example, the source of the following paragraph looks something like this: <div id="index-egXML-d52e38440" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><p></span>...<br /> The complete XPointer specification is managed by the W3C<span class="element"><note <span class="attribute">place</span>="<span class="attributevalue">foot</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><ptr <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">http://www.w3.org/TR/xptr-framework/</span>"/></span>,<br /> <span class="element"><ptr <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">http://www.w3.org/TR/xptr-element/</span>"/></span>,<br /> <span class="element"><ptr <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">http://www.w3.org/TR/xptr-xmlns/</span>"/></span>, and<br /> <span class="element"><ptr <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">http://www.w3.org/TR/xptr-xpointer/</span>"/></span><span class="element"></note></span>;<br /> for a discussion of TEI schemes for XPointer, see<br /> <span class="element"><ptr <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#eSATS</span>"/></span>.<span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="comment"><!--... --></span><br /><span class="element"><div <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">eSATS</span>"></span><br /><span class="comment"><!--... --></span><br /><span class="element"></div></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div> Alternatively, if no explicit link is to be encoded, but it is simply required to mark the phrase as a cross-reference, the <a class="gi" title="(reference) defines a reference to another location, possibly modified by additional text or comment." href="ref-ref.html">ref</a> element may be used without a <span class="att">target</span> attribute.</div><p>For an introduction to the use of links in general, see <a class="link_ptr" href="SA.html" title="14"><span class="headingNumber">16 </span>Linking, Segmentation, and Alignment</a>. The complete XPointer specification is managed by the W3C<span id="Note52_return"><a class="notelink" title=", , , and" href="#Note52"><sup>15</sup></a></span>; for a discussion of TEI schemes for XPointer, see <a class="link_ptr" href="SA.html#SATS" title="TEI XPointer Schemes"><span class="headingNumber">16.2.4 </span>TEI XPointer Schemes</a>.</p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-ptr.html">ptr</a></span> (pointer) defines a pointer to another location.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-ref.html">ref</a></span> (reference) defines a reference to another location, possibly modified by additional text or comment.</li></ul><p>The elements <a class="gi" title="(pointer) defines a pointer to another location." href="ref-ptr.html">ptr</a> and <a class="gi" title="(reference) defines a reference to another location, possibly modified by additional text or comment." href="ref-ref.html">ref</a> are the default members of the phrase-level model class <a class="link_odd" title="groups elements used for purposes of location and reference." href="ref-model.ptrLike.html">model.ptrLike</a>. As members of the classes <a class="link_odd" title="provides a set of attributes used by all elements which point to other elements by means of one or more URI references." href="ref-att.pointing.html">att.pointing</a>, <a class="link_odd" title="provides attributes which can be used to classify or subclassify elements in any way." href="ref-att.typed.html">att.typed</a>, <a class="link_odd" title="provides an attribute which may be used to supply a canonical reference as a means of identifying the target of a pointer." href="ref-att.cReferencing.html">att.cReferencing</a>, and <a class="link_odd" title="provides attributes for specifying the type of a computer resource using a standard taxonomy." href="ref-att.internetMedia.html">att.internetMedia</a> they also carry the following attributes: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-att.pointing.html">att.pointing</a></span> provides a set of attributes used by all elements which point to other elements by means of one or more URI references.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">target</span></td><td>specifies the destination of the reference by supplying one or more URI References</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">evaluate</span></td><td>specifies the intended meaning when the target of a pointer is itself a pointer.</td></tr></table></li><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-att.cReferencing.html">att.cReferencing</a></span> provides an attribute which may be used to supply a <span class="term">canonical reference</span> as a means of identifying the target of a pointer.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">cRef</span></td><td>(canonical reference) specifies the destination of the pointer by supplying a canonical reference expressed using the scheme defined in a <a class="gi" title="(references declaration) specifies how canonical references are constructed for this text." href="ref-refsDecl.html">refsDecl</a> element in the TEI header</td></tr></table></li><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-att.typed.html">att.typed</a></span> provides attributes which can be used to classify or subclassify elements in any way.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">type</span></td><td>characterizes the element in some sense, using any convenient classification scheme or typology.</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">subtype</span></td><td>provides a sub-categorization of the element, if needed</td></tr></table></li><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-att.internetMedia.html">att.internetMedia</a></span> provides attributes for specifying the type of a computer resource using a standard taxonomy.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">mimeType</span></td><td>(MIME media type) specifies the applicable multimedia internet mail extension (MIME) media type</td></tr></table></li></ul><div class="p">The two elements may be used in the same way; the difference between them is simply that while the <a class="gi" title="(pointer) defines a pointer to another location." href="ref-ptr.html">ptr</a> element is empty, the <a class="gi" title="(reference) defines a reference to another location, possibly modified by additional text or comment." href="ref-ref.html">ref</a> element may contain phrases specifying, or describing more exactly, the target of a cross-reference, which form the content of the element. Since its content thus serves as a human-readable pointer, in the simplest case a <a class="gi" title="(reference) defines a reference to another location, possibly modified by additional text or comment." href="ref-ref.html">ref</a> element need not identify its target in any other way. For example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e38527" class="pre egXML_valid">See <span class="element"><ref></span>section 12 on page 34<span class="element"></ref></span>.<div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">More usually, it will be desirable to identify the target of the cross-reference using either the <span class="att">target</span> or the <span class="att">cRef</span> attribute, so that processing software can access it directly, for example to implement a linkage, to generate an appropriate reference, or to give an error message if it cannot be found. Assuming that section 12 in the previous example has been tagged <div id="index-egXML-d52e38541" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><div1 <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">SEC12</span>"></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /><span class="element"></div1></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div> then the same cross-reference might more exactly be encoded as <div id="index-egXML-d52e38545" class="pre egXML_valid">See especially <span class="element"><ref <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#SEC12</span>"></span>section 12 on page 34<span class="element"></ref></span>.<div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">If the cross-reference itself is to be generated according to a fixed pattern, or if no text is to appear in the body of the cross-reference, the <a class="gi" title="(pointer) defines a pointer to another location." href="ref-ptr.html">ptr</a> element would be used as follows: <div id="index-egXML-d52e38556" class="pre egXML_valid">See in particular <span class="element"><ptr <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#SEC12</span>"/></span>.<div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><p>The <span class="att">cRef</span> attribute may be used to express the target of a cross reference using some canonical referencing scheme, such as those typically used for ancient texts. In this case, the referencing scheme must be defined using the <a class="gi" title="(canonical reference pattern) specifies an expression and replacement pattern for transforming a canonical reference into a URI." href="ref-cRefPattern.html">cRefPattern</a> element discussed below (<a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#CORS6" title="Declaring Reference Systems"><span class="headingNumber">3.10.4 </span>Declaring Reference Systems</a>); the definition it provides is used to translate the value of the <span class="att">cRef</span> attribute into a conventional pointer value, such as one that might be supplied by the <span class="att">target</span> attribute. It is an error to supply both <span class="att">cRef</span> and <span class="att">target</span> values.</p><div class="p">When the <span class="att">target</span> attribute is used, a cross reference may point to any number of locations simultaneously, simply by giving more than one identifier as the value of its <span class="att">target</span> attribute. This may be particularly useful where an analytic index is to be encoded, as in the following example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e38592" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><list></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>Saints aid rejected in mel. <span class="element"><ptr <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#p299</span>"/></span><span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>Sallets censured <span class="element"><ptr <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#p143 #p144</span>"/></span><span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>Sanguine mel. signs <span class="element"><ptr <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#p263</span>"/></span><span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>Scilla or sea onyon, a purger of mel. <span class="element"><ptr <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#p442</span>"/></span><span class="element"></item></span><br /><span class="element"></list></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#COXR-eg-164">bibliography</a> </div></div> Here the targets of the cross-references are simply page numbers; it is assumed that corresponding elements with identifiers <span class="ident">p299</span>, <span class="ident">p143</span>, etc. have been provided in the body of the text, for example as page breaks <div id="index-egXML-d52e38614" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><pb <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">p143</span>"/></span><br /> ...<br /><span class="element"><pb <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">p144</span>"/></span><br /> ...<br /><span class="element"><pb <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">p263</span>"/></span><br /> ...<br /><span class="element"><pb <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">p299</span>"/></span><br /> ...<br /><span class="element"><pb <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">p442</span>"/></span><br /> ...<br /><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">A similar method may be used to link annotations on a text with the sigla used to encode their points of attachment in a text. For example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e38629" class="pre egXML_valid">annotated text <span class="element"><ref <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#a51</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">noteAnchor</span>"></span>⁵¹<span class="element"></ref></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /><span class="element"><note <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">a51</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">footnote</span>"></span>text of annotation<span class="element"></note></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">The <span class="att">type</span> attribute may be used, as elsewhere, to categorize the cross-reference according to any system of importance to the encoder. If bibliographic references require special processing (e.g. in order to provide a consistent short-form reference), they might be tagged thus: <div id="index-egXML-d52e38642" class="pre egXML_valid">Similar forms, often called<br /><span class="element"><term <span class="attribute">rend</span>="<span class="attributevalue">ldquo rdquo</span>"></span>rewriting systems<span class="element"></term></span>, have a long history<br /> among mathematicians, but the specific form of <span class="element"><ptr <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#fig22</span>"/></span><br /> was first studied extensively by Chomsky <span class="element"><ptr <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">bibliog</span>" <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#chom59</span>"/></span>.<br /><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /><span class="element"><figure <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">fig22</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><graphic <span class="attribute">url</span>="<span class="attributevalue">fig22.jpg</span>"/></span><br /><span class="element"></figure></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- elsewhere, in the bibliography --></span><br /><span class="element"><bibl <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">chom59</span>"></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- citation for the book referenced above --></span><br /><span class="element"></bibl></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#COXR-eg-166">bibliography</a> </div></div> The value <span class="val">bibliog</span> for the <span class="att">type</span> attribute on the second <a class="gi" title="(pointer) defines a pointer to another location." href="ref-ptr.html">ptr</a> element here might be used to indicate that the object being referenced here is a bibliographic entry rather than a simple cross-reference to an illustration, as is the first <a class="gi" title="(pointer) defines a pointer to another location." href="ref-ptr.html">ptr</a>. In either case, the value of the <span class="att">target</span> attribute is a pointer to some other element.</div><p>The <a class="gi" title="(pointer) defines a pointer to another location." href="ref-ptr.html">ptr</a> and <a class="gi" title="(reference) defines a reference to another location, possibly modified by additional text or comment." href="ref-ref.html">ref</a> elements have many applications in addition to the simple cross-referencing facilities illustrated in this section. In conjunction with the analytic tools discussed in chapters <a class="link_ptr" href="SA.html" title="14"><span class="headingNumber">16 </span>Linking, Segmentation, and Alignment</a>, <a class="link_ptr" href="AI.html" title="15"><span class="headingNumber">17 </span>Simple Analytic Mechanisms</a>, and <a class="link_ptr" href="FS.html" title="16"><span class="headingNumber">18 </span>Feature Structures</a>, they may be used to link analyses of a text to their object, to combine corresponding segments of a text, or to align segments of a text with a temporal or other axis or with each other.</p><div class="p">Where the <span class="att">target</span> attribute of <a class="gi" title="(pointer) defines a pointer to another location." href="ref-ptr.html">ptr</a> or <a class="gi" title="(reference) defines a reference to another location, possibly modified by additional text or comment." href="ref-ref.html">ref</a> points to an external resource available on the network, the <span class="att">mimeType</span> attribute may be used to specify the mime type of that resource; this may be important for to enable appropriate processing. For example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e38702" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><p></span>The current version of the TEI Guidelines source code<br /> is available in the TEI GitHub Repository; <span class="element"><ref <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">https://github.com/TEIC/TEI/blob/dev/P5/Source/guidelines-en.xml</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">mimeType</span>="<span class="attributevalue">application/tei+xml</span>"></span>guidelines-en.xml<span class="element"></ref></span> <br /> is the root document used to create the English version<br /> of these Guidelines.<span class="element"></p></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div></div></div><div class="div2" id="COLI"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#COXR"><span class="headingNumber">3.6 </span>Simple Links and Cross-References</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#CONO"><span class="headingNumber">3.8 </span>Notes, Annotation, and Indexing</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h3><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#COLI" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Lists</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">3.7 </span><span class="head">Lists</span></h3><p>The following elements are provided for the encoding of lists, their constituent items, and the labels or headings associated with them: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-list.html">list</a></span> contains any sequence of items organized as a list.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-item.html">item</a></span> contains one component of a list.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-label.html">label</a></span> contains any label or heading used to identify part of a text, typically but not exclusively in a list or glossary.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-head.html">head</a></span> (heading) contains any type of heading, for example the title of a section, or the heading of a list, glossary, manuscript description, etc.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-headLabel.html">headLabel</a></span> (heading for list labels) contains the heading for the label or term column in a glossary list or similar structured list.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-headItem.html">headItem</a></span> (heading for list items) contains the heading for the item or gloss column in a glossary list or similar structured list.</li></ul><p>The <a class="gi" title="contains any sequence of items organized as a list." href="ref-list.html">list</a> element should be used to mark any kind of <span class="noindex">list</span>: numbered, lettered, bulleted, or unmarked. Lists formatted as such in the copy text should in general be encoded using this element, with an appropriate value for the <span class="att">rend</span> attribute. Suggested values for <span class="att">rend</span> include: </p><ul class="bulleted"><li class="item"><span class="term">bulleted</span> (items preceded by bullets or similar markings)</li><li class="item"><span class="term">inline</span> (items rendered within continuous prose, with no linebreaks)</li><li class="item"><span class="term">numbered</span> (items preceded by numbers or letters)</li><li class="item"><span class="term">simple</span> (items rendered as blocks, but with no bullet or number)</li></ul><p> Some of these values may of course be combined; a list may be inline, but also be rendered with numbers. An example appears below. For more sophisticated and detailed description of list rendering, consider using the <span class="att">style</span> attribute with Cascading Stylesheet properties and values, as described in the W3C's <a class="link_ref" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/css-lists-3/">CSS Lists and Counters Module Level 3</a>.</p><div class="p">Each distinct item in the list should be encoded as a distinct <a class="gi" title="contains one component of a list." href="ref-item.html">item</a> element. If the numbering or other identification for the items in a list is unremarkable and may be reconstructed by any processing program, no enumerator need be specified. If however an enumerator is retained in the encoded text, it may be supplied either by using the <span class="att">n</span> attribute on the <a class="gi" title="contains one component of a list." href="ref-item.html">item</a> element, or by using a <a class="gi" title="contains any label or heading used to identify part of a text, typically but not exclusively in a list or glossary." href="ref-label.html">label</a> element. The following examples are thus equivalent: <div id="index-egXML-d52e38956" class="pre egXML_valid">I will add two facts, which have seldom occurred in<br /> the composition of six, or even five quartos.<br /><span class="element"><list <span class="attribute">rend</span>="<span class="attributevalue">inline numbered</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><label></span>(1)<span class="element"></label></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>My first rough manuscript, without any<br /> intermediate copy, has been sent to the press.<span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><label></span>(2)<span class="element"></label></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>Not a sheet has been seen by any human<br /> eyes, excepting those of the author and the printer:<br /> the faults and the merits are exclusively my own.<span class="element"></item></span><br /><span class="element"></list></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#GibAut">bibliography</a> </div></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e38969" class="pre egXML_valid">I will add two facts, which have seldom occurred in<br /> the composition of six, or even five quartos.<br /><span class="element"><list <span class="attribute">rend</span>="<span class="attributevalue">inline numbered</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><item <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>"></span>My first rough manuscript, without any<br /> intermediate copy, has been sent to the press.<span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><item <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2</span>"></span>Not a sheet has been seen by any human<br /> eyes, excepting those of the author and the printer:<br /> the faults and the merits are exclusively my own.<span class="element"></item></span><br /><span class="element"></list></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#GibAut">bibliography</a> </div></div> The two styles may not be mixed in the same list: if one item is preceded by a label, all must be.</div><div class="p">A list need not necessarily be displayed in list format. For example, the following is a reasonable encoding of a list which (in the original) is simply printed as a single paragraph: <div id="index-egXML-d52e38979" class="pre egXML_valid">On those remote pages it is written that animals are<br /> divided into <span class="element"><list <span class="attribute">rend</span>="<span class="attributevalue">inline</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><item <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">a</span>"></span>those that belong to the Emperor, <span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><item <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">b</span>"></span>embalmed ones, <span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><item <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">c</span>"></span>those that are trained, <span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><item <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">d</span>"></span>suckling pigs, <span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><item <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">e</span>"></span>mermaids, <span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><item <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">f</span>"></span>fabulous ones, <span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><item <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">g</span>"></span>stray dogs, <span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><item <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">h</span>"></span>those that are included in this classification, <span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><item <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">i</span>"></span>those that tremble as if they were mad, <span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><item <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">j</span>"></span>innumerable ones, <span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><item <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">k</span>"></span>those drawn with a very fine camel's-hair brush, <span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><item <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">l</span>"></span>others, <span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><item <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">m</span>"></span>those that have just broken a flower vase, <span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><item <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">n</span>"></span>those that resemble flies from a distance. <span class="element"></item></span><br /><span class="element"></list></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#COLI-eg-171">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">A list may be given a heading or title, for which the <a class="gi" title="(heading) contains any type of heading, for example the title of a section, or the heading of a list, glossary, manuscript description, etc." href="ref-head.html">head</a> element should be used, as in the next example, which also demonstrates simple use of the <a class="gi" title="contains any label or heading used to identify part of a text, typically but not exclusively in a list or glossary." href="ref-label.html">label</a> element to mark a tabular or glossary list in which each item is associated with a word or phrase rather than a numeric or alphabetic enumerator: <div id="index-egXML-d52e39020" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><list <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">gloss</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>Report of the conduct and progress of Ernest Pontifex.<br /> Upper Vth form — half term ending Midsummer 1851<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><label></span>Classics<span class="element"></label></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>Idle listless and unimproving<span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><label></span>Mathematics<span class="element"></label></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>ditto<span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><label></span>Divinity<span class="element"></label></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>ditto<span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><label></span>Conduct in house<span class="element"></label></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>Orderly<span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><label></span>General conduct<span class="element"></label></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>Not satisfactory, on account of his great<br /> unpunctuality and inattention to duties<span class="element"></item></span><br /><span class="element"></list></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#COLI-eg-172">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">In such a list, the individual items have internal structure. In complex cases, where list items contain many components, the list is better treated as a <span class="noindex">table</span>, on which see chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="FT.html" title="22"><span class="headingNumber">14 </span>Tables, Formulæ, Graphics and Notated Music</a>. A particularly important instance of the simple two-column table is the ‘glossary list’, which should be marked by the tag <span class="tag"><list type="gloss"></span>. In such lists, each <a class="gi" title="contains any label or heading used to identify part of a text, typically but not exclusively in a list or glossary." href="ref-label.html">label</a> element contains a term and each <a class="gi" title="contains one component of a list." href="ref-item.html">item</a> its gloss; it is a semantic error for a list tagged with <code>type="gloss"</code> not to have labels. For example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e39075" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><list <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">gloss</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>Unit Three — Vocabulary<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><label <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">la</span>"></span>acerbus, -a, -um <span class="element"></label></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>bitter, harsh<span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><label <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">la</span>"></span>ager, agrī, M. <span class="element"></label></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>field<span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><label <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">la</span>"></span>audiō, īre,<br /> īvī, ītus <span class="element"></label></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>hear, listen (to)<span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><label <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">la</span>"></span>bellum, -ī, N. <span class="element"></label></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>war<span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><label <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">la</span>"></span>bonus, -a, -um <span class="element"></label></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>good<span class="element"></item></span><br /><span class="element"></list></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#CO-eg-04">bibliography</a> </div></div> Additionally, the <a class="gi" title="contains a single-word, multi-word, or symbolic designation which is regarded as a technical term." href="ref-term.html">term</a> and <a class="gi" title="identifies a phrase or word used to provide a gloss or definition for some other word or phrase." href="ref-gloss.html">gloss</a> elements discussed in section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#COHQU" title="Terms Glosses Equivalents and Descriptions"><span class="headingNumber">3.3.4 </span>Terms, Glosses, Equivalents, and Descriptions</a> might be used to make explicit the role that each column in the glossary list has, as follows: <div id="index-egXML-d52e39109" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><list <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">gloss</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>Unit Three — Vocabulary<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><label></span><br /> <span class="element"><term <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">la</span>"></span>acerbus, -a, -um<span class="element"></term></span><br /> <span class="element"></label></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span><br /> <span class="element"><gloss></span>bitter, harsh<span class="element"></gloss></span><br /> <span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><label></span><br /> <span class="element"><term <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">la</span>"></span>ager, agrī, M. <span class="element"></term></span><br /> <span class="element"></label></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span><br /> <span class="element"><gloss></span>field<span class="element"></gloss></span><br /> <span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><label></span><br /> <span class="element"><term <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">la</span>"></span>audiō, -īre, -īvī, -ītus<span class="element"></term></span><br /> <span class="element"></label></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span><br /> <span class="element"><gloss></span>hear, listen (to)<span class="element"></gloss></span><br /> <span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><label></span><br /> <span class="element"><term <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">la</span>"></span>bellum, -ī, N. <span class="element"></term></span><br /> <span class="element"></label></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span><br /> <span class="element"><gloss></span>war<span class="element"></gloss></span><br /> <span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><label></span><br /> <span class="element"><term <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">la</span>"></span>bonus, -a, -um<span class="element"></term></span><br /> <span class="element"></label></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span><br /> <span class="element"><gloss></span>good<span class="element"></gloss></span><br /> <span class="element"></item></span><br /><span class="element"></list></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#CO-eg-04">bibliography</a> </div></div> Note in the above examples the use of the global <span class="att">xml:lang</span> attribute to specify on the <a class="gi" title="contains any label or heading used to identify part of a text, typically but not exclusively in a list or glossary." href="ref-label.html">label</a> (or <a class="gi" title="contains a single-word, multi-word, or symbolic designation which is regarded as a technical term." href="ref-term.html">term</a>) element what language the term is from. For further discussion of the <span class="att">xml:lang</span> attribute see section <a class="link_ptr" href="ST.html#STGA" title="Global Attributes"><span class="headingNumber">1.3.1.1 </span>Global Attributes</a>, and section <a class="link_ptr" href="CH.html#CHSH" title="Language Identification"><span class="headingNumber">vi.1. </span>Language Identification</a>. A more elaborate markup for this glossary would distinguish the headword forms from the grammatical information (principal parts and gender), perhaps using elements taken from <a class="link_ptr" href="DI.html" title="12"><span class="headingNumber">9 </span>Dictionaries</a>.</div><div class="p">In addition to the <a class="gi" title="(heading) contains any type of heading, for example the title of a section, or the heading of a list, glossary, manuscript description, etc." href="ref-head.html">head</a> element used to supply a title or heading for the whole list, headings for the two columns of a glossary-style list may be specified using the two special elements <a class="gi" title="(heading for list labels) contains the heading for the label or term column in a glossary list or similar structured list." href="ref-headLabel.html">headLabel</a> and <a class="gi" title="(heading for list items) contains the heading for the item or gloss column in a glossary list or similar structured list." href="ref-headItem.html">headItem</a>: <div id="index-egXML-d52e39174" class="pre egXML_valid">The simple, straightforward statement of an idea is<br /> preferable to the use of a worn-out expression.<br /><span class="element"><list <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">gloss</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><headLabel></span>TRITE<span class="element"></headLabel></span><br /> <span class="element"><headItem></span>SIMPLE, STRAIGHTFORWARD<span class="element"></headItem></span><br /> <span class="element"><label></span>bury the hatchet <span class="element"></label></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>stop fighting, make peace<span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><label></span>at loose ends <span class="element"></label></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>disorganized<span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><label></span>on speaking terms <span class="element"></label></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>friendly<span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><label></span>fair and square <span class="element"></label></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>completely honest<span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><label></span>at death's door <span class="element"></label></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>near death<span class="element"></item></span><br /><span class="element"></list></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#COLI-eg-175">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">The elements <a class="gi" title="contains any label or heading used to identify part of a text, typically but not exclusively in a list or glossary." href="ref-label.html">label</a>, <a class="gi" title="(heading) contains any type of heading, for example the title of a section, or the heading of a list, glossary, manuscript description, etc." href="ref-head.html">head</a>, <a class="gi" title="(heading for list labels) contains the heading for the label or term column in a glossary list or similar structured list." href="ref-headLabel.html">headLabel</a>, and <a class="gi" title="(heading for list items) contains the heading for the item or gloss column in a glossary list or similar structured list." href="ref-headItem.html">headItem</a> may contain only phrase-level elements. The <a class="gi" title="contains one component of a list." href="ref-item.html">item</a> element however may contain paragraphs or other ‘chunks’, including other lists. In this example, a glossary list contains two items, each of which is itself a simple list: <div id="index-egXML-d52e39224" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><list <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">gloss</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><label></span>EVIL<span class="element"></label></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span><br /> <span class="element"><list <span class="attribute">rend</span>="<span class="attributevalue">bulleted</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>I am cast upon a horrible desolate island, void<br /> of all hope of recovery.<span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>I am singled out and separated as it were from<br /> all the world to be miserable.<span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>I am divided from mankind — a solitaire; one<br /> banished from human society.<span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"></list></span><br /> <span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><label></span>GOOD<span class="element"></label></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span><br /> <span class="element"><list <span class="attribute">rend</span>="<span class="attributevalue">bulleted</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>But I am alive; and not drowned, as all my<br /> ship's company were.<span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>But I am singled out, too, from all the ship's<br /> crew, to be spared from death...<span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>But I am not starved, and perishing on a barren place,<br /> affording no sustenances....<span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"></list></span><br /> <span class="element"></item></span><br /><span class="element"></list></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#COLI-eg-176">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><p>Lists of different types may be nested to arbitrary depths in this way. </p></div><div class="div2" id="CONO"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#COLI"><span class="headingNumber">3.7 </span>Lists</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#COGR"><span class="headingNumber">3.9 </span>Graphics and Other Non-textual Components</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h3><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#CONO" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Notes, Annotation, and Indexing</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">3.8 </span><span class="head">Notes, Annotation, and Indexing</span></h3><div class="div3" id="CONONO"><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#CONONO" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Notes and Simple Annotation</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">3.8.1 </span><span class="head">Notes and Simple Annotation</span></h4><p>The following element is provided for the encoding of discursive notes, whether already present in the copy text or supplied by the encoder: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-note.html">note</a></span> contains a note or annotation.</li></ul><p>A note is any additional comment found in a text, marked in some way as being out of the main textual stream. All notes should be marked using the same tag, <a class="gi" title="contains a note or annotation." href="ref-note.html">note</a>, whether they appear as block notes in the main text area, at the foot of the page, at the end of the chapter or volume, in the margin, or in some other place.</p><p>Notes may be in a different hand or typeface, may be authorial or editorial, and may have been added later. Attributes may be used to specify these and other characteristics of notes, as detailed below. </p><p>A note is usually attached to a specific point or span within a text, which we term here its <span class="term">point of attachment</span>. In conventional printed text, the point of attachment is represented by some siglum such as a star or cross, or a superscript digit.</p><p>When encoding such a text, it is conventional to replace this siglum by the content of the annotation, duly marked up with a <a class="gi" title="contains a note or annotation." href="ref-note.html">note</a> element. This may not always be possible for example with marginal notes, which may not be anchored to an exact location. For ease of processing, it may be adequate to position marginal notes before the relevant paragraph or other element. In printed texts, it is sometimes conventional to group notes together at the foot of the page on which their points of attachment appear. This practice is not generally recommended for TEI-encoded texts, since the pagination of a particular printed text is unlikely to be of structural significance. In some cases, however, it may be desirable to transcribe notes not at their point of attachment to the text but at their point of appearance, typically at the end of the volume, or the end of the chapter. In such cases, the <span class="att">target</span> attribute of the <a class="gi" title="contains a note or annotation." href="ref-note.html">note</a> may be used to indicate the point of attachment. It is also possible to encode the point of attachment itself, using the <a class="gi" title="(pointer) defines a pointer to another location." href="ref-ptr.html">ptr</a> or <a class="gi" title="(reference) defines a reference to another location, possibly modified by additional text or comment." href="ref-ref.html">ref</a> element, pointing from that to the body of the <a class="gi" title="contains a note or annotation." href="ref-note.html">note</a> placed elsewhere.</p><p>In cases where the note is applied not to a point but to a span of text, not itself represented as a TEI element, the <span class="att">target</span> attribute may use an appropriate pointer expression, for example using the <span class="ident">range()</span> function to specify the span of attachment.</p><p>For further discussion of pointing to points and spans in the text, see section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#COXR" title="Simple Links and CrossReferences"><span class="headingNumber">3.6 </span>Simple Links and Cross-References</a>.</p><div class="p">In the following example, the <span class="att">type</span> attribute is used to categorise the note as a gloss: <div id="index-egXML-d52e40883" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><l></span>The self-same moment I could pray<span class="element"></l></span><br /><span class="element"><l></span>And from my neck so free<span class="element"></l></span><br /><span class="element"><l></span>The albatross fell off, and sank<span class="element"></l></span><br /><span class="element"><l></span>Like lead into the sea.<br /> <span class="element"><note <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">gloss</span>" <span class="attribute">place</span>="<span class="attributevalue">margin</span>"></span>The spell begins to break<span class="element"></note></span><span class="element"></l></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#CONONO-eg-189">bibliography</a> </div></div> As the <a class="gi" title="contains a note or annotation." href="ref-note.html">note</a> appears within an <a class="gi" title="(verse line) contains a single, possibly incomplete, line of verse." href="ref-l.html">l</a> element, we may infer that its point of attachment is in the margin adjacent to the line in question. In the following version of the same text, however, it may be inferred that the note applies to the whole of the stanza: <div id="index-egXML-d52e40901" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><lg></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>The self-same moment I could pray<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>And from my neck so free<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>The albatross fell off, and sank<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Like lead into the sea.<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><note <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">gloss</span>" <span class="attribute">place</span>="<span class="attributevalue">margin</span>"></span>The spell begins to break<span class="element"></note></span><br /><span class="element"></lg></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#CONONO-eg-189">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">This type of annotation, very common in the early printed texts which Coleridge may be presumed to be imitating in this case, may also be regarded as providing a heading or descriptive label for the passage concerned. The encoder may therefore prefer to use the <a class="gi" title="contains any label or heading used to identify part of a text, typically but not exclusively in a list or glossary." href="ref-label.html">label</a> element to represent it, as in the following case: <div id="index-egXML-d52e40919" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><lg></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>The self-same moment I could pray<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>And from my neck so free<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>The albatross fell off, and sank<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Like lead into the sea.<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><label <span class="attribute">place</span>="<span class="attributevalue">margin</span>"></span>The spell begins to break<span class="element"></label></span><br /><span class="element"></lg></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#CONONO-eg-189">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">In the following example, a note which appears at the foot of the page in the printed source is given at its point of attachment within the text. The global <span class="att">n</span> attribute is used to indicate the note number: <div id="index-egXML-d52e40937" class="pre egXML_valid">Collections are ensembles of<br /> distinct entities or objects of any sort.<span class="element"><note <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>" <span class="attribute">place</span>="<span class="attributevalue">bottom</span>"></span>We<br /> explain below why we use the uncommon term<br /> <span class="element"><mentioned></span>collection<span class="element"></mentioned></span> instead of the expected<br /> <span class="element"><mentioned></span>set<span class="element"></mentioned></span>. Our usage corresponds to the<br /> <span class="element"><mentioned></span>aggregate<span class="element"></mentioned></span> of many mathematical writings and to<br /> the sense of <span class="element"><mentioned></span>class<span class="element"></mentioned></span> found in older logical<br /> writings.<span class="element"></note></span> The elements ...<div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#LANGENPOST">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><p>In addition to transcribing notes already present in the copy text, researchers may wish to add their own notes or comments to it. The <a class="gi" title="contains a note or annotation." href="ref-note.html">note</a> element may be used for either purpose, but it will usually be advisable to distinguish the two categories. One way might be to use the <span class="att">type</span> attribute shown above, categorizing notes as <span class="mentioned">authorial</span>, <span class="mentioned">editorial</span>, etc. Where notes derive from many sources, or where a more precise attribution is required, the <span class="att">resp</span> attribute may be used to point to a definition of the person or other agency responsible for the content of the note.</p><div class="p">As a simple example, an edition of the <span class="titlem">Ancient Mariner</span> might include both Coleridge's original glosses and those of a modern commentator: <div id="index-egXML-d52e40978" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><lg></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>The self-same moment I could pray;<br /> <span class="element"><note <span class="attribute">place</span>="<span class="attributevalue">margin</span>" <span class="attribute">resp</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#STC</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">gloss</span>"></span>The spell begins to break<span class="element"></note></span><br /> <span class="element"><note <span class="attribute">place</span>="<span class="attributevalue">bottom</span>" <span class="attribute">resp</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#JLL</span>"></span>The turning point of the poem...<span class="element"></note></span><span class="element"></l></span><br /><span class="element"></lg></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#CONONO-eg-189">bibliography</a> </div></div> For this to be valid, the codes <code>#JLL</code> and <code>#STC</code> must point to some more information identifying the agency concerned. The syntax used is identical to that used for other cross-references, as discussed in <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#COXR" title="Simple Links and CrossReferences"><span class="headingNumber">3.6 </span>Simple Links and Cross-References</a>; thus in this case, the TEI header for this text might contain a title statement like the following: <div id="index-egXML-d52e40997" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><titleStmt></span><br /> <span class="element"><title></span>The Rime of the Ancient Mariner: an annotated edition<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"><author <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">STC</span>"></span>Samuel Taylor Coleridge<span class="element"></author></span><br /> <span class="element"><editor <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">JLL</span>"></span>John Livingston Lowes<span class="element"></editor></span><br /><span class="element"></titleStmt></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><p>When annotating the electronic text by means of analytic notes in some structured vocabulary, e.g. to specify the topics or themes of a text, the <a class="gi" title="associates an interpretative annotation directly with a span of text." href="ref-span.html">span</a> and <a class="gi" title="(interpretation) summarizes a specific interpretative annotation which can be linked to a span of text." href="ref-interp.html">interp</a> elements may be more effective than the free form <a class="gi" title="contains a note or annotation." href="ref-note.html">note</a> element; these elements are available when the module for simple analysis is selected (see section <a class="link_ptr" href="AI.html#AISP" title="Spans and Interpretations"><span class="headingNumber">17.3 </span>Spans and Interpretations</a>).</p></div><div class="div3" id="CONOIX"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#CONONO"><span class="headingNumber">3.8.1 </span>Notes and Simple Annotation</a></li><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#CONOIX" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Index Entries</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">3.8.2 </span><span class="head">Index Entries</span></h4><p>The indexing of scholarly texts is a skilled activity, involving substantial amounts of human judgment and analysis. It should not therefore be assumed that simple searching and information retrieval software will be able to meet all the needs addressed by a well-crafted manual index, although it may complement them for example by providing free text search. The role of an index is to provide access via keywords and phrases which are not necessarily present in the text itself, but must be added by the skill of the indexer. </p><div class="div4" id="CONOIXpre"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#CONOIXgen"><span class="headingNumber">3.8.2.2 </span>Auto-generated Indexes</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h5><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#CONOIXpre" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Pre-existing Indexes</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">3.8.2.1 </span><span class="head">Pre-existing Indexes</span></h5><div class="p">When encoding a pre-existing text, therefore, if such an index is present it may be advisable to retain it along with the text, rather than attempt to regenerate it automatically. Elements discussed elsewhere in these Guidelines may be used for this purpose. For example, the <a class="gi" title="(level-1 text division) contains a first-level subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div1.html">div1</a> element or <a class="gi" title="(text division) contains a subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div.html">div</a> element may be used to mark the section of the text containing the index and the <a class="gi" title="contains any sequence of items organized as a list." href="ref-list.html">list</a> element might be used to mark the index itself, each entry being represented by an <a class="gi" title="contains one component of a list." href="ref-item.html">item</a> element, possibly containing within it a series of <a class="gi" title="(pointer) defines a pointer to another location." href="ref-ptr.html">ptr</a> or <a class="gi" title="(reference) defines a reference to another location, possibly modified by additional text or comment." href="ref-ref.html">ref</a> elements, as follows: <div id="index-egXML-d52e41047" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><div <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">index</span>"></span><br /><span class="comment"><!--...--></span><br /> <span class="element"><list <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">index</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>Women, how cause of mel. <span class="element"><ref></span>193<span class="element"></ref></span>; their vanity in<br /> apparell taxed, <span class="element"><ref></span>527<span class="element"></ref></span>; their counterfeit tears<br /> <span class="element"><ref></span>547<span class="element"></ref></span>; their vices <span class="element"><ref></span>601<span class="element"></ref></span>, commended,<br /> <span class="element"><ref></span>624<span class="element"></ref></span>.<span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>Wormwood, good against mel. <span class="element"><ref></span>443<span class="element"></ref></span><span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>World taxed, <span class="element"><ref></span>181<span class="element"></ref></span><span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>Writers of the cure of mel. 295<span class="element"></item></span><br /><span class="comment"><!--...--></span><br /> <span class="element"></list></span><br /><span class="element"></div></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#COXR-eg-164">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">Note that this simple representation does not capture the nested structure of the first of these index entries. A more accurate representation might entail the use of nested lists like the following: <div id="index-egXML-d52e41082" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><item></span>Women,<br /> <span class="element"><list></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>how cause of mel. <span class="element"><ref></span>193<span class="element"></ref></span>;<span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>their vanity in apparell taxed, <span class="element"><ref></span>527<span class="element"></ref></span>;<span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>their counterfeit tears <span class="element"><ref></span>547<span class="element"></ref></span>;<span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>their vices<br /> <span class="element"><list></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span><br /> <span class="element"><ref></span>601<span class="element"></ref></span>,<span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span> commended, <span class="element"><ref></span>624<span class="element"></ref></span>.<span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"></list></span><span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"></list></span><span class="element"></item></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#COXR-eg-164">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">The page references, encoded simply as <a class="gi" title="(reference) defines a reference to another location, possibly modified by additional text or comment." href="ref-ref.html">ref</a> elements above, might also include direct links to the appropriate location in the encoded text, using (for example) a target attribute to supply the identifier of an associated page break element: <div id="index-egXML-d52e41119" class="pre egXML_valid"><br /><span class="comment"><!-- in the text --></span><span class="element"><pb <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">P624</span>"/></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- start of page 624 --></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- in the index --></span><br /><span class="element"><ref <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#P624</span>"></span>624<span class="element"></ref></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div> For further discussion of this and alternative ways of encoding such links see the discussion in section <a class="link_ptr" href="SA.html" title="14"><span class="headingNumber">16 </span>Linking, Segmentation, and Alignment</a>. Note that similar methods may also be used to encode a table of contents, as further exemplified in section <a class="link_ptr" href="DS.html#DSFRONT" title="Front Matter"><span class="headingNumber">4.5 </span>Front Matter</a>.</div></div><div class="div4" id="CONOIXgen"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#CONOIXpre"><span class="headingNumber">3.8.2.1 </span>Pre-existing Indexes</a></li><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h5><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#CONOIXgen" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Auto-generated Indexes</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">3.8.2.2 </span><span class="head">Auto-generated Indexes</span></h5><p>It can also be useful, however, to generate a new index from a machine-readable text, whether the text is being written for the first time with the tags here defined, or as an addition to a text transcribed from some other source. Depending on the complexity of the text and its subject matter, such an automatically-generated index may not in itself satisfy all the needs of scholarly users. However it can assist a professional indexer to construct a fully adequate index, which might then be post-edited into the digital text, marked-up along the lines already suggested for preserving pre-existing index material.</p><p>Indexes generally contain both references to specific pages or sections and references to page ranges or sequences. The same element is used in either case: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-index.html">index</a></span> (index entry) marks a location to be indexed for whatever purpose.</li></ul><p>Like the <a class="gi" title="(interpretation) summarizes a specific interpretative annotation which can be linked to a span of text." href="ref-interp.html">interp</a> element described in <a class="link_ptr" href="AI.html#AISP" title="Spans and Interpretations"><span class="headingNumber">17.3 </span>Spans and Interpretations</a> this element may be used simply to provide descriptive or interpretive label of some kind for any location within a text, to be processed in any way by analytic software, but its main purpose is to facilitate the generation of an index for a printed version of the text. An <a class="gi" title="(index entry) marks a location to be indexed for whatever purpose." href="ref-index.html">index</a> element may be placed anywhere within a text, between or within other elements. The headwords to be used when making up this index are given by the <a class="gi" title="contains a single-word, multi-word, or symbolic designation which is regarded as a technical term." href="ref-term.html">term</a> elements within the <a class="gi" title="(index entry) marks a location to be indexed for whatever purpose." href="ref-index.html">index</a> element. The location of the generated index might be specified by means of a processing instruction within the text, such as the following (the exact form of the PI is of course dependent on the application software in use): </p><pre class="pre_eg cdata"><?tei indexplacement ?></pre><p> Alternatively, the special purpose <a class="gi" title="(automatically generated text division) indicates the location at which a textual division generated automatically by a text-processing application is to appear." href="ref-divGen.html">divGen</a> element might be used.</p><div class="p">In the simplest case, a single headword is supplied by an <a class="gi" title="contains a single-word, multi-word, or symbolic designation which is regarded as a technical term." href="ref-term.html">term</a> elements contained by an <a class="gi" title="(index entry) marks a location to be indexed for whatever purpose." href="ref-index.html">index</a> element: <div id="index-egXML-d52e41172" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><p></span>The students understand procedures for Arabic lemmatisation<br /> <span class="element"><index></span><br /> <span class="element"><term></span>Lemmatization, Arabic<span class="element"></term></span><br /> <span class="element"></index></span>and are beginning to build parsers.<span class="element"></p></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><p>The effect of this is to document an index entry for the term <span class="q">‘Lemmatization, Arabic’</span>, which when processed could reference the location of the original <a class="gi" title="(index entry) marks a location to be indexed for whatever purpose." href="ref-index.html">index</a> element.</p><div class="p">If the subject of Arabic lemmatization is treated at length in a text, then the index entry generated may need to reference a sequence of locations (e.g. page numbers). In such a case it will be necessary to identify the end of the relevant span of text as well as its starting point. This is most conveniently done by supplying an empty <a class="gi" title="(anchor point) attaches an identifier to a point within a text, whether or not it corresponds with a textual element." href="ref-anchor.html">anchor</a> element (as discussed in chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="SA.html" title="14"><span class="headingNumber">16 </span>Linking, Segmentation, and Alignment</a>) at the appropriate point and pointing to it from the <a class="gi" title="(index entry) marks a location to be indexed for whatever purpose." href="ref-index.html">index</a> element by means of its <span class="att">spanTo</span> attribute, as in this example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e41201" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><p></span>We now turn to the<br /> topic of Arabic lemmatisation<br /> <span class="element"><index <span class="attribute">spanTo</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#ALAMEND</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><term></span>Lemmatization, Arabic<span class="element"></term></span><br /> <span class="element"></index></span> concerning which it is important to note [...]<br /> <br /><span class="comment"><!-- much learned material omitted here --></span><br /> and now we can build our parser.<span class="element"><anchor <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">ALAMEND</span>"/></span><span class="element"></p></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><p>This would generate the same index entries as the previous example, but the reference would be to the whole span of text between the location of the <a class="gi" title="(index entry) marks a location to be indexed for whatever purpose." href="ref-index.html">index</a> element and the location of the element identified by the code <span class="ident">ALAMEND</span>, rather than a single point, and thus might (for example) include a sequence of page numbers.</p><p>Although the position of the <a class="gi" title="(index entry) marks a location to be indexed for whatever purpose." href="ref-index.html">index</a> element in the text provides the target location that will be specified in the generated index entry, no part of the text itself is used to construct that entry. Index terms appearing in the entry come solely from the content of <a class="gi" title="contains a single-word, multi-word, or symbolic designation which is regarded as a technical term." href="ref-term.html">term</a> elements, which consequently may have to repeat words or phrases from the text proper. This need not be done verbatim, thus giving scope for normalization of spelling (as in the example above) or other modifications which may assist generation of an index in a desired form or sequence.</p><div class="p">Sometimes, for example when index terms are taken from a different language or consist of mathematical formulae or other expressions, even a normalized form of an index term may be insufficient for an application to order it exactly as desired. The <span class="att">sortKey</span> attribute may be used to address this problem, as in the following example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e41233" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><p></span>The @ operator<br /> <span class="element"><index></span><br /> <span class="element"><term <span class="attribute">sortKey</span>="<span class="attributevalue">0000</span>"></span>@<span class="element"></term></span><br /> <span class="element"></index></span> precedes an<br /> attribute name<span class="element"></p></span></div> Here, an entry for the symbol @ will appear in the index, but will be sorted alphabetically as if it were the string <span class="val">0000</span>. This technique is also useful when an index entry is to contain some non-Unicode character or glyph represented by the <a class="gi" title="(character or glyph) represents a glyph, or a non-standard character." href="ref-g.html">g</a> element discussed in chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="WD.html" title="25"><span class="headingNumber">5 </span>Characters, Glyphs, and Writing Modes</a>. In the following example, we assume that somewhere a definition for this glyph has been provided using the elements described in chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="WD.html" title="25"><span class="headingNumber">5 </span>Characters, Glyphs, and Writing Modes</a>, and given the code <span class="val">PrinceGlyph</span>: <div id="index-egXML-d52e41255" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><char <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">PrinceGlyph</span>"></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- definition of the glyph here --></span><br /><span class="element"></char></span><br /><span class="element"><p></span>The Artist formerly known as Prince <span class="element"><index></span><br /> <span class="element"><term <span class="attribute">sortKey</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Prince</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><g <span class="attribute">ref</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#PrinceGlyph</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"></term></span><br /> <span class="element"></index></span>...<span class="element"></p></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div> Note that if no value is supplied for the sortKey attribute, a sorting application should always use the content of the <a class="gi" title="contains a single-word, multi-word, or symbolic designation which is regarded as a technical term." href="ref-term.html">term</a> element as a sort key.</div><div class="p">It is common practice to compile more than one index for a given text. A biography of a poet, for example, may offer an index of references to poems by the subject of the study, another index of works by other writers, an index of places or historical personages etc. The indexName attribute is used to assigning index terms and locations to one or more specific indexes: <div id="index-egXML-d52e41270" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><p></span>Sir John Ashford<br /> <span class="element"><index <span class="attribute">indexName</span>="<span class="attributevalue">INDEX-PERSONS</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><term></span>Ashford, John<span class="element"></term></span><br /> <span class="element"></index></span> was,<br /> coincidentally, born in<br /> <span class="element"><index <span class="attribute">indexName</span>="<span class="attributevalue">INDEX-PLACES</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><term></span>Ashford<br /> (Kent)<span class="element"></term></span><br /> <span class="element"></index></span>Ashford...<span class="element"></p></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">Multi-level indexing is particularly common in scholarly documents. For example, as well as entries such as <span class="term">TEI</span>, or <span class="term">markup</span>, an index may contain structured entries like <span class="term">TEI, markup practices, index terms</span>, where a top level entry <span class="term">TEI</span> is followed by a number of second-level subcategories, any or all of which may have a third-level list attached to them and so on. In order to reflect such a hierarchical index listing, <a class="gi" title="(index entry) marks a location to be indexed for whatever purpose." href="ref-index.html">index</a> elements may be nested to the required depth. For example, suppose that we wish to make a structured index entry for <span class="q">‘lemmatisation’</span> with subentries for <span class="q">‘Arabic’</span>, <span class="q">‘Sanskrit’</span>, etc. The example at the start of this section might then be encoded with nested <a class="gi" title="(index entry) marks a location to be indexed for whatever purpose." href="ref-index.html">index</a> elements: <div id="index-egXML-d52e41312" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><p></span>The students understand procedures for Arabic lemmatisation<br /> <span class="element"><index></span><br /> <span class="element"><term></span>lemmatization<span class="element"></term></span><br /> <span class="element"><index></span><br /> <span class="element"><term></span>arabic<span class="element"></term></span><br /> <span class="element"></index></span><br /> <span class="element"></index></span><br /> ...<span class="element"></p></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">The index entry from Burton's <span class="titlem">Anatomy of Melancholy</span> quoted above might be generated in a similar way. To generate such an entry, the body of the text might include, at page 193, an <a class="gi" title="(index entry) marks a location to be indexed for whatever purpose." href="ref-index.html">index</a> element such as <div id="index-egXML-d52e41330" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><index></span><br /> <span class="element"><term></span>Women<span class="element"></term></span><br /> <span class="element"><index></span><br /> <span class="element"><term></span>how cause of mel.<span class="element"></term></span><br /> <span class="element"></index></span><br /><span class="element"></index></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#COXR-eg-164">bibliography</a> </div></div>. Similarly, page 601 of the body text would include an <a class="gi" title="(index entry) marks a location to be indexed for whatever purpose." href="ref-index.html">index</a> element like the following: <div id="index-egXML-d52e41341" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><index></span><br /> <span class="element"><term></span>Women<span class="element"></term></span><br /> <span class="element"><index></span><br /> <span class="element"><term></span>their vices<span class="element"></term></span><br /> <span class="element"></index></span><br /><span class="element"></index></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div> while the <a class="gi" title="(index entry) marks a location to be indexed for whatever purpose." href="ref-index.html">index</a> element at page 624 would have a structure like the following: <div id="index-egXML-d52e41353" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><index></span><br /> <span class="element"><term></span>Women<span class="element"></term></span><br /> <span class="element"><index></span><br /> <span class="element"><term></span>their vices<span class="element"></term></span><br /> <span class="element"><index></span><br /> <span class="element"><term></span>commended<span class="element"></term></span><br /> <span class="element"></index></span><br /> <span class="element"></index></span><br /><span class="element"></index></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><p>When processing such <a class="gi" title="(index entry) marks a location to be indexed for whatever purpose." href="ref-index.html">index</a> elements, the duplication required to make the structure explicit will normally be removed, so as to produce entries like those quoted above. However, this is not required by the encoding recommended here.</p><div class="p">As noted above, either a processing instruction or a <a class="gi" title="(automatically generated text division) indicates the location at which a textual division generated automatically by a text-processing application is to appear." href="ref-divGen.html">divGen</a> element may be used to mark the place at which an index generated from <a class="gi" title="(index entry) marks a location to be indexed for whatever purpose." href="ref-index.html">index</a> elements should be inserted into the output of a processing program; typically but not necessarily this will be at some point within the back matter of the document. If the <a class="gi" title="(automatically generated text division) indicates the location at which a textual division generated automatically by a text-processing application is to appear." href="ref-divGen.html">divGen</a> element is used, then the <span class="att">type</span> attribute should be used to specify which kind of index is to be generated, and its value should correspond with that of the <span class="att">indexName</span> attribute on the relevant <a class="gi" title="(index entry) marks a location to be indexed for whatever purpose." href="ref-index.html">index</a> elements. <div id="index-egXML-d52e41390" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><back></span><br /> <span class="element"><div <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">appendix</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>Bibliography<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><listBibl></span><br /> <span class="element"><bibl></span> ... <span class="element"></bibl></span><br /> <span class="element"></listBibl></span><br /> <span class="element"></div></span><br /> <span class="element"><divGen <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Index Nominum</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">INDEX-NAMES</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"><divGen <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Index Loci</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">INDEX-PLACES</span>"/></span><br /><span class="element"></back></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">As this example shows, the global <span class="att">n</span> attribute may also be used to specify a name or identifier for the generated index itself in the usual way. Any additional headings etc. required for the generated index must be specified as content of the <a class="gi" title="(automatically generated text division) indicates the location at which a textual division generated automatically by a text-processing application is to appear." href="ref-divGen.html">divGen</a> element. <div id="index-egXML-d52e41409" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><back></span><br /> <span class="element"><divGen <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">A1</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">INDEX-NAMES</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>An Index of Names<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"></divGen></span><br /><span class="element"></back></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><p>If a processing instruction is used, then these parameters for the generated index may be supplied in some other way.</p><p>One final feature frequently found in manually-created indexes to printed works cannot readily be encoded by the means provided here, namely cross-references internal to the index term listing. For example, if all references to the TEI in a text have been indexed using the index term <span class="term">Text Encoding Initiative</span>, it may also be helpful to include an entry under the term <span class="term">TEI</span> containing some text such as <span class="q">‘see Text Encoding Initiative’</span>. Such internal cross-references must be added as part of the post-editing phase for an auto-generated index.</p></div></div></div><div class="div2" id="COGR"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#CONO"><span class="headingNumber">3.8 </span>Notes, Annotation, and Indexing</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#CORS"><span class="headingNumber">3.10 </span>Reference Systems</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h3><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#COGR" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Graphics and Other Non-textual Components</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">3.9 </span><span class="head">Graphics and Other Non-textual Components</span></h3><p>Graphics, such as illustrations or diagrams, appear in many different kinds of text, and often with different purposes. Audio or video clips may also appear. In some cases, such media form an integral part of a text (indeed, some texts—comic books for example—may be almost entirely graphic); in others the graphic or video may be a kind of optional extra. In some cases, the text may be incomprehensible unless the media is included; in others, the presence of the media adds little to the sense of the work. It will therefore be a matter of encoding policy as to whether or how media found in a source text are transferred to a new encoded version of the same. In documents which are ‘born digital’, media such as graphics and other non-textual components may be particularly salient, but their inclusion in an archival form of the document concerned remains an editorial decision.</p><p>Considered as structural components, media may be anchored to a particular point in the text, or they may <span class="term">float</span> either completely freely, or within some defined scope, such as a chapter or section. Time-based media such as audio or video may need to be synchronized with particular parts of a written text. Media of all kinds often contain associated text such as a heading or label. These Guidelines provide the following different elements to indicate their appearance within a text: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-figure.html">figure</a></span> groups elements representing or containing graphic information such as an illustration, formula, or figure.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-media.html">media</a></span> indicates the location of any form of external media such as an audio or video clip etc.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-graphic.html">graphic</a></span> indicates the location of a graphic or illustration, either forming part of a text, or providing an image of it.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-binaryObject.html">binaryObject</a></span> provides encoded binary data representing an inline graphic, audio, video or other object.</li></ul><p>Media files may be encoded in a number of different ways: </p><ul class="bulleted"><li class="item">in some non-XML or binary format such as PNG, JPEG, MP3, MP4 etc.</li><li class="item">in an XML format such as SVG</li><li class="item">in a TEI XML format such as the notation for graphs and trees described in <a class="link_ptr" href="GD.html" title="21"><span class="headingNumber">19 </span>Graphs, Networks, and Trees</a></li></ul><p> In the last two cases, the presence of the graphic will be indicated by an appropriate XML element, drawn from the SVG namespace in the second case, and its content will fully define the graphic to be produced. In the first case, however, one of the elements <a class="gi" title="indicates the location of a graphic or illustration, either forming part of a text, or providing an image of it." href="ref-graphic.html">graphic</a> or <a class="gi" title="indicates the location of any form of external media such as an audio or video clip etc." href="ref-media.html">media</a> is used to mark the presence of the graphic only and the visual content itself is stored outside the XML document at a location referenced by means of an <span class="att">url</span> attribute. This attribute is provided by membership of these elements in the <a class="link_odd" title="provides attributes by which a resource (such as an externally held media file) may be located." href="ref-att.resourced.html">att.resourced</a> class. Alternatively, if it is small, the media information may be embedded directly within the document using some suitable binary format such as Base64; in this case the <a class="gi" title="provides encoded binary data representing an inline graphic, audio, video or other object." href="ref-binaryObject.html">binaryObject</a> element may be used to contain it.</p><p>The elements <a class="gi" title="indicates the location of a graphic or illustration, either forming part of a text, or providing an image of it." href="ref-graphic.html">graphic</a>, <a class="gi" title="indicates the location of any form of external media such as an audio or video clip etc." href="ref-media.html">media</a>, and <a class="gi" title="provides encoded binary data representing an inline graphic, audio, video or other object." href="ref-binaryObject.html">binaryObject</a> are made available as members of the class <a class="link_odd" title="groups elements containing images, formulae, and similar objects." href="ref-model.graphicLike.html">model.graphicLike</a> when this module is included in a schema. These elements are also members of the class <a class="link_odd" title="provides attributes for specifying display and related properties of external media." href="ref-att.media.html">att.media</a>, from which they inherit the following attributes: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-att.internetMedia.html">att.internetMedia</a></span> provides attributes for specifying the type of a computer resource using a standard taxonomy.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">mimeType</span></td><td>(MIME media type) specifies the applicable multimedia internet mail extension (MIME) media type</td></tr></table></li><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-att.media.html">att.media</a></span> provides attributes for specifying display and related properties of external media.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">width</span></td><td>Where the media are displayed, indicates the display width</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">height</span></td><td>Where the media are displayed, indicates the display height</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">scale</span></td><td>Where the media are displayed, indicates a scale factor to be applied when generating the desired display size</td></tr></table></li></ul><div class="p">For example, the following passage indicates that a copy of the image found in the source text may be recovered from the URL <span class="ident">zigzag2.png</span> and that this image is in PNG format: <div id="index-egXML-d52e41807" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><p></span>These were the four lines I moved in<br /> through my first, second, third, and<br /> fourth volumes. -- In the fifth volume<br /> I have been very good, -- the precise<br /> line I have described in it being this:<br /> <span class="element"><graphic <span class="attribute">url</span>="<span class="attributevalue">zigzag2.png</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">mimeType</span>="<span class="attributevalue">image/png</span>"/></span> <br /> By which it appears, that except at the<br /> curve, marked A. where I took a trip<br /> to Navarre, -- and the indented curve B.<br /> which is the short airing when I was<br /> there with the Lady Baussiere and her<br /> page, -- I have not taken the least frisk<br /> ...<span class="element"></p></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#COHQHE-eg-13">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">The media elements are phrase level elements which may be used anywhere that textual content is permitted, within but not between paragraphs or headings. In the following example, the encoder has decided to treat a specific printer's ornament as a heading: <div id="index-egXML-d52e41815" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><head></span><br /> <span class="element"><graphic <span class="attribute">url</span>="<span class="attributevalue">http://www.iath.virginia.edu/gants/Ornaments/Heads/hp-ral02.gif</span>"/></span><br /><span class="element"></head></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div>.</div><p>The <a class="gi" title="groups elements representing or containing graphic information such as an illustration, formula, or figure." href="ref-figure.html">figure</a> element discussed in <a class="link_ptr" href="FT.html#FTGRA" title="Specific Elements for Graphic Images"><span class="headingNumber">14.4 </span>Specific Elements for Graphic Images</a> provides additional capabilities, for example the ability to combine a number of images into a hierarchically organized structure or a block of images. The <a class="gi" title="groups elements representing or containing graphic information such as an illustration, formula, or figure." href="ref-figure.html">figure</a> element carries a <span class="att">type</span> attribute, which can be used to distinguish different kinds of graphic component within a single work, for example, maps as opposed to illustrations. It also provides the ability to associate an image with additional information such as a heading or a description.</p></div><div class="div2" id="CORS"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#COGR"><span class="headingNumber">3.9 </span>Graphics and Other Non-textual Components</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#COBI"><span class="headingNumber">3.11 </span>Bibliographic Citations and References</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h3><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#CORS" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Reference Systems</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">3.10 </span><span class="head">Reference Systems</span></h3><p>By <span class="mentioned">reference system</span> we mean the system by which names or references are associated with particular passages of a text (e.g. <span class="mentioned">Ps. 23:3</span> for the third verse of Psalm 23 or <span class="mentioned">Amores 2.10.7</span> for Ovid's <span class="titlem">Amores</span>, book 2, poem 10, line 7). Such names make it possible to mark a place within a text and enable other readers to find it again. A reference system may be based on structural units (chapters, paragraphs, sentences; stanza and verse), typographic units (page and line numbers), or divisions created specifically for reference purposes (chapter and verse in Biblical texts). Where one exists, the traditional reference system for a text should be preserved in an electronic transcript of it, if only to make it easier to compare electronic and non-electronic versions of the text.</p><p>Reference systems may be recorded in TEI-encoded texts in any of the following ways: </p><ul class="bulleted"><li class="item">where a reference system exists, and is based on the same logical structure as that of the text's markup, the reference for a passage may be recorded as the value of the global <span class="att">xml:id</span> or <span class="att">n</span> attribute on an appropriate tag, or may be constructed by combining attribute values from several levels of tags, as described below in section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#CORS1" title="Using the xmlid and n Attributes"><span class="headingNumber">3.10.1 </span>Using the xml:id and n Attributes</a>.</li><li class="item">where there is no pre-existing reference system, the global <span class="att">xml:id</span> or <span class="att">n</span> attributes may be used to construct one (e.g. collections and corpora created in electronic form), as described below in section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#CORS2" title="Creating New Reference Systems"><span class="headingNumber">3.10.2 </span>Creating New Reference Systems</a>.</li><li class="item">where a reference system exists which is not based on the same logical structure as that of the text's markup (for example, one based on the page and line numbers of particular editions of the text rather than on the structural divisions of it), any of a variety of methods for encoding the logical structure representing the reference system may be employed, as described in chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="NH.html" title="31"><span class="headingNumber">20 </span>Non-hierarchical Structures</a>.</li><li class="item">where a reference system exists which does not correspond to any particular logical structure, or where the logical structure concerned is of no interest to the encoder except as a means of supporting the referencing system, then references may be encoded by means of <a class="gi" title="marks a boundary point separating any kind of section of a text, typically but not necessarily indicating a point at which some part of a standard reference system changes, where the change is not represented by a structural element." href="ref-milestone.html">milestone</a> elements, which simply mark points in the text at which values in the reference system change, as described below in section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#CORS5" title="Milestone Elements"><span class="headingNumber">3.10.3 </span>Milestone Elements</a>.</li></ul><p> The specific method used to record traditional or new reference systems for a text should be declared in the TEI header, as further described in section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#CORS6" title="Declaring Reference Systems"><span class="headingNumber">3.10.4 </span>Declaring Reference Systems</a> and in section <a class="link_ptr" href="SA.html#SACR" title="Canonical References"><span class="headingNumber">16.2.5 </span>Canonical References</a>.</p><p>When a text has no pre-existing associated reference system of any kind, these Guidelines recommend as a minimum that at least the page boundaries of the source text be marked using one of the methods outlined in this section. Retaining page breaks in the markup is also recommended for texts which have a detailed reference system of their own. Line breaks in prose texts may be, but need not be, tagged.<span id="Note53_return"><a class="notelink" title="Many encoders find it convenient to retain the line breaks of the original during data entry, to simplify proofreading, but this may be done without i…" href="#Note53"><sup>16</sup></a></span></p><div class="div3" id="CORS1"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#CORS2"><span class="headingNumber">3.10.2 </span>Creating New Reference Systems</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#CORS1" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Using the xml:id and n Attributes</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">3.10.1 </span><span class="head">Using the <span class="att">xml:id</span> and <span class="att">n</span> Attributes</span></h4><p>When traditional reference schemes represent a hierarchical structuring of the text which mirrors that of the marked-up document, the <span class="att">n</span> attribute defined for all elements may be used to indicate the traditional identifier of the relevant structural units. The <span class="att">n</span> attribute may also be used to record the numbering of sections or list items in the copy text if the copy-text numbering is important for some reason, for example because the numbers are out of sequence.</p><div class="p">For example, a traditional reference to Ovid's <span class="titlem">Amores</span> might be <span class="mentioned">Amores 2.10.7</span>—book 2, poem 10, line 7. Book, poem, and line are structural units of the work and will therefore be tagged in any case. (See chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="VE.html" title="9"><span class="headingNumber">6 </span>Verse</a> for a discussion of structural units in verse collections.) In such cases, it is convenient to record traditional reference numbers of the structural units using the <span class="att">n</span> attribute. The relevant tags for our example would be: <div id="index-egXML-d52e42202" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><div1 <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Amores</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">volume</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><div2 <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">book</span>"></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"></div2></span><br /> <span class="element"><div2 <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">book</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><div3 <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">poem</span>"></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"></div3></span><br /> <span class="element"><div3 <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">poem</span>"></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"></div3></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"><div3 <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">10</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">poem</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><l <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>"></span> ... <span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2</span>"></span> ... <span class="element"></l></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"><l <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">7</span>"></span> ... <span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"></div3></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"></div2></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /><span class="element"></div1></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">One may also place the entire standard reference for each portion of the text into the appropriate value for the <span class="att">n</span> attribute, though for obvious reasons this takes more space in the file: <div id="index-egXML-d52e42228" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><div1 <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Amores</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">volume</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><div2 <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Amores 1</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">book</span>"></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"></div2></span><br /> <span class="element"><div2 <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Amores 2</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">book</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><div3 <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Amores 2.1</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">poem</span>"></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"></div3></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"><div3 <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Amores 2.10</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">poem</span>"></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"><l <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Amores 2.10.7</span>"></span> ... <span class="element"></l></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"></div3></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"></div2></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /><span class="element"></div1></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">If the names used by the traditional reference system can be formulated as identifiers, then the references can be given as values for the <span class="att">xml:id</span> attribute; this requires that the reference be given without internal spaces, begin with a letter or underscore, and contain no characters other than letters, digits, hyphens, underscores, full stops, and the various combining and extender characters, as defined by the XML specification. Unlike values for the <span class="att">n</span> attribute, values for the <span class="att">xml:id</span> attribute must be unique throughout the document. Our example then looks like this: <div id="index-egXML-d52e42255" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><div1 <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Amores</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">volume</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><div2 <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">am.1</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">book</span>"></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"></div2></span><br /> <span class="element"><div2 <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">am.2</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">book</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><div3 <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">am.2.1</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">poem</span>"></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"></div3></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"><div3 <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">am.2.10</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">poem</span>"></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"><l <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">am.2.10.7</span>"></span> ... <span class="element"></l></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"></div3></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"></div2></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /><span class="element"></div1></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><p>To document the usage and to allow automatic processing of these standard references, it is recommended that the TEI header be used to declare whether standard references are recorded in the <span class="att">n</span> or <span class="att">xml:id</span> attributes and which elements may carry standard references or portions of them. For examples of declarations for the reference systems just shown, see section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#CORS6" title="Declaring Reference Systems"><span class="headingNumber">3.10.4 </span>Declaring Reference Systems</a>.</p><p>Using the <span class="att">n</span> attribute one can specify only a single standard referencing system, a limitation not without problems, since some editions may define structural units differently and thus create alternative reference systems. For example, another edition of the <span class="titlem">Amores</span> considers poem 10 a continuation of poem 9, and therefore would specify the same line as <span class="mentioned">Amores 2.9.31</span>. In order to record both of these reference systems one could employ any of a variety of methods discussed in chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="NH.html" title="31"><span class="headingNumber">20 </span>Non-hierarchical Structures</a>.</p></div><div class="div3" id="CORS2"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#CORS1"><span class="headingNumber">3.10.1 </span>Using the xml:id and n Attributes</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#CORS5"><span class="headingNumber">3.10.3 </span>Milestone Elements</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#CORS2" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Creating New Reference Systems</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">3.10.2 </span><span class="head">Creating New Reference Systems</span></h4><p>If a text has no canonical reference system of its own, a new custom reference system may be used.</p><p>The global attributes <span class="att">n</span> and <span class="att">xml:id</span> may be used to assign reference identifiers to segments of the text. Identifiers specified by either attribute apply to the entire element for which they are given. <span class="att">xml:id</span> attributes must be unique within a single document, and <span class="att">xml:id</span> values must begin with a letter. No such restrictions are made on the values of <span class="att">n</span> attributes.</p><p>Determining a referencing system for a TEI encoding depends on many factors that may either be derived from textual structure, or influenced by extra-textual contingencies such as project and file management concerns. It is important, therefore, that the attribute used, the elements which can bear standard reference identifiers, and the method for constructing standard reference identifiers, should all be declared in the header as described in section <a class="link_ptr" href="HD.html#HD54" title="The Reference System Declaration"><span class="headingNumber">2.3.6 </span>The Reference System Declaration</a>.</p><p>The Guidelines do not recommend one specific method for creating new referencing systems; however, the rest of this section lists some possibly useful strategies.</p><div class="div4" id="CORS2-1"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#CORS2-2"><span class="headingNumber">3.10.2.2 </span>Referencing systems based on project conventions</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h5><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#CORS2-1" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Referencing system derived from markup</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">3.10.2.1 </span><span class="head">Referencing system derived from markup</span></h5><p>A new referencing system may be derived from the structure of the electronic text, specifically from the markup of the text. As with any reference system intended for long-term use, it is important to see the reference as an established, unchanging point in the text. Should the text be revised or rearranged, the reference-system identifiers associated with any section of text must stay with that section of text, even if it means the reference numbers fall out of sequence. (A new reference system may always be created beside the old one if out-of-sequence numbers must be avoided.) </p><p>A convenient method of mechanically generating unique values for <span class="att">xml:id</span> or <span class="att">n</span> attributes based on the structure of the document is to construct, for each element, a <span class="term">domain-style address</span> comprising a series of components separated by full stops, with one component for each level of the document hierarchy. Two methods may be used. In the <span class="term">typed path</span> form of identifier, each component in the identifier takes the form of an element identifier, a hyphen, and a number, for example <code>p-2</code>. The element name specifies what type of element is to be sought, and the number specifies which occurrence of that element type is to be selected. (The hyphen and number may be omitted if there is only one element of the given type.) In the <span class="term">untyped path</span> form of identifier, each component consists of a number, indicating which element in the sequence of nodes at each level is to be selected. To make the resulting identifier a valid XML identifier, it may need to be prefixed with an unchanging alphabetic letter.</p><p>Identifiers generated with these methods should use the <a class="gi" title="contains a single text of any kind, whether unitary or composite, for example a poem or drama, a collection of essays, a novel, a dictionary, or a corpus sample." href="ref-text.html">text</a> element as their starting point, rather than the <a class="gi" title="(TEI document) contains a single TEI-conformant document, combining a single TEI header with one or more members of the model.resourceLike class. Multiple <TEI> elements may be combined to form a <teiCorpus> element." href="ref-TEI.html">TEI</a> or <a class="gi" title="(text body) contains the whole body of a single unitary text, excluding any front or back matter." href="ref-body.html">body</a> elements. The <a class="gi" title="(TEI document) contains a single TEI-conformant document, combining a single TEI header with one or more members of the model.resourceLike class. Multiple <TEI> elements may be combined to form a <teiCorpus> element." href="ref-TEI.html">TEI</a> element may be taken as a starting point only if identifiers need to be generated for the <a class="gi" title="(TEI header) supplies descriptive and declarative metadata associated with a digital resource or set of resources." href="ref-teiHeader.html">teiHeader</a>, which is not usually the case; using the <a class="gi" title="(text body) contains the whole body of a single unitary text, excluding any front or back matter." href="ref-body.html">body</a> element as a root would prevent assignment of identifiers for the front and back matter. The component corresponding to the root element can be omitted from identifiers, if no confusion will result. In collections and corpora, the component corresponding to the root may be replaced by the unique identifier assigned to the text or sample.</p><div class="p">In the following example, each element within the <a class="gi" title="contains a single text of any kind, whether unitary or composite, for example a poem or drama, a collection of essays, a novel, a dictionary, or a corpus sample." href="ref-text.html">text</a> element has been given a typed-path identifier as its <span class="att">xml:id</span> value, and an untyped-path identifier as its <span class="att">n</span> value; the latter are prefixed with the string <span class="mentioned">AB</span>, which may be imagined to be the general identifier for this text. <div id="index-egXML-d52e42383" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><text <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Text-1</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">AB</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><front <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Front</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">AB.1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><div <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Front.div-1</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">AB.1.1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span> ... <span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></div></span><br /> <span class="element"><titlePage <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Front.titlePage</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">AB.1.2</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><titlePart></span> ... <span class="element"></titlePart></span><br /> <span class="element"></titlePage></span><br /> <span class="element"><div <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Front.div-2</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">AB.1.3</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span> ... <span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></div></span><br /> <span class="element"></front></span><br /> <span class="element"><body <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Body</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">AB.2</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><p <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Body.p-1</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">AB.2.1</span>"></span> ... <span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"><p <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Body.p-2</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">AB.2.2</span>"></span> ... <span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"><div <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Body.div-1</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">AB.2.3</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><head <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Body.div-1.head</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">AB.2.3.1</span>"></span> ... <span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><p <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Body.div-1.p-1</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">AB.2.3.2</span>"></span> ... <span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"><p <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Body.div-1.p-2</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">AB.2.3.3</span>"></span> ... <span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></div></span><br /> <span class="element"><div <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Body.div-2</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">AB.2.4</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><head <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Body.div-2.head</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">AB.2.4.1</span>"></span> ... <span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><p <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Body.div-2.p-1</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">AB.2.4.2</span>"></span> ... <span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"><p <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Body.div-2.p-2</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">AB.2.4.3</span>"></span> ... <span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></div></span><br /> <span class="element"></body></span><br /><span class="element"></text></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div> The typed and untyped path methods are convenient, but are in no way required for anyone creating a reference system.</div><p>If the <span class="att">xml:id</span> attribute is used to record the reference identifiers generated, each value should record the entire path. If the <span class="att">n</span> attribute is used, each value may record either the entire path or only the subpath from the parent element. The attribute used, the elements which can bear standard reference identifiers, and the method for constructing standard reference identifiers, should all be declared in the header as described in section <a class="link_ptr" href="HD.html#HD54" title="The Reference System Declaration"><span class="headingNumber">2.3.6 </span>The Reference System Declaration</a>.</p></div><div class="div4" id="CORS2-2"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#CORS2-1"><span class="headingNumber">3.10.2.1 </span>Referencing system derived from markup</a></li><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h5><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#CORS2-2" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Referencing systems based on project conventions</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">3.10.2.2 </span><span class="head">Referencing systems based on project conventions</span></h5><p>A reference system may be based on an agreed project-specific convention for <span class="att">xml:id</span> attributes. Every convention will have strengths and weaknesses and it is left to encoders to make a decision that enables them to locate information in their TEI document.</p><p>Here are some examples of referencing systems that have been used in TEI project: </p><ul><li class="item"><span class="">Title-based identifiers:</span> identifiers constructed with a number of characters from the main document title, followed by an incremental number. E.g. HOL001, HOL002, etc. using a fixed number of digits; or without fixed digits: HOL1, HOL2, etc.</li><li class="item"><span class="">Based on markup, with prefix:</span> identifiers constructed on the markup itself, as described in the previous section. To facilitate uniqueness in a corpus, each identifier may be prefixed with the identifier of the root <a class="gi" title="(TEI document) contains a single TEI-conformant document, combining a single TEI header with one or more members of the model.resourceLike class. Multiple <TEI> elements may be combined to form a <teiCorpus> element." href="ref-TEI.html">TEI</a> element. E.g. RootID-Body-p-1.</li><li class="item"><span class="">Opaque identifiers:</span> computed identifiers using either a randomized algorithm or a universally unique identifier (UUID) algorithm. Note that XSLT's function generate-id() only guarantees identifier unique to the document being processed.</li></ul><p>XML well-formedness requires only that xml:id attributes be unique within a single document. However, it is also worth keeping in mind that for operating with referencing systems across a corpus of TEI files it is helpful (or even necessary in some circumstances) to have unique identifiers across the whole corpus.</p><p>Values of <span class="att">xml:id</span> may be either populated computationally or manually. In the latter case, it is advisable to put measures in place to avoid human error. Custom data types and Schematron rules may be defined in a customization ODD, and a check digit may be added to prevent unwanted changes. <span id="Note54_return"><a class="notelink" title="A check digit is computed from the value of an identifier and appended to the value itself. If the identifier is changed, the check digit would theref…" href="#Note54"><sup>17</sup></a></span></p></div></div><div class="div3" id="CORS5"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#CORS2"><span class="headingNumber">3.10.2 </span>Creating New Reference Systems</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#CORS6"><span class="headingNumber">3.10.4 </span>Declaring Reference Systems</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#CORS5" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Milestone
Elements</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">3.10.3 </span><span class="head">Milestone Elements</span></h4><p>Where the desired reference system does not correspond to any particular structural hierarchy, or the document combines multiple structural hierarchies (as further discussed in <a class="link_ptr" href="NH.html" title="31"><span class="headingNumber">20 </span>Non-hierarchical Structures</a>), simpler though less expressive methods may be necessary. In such cases the simplest solution may be just to mark up changes in the reference system where they occur, by using one or more of the following <span class="term">milestone</span> elements: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-milestone.html">milestone</a></span> marks a boundary point separating any kind of section of a text, typically but not necessarily indicating a point at which some part of a standard reference system changes, where the change is not represented by a structural element.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-gb.html">gb</a></span> (gathering begins) marks the point in a transcribed codex at which a new gathering or quire begins.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-pb.html">pb</a></span> (page break) marks the start of a new page in a paginated document.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-lb.html">lb</a></span> (line break) marks the start of a new (typographic) line in some edition or version of a text.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-cb.html">cb</a></span> (column break) marks the beginning of a new column of a text on a multi-column page.</li></ul><p>These elements simply mark the points in a text at which some category in a reference system changes. They have no content but subdivide the text into regions, rather in the same way as milestones mark points along a road, thus implicitly dividing it into segments. The elements <a class="gi" title="(gathering begins) marks the point in a transcribed codex at which a new gathering or quire begins." href="ref-gb.html">gb</a>, <a class="gi" title="(page break) marks the start of a new page in a paginated document." href="ref-pb.html">pb</a>, <a class="gi" title="(column break) marks the beginning of a new column of a text on a multi-column page." href="ref-cb.html">cb</a>, and <a class="gi" title="(line break) marks the start of a new (typographic) line in some edition or version of a text." href="ref-lb.html">lb</a> are specialized types of milestone, marking gathering, page, column, and line boundaries respectively. The global <span class="att">n</span> attribute is used in each case to provide a value for the particular unit associated with this milestone (for example, the page or line number). Since it is not structural, validation of a reference system based on <a class="gi" title="marks a boundary point separating any kind of section of a text, typically but not necessarily indicating a point at which some part of a standard reference system changes, where the change is not represented by a structural element." href="ref-milestone.html">milestone</a>s cannot readily be checked by an XML parser, so it will be the responsibility of the encoder or the application software to ensure that they are given in the correct order.</p><div class="p">Milestone elements are often used as a simple means of capturing the original appearance of an early printed text, which will rarely coincide exactly with structural units, but they are generally useful wherever a text has two or more competing structures. For example, many English novels were first published as serial works, individual parts of which do not always contain a whole number of chapters. An encoder might decide to represent the chapter-based structure using <a class="gi" title="(level-1 text division) contains a first-level subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div1.html">div1</a> elements, with <a class="gi" title="marks a boundary point separating any kind of section of a text, typically but not necessarily indicating a point at which some part of a standard reference system changes, where the change is not represented by a structural element." href="ref-milestone.html">milestone</a> elements to mark the points at which individual parts end; or the reverse. Thus, an encoding in which chapters are regarded as more important than parts might encode some work in which chapter three begins in part one and is concluded in part two as follows: <div id="index-egXML-d52e42507" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><text></span><br /> <span class="element"><body></span><br /> <span class="element"><milestone <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">part</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"><div1 <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">chapter</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></div1></span><br /> <span class="element"><div1 <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">chapter</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></div1></span><br /> <span class="element"><div1 <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">3</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">chapter</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"><milestone <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">part</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></div1></span><br /> <span class="element"></body></span><br /><span class="element"></text></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div> An encoding of the same work in which parts are regarded as more important than chapters might begin as follows: <div id="index-egXML-d52e42524" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><text></span><br /> <span class="element"><body></span><br /> <span class="element"><div1 <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">part</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><milestone <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">chapter</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"><milestone <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">chapter</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"><milestone <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">chapter</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">3</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></div1></span><br /> <span class="element"><div1 <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">part</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"><milestone <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">chapter</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">4</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></div1></span><br /> <span class="element"></body></span><br /><span class="element"></text></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">Similarly, when tagging dramatic verse one may wish to privilege stanzas and lines over speeches and speakers, particularly where speeches cross line and line group boundaries. One might also wish to mark changes in narrative voice in a prose text. In either case, a milestone tag may be used to indicate change of speaker: <div id="index-egXML-d52e42546" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><lg></span><br /> <span class="element"><milestone <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">speaker</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Man</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Oh what is this I cannot see<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>With icy hands gets a hold on me<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><milestone <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">speaker</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Death</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Oh I am Death, none can excel<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>I open the doors of heaven and hell<span class="element"></l></span><br /><span class="element"></lg></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#CORS5-eg-01">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><p>Milestone tags also make it possible to record the reference systems used in a number of different editions of the same work. The reference system of any one edition can be recreated from a text in which all are marked by simply ignoring all elements that do not specify that edition on their <span class="att">ed</span> attribute.</p><div class="p">As a simple example, assuming that edition E1 of some collection of poems regards the first two poems as constituting the first book, while edition E2 regards the first poem as prefatory, a markup scheme like the following might be adopted: <div id="index-egXML-d52e42566" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><milestone <span class="attribute">ed</span>="<span class="attributevalue">E1</span>" <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">work</span>"/></span><br /><span class="element"><milestone <span class="attribute">ed</span>="<span class="attributevalue">E2</span>" <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">work</span>"/></span><br /><span class="element"><milestone <span class="attribute">ed</span>="<span class="attributevalue">E1</span>" <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">book</span>"/></span><br /><span class="element"><milestone <span class="attribute">ed</span>="<span class="attributevalue">E1</span>" <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">poem</span>"/></span><br /><span class="element"><milestone <span class="attribute">ed</span>="<span class="attributevalue">E2</span>" <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">poem</span>"/></span><br /><span class="element"><milestone <span class="attribute">ed</span>="<span class="attributevalue">E2</span>" <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">book</span>"/></span><br /><span class="element"><milestone <span class="attribute">ed</span>="<span class="attributevalue">E1</span>" <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">poem</span>"/></span><br /><span class="element"><milestone <span class="attribute">ed</span>="<span class="attributevalue">E2</span>" <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">poem</span>"/></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><p>In this case no <span class="att">n</span> value is specified, since the numbers rise predictably and the application can keep a count from the start of the document, if desired.</p><div class="p">The value of the <span class="att">n</span> attribute may but need not include the identifiers used for any larger sections. That is, either of the following styles is legitimate: <div id="index-egXML-d52e42586" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><milestone <span class="attribute">ed</span>="<span class="attributevalue">E1</span>" <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">work</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Amores</span>"/></span><br /><span class="element"><milestone <span class="attribute">ed</span>="<span class="attributevalue">E1</span>" <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">book</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>"/></span><br /><span class="element"><milestone <span class="attribute">ed</span>="<span class="attributevalue">E1</span>" <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">poem</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>"/></span><br /><span class="element"><milestone <span class="attribute">ed</span>="<span class="attributevalue">E1</span>" <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">poem</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2</span>"/></span><br /><span class="element"><milestone <span class="attribute">ed</span>="<span class="attributevalue">E1</span>" <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">book</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2</span>"/></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div> or <div id="index-egXML-d52e42593" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><milestone <span class="attribute">ed</span>="<span class="attributevalue">E1</span>" <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">work</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Amores</span>"/></span><br /><span class="element"><milestone <span class="attribute">ed</span>="<span class="attributevalue">E1</span>" <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">book</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>"/></span><br /><span class="element"><milestone <span class="attribute">ed</span>="<span class="attributevalue">E1</span>" <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">poem</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1.1</span>"/></span><br /><span class="element"><milestone <span class="attribute">ed</span>="<span class="attributevalue">E1</span>" <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">poem</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1.2</span>"/></span><br /><span class="element"><milestone <span class="attribute">ed</span>="<span class="attributevalue">E1</span>" <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">book</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2</span>"/></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><p>When using <a class="gi" title="marks a boundary point separating any kind of section of a text, typically but not necessarily indicating a point at which some part of a standard reference system changes, where the change is not represented by a structural element." href="ref-milestone.html">milestone</a> tags, line numbers may be supplied for every line or only periodically (every fifth, every tenth line). The latter may be simpler; the former is more reliable.</p><p>The style of numbering used in the values of <span class="att">n</span> is unrestricted: for the example above, <span class="val">I.i</span>, <span class="val">I.ii</span>, and <span class="val">I.iii</span> could have been used equally well if preferred. The special value <span class="val">unnumbered</span> should be reserved for marking sections of text which fall outside the normal numbering system (e.g. chapter heads, poem numbers, titles, or speaker attributions in a verse drama).</p><p>By default, there are no constraints on the values supplied for the <span class="att">ed</span> attribute. If it is felt appropriate to enforce such a restriction, the techniques described in <a class="link_ptr" href="USE.html#MD" title="Customization"><span class="headingNumber">23.3 </span>Customization</a> may be used, for example to specify that the attribute must specify one of a predefined set of values.</p><p>See below, section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#CORS6" title="Declaring Reference Systems"><span class="headingNumber">3.10.4 </span>Declaring Reference Systems</a>, for examples of declarations for the reference systems just shown.</p><p>Milestone elements may be used to mark any kind of shift in the properties associated with a piece of text, whether or not would normally be considered a reference system. For example, they may be used to mark changes in narrative voice in a prose text, or changes of speaker in a dramatic text, where these are not marked using structural elements such as <a class="gi" title="(speech) contains an individual speech in a performance text, or a passage presented as such in a prose or verse text." href="ref-sp.html">sp</a>, perhaps in order to avoid a clash of hierarchies.</p><div class="p">As noted in <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#COPU-2" title="Hyphenation"><span class="headingNumber">3.2.2 </span>Hyphenation</a> above, milestone elements such as <a class="gi" title="(line break) marks the start of a new (typographic) line in some edition or version of a text." href="ref-lb.html">lb</a> or <a class="gi" title="(page break) marks the start of a new page in a paginated document." href="ref-pb.html">pb</a> represent whitespace and are therefore by default assumed to occur between orthographic tokens in the text, where these are not otherwise indicated. By default it is reasonable to assume that words are not broken across page or line boundaries, and that therefore a sequence such as <div id="index-egXML-d52e42650" class="pre egXML_valid">...sed imp<span class="element"><lb/></span>erator dixit...<br /><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div> should be tokenized as four words (<span class="mentioned">sed</span>, <span class="mentioned">imp</span>, <span class="mentioned">erator</span>, and <span class="mentioned">dixit</span>). The <span class="att">break</span> attribute is provided to change the default assumption. To make explicit that <span class="mentioned">imperator</span> in the above example should be treated as a single word, a tagging such as the following is recommended: <div id="index-egXML-d52e42674" class="pre egXML_valid">...sed imp<span class="element"><lb <span class="attribute">break</span>="<span class="attributevalue">no</span>"/></span>erator dixit...<br /><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div> Where hyphenation appears before a line or page break, the encoder may or may not choose to record the fact, either explicitly using an appropriate Unicode character, or descriptively for example by means of the <span class="att">rend</span> attribute; see further <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#COPU-2" title="Hyphenation"><span class="headingNumber">3.2.2 </span>Hyphenation</a>.</div></div><div class="div3" id="CORS6"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#CORS5"><span class="headingNumber">3.10.3 </span>Milestone Elements</a></li><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#CORS6" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Declaring Reference Systems</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">3.10.4 </span><span class="head">Declaring Reference Systems</span></h4><p>Whatever kind of reference system is used in an electronic text, it is recommended that the TEI header contain a description of its construction in the <a class="gi" title="(references declaration) specifies how canonical references are constructed for this text." href="ref-refsDecl.html">refsDecl</a> element described in section <a class="link_ptr" href="HD.html#HD54" title="The Reference System Declaration"><span class="headingNumber">2.3.6 </span>The Reference System Declaration</a>. As described there, the declaration may consist either of a formal declaration using the <a class="gi" title="(canonical reference pattern) specifies an expression and replacement pattern for transforming a canonical reference into a URI." href="ref-cRefPattern.html">cRefPattern</a> element or an informal description in prose. The former is recommended because unlike prose it can be processed by software.</p><div class="p">The three examples given in section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#CORS1" title="Using the xmlid and n Attributes"><span class="headingNumber">3.10.1 </span>Using the xml:id and n Attributes</a> would be declared as follows. The first example encodes the standard references for Ovid's <span class="titlem">Amores</span> one level at a time, using the <span class="att">n</span> attribute on the <a class="gi" title="(level-1 text division) contains a first-level subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div1.html">div1</a>, <a class="gi" title="(level-2 text division) contains a second-level subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div2.html">div2</a>, <a class="gi" title="(level-3 text division) contains a third-level subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div3.html">div3</a>, and <a class="gi" title="(verse line) contains a single, possibly incomplete, line of verse." href="ref-l.html">l</a> tags. The header section for such an encoding should look something like this: <div id="index-egXML-d52e43364" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><encodingDesc></span><br /> <span class="element"><refsDecl></span><br /> <span class="element"><cRefPattern <span class="attribute">matchPattern</span>="<span class="attributevalue">([^ ]+) ([0-9]+)\.([0-9]+)\.([0-9]+)</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">replacementPattern</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#xpath(//div1[@n='$1']/div2[@n='$2']/div3[@n='$3']/l[@n='$4']</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>A canonical reference is assembled with<br /> <span class="element"><list></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>the name of the <span class="element"><label></span>work<span class="element"></label></span>: the<br /> <span class="element"><att></span>n<span class="element"></att></span> of a <span class="element"><gi></span>div1<span class="element"></gi></span>,<span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>a space,<span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>the number of the <span class="element"><label></span>book<span class="element"></label></span>: the<br /> <span class="element"><att></span>n<span class="element"></att></span> of a child <span class="element"><gi></span>div2<span class="element"></gi></span>,<span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>a full stop<span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>the number of the <span class="element"><label></span>poem<span class="element"></label></span>: the<br /> <span class="element"><att></span>n<span class="element"></att></span> of a child <span class="element"><gi></span>div3<span class="element"></gi></span>,<span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>the line number: the <span class="element"><att></span>n<span class="element"></att></span> value of a<br /> child <span class="element"><gi></span>l<span class="element"></gi></span><span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"></list></span><span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></cRefPattern></span><br /> <span class="element"><cRefPattern <span class="attribute">matchPattern</span>="<span class="attributevalue">([^ ]+) ([0-9]+)\.([0-9]+)</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">replacementPattern</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#xpath(//div1[@n='$1']/div2[@n='$2']/div3[@n='$3']</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Same as above, but without the last component (full<br /> stop followed by the <span class="element"><gi></span>l<span class="element"></gi></span>'s <span class="element"><att></span>n<span class="element"></att></span>.<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></cRefPattern></span><br /> <span class="element"><cRefPattern <span class="attribute">matchPattern</span>="<span class="attributevalue">([^ ]+) ([0-9]+)</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">replacementPattern</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#xpath(//div1[@n='$1']/div2[@n='$2']</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Same as above, but without the poem component (full<br /> stop followed by the <span class="element"><gi></span>div3<span class="element"></gi></span>'s <span class="element"><att></span>n<span class="element"></att></span>.<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></cRefPattern></span><br /> <span class="element"></refsDecl></span><br /><span class="element"></encodingDesc></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">The second example encodes the same reference system, again using the <span class="att">n</span> attribute on the <a class="gi" title="(level-1 text division) contains a first-level subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div1.html">div1</a>, <a class="gi" title="(level-2 text division) contains a second-level subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div2.html">div2</a>, <a class="gi" title="(level-3 text division) contains a third-level subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div3.html">div3</a>, and <a class="gi" title="(verse line) contains a single, possibly incomplete, line of verse." href="ref-l.html">l</a> tags, but giving the reference string in full on each tag. If canonical references are made only to lines, the reference system could be declared as follows: <div id="index-egXML-d52e43452" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><refsDecl></span><br /> <span class="element"><cRefPattern <span class="attribute">matchPattern</span>="<span class="attributevalue">([^ ]+ [0-9]+\.[0-9]+\.[0-9]+)</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">replacementPattern</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#xpath(//l[@n='$1')</span>"/></span><br /><span class="element"></refsDecl></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div> Since the entire regular expression is enclosed as a parenthetical subgroup, the entire canonical reference string is sought as the value of the <span class="att">n</span> attribute on an <a class="gi" title="(verse line) contains a single, possibly incomplete, line of verse." href="ref-l.html">l</a> element.</div><div class="p">In order to handle references to poems as well as to individual lines, the declaration for the reference system must be more complicated: <div id="index-egXML-d52e43464" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><refsDecl></span><br /> <span class="element"><cRefPattern <span class="attribute">matchPattern</span>="<span class="attributevalue">([^ ]+ [0-9]+\.[0-9]+\.[0-9]+)</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">replacementPattern</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#xpath(//l[@n='$1')</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"><cRefPattern <span class="attribute">matchPattern</span>="<span class="attributevalue">([^ ]+ [0-9]+\.[0-9]+)</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">replacementPattern</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#xpath(//div2[@n='$1')</span>"/></span><br /><span class="element"></refsDecl></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div> This declaration indicates that the entire reference string must be sought as the value of the <span class="att">n</span> attribute on a <a class="gi" title="(level-1 text division) contains a first-level subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div1.html">div1</a>, <a class="gi" title="(level-2 text division) contains a second-level subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div2.html">div2</a>, <a class="gi" title="(level-3 text division) contains a third-level subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div3.html">div3</a>, or <a class="gi" title="(verse line) contains a single, possibly incomplete, line of verse." href="ref-l.html">l</a> element.</div><div class="p">The third example encodes the same reference system, this time giving the entire reference string as the value of the <span class="att">xml:id</span> attribute on the relevant tags. The reference system declaration for such an encoding could be: <div id="index-egXML-d52e43490" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><refsDecl></span><br /> <span class="element"><cRefPattern <span class="attribute">matchPattern</span>="<span class="attributevalue">(.*)</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">replacementPattern</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#$1</span>"/></span><br /><span class="element"></refsDecl></span></div> although in general there seems to be little advantage in this case: it is no more difficult to use a standard relative URI reference as the value of <span class="att">target</span>.</div><div class="p">Reference systems recorded by means of milestone tags can also be declared; the following prose description could be used to declare the example given in section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#CORS5" title="Milestone Elements"><span class="headingNumber">3.10.3 </span>Milestone Elements</a>. <div id="index-egXML-d52e43501" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><refsDecl></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Standard references to work, book, poem, and line may be<br /> constructed from the milestone tags in the text.<span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"></refsDecl></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div> Or in this way, using a formal declaration for this reference scheme derived from edition <span class="val">E1</span>. <div id="index-egXML-d52e43509" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><refsDecl></span><br /> <span class="element"><refState <span class="attribute">ed</span>="<span class="attributevalue">E1</span>" <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">work</span>" <span class="attribute">delim</span>="<span class="attributevalue"> </span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"><refState <span class="attribute">ed</span>="<span class="attributevalue">E1</span>" <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">book</span>" <span class="attribute">delim</span>="<span class="attributevalue">.</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"><refState <span class="attribute">ed</span>="<span class="attributevalue">E1</span>" <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">poem</span>" <span class="attribute">delim</span>="<span class="attributevalue">:</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"><refState <span class="attribute">ed</span>="<span class="attributevalue">E1</span>" <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">line</span>"/></span><br /><span class="element"></refsDecl></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div></div></div></div><div class="div2" id="COBI"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#CORS"><span class="headingNumber">3.10 </span>Reference Systems</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#CODV"><span class="headingNumber">3.12 </span>Passages of Verse or Drama</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h3><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#COBI" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Bibliographic Citations and References</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">3.11 </span><span class="head">Bibliographic Citations and References</span></h3><p>Bibliographic references (that is, full descriptions of bibliographic items such as books, articles, films, broadcasts, songs, etc.) or pointers to them may appear at various places in a TEI text. They are required at several points within the TEI header's source description, as discussed in section <a class="link_ptr" href="HD.html#HD3" title="The Source Description"><span class="headingNumber">2.2.7 </span>The Source Description</a>; they may also appear within the body of a text, either singly (for example within a footnote), or collected together in a list as a distinct part of a text; detailed bibliographic descriptions of manuscript or other source materials may also be required. These Guidelines propose a number of specialized elements to encode such descriptions, which together constitute the <a class="link_odd" title="groups elements containing a bibliographic description." href="ref-model.biblLike.html">model.biblLike</a> class. </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-model.biblLike.html">model.biblLike</a></span> groups elements containing a bibliographic description.<table class="elementList"><tr><td class="odd_label"><a href="ref-bibl.html">bibl</a></td><td class="odd_value">(bibliographic citation) contains a loosely-structured bibliographic citation of which the sub-components may or may not be explicitly tagged.</td></tr><tr><td class="odd_label"><a href="ref-biblFull.html">biblFull</a></td><td class="odd_value">(fully-structured bibliographic citation) contains a fully-structured bibliographic citation, in which all components of the TEI file description are present.</td></tr><tr><td class="odd_label"><a href="ref-biblStruct.html">biblStruct</a></td><td class="odd_value">(structured bibliographic citation) contains a structured bibliographic citation, in which only bibliographic sub-elements appear and in a specified order.</td></tr><tr><td class="odd_label"><a href="ref-listBibl.html">listBibl</a></td><td class="odd_value">(citation list) contains a list of bibliographic citations of any kind.</td></tr><tr><td class="odd_label"><a href="ref-msDesc.html">msDesc</a></td><td class="odd_value">(manuscript description) contains a description of a single identifiable manuscript or other text-bearing object.</td></tr></table></li></ul><p> Lists of such elements may also be encoded using the following element: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-listBibl.html">listBibl</a></span> (citation list) contains a list of bibliographic citations of any kind.</li></ul><p>In printed texts, the individual constituents of a bibliographic reference are conventionally marked off from each other and from the flow of text by such features as bracketing, italics, special punctuation conventions, underlining, etc. In electronic texts, such distinctions are also important, whether in order to produce acceptably formatted output or to facilitate intelligent retrieval processing,<span id="Note55_return"><a class="notelink" title="For example, to distinguish London as an author's name from London as a place of publication or as a component of a title." href="#Note55"><sup>18</sup></a></span> quite apart from the need to distinguish the reference itself as a textual object with particular linguistic properties.</p><p>It should be emphasized that for references as for other textual features, the primary or sole consideration is not how the text should be formatted when it is printed. The distinctions permitted by the scheme outlined here may not necessarily be all that particular formatters or bibliographic styles require, although they should prove adequate to the needs of many such commonly used software systems.<span id="Note56_return"><a class="notelink" title="Among the bibliographic software systems and subsystems consulted in the design of the biblStruct structure were BibTeX, Scribe, and ProCite. The dist…" href="#Note56"><sup>19</sup></a></span> The features distinguished and described below (in section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#COBICO" title="Components of Bibliographic References"><span class="headingNumber">3.11.2 </span>Components of Bibliographic References</a>) constitute a set which has been useful for a wide range of bibliographic purposes and in many applications, and which moreover corresponds to a great extent with existing bibliographic and library cataloguing practice. For a fuller account of that practice as applied to electronic texts see section <a class="link_ptr" href="HD.html#HD3" title="The Source Description"><span class="headingNumber">2.2.7 </span>The Source Description</a>; for a brief mention of related library standards see section <a class="link_ptr" href="HD.html#HD8" title="Note for Library Cataloguers"><span class="headingNumber">2.8 </span>Note for Library Cataloguers</a>.</p><p>The most commonly used elements in the <a class="link_odd" title="groups elements containing a bibliographic description." href="ref-model.biblLike.html">model.biblLike</a> class are <a class="gi" title="(structured bibliographic citation) contains a structured bibliographic citation, in which only bibliographic sub-elements appear and in a specified order." href="ref-biblStruct.html">biblStruct</a> and <a class="gi" title="(bibliographic citation) contains a loosely-structured bibliographic citation of which the sub-components may or may not be explicitly tagged." href="ref-bibl.html">bibl</a>. <a class="gi" title="(structured bibliographic citation) contains a structured bibliographic citation, in which only bibliographic sub-elements appear and in a specified order." href="ref-biblStruct.html">biblStruct</a> will usually be easier to process mechanically than <a class="gi" title="(bibliographic citation) contains a loosely-structured bibliographic citation of which the sub-components may or may not be explicitly tagged." href="ref-bibl.html">bibl</a> because its structure is more constrained and predictable. It is suited to situations in which the objective is to represent bibliographic information for machine processing directly by other systems or after conversion to some other bibliographic markup formats such as BibTeXML or MODS. Punctuation delimiting the components of a print citation is not permitted directly within a <a class="gi" title="(structured bibliographic citation) contains a structured bibliographic citation, in which only bibliographic sub-elements appear and in a specified order." href="ref-biblStruct.html">biblStruct</a> element; instead, the presence and order of child elements must be used to reconstruct the punctuation required by a particular style.</p><p>By contrast, <a class="gi" title="(bibliographic citation) contains a loosely-structured bibliographic citation of which the sub-components may or may not be explicitly tagged." href="ref-bibl.html">bibl</a> allows for considerable flexibility in that it can include both delimiting punctuation and unmarked-up text; and its constituents can also be ordered in any way. This makes it suitable for marking up bibliographies in existing documents, where it is considered important to preserve the form of references in the original document, while also distinguishing important pieces of information such as authors, dates, publishers, and so on. <a class="gi" title="(bibliographic citation) contains a loosely-structured bibliographic citation of which the sub-components may or may not be explicitly tagged." href="ref-bibl.html">bibl</a> may also be useful when encoding ‘born digital’ documents which require use of a specific style guide when rendering the content; its flexibility makes it easier to provide all the information for a reference in the exact sequence required by the target rendering, including any necessary punctuation and linking words, rather than using an XSLT stylesheet or similar to reorder and punctuate the data.</p><p>The third element in the <a class="link_odd" title="groups elements containing a bibliographic description." href="ref-model.biblLike.html">model.biblLike</a> class, <a class="gi" title="(fully-structured bibliographic citation) contains a fully-structured bibliographic citation, in which all components of the TEI file description are present." href="ref-biblFull.html">biblFull</a>, has a content model based on the <a class="gi" title="(file description) contains a full bibliographic description of an electronic file." href="ref-fileDesc.html">fileDesc</a> element of the TEI header. Both are based on the International Standard for Bibliographic Description (ISBD), which forms the basis of several national standards for bibliographic citations. The order of child elements in both <a class="gi" title="(fully-structured bibliographic citation) contains a fully-structured bibliographic citation, in which all components of the TEI file description are present." href="ref-biblFull.html">biblFull</a> and <a class="gi" title="(file description) contains a full bibliographic description of an electronic file." href="ref-fileDesc.html">fileDesc</a> corresponds to the order of bibliographic description ‘areas’ in ISBD with two minor exceptions. First, the <a class="gi" title="describes the approximate size of a text stored on some carrier medium or of some other object, digital or non-digital, specified in any convenient units." href="ref-extent.html">extent</a> element, corresponding to the <span class="term">physical description area</span> in ISBD, appears just after the <span class="term">publication, production, distribution, etc. area</span> in ISBD, not before it as in TEI. Second, <a class="gi" title="(fully-structured bibliographic citation) contains a fully-structured bibliographic citation, in which all components of the TEI file description are present." href="ref-biblFull.html">biblFull</a> and <a class="gi" title="(file description) contains a full bibliographic description of an electronic file." href="ref-fileDesc.html">fileDesc</a> use the child element <a class="gi" title="(publication statement) groups information concerning the publication or distribution of an electronic or other text." href="ref-publicationStmt.html">publicationStmt</a> to cover not only the <span class="term">publication, production, distribution, etc. area</span> but also the <span class="term">resource identifier and terms of availability area</span> associated with that publication. Despite these inconsistencies, users encoding citations and attempting to format them according to a standard that closely adheres to ISBD may find that <a class="gi" title="(fully-structured bibliographic citation) contains a fully-structured bibliographic citation, in which all components of the TEI file description are present." href="ref-biblFull.html">biblFull</a>, used with its child elements and without delimiting punctuation, provides an appropriate granularity of encoding with elements that can easily be rendered for the reader. However, it is important to note that some ISBD-derived citation formats (such as ANSI/NISO Z39.29 and ГОСТ 7.1) are not entirely conformant to ISBD either, since they may begin with a statement of authorship that does not map to the ISBD statement of responsibility.</p><div class="div3" id="COBITY"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#COBICO"><span class="headingNumber">3.11.2 </span>Components of Bibliographic References</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#COBITY" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Methods of Encoding Bibliographic References and Lists of References</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">3.11.1 </span><span class="head">Methods of Encoding Bibliographic References and Lists of References</span></h4><p>The members of the <a class="link_odd" title="groups elements containing a bibliographic description." href="ref-model.biblLike.html">model.biblLike</a> class all share a number of possible component sub-elements. For the <a class="gi" title="(bibliographic citation) contains a loosely-structured bibliographic citation of which the sub-components may or may not be explicitly tagged." href="ref-bibl.html">bibl</a> and <a class="gi" title="(structured bibliographic citation) contains a structured bibliographic citation, in which only bibliographic sub-elements appear and in a specified order." href="ref-biblStruct.html">biblStruct</a> elements, exactly the same sub-elements are concerned, and they are described together in section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#COBICO" title="Components of Bibliographic References"><span class="headingNumber">3.11.2 </span>Components of Bibliographic References</a>; for the <a class="gi" title="(fully-structured bibliographic citation) contains a fully-structured bibliographic citation, in which all components of the TEI file description are present." href="ref-biblFull.html">biblFull</a> element, the sub-elements concerned are fully described in section <a class="link_ptr" href="HD.html#HD2" title="The File Description"><span class="headingNumber">2.2 </span>The File Description</a>.</p><div class="p">Different levels of specific tagging may be appropriate in different situations. In some cases, it may be felt necessary to mark just the extent of the reference itself, with perhaps a few distinctions being made within it (for example, between the part of the reference which identifies a title or author and the rest). Such references, containing a mixture of text with specialized bibliographic elements, are regarded as <a class="gi" title="(bibliographic citation) contains a loosely-structured bibliographic citation of which the sub-components may or may not be explicitly tagged." href="ref-bibl.html">bibl</a> elements, and tagged accordingly. For example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e43670" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><p></span>A book which had a great influence on him<br /> was <span class="element"><bibl></span>Tufte's <span class="element"><title></span>Envisioning<br /> Information<span class="element"></title></span><span class="element"></bibl></span>, although he may<br /> never have actually read it.<span class="element"></p></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div> Indeed, some encoders may find it unnecessary to mark the bibliographic reference at all: <div id="index-egXML-d52e43679" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><p></span>A book which had a great influence on him<br /> was Tufte's <span class="element"><title></span>Envisioning Information<span class="element"></title></span>,<br /> although he may never have actually read it.<span class="element"></p></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">Some bibliographic references are extremely elliptical, often only a string of the form <span class="mentioned">Baxter, 1983</span>. If no further details of Baxter's book are given in the source text and none is supplied by the encoder, then the reference thus given should be tagged as a <a class="gi" title="(bibliographic citation) contains a loosely-structured bibliographic citation of which the sub-components may or may not be explicitly tagged." href="ref-bibl.html">bibl</a>: <div id="index-egXML-d52e43694" class="pre egXML_valid">All of this is of course much more fully treated<br /> in <span class="element"><bibl></span>Baxter, 1983<span class="element"></bibl></span>.<div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div> In general, however, normal modern bibliographic practice, and these Guidelines, distinguish between a bibliographic <span class="noindex">reference</span>, which is a self-sufficient description of a bibliographic item, and a bibliographic <span class="noindex">pointer</span>, which is a short-form citation (e.g. <span class="mentioned">Baxter, 1983</span>) which serves usually as a place-holder or pointer to a full long-form reference found elsewhere in the text. The usual encoding of short-form references such as <span class="mentioned">Baxter, 1983</span> is not as <a class="gi" title="(bibliographic citation) contains a loosely-structured bibliographic citation of which the sub-components may or may not be explicitly tagged." href="ref-bibl.html">bibl</a> elements but as cross-references to such elements; see section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#COBIXR" title="Bibliographic Pointers"><span class="headingNumber">3.11.3 </span>Bibliographic Pointers </a> below.</div><div class="p">In cases where the encoder wishes to impose more structure on the bibliographic information, for example to make sure it conforms to a particular stylesheet or retrieval processor, the <a class="gi" title="(structured bibliographic citation) contains a structured bibliographic citation, in which only bibliographic sub-elements appear and in a specified order." href="ref-biblStruct.html">biblStruct</a> element should be used. Note that several of the features in this and later examples are explained later in the current section. <div id="index-egXML-d52e43744" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><biblStruct></span><br /> <span class="element"><monogr></span><br /> <span class="element"><author></span><br /> <span class="element"><persName></span><br /> <span class="element"><forename></span>Edward<span class="element"></forename></span><br /> <span class="element"><forename <span class="attribute">full</span>="<span class="attributevalue">init</span>"></span>R.<span class="element"></forename></span><br /> <span class="element"><surname></span>Tufte<span class="element"></surname></span><br /> <span class="element"></persName></span><br /> <span class="element"><idno <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">scopus</span>"></span>6506403994<span class="element"></idno></span><br /> <span class="element"><idno <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">lcaf</span>"></span>http://id.loc.gov/authorites/names/n50012763.html<span class="element"></idno></span><br /> <span class="element"></author></span><br /> <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">level</span>="<span class="attributevalue">m</span>"></span>Envisioning Information<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"><imprint></span><br /> <span class="element"><pubPlace></span>Cheshire, Conn.<span class="element"></pubPlace></span><br /> <span class="element"><publisher></span>Graphics Press<span class="element"></publisher></span><br /> <span class="element"><date <span class="attribute">when</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1990</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"></imprint></span><br /> <span class="element"></monogr></span><br /><span class="element"></biblStruct></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#COBITY-eg-240">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">A more complex and detailed bibliographic structure is provided by the <a class="gi" title="(fully-structured bibliographic citation) contains a fully-structured bibliographic citation, in which all components of the TEI file description are present." href="ref-biblFull.html">biblFull</a> element defined in the TEI header module. This element is provided as a means of embedding the file description of one existing digital text within that of another (see further section <a class="link_ptr" href="HD.html#HD2" title="The File Description"><span class="headingNumber">2.2 </span>The File Description</a>); however, its use is not confined to digital texts, and it may be used in the same way as any other bibliographic element, as in this example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e43775" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><biblFull></span><br /> <span class="element"><titleStmt></span><br /> <span class="element"><title></span>Envisioning Information<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"><author></span>Tufte, Edward R[olf]<span class="element"></author></span><br /> <span class="element"></titleStmt></span><br /> <span class="element"><extent></span>126 pp.<span class="element"></extent></span><br /> <span class="element"><publicationStmt></span><br /> <span class="element"><publisher></span>Graphics Press<span class="element"></publisher></span><br /> <span class="element"><pubPlace></span>Cheshire, Conn. USA<span class="element"></pubPlace></span><br /> <span class="element"><date></span>1990<span class="element"></date></span><br /> <span class="element"></publicationStmt></span><br /><span class="element"></biblFull></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#COBITY-eg-240">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">A list of bibliographic items, of whatever kind, may be treated in the same way as any other list (see section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#COLI" title="Lists"><span class="headingNumber">3.7 </span>Lists</a>). Alternatively, the specialized <a class="gi" title="(citation list) contains a list of bibliographic citations of any kind." href="ref-listBibl.html">listBibl</a> element may be used. The difference between the two is that a <a class="gi" title="contains any sequence of items organized as a list." href="ref-list.html">list</a> contains <a class="gi" title="contains one component of a list." href="ref-item.html">item</a> elements, within which bibliographic elements (<a class="gi" title="(bibliographic citation) contains a loosely-structured bibliographic citation of which the sub-components may or may not be explicitly tagged." href="ref-bibl.html">bibl</a>, <a class="gi" title="(structured bibliographic citation) contains a structured bibliographic citation, in which only bibliographic sub-elements appear and in a specified order." href="ref-biblStruct.html">biblStruct</a>, or <a class="gi" title="(fully-structured bibliographic citation) contains a fully-structured bibliographic citation, in which all components of the TEI file description are present." href="ref-biblFull.html">biblFull</a>) may appear, as well as other phrase- and paragraph-level elements, whereas the <a class="gi" title="(citation list) contains a list of bibliographic citations of any kind." href="ref-listBibl.html">listBibl</a> may contain only bibliographic elements, optionally preceded by a heading and a series of introductory paragraphs. For most purposes, good practice would usually require that a <a class="gi" title="(citation list) contains a list of bibliographic citations of any kind." href="ref-listBibl.html">listBibl</a> contain only one kind of bibliographic element, though the following example combines both fully structured <a class="gi" title="(structured bibliographic citation) contains a structured bibliographic citation, in which only bibliographic sub-elements appear and in a specified order." href="ref-biblStruct.html">biblStruct</a> and informal <a class="gi" title="(bibliographic citation) contains a loosely-structured bibliographic citation of which the sub-components may or may not be explicitly tagged." href="ref-bibl.html">bibl</a> elements: <div id="index-egXML-d52e43828" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><listBibl></span>
<span class="element"><head></span>Bibliography<span class="element"></head></span>
<span class="element"><biblStruct <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">NELSON80</span>"></span>
<span class="element"><analytic></span>
<span class="element"><author></span>
<span class="element"><persName></span>
<span class="element"><surname></span>Nelson<span class="element"></surname></span>
<span class="element"><forename></span>Theodore<span class="element"></forename></span>
<span class="element"><forename></span>Holm<span class="element"></forename></span>
<span class="element"></persName></span>
<span class="element"></author></span>
<span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">level</span>="<span class="attributevalue">a</span>"></span>Replacing the printed word:
a complete literary system<span class="element"></title></span>
<span class="element"></analytic></span>
<span class="element"><monogr></span>
<span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">level</span>="<span class="attributevalue">m</span>"></span>Information Processing '80: Proceedings of the IFIPS
Congress, October 1980<span class="element"></title></span>
<span class="element"><editor></span>
<span class="element"><persName></span>
<span class="element"><forename></span>Simon<span class="element"></forename></span>
<span class="element"><forename></span>H.<span class="element"></forename></span>
<span class="element"><surname></span>Lavington<span class="element"></surname></span>
<span class="element"></persName></span>
<span class="element"></editor></span>
<span class="element"><imprint></span>
<span class="element"><publisher></span>North-Holland<span class="element"></publisher></span>
<span class="element"><pubPlace></span>Amsterdam<span class="element"></pubPlace></span>
<span class="element"><date <span class="attribute">when</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1980</span>"/></span>
<span class="element"></imprint></span>
<span class="element"><biblScope <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">pp</span>" <span class="attribute">from</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1013</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">to</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1023</span>"></span>1013–23<span class="element"></biblScope></span>
<span class="element"></monogr></span>
<span class="element"><note></span>Apparently a draft of section 4 of
<span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">level</span>="<span class="attributevalue">m</span>"></span>Literary Machines<span class="element"></title></span>.<span class="element"></note></span>
<span class="element"></biblStruct></span>
<span class="element"><bibl <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">NELSON88</span>"></span><span class="element"><author></span><span class="element"><persName></span><span class="element"><forename></span>Ted<span class="element"></forename></span>
<span class="element"><surname></span>Nelson<span class="element"></surname></span><span class="element"></persName></span><span class="element"></author></span>:
<span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">level</span>="<span class="attributevalue">u</span>"></span>Literary Machines<span class="element"></title></span> (privately published,
<span class="element"><date <span class="attribute">when</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1987</span>"></span>1987<span class="element"></date></span>).<span class="element"></bibl></span>
<span class="element"><bibl <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">BAXTER88</span>"></span><span class="element"><author></span><span class="element"><persName></span><span class="element"><surname></span>Baxter<span class="element"></surname></span>,
<span class="element"><forename></span>Glen<span class="element"></forename></span><span class="element"></persName></span><span class="element"></author></span>:
<span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">level</span>="<span class="attributevalue">m</span>"></span>Glen Baxter His Life: the years of struggle<span class="element"></title></span>
<span class="element"><pubPlace></span>London<span class="element"></pubPlace></span>: <span class="element"><publisher></span>Thames and Hudson<span class="element"></publisher></span>,
<span class="element"><date <span class="attribute">when</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1988</span>"></span>1988<span class="element"></date></span>.<span class="element"></bibl></span>
<span class="element"></listBibl></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div> This example also demonstrates the way that bibliographical markup of authors, titles, dates etc. can be handled differently in <a class="gi" title="(structured bibliographic citation) contains a structured bibliographic citation, in which only bibliographic sub-elements appear and in a specified order." href="ref-biblStruct.html">biblStruct</a>s and <a class="gi" title="(bibliographic citation) contains a loosely-structured bibliographic citation of which the sub-components may or may not be explicitly tagged." href="ref-bibl.html">bibl</a>s. In the two <a class="gi" title="(bibliographic citation) contains a loosely-structured bibliographic citation of which the sub-components may or may not be explicitly tagged." href="ref-bibl.html">bibl</a> items, the key information is marked up, but it is presented in an order which makes it suitable for direct rendering, with the punctuation included.</div><div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="(citation list) contains a list of bibliographic citations of any kind." href="ref-listBibl.html">listBibl</a> element is most appropriate for a more formal bibliography. The same <a class="gi" title="(bibliographic citation) contains a loosely-structured bibliographic citation of which the sub-components may or may not be explicitly tagged." href="ref-bibl.html">bibl</a> or <a class="gi" title="(structured bibliographic citation) contains a structured bibliographic citation, in which only bibliographic sub-elements appear and in a specified order." href="ref-biblStruct.html">biblStruct</a> elements may however be embedded within an ordinary list, thus allowing them to be mixed with running prose or presented informally, as in the following version of the same example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e43958" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><list></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>Bibliography<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span><br /> <span class="element"><bibl <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">NEL80</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><author></span>Nelson, T. H.<span class="element"></author></span><br /> <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">level</span>="<span class="attributevalue">a</span>"></span>Replacing the printed word:<br /> a complete literary system<span class="element"></title></span>.<br /> <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">level</span>="<span class="attributevalue">m</span>"></span>Information Processing '80:<br /> Proceedings of the IFIPS Congress, October 1980<span class="element"></title></span>.<br /> <span class="element"><editor></span>Simon H. Lavington<span class="element"></editor></span><br /> <span class="element"><publisher></span>North-Holland<span class="element"></publisher></span>:<br /> <span class="element"><pubPlace></span>Amsterdam<span class="element"></pubPlace></span>,<br /> <span class="element"><date></span>1980<span class="element"></date></span>.<br /> <span class="element"><biblScope></span>pp 1013–23<br /> <span class="element"></biblScope></span><br /> <span class="element"><note></span>Apparently a draft of section 4 of<br /> <span class="element"><title></span>Literary Machines<span class="element"></title></span>.<span class="element"></note></span><span class="element"></bibl></span><br /> <span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span><br /> <span class="element"><bibl <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">NEL88</span>"></span>Ted Nelson: <span class="element"><title></span>Literary Machines<span class="element"></title></span><br /> (privately published, 1987)<span class="element"></bibl></span><br /> <span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span><br /> <span class="element"><bibl <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">BAX88</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><author></span>Baxter, Glen<span class="element"></author></span><br /> <span class="element"><title></span>Glen Baxter His Life: the years of struggle<span class="element"></title></span><br /> London: Thames and Hudson, 1988.<br /> <span class="element"></bibl></span><br /> <span class="element"></item></span><br /><span class="element"></list></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div></div></div><div class="div3" id="COBICO"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#COBITY"><span class="headingNumber">3.11.1 </span>Methods of Encoding Bibliographic References and Lists of References</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#COBIXR"><span class="headingNumber">3.11.3 </span>Bibliographic Pointers </a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#COBICO" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Components of Bibliographic References</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">3.11.2 </span><span class="head">Components of Bibliographic References</span></h4><p>This section discusses commonly occurring components of bibliographic references and elements used for encoding them. They fall into four groups: </p><ul class="bulleted"><li class="item">elements for grouping components of the <span class="term">analytic</span>, <span class="term">monographic</span>, and <span class="term">series</span> levels in a structured bibliographic reference</li><li class="item">titles of various kinds, and statements of intellectual responsibility (authorship, etc.)</li><li class="item">information relating to the publication, pagination, etc. of an item (most of these constitute the default members of the <a class="link_odd" title="groups elements which represent components of a bibliographic description." href="ref-model.biblPart.html">model.biblPart</a> class)</li><li class="item">annotation, commentary, and further detail</li></ul><p> The following sections describe the elements which may be used to represent such information within a <a class="gi" title="(bibliographic citation) contains a loosely-structured bibliographic citation of which the sub-components may or may not be explicitly tagged." href="ref-bibl.html">bibl</a> or <a class="gi" title="(structured bibliographic citation) contains a structured bibliographic citation, in which only bibliographic sub-elements appear and in a specified order." href="ref-biblStruct.html">biblStruct</a> element. Within the former, elements from the <a class="link_odd" title="groups elements which represent components of a bibliographic description." href="ref-model.biblPart.html">model.biblPart</a> class, other phrase-level elements, and plain text may be combined without other constraint; within the latter, such of these elements as exist for a given reference must be distinguished, and must also be presented in a specific order, discussed further below (section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#COBICOO" title="Order of Components within References"><span class="headingNumber">3.11.2.9 </span>Order of Components within References</a>).</p><div class="div4" id="COBICOL"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#COBICOR"><span class="headingNumber">3.11.2.2 </span>Titles, Authors, and Editors</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h5><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#COBICOL" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Analytic, Monographic, and Series Levels</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">3.11.2.1 </span><span class="head">Analytic, Monographic, and Series Levels</span></h5><p>In common library practice a clear distinction is made between an individual item within a larger collection and a free-standing book, journal, or collection. Similarly a book in a series is distinguished sharply from the series within which it appears. An article forming part of a collection which itself appears in a series thus has a bibliographic description with three quite distinct levels of information: </p><ol class="numbered"><li class="item">the <span class="noindex">analytic</span> level, giving the title, author, etc., of the article;</li><li class="item">the <span class="noindex">monographic</span> level, giving the title, editor, etc., of the collection;</li><li class="item">the <span class="noindex">series</span> level, giving the title of the series, possibly the names of its editors, etc., and the number of the volume within that series.</li></ol><p> In the same way, an article in a journal requires at least two levels of information: the analytic level describing the article itself, and the monographic level describing the journal.</p><p>A different identifying number may be supplied for any of these three items, that is, for the analytic item, the monographic item, or the series. </p><div class="p">Within <a class="gi" title="(bibliographic citation) contains a loosely-structured bibliographic citation of which the sub-components may or may not be explicitly tagged." href="ref-bibl.html">bibl</a>, these three levels may be distinguished simply by the use of the <span class="att">level</span> attribute on <a class="gi" title="contains a title for any kind of work." href="ref-title.html">title</a>. They may also be distinguished through the practice of employing nested <a class="gi" title="(bibliographic citation) contains a loosely-structured bibliographic citation of which the sub-components may or may not be explicitly tagged." href="ref-bibl.html">bibl</a> elements. In this example, for instance, the monograph-level component of the reference is encapsulated in its own <a class="gi" title="(bibliographic citation) contains a loosely-structured bibliographic citation of which the sub-components may or may not be explicitly tagged." href="ref-bibl.html">bibl</a> within the main <a class="gi" title="(bibliographic citation) contains a loosely-structured bibliographic citation of which the sub-components may or may not be explicitly tagged." href="ref-bibl.html">bibl</a> for the article: <div id="index-egXML-d52e44088" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><bibl <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">article</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">subtype</span>="<span class="attributevalue">magazine_article</span>" <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">beaupaire_1911</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><author></span><br /> <span class="element"><name></span><br /> <span class="element"><surname></span>Beaupaire<span class="element"></surname></span><br /> (<span class="element"><forename></span>Edmond<span class="element"></forename></span>)<span class="element"></name></span><br /> <span class="element"></author></span>,<br /> <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">level</span>="<span class="attributevalue">a</span>"></span>A propos de la rue de la Femme-sans-Tête<span class="element"></title></span>,<br /> <span class="element"><bibl <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">monogr</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">level</span>="<span class="attributevalue">j</span>"></span>La Cité<span class="element"></title></span>,<br /> <span class="element"><date <span class="attribute">when</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1911-01</span>"></span>janvier 1911<span class="element"></date></span>, pp. <span class="element"><biblScope <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">pp</span>" <span class="attribute">from</span>="<span class="attributevalue">5</span>" <span class="attribute">to</span>="<span class="attributevalue">17</span>"></span>5-17<span class="element"></biblScope></span>.<br /> <span class="element"></bibl></span><span class="element"></bibl></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><p>Within <a class="gi" title="(structured bibliographic citation) contains a structured bibliographic citation, in which only bibliographic sub-elements appear and in a specified order." href="ref-biblStruct.html">biblStruct</a>, the levels are distinguished by the use of the following distinct elements: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-analytic.html">analytic</a></span> (analytic level) contains bibliographic elements describing an item (e.g. an article or poem) published within a monograph or journal and not as an independent publication.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-monogr.html">monogr</a></span> (monographic level) contains bibliographic elements describing an item (e.g. a book or journal) published as an independent item (i.e. as a separate physical object).</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-series.html">series</a></span> (series information) contains information about the series in which a book or other bibliographic item has appeared.</li></ul><p>For purposes of TEI encoding, journals and anthologies are both treated as monographs; a journal title should thus be tagged as a <span class="tag"><title level="j"></span> element within a <a class="gi" title="(monographic level) contains bibliographic elements describing an item (e.g. a book or journal) published as an independent item (i.e. as a separate physical object)." href="ref-monogr.html">monogr</a> element. Individual articles in the journal or collected texts should be treated at the ‘analytic’ level. When an article has been printed in more than one journal or collection, the bibliographic reference may have more than one <a class="gi" title="(monographic level) contains bibliographic elements describing an item (e.g. a book or journal) published as an independent item (i.e. as a separate physical object)." href="ref-monogr.html">monogr</a> element, each possibly followed by one or more <a class="gi" title="(series information) contains information about the series in which a book or other bibliographic item has appeared." href="ref-series.html">series</a> elements. A <a class="gi" title="(series information) contains information about the series in which a book or other bibliographic item has appeared." href="ref-series.html">series</a> element always relates to the most recently preceding <a class="gi" title="(monographic level) contains bibliographic elements describing an item (e.g. a book or journal) published as an independent item (i.e. as a separate physical object)." href="ref-monogr.html">monogr</a> element. (Whether reprints of an article are treated in the same bibliographic reference or a separate one varies among different styles. Library lists typically use a different entry for each publication, while academic footnoting practice typically treats all publications of the same article in a single entry.)</p><p>The <a class="gi" title="(scope of bibliographic reference) defines the scope of a bibliographic reference, for example as a list of page numbers, or a named subdivision of a larger work." href="ref-biblScope.html">biblScope</a> element is used to supply further information about the location of some part of a bibliographic reference. It specifies where to find the component in which it appears within the immediately preceding component of a different level.</p><div class="p">In the following example, Schacter's article <span class="titlem">Iolaos</span> appeared on pages 64 to 70 of a volume entitled <span class="titlem">Herakles to Poseidon</span>, which was itself the second of a four volumes published together under the title <span class="titlem">Cults of Boitia</span>; this last title constituted the 38th volume in the series of <span class="titlem">Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies Supplements</span>: <div id="index-egXML-d52e44166" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><biblStruct></span><br /> <span class="element"><analytic></span><br /> <span class="element"><author></span>Albert Schachter<span class="element"></author></span><br /> <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">level</span>="<span class="attributevalue">a</span>"></span>Iolaos<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"></analytic></span><br /> <span class="element"><monogr></span><br /> <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">level</span>="<span class="attributevalue">m</span>"></span>Herakles to Poseidon<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"><imprint></span><br /> <span class="element"><date></span>1986<span class="element"></date></span><br /> <span class="element"></imprint></span><br /> <span class="element"><biblScope <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">pp</span>"></span>64-70<span class="element"></biblScope></span><br /> <span class="element"></monogr></span><br /> <span class="element"><monogr></span><br /> <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">level</span>="<span class="attributevalue">m</span>"></span>Cults of Boiotia<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"><imprint></span><br /> <span class="element"><pubPlace></span>London<span class="element"></pubPlace></span><br /> <span class="element"></imprint></span><br /> <span class="element"><extent></span>4 vols.<span class="element"></extent></span><br /> <span class="element"><biblScope <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">part</span>"></span>2<span class="element"></biblScope></span><br /> <span class="element"></monogr></span><br /> <span class="element"><series></span><br /> <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">level</span>="<span class="attributevalue">s</span>"></span>Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies<br /> Supplements<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"><biblScope <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">vol</span>"></span>38<span class="element"></biblScope></span><br /> <span class="element"></series></span><br /><span class="element"></biblStruct></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">In the following example, the article cited has been published twice, once in a journal (where it appeared in volume 40, on pages 3 -46 of the issue of October 1986) and once as a free-standing item, which appeared as number 11 of a German language series. <div id="index-egXML-d52e44199" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><biblStruct></span><br /> <span class="element"><analytic></span><br /> <span class="element"><author></span><br /> <span class="element"><persName></span><br /> <span class="element"><surname></span>Thaller<span class="element"></surname></span><br /> <span class="element"><forename></span>Manfred<span class="element"></forename></span><br /> <span class="element"></persName></span><br /> <span class="element"></author></span><br /> <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">level</span>="<span class="attributevalue">a</span>"></span>A Draft Proposal for a Standard for the<br /> Coding of Machine Readable Sources<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"></analytic></span><br /> <span class="element"><monogr></span><br /> <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">level</span>="<span class="attributevalue">j</span>"></span>Historical Social Research<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"><imprint></span><br /> <span class="element"><date <span class="attribute">when</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1986-10</span>"></span>October 1986<span class="element"></date></span><br /> <span class="element"></imprint></span><br /> <span class="element"><biblScope <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">vol</span>"></span>40<span class="element"></biblScope></span><br /> <span class="element"><biblScope <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">pp</span>" <span class="attribute">from</span>="<span class="attributevalue">3</span>" <span class="attribute">to</span>="<span class="attributevalue">46</span>"></span>3-46<span class="element"></biblScope></span><br /> <span class="element"></monogr></span><br /> <span class="element"><monogr></span><br /> <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">level</span>="<span class="attributevalue">m</span>"></span>Modelling Historical Data:<br /> Towards a Standard for Encoding and<br /> Exchanging Machine-Readable Texts<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"><editor></span><br /> <span class="element"><persName></span><br /> <span class="element"><forename></span>Daniel<span class="element"></forename></span><br /> <span class="element"><forename <span class="attribute">full</span>="<span class="attributevalue">init</span>"></span>I.<span class="element"></forename></span><br /> <span class="element"><surname></span>Greenstein<span class="element"></surname></span><br /> <span class="element"></persName></span><br /> <span class="element"></editor></span><br /> <span class="element"><imprint <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">de</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><pubPlace></span>St. Katharinen<span class="element"></pubPlace></span><br /> <span class="element"><publisher></span>Max-Planck-Institut für Geschichte<br /> In Kommission bei<br /> Scripta Mercaturae Verlag<span class="element"></publisher></span><br /> <span class="element"><date <span class="attribute">when</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1991</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"></imprint></span><br /> <span class="element"></monogr></span><br /> <span class="element"><series <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">de</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">level</span>="<span class="attributevalue">s</span>"></span>Halbgraue Reihe<br /> zur Historischen Fachinformatik<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"><respStmt></span><br /> <span class="element"><resp></span>Herausgegeben von<span class="element"></resp></span><br /> <span class="element"><name <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">person</span>"></span>Manfred Thaller<span class="element"></name></span><br /> <span class="element"><name <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">org</span>"></span>Max-Planck-Institut für Geschichte<span class="element"></name></span><br /> <span class="element"></respStmt></span><br /> <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">level</span>="<span class="attributevalue">s</span>"></span>Serie A: Historische Quellenkunden<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"><biblScope <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">vol</span>"></span>11<span class="element"></biblScope></span><br /> <span class="element"></series></span><br /><span class="element"></biblStruct></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><p>The practice of analytic vs. monographic citation, as described here, should be distinguished from the practice of including within one citation a reference to another work, which the encoder considers to be related to in some way: see further <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#COBIRI" title="Related Items"><span class="headingNumber">3.11.2.7 </span>Related Items</a> below.</p><p>If an identifier is available for the analytic item, it should be represented by means of an <a class="gi" title="(identifier) supplies any form of identifier used to identify some object, such as a bibliographic item, a person, a title, an organization, etc. in a standardized way." href="ref-idno.html">idno</a> element placed within the <a class="gi" title="(analytic level) contains bibliographic elements describing an item (e.g. an article or poem) published within a monograph or journal and not as an independent publication." href="ref-analytic.html">analytic</a> element, as in the following example where a DOI (Digital Object identifier) is supplied for the article in question.</p><div id="index-egXML-d52e44265" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><biblStruct></span><br /> <span class="element"><analytic></span><br /> <span class="element"><author></span><br /> <span class="element"><forename></span>James<span class="element"></forename></span><br /> <span class="element"><forename></span>H.<span class="element"></forename></span><br /> <span class="element"><surname></span>Coombs<span class="element"></surname></span><br /> <span class="element"></author></span><br /> <span class="element"><author></span><br /> <span class="element"><forename></span>Allen<span class="element"></forename></span><br /> <span class="element"><surname></span>Renear<span class="element"></surname></span><br /> <span class="element"></author></span><br /> <span class="element"><author></span><br /> <span class="element"><forename></span>Steven<span class="element"></forename></span><br /> <span class="element"><forename></span>J.<span class="element"></forename></span><br /> <span class="element"><surname></span>DeRose<span class="element"></surname></span><br /> <span class="element"></author></span><br /> <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">level</span>="<span class="attributevalue">a</span>"></span>Markup Systems and The Future of Scholarly Text<br /> Processing<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"><idno <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">DOI</span>"></span>10.1145/32206.32209<span class="element"></idno></span><br /> <span class="element"></analytic></span><br /> <span class="element"><monogr></span><br /> <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">level</span>="<span class="attributevalue">j</span>"></span>Communications of the ACM<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"><imprint></span><br /> <span class="element"><date></span>1987<span class="element"></date></span><br /> <span class="element"></imprint></span><br /> <span class="element"><biblScope <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">vol</span>"></span>30<span class="element"></biblScope></span><br /> <span class="element"><biblScope <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">issue</span>"></span>11<span class="element"></biblScope></span><br /> <span class="element"><biblScope <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">pp</span>"></span>933–947<span class="element"></biblScope></span><br /> <span class="element"></monogr></span><br /> <span class="element"><ref <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">url</span>"></span>http://xml.coverpages.org/coombs.html<span class="element"></ref></span><br /><span class="element"></biblStruct></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div><p>Punctuation must not appear between the elements within a structured bibliographic entry encoded with <a class="gi" title="(structured bibliographic citation) contains a structured bibliographic citation, in which only bibliographic sub-elements appear and in a specified order." href="ref-biblStruct.html">biblStruct</a> or <a class="gi" title="(fully-structured bibliographic citation) contains a fully-structured bibliographic citation, in which all components of the TEI file description are present." href="ref-biblFull.html">biblFull</a>, unless it is contained within the elements it delimits. When (as in most of the examples in this chapter) entries are encoded without any inter-element punctuation, they can be usually be processed more easily by rendering systems able to output bibliographic references in any of several styles.</p><div class="p">Within a <a class="gi" title="(bibliographic citation) contains a loosely-structured bibliographic citation of which the sub-components may or may not be explicitly tagged." href="ref-bibl.html">bibl</a> however, it is possible and often convenient to include punctuation. <div id="index-egXML-d52e44318" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><bibl <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">NELSON_80</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><author></span><br /> <span class="element"><persName></span><br /> <span class="element"><surname></span>Nelson<span class="element"></surname></span>,<br /> <span class="element"><forename></span>T.<span class="element"></forename></span><br /> <span class="element"><forename></span>H.<span class="element"></forename></span><span class="element"></persName></span><br /> <span class="element"></author></span><br /> <span class="element"><date <span class="attribute">when</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1980</span>"></span>1980<span class="element"></date></span>.<br /> <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">level</span>="<span class="attributevalue">a</span>"></span>Replacing the printed word: a complete literary<br /> system<span class="element"></title></span>. In <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">level</span>="<span class="attributevalue">m</span>"></span>Information Processing '80: Proceedings of the<br /> IFIPS Congress, October 1980<span class="element"></title></span>,<br /> ed.<br /> <span class="element"><editor></span><br /> <span class="element"><persName></span><br /> <span class="element"><forename></span>Simon<span class="element"></forename></span><br /> <span class="element"><forename></span>H.<span class="element"></forename></span><br /> <span class="element"><surname></span>Lavington<span class="element"></surname></span><br /> <span class="element"></persName></span><br /> <span class="element"></editor></span>,<br /> <span class="element"><biblScope <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">pp</span>"></span>1013-23<span class="element"></biblScope></span>.<br /> <span class="element"><pubPlace></span>Amsterdam<span class="element"></pubPlace></span>: <span class="element"><publisher></span>North-<br /> Holland<span class="element"></publisher></span>. (<span class="element"><note></span>Apparently a draft of section 4 of<br /> <span class="element"><ref <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#NELSON_88</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">level</span>="<span class="attributevalue">m</span>"></span>Literary<br /> Machines<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"></ref></span>.<span class="element"></note></span>)<br /> <span class="element"></bibl></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div> This example shows the components sequenced and punctuated according to the Chicago style, with all the relevant data items marked up appropriately. This markup approach can provide easy rendering, if only one styleguide is targeted, or an original source document uses a specific styleguide, while still allowing for automated recovery of key data items such as names of authors, titles etc.</div></div><div class="div4" id="COBICOR"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#COBICOL"><span class="headingNumber">3.11.2.1 </span>Analytic, Monographic, and Series Levels</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#COBICOD"><span class="headingNumber">3.11.2.3 </span>Document Identifiers</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h5><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#COBICOR" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Titles, Authors, and Editors</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">3.11.2.2 </span><span class="head">Titles, Authors, and Editors</span></h5><p>Bibliographic references typically include the title of the work being cited and the names of those intellectually responsible for it. For articles in journals or collections, such statements should appear both for the analytic and for the monographic level. The following elements are provided for tagging such elements: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-title.html">title</a></span> contains a title for any kind of work.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-author.html">author</a></span> in a bibliographic reference, contains the name(s) of an author, personal or corporate, of a work; for example in the same form as that provided by a recognized bibliographic name authority.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-editor.html">editor</a></span> contains a secondary statement of responsibility for a bibliographic item, for example the name of an individual, institution or organization, (or of several such) acting as editor, compiler, translator, etc.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-respStmt.html">respStmt</a></span> (statement of responsibility) supplies a statement of responsibility for the intellectual content of a text, edition, recording, or series, where the specialized elements for authors, editors, etc. do not suffice or do not apply. May also be used to encode information about individuals or organizations which have played a role in the production or distribution of a bibliographic work.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-resp.html">resp</a></span> (responsibility) contains a phrase describing the nature of a person's intellectual responsibility, or an organization's role in the production or distribution of a work.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-name.html">name</a></span> (name, proper noun) contains a proper noun or noun phrase.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-meeting.html">meeting</a></span> contains the formalized descriptive title for a meeting or conference, for use in a bibliographic description for an item derived from such a meeting, or as a heading or preamble to publications emanating from it.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-sponsor.html">sponsor</a></span> specifies the name of a sponsoring organization or institution.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-funder.html">funder</a></span> (funding body) specifies the name of an individual, institution, or organization responsible for the funding of a project or text.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-distributor.html">distributor</a></span> supplies the name of a person or other agency responsible for the distribution of a text.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-principal.html">principal</a></span> (principal researcher) supplies the name of the principal researcher responsible for the creation of an electronic text.</li></ul><p> The elements <a class="gi" title="in a bibliographic reference, contains the name(s) of an author, personal or corporate, of a work; for example in the same form as that provided by a recognized bibliographic name authority." href="ref-author.html">author</a>, <a class="gi" title="contains a secondary statement of responsibility for a bibliographic item, for example the name of an individual, institution or organization, (or of several such) acting as editor, compiler, translator, etc." href="ref-editor.html">editor</a>, <a class="gi" title="(statement of responsibility) supplies a statement of responsibility for the intellectual content of a text, edition, recording, or series, where the specialized elements for authors, editors, etc. do not suffice or do not apply. May also be used to encode information about individuals or organizations which have played a role in the production or distribution of a bibliographic work." href="ref-respStmt.html">respStmt</a>, <a class="gi" title="contains the formalized descriptive title for a meeting or conference, for use in a bibliographic description for an item derived from such a meeting, or as a heading or preamble to publications emanating from it." href="ref-meeting.html">meeting</a>, <a class="gi" title="specifies the name of a sponsoring organization or institution." href="ref-sponsor.html">sponsor</a>, <a class="gi" title="(funding body) specifies the name of an individual, institution, or organization responsible for the funding of a project or text." href="ref-funder.html">funder</a>, and <a class="gi" title="(principal researcher) supplies the name of the principal researcher responsible for the creation of an electronic text." href="ref-principal.html">principal</a> are the default members of the <a class="link_odd" title="groups elements which are used to indicate intellectual or other significant responsibility, for example within a bibliographic element." href="ref-model.respLike.html">model.respLike</a> class, a subclass of the <a class="link_odd" title="groups elements which represent components of a bibliographic description." href="ref-model.biblPart.html">model.biblPart</a> class to which the constituents of the <a class="gi" title="(bibliographic citation) contains a loosely-structured bibliographic citation of which the sub-components may or may not be explicitly tagged." href="ref-bibl.html">bibl</a> element belong.</p><p>In bibliographic references, all titles should be tagged as such, whether analytic, monographic, or series titles. The single element <a class="gi" title="contains a title for any kind of work." href="ref-title.html">title</a> is used for all these cases. When it appears directly within an <a class="gi" title="(analytic level) contains bibliographic elements describing an item (e.g. an article or poem) published within a monograph or journal and not as an independent publication." href="ref-analytic.html">analytic</a>, <a class="gi" title="(monographic level) contains bibliographic elements describing an item (e.g. a book or journal) published as an independent item (i.e. as a separate physical object)." href="ref-monogr.html">monogr</a>, or <a class="gi" title="(series information) contains information about the series in which a book or other bibliographic item has appeared." href="ref-series.html">series</a> element, <a class="gi" title="contains a title for any kind of work." href="ref-title.html">title</a> is interpreted as belonging to the appropriate level. However, it is recommended that the <span class="att">level</span> attribute be used to signal this explicitly.</p><div class="p">It is a semantic error to give a value for the <span class="att">level</span> attribute which is inconsistent with the context. The <span class="att">level</span> value <span class="val">a</span> implies the analytic level; the values <span class="val">m</span>, <span class="val">j</span>, and <span class="val">u</span> imply the monographic level; the value <span class="val">s</span> implies the series level. Note, however, that the semantic error occurs only if the nested title is directly enclosed by the <a class="gi" title="(analytic level) contains bibliographic elements describing an item (e.g. an article or poem) published within a monograph or journal and not as an independent publication." href="ref-analytic.html">analytic</a>, <a class="gi" title="(monographic level) contains bibliographic elements describing an item (e.g. a book or journal) published as an independent item (i.e. as a separate physical object)." href="ref-monogr.html">monogr</a>, or <a class="gi" title="(series information) contains information about the series in which a book or other bibliographic item has appeared." href="ref-series.html">series</a> element; if it is enclosed only indirectly (i.e., nested more deeply), no semantic error need be present. For example, the analytic title may contain a monographic title, as in the following example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e44884" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><biblStruct></span><br /> <span class="element"><analytic></span><br /> <span class="element"><author <span class="attribute">ref</span>="<span class="attributevalue">http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/no2001067434</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><persName></span><br /> <span class="element"><forename></span>Lucy<span class="element"></forename></span><br /> <span class="element"><forename></span>Allen<span class="element"></forename></span><br /> <span class="element"><surname></span>Paton<span class="element"></surname></span><br /> <span class="element"></persName></span><br /> <span class="element"></author></span><br /> <span class="element"><title></span>Notes on Manuscripts of the<br /> <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">level</span>="<span class="attributevalue">m</span>" <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">fr</span>"></span>Prophécies de Merlin<span class="element"></title></span><span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"></analytic></span><br /> <span class="element"><monogr></span><br /> <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">level</span>="<span class="attributevalue">j</span>"></span>PMLA<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"><imprint></span><br /> <span class="element"><date></span>1913<span class="element"></date></span><br /> <span class="element"></imprint></span><br /> <span class="element"><biblScope <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">vol</span>"></span>8<span class="element"></biblScope></span><br /> <span class="element"><biblScope <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">pp</span>"></span>122<span class="element"></biblScope></span><br /> <span class="element"></monogr></span><br /><span class="element"></biblStruct></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div> In this case, the analytic title <span class="q">‘Notes on Manuscripts of the <span class="titlem">Prophécies de Merlin</span>’</span> needs no <span class="att">level</span> attribute because it is directly contained by an <a class="gi" title="(analytic level) contains bibliographic elements describing an item (e.g. an article or poem) published within a monograph or journal and not as an independent publication." href="ref-analytic.html">analytic</a> element; the monographic title contained within it, <span lang="fr" class="q">‘Prophécies de Merlin’</span>, is not semantically erroneous because it is not directly contained by the <a class="gi" title="(analytic level) contains bibliographic elements describing an item (e.g. an article or poem) published within a monograph or journal and not as an independent publication." href="ref-analytic.html">analytic</a> element.</div><p>In some bibliographic applications, it may prove useful to distinguish main titles from subordinate titles, parallel titles, etc. The <span class="att">type</span> attribute is provided to allow this distinction to be recorded.</p><div class="p">The following reference, from a national standard for bibliographic references, illustrates this type of analysis with its distinction between main and subordinate titles. Note that this uses the more flexible <a class="gi" title="(bibliographic citation) contains a loosely-structured bibliographic citation of which the sub-components may or may not be explicitly tagged." href="ref-bibl.html">bibl</a>, rather than the structured <a class="gi" title="(structured bibliographic citation) contains a structured bibliographic citation, in which only bibliographic sub-elements appear and in a specified order." href="ref-biblStruct.html">biblStruct</a> element: consequently, there is no requirement to tag all the components of the reference (notably the authors). <div id="index-egXML-d52e44941" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><bibl></span>Saarikoski, Pirkko-Liisa, and Paavo Suomalainen,<br /> <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">level</span>="<span class="attributevalue">a</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">main</span>"></span>Studies on the physiology of<br /> the hibernating hedgehog, 15<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">level</span>="<span class="attributevalue">a</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">sub</span>"></span>Effects of seasonal<br /> and temperature changes on the in vitro glycerol release from<br /> brown adipose tissue<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">level</span>="<span class="attributevalue">j</span>"></span>Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn., Ser. A4<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"><date></span>1972<span class="element"></date></span><br /> <span class="element"><biblScope <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">vol</span>"></span>187<span class="element"></biblScope></span><br /> <span class="element"><biblScope <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">pp</span>" <span class="attribute">to</span>="<span class="attributevalue">4</span>"></span>1-4<span class="element"></biblScope></span><span class="element"></bibl></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#COBICOR-eg-246">bibliography</a> </div></div> </div><div class="p">Slightly more complex is the distinction made below among main, subordinate, and parallel titles, in an example from the same source (p. 63). The punctuation and the bibliographic analysis are those given in ANSI Z39.29-1977; the punctuation is in the style prescribed by the International Standard Bibliographic Description (ISBD).<span id="Note57_return"><a class="notelink" title="The analysis is not wholly unproblematic: as the text of the standard points out, the first subordinate title is subordinate only to the parallel titl…" href="#Note57"><sup>20</sup></a></span> Again, it is only because this example uses <a class="gi" title="(bibliographic citation) contains a loosely-structured bibliographic citation of which the sub-components may or may not be explicitly tagged." href="ref-bibl.html">bibl</a> rather than <a class="gi" title="(structured bibliographic citation) contains a structured bibliographic citation, in which only bibliographic sub-elements appear and in a specified order." href="ref-biblStruct.html">biblStruct</a>, that specific punctuation may be included between the component elements of the reference. <div id="index-egXML-d52e44970" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><bibl></span>Tchaikovsky, Peter Ilich.<br /> <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">level</span>="<span class="attributevalue">m</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">main</span>"></span>The swan lake ballet<span class="element"></title></span><br /> = <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">level</span>="<span class="attributevalue">m</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">parallel</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">fr</span>"></span>Le lac des cygnes<span class="element"></title></span><br /> : <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">level</span>="<span class="attributevalue">m</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">sub</span>" <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">fr</span>"></span>grand ballet en 4 actes<span class="element"></title></span><br /> : <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">level</span>="<span class="attributevalue">m</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">sub</span>"></span>op. 20<span class="element"></title></span><br /> [Score].<br /> New York: Broude Brothers; [1951] (B.B. 59). vi, 685 p.<span class="element"></bibl></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#COBICOR-eg-246">bibliography</a> </div></div> </div><p>The elements <a class="gi" title="in a bibliographic reference, contains the name(s) of an author, personal or corporate, of a work; for example in the same form as that provided by a recognized bibliographic name authority." href="ref-author.html">author</a> and <a class="gi" title="contains a secondary statement of responsibility for a bibliographic item, for example the name of an individual, institution or organization, (or of several such) acting as editor, compiler, translator, etc." href="ref-editor.html">editor</a> have fairly obvious significance for printed books and articles; for other kinds of bibliographic items their proper usage may be less obvious. The <a class="gi" title="in a bibliographic reference, contains the name(s) of an author, personal or corporate, of a work; for example in the same form as that provided by a recognized bibliographic name authority." href="ref-author.html">author</a> element should be used for the person or agency with primary responsibility for a work's intellectual content, and the element <a class="gi" title="contains a secondary statement of responsibility for a bibliographic item, for example the name of an individual, institution or organization, (or of several such) acting as editor, compiler, translator, etc." href="ref-editor.html">editor</a> for other people or agencies with some responsibility for that content, whether or not they are called ‘editor’. An organization such as a radio or television station is usually accounted ‘author’ of a broadcast, for example, while the author of a government report will usually be the agency which produced it. A translator, illustrator, or compiler, may however be marked by means of the <a class="gi" title="contains a secondary statement of responsibility for a bibliographic item, for example the name of an individual, institution or organization, (or of several such) acting as editor, compiler, translator, etc." href="ref-editor.html">editor</a> element, optionally using the <span class="att">role</span> attribute to specify the nature of their responsibility more exactly.</p><p>Many bibliographic and Linked Data applications require disambiguation of author names using unique identifiers. Both the <a class="gi" title="in a bibliographic reference, contains the name(s) of an author, personal or corporate, of a work; for example in the same form as that provided by a recognized bibliographic name authority." href="ref-author.html">author</a> and <a class="gi" title="contains a secondary statement of responsibility for a bibliographic item, for example the name of an individual, institution or organization, (or of several such) acting as editor, compiler, translator, etc." href="ref-editor.html">editor</a> elements may contain one or more <a class="gi" title="(identifier) supplies any form of identifier used to identify some object, such as a bibliographic item, a person, a title, an organization, etc. in a standardized way." href="ref-idno.html">idno</a> elements, to supply such identifiers. Alternatively, if only a single identifier is to be recorded, the <span class="att">key</span> or <span class="att">ref</span> attribute may be used, as further discussed in <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#CONARS" title="Referring Strings"><span class="headingNumber">3.5.1 </span>Referring Strings</a>.</p><div id="index-egXML-d52e45035" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><bibl></span><br /> <span class="element"><author <span class="attribute">ref</span>="<span class="attributevalue">http://viaf.org/viaf/95301405</span>"></span>John Warrack<span class="element"></author></span>. „Es waren seine letzten Töne!“<br /> In <span class="element"><editor <span class="attribute">ref</span>="<span class="attributevalue">http://viaf.org/viaf/263865979</span>"></span>Joachim Veit<span class="element"></editor></span> <br /> and <span class="element"><editor <span class="attribute">ref</span>="<span class="attributevalue">http://viaf.org/viaf/268371810</span>"></span>Frank Ziegler<span class="element"></editor></span> eds. Weber-Studien Bd. 3, Mainz (1996), pp.300–317<br /> <span class="element"></bibl></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div><p>For anyone else with responsibility for the work, the <a class="gi" title="(statement of responsibility) supplies a statement of responsibility for the intellectual content of a text, edition, recording, or series, where the specialized elements for authors, editors, etc. do not suffice or do not apply. May also be used to encode information about individuals or organizations which have played a role in the production or distribution of a bibliographic work." href="ref-respStmt.html">respStmt</a> element should be used. The nature of the responsibility is indicated by means of a <a class="gi" title="(responsibility) contains a phrase describing the nature of a person's intellectual responsibility, or an organization's role in the production or distribution of a work." href="ref-resp.html">resp</a> element, and the person, organization, etc. responsible by a <a class="gi" title="(name, proper noun) contains a proper noun or noun phrase." href="ref-name.html">name</a>, <a class="gi" title="(personal name) contains a proper noun or proper-noun phrase referring to a person, possibly including one or more of the person's forenames, surnames, honorifics, added names, etc." href="ref-persName.html">persName</a>, or <a class="gi" title="(organization name) contains an organizational name." href="ref-orgName.html">orgName</a> element. Strings such as <span class="q">‘unknown’</span> may be encoded using the <a class="gi" title="(referencing string) contains a general purpose name or referring string." href="ref-rs.html">rs</a> element. A <a class="gi" title="(statement of responsibility) supplies a statement of responsibility for the intellectual content of a text, edition, recording, or series, where the specialized elements for authors, editors, etc. do not suffice or do not apply. May also be used to encode information about individuals or organizations which have played a role in the production or distribution of a bibliographic work." href="ref-respStmt.html">respStmt</a> should comprise either at least one of the four naming elements (<a class="gi" title="(name, proper noun) contains a proper noun or noun phrase." href="ref-name.html">name</a>, <a class="gi" title="(personal name) contains a proper noun or proper-noun phrase referring to a person, possibly including one or more of the person's forenames, surnames, honorifics, added names, etc." href="ref-persName.html">persName</a>, <a class="gi" title="(organization name) contains an organizational name." href="ref-orgName.html">orgName</a>, or <a class="gi" title="(referencing string) contains a general purpose name or referring string." href="ref-rs.html">rs</a>) followed by one or more <a class="gi" title="(responsibility) contains a phrase describing the nature of a person's intellectual responsibility, or an organization's role in the production or distribution of a work." href="ref-resp.html">resp</a> elements, or at least one <a class="gi" title="(responsibility) contains a phrase describing the nature of a person's intellectual responsibility, or an organization's role in the production or distribution of a work." href="ref-resp.html">resp</a> element followed by one or more of the four naming elements.</p><p>Examples of secondary responsibility of this kind include the roles of illustrator, translator, encoder, and annotator. The <a class="gi" title="(statement of responsibility) supplies a statement of responsibility for the intellectual content of a text, edition, recording, or series, where the specialized elements for authors, editors, etc. do not suffice or do not apply. May also be used to encode information about individuals or organizations which have played a role in the production or distribution of a bibliographic work." href="ref-respStmt.html">respStmt</a> element may also be used for editors, if it is desired to record the specific terms in which their role is described.</p><p>Examples of <a class="gi" title="in a bibliographic reference, contains the name(s) of an author, personal or corporate, of a work; for example in the same form as that provided by a recognized bibliographic name authority." href="ref-author.html">author</a> and <a class="gi" title="contains a secondary statement of responsibility for a bibliographic item, for example the name of an individual, institution or organization, (or of several such) acting as editor, compiler, translator, etc." href="ref-editor.html">editor</a> may be found in sections <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#COBITY" title="Methods of Encoding Bibliographic References and Lists of References"><span class="headingNumber">3.11.1 </span>Methods of Encoding Bibliographic References and Lists of References</a>, and <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#COBICOL" title="Analytic Monographic and Series Levels"><span class="headingNumber">3.11.2.1 </span>Analytic, Monographic, and Series Levels</a>; wherever <a class="gi" title="in a bibliographic reference, contains the name(s) of an author, personal or corporate, of a work; for example in the same form as that provided by a recognized bibliographic name authority." href="ref-author.html">author</a> and <a class="gi" title="contains a secondary statement of responsibility for a bibliographic item, for example the name of an individual, institution or organization, (or of several such) acting as editor, compiler, translator, etc." href="ref-editor.html">editor</a> may occur, the <a class="gi" title="(statement of responsibility) supplies a statement of responsibility for the intellectual content of a text, edition, recording, or series, where the specialized elements for authors, editors, etc. do not suffice or do not apply. May also be used to encode information about individuals or organizations which have played a role in the production or distribution of a bibliographic work." href="ref-respStmt.html">respStmt</a> element may also occur. When one of these elements precedes or immediately follows a title, it applies to that title; when it follows an <a class="gi" title="describes the particularities of one edition of a text." href="ref-edition.html">edition</a> element or occurs within an edition statement, it applies to the edition in question.</p><div class="p">In this example, the <a class="gi" title="(statement of responsibility) supplies a statement of responsibility for the intellectual content of a text, edition, recording, or series, where the specialized elements for authors, editors, etc. do not suffice or do not apply. May also be used to encode information about individuals or organizations which have played a role in the production or distribution of a bibliographic work." href="ref-respStmt.html">respStmt</a> elements apply to the work as a whole, not merely to the first edition: <div id="index-egXML-d52e45130" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><bibl></span><br /> <span class="element"><author></span>Lominandze, DG<span class="element"></author></span>.<br /> <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">level</span>="<span class="attributevalue">m</span>"></span>Cyclotron waves in plasma<span class="element"></title></span>.<br /> <span class="element"><respStmt></span><br /> <span class="element"><resp></span>Translated by<span class="element"></resp></span><br /> <span class="element"><name></span>AN. Dellis<span class="element"></name></span><br /> <span class="element"></respStmt></span>;<br /> <span class="element"><respStmt></span><br /> <span class="element"><resp></span>edited by<span class="element"></resp></span><br /> <span class="element"><name></span>SM. Hamberger<span class="element"></name></span><br /> <span class="element"></respStmt></span>.<br /> <span class="element"><edition></span>1st ed.<span class="element"></edition></span><br /> <span class="element"><pubPlace></span>Oxford<span class="element"></pubPlace></span>:<br /> <span class="element"><publisher></span>Pergamon Press<span class="element"></publisher></span>,<br /> <span class="element"><date></span>1981<span class="element"></date></span>.<br /> <span class="element"><extent></span>206 p.<span class="element"></extent></span><br /> <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">level</span>="<span class="attributevalue">s</span>"></span>International series in natural philosophy<span class="element"></title></span>.<br /> <span class="element"><note <span class="attribute">place</span>="<span class="attributevalue">inline</span>"></span>Translation of:<br /> <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">ru-Latn</span>" <span class="attribute">level</span>="<span class="attributevalue">m</span>"></span>Ciklotronnye volny v<br /> plazme<span class="element"></title></span>.<br /> <span class="element"><idno <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">ISBN</span>"></span>0-08-021680-3<span class="element"></idno></span>.<br /> <span class="element"></note></span><span class="element"></bibl></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#COBICOR-eg-248">bibliography</a> </div></div> </div><p>This example retains the original punctuation and editorial conventions of the source (ISO 690: 1987) and is therefore encoded using the <a class="gi" title="(bibliographic citation) contains a loosely-structured bibliographic citation of which the sub-components may or may not be explicitly tagged." href="ref-bibl.html">bibl</a> element.</p><div class="p">In the following example, by contrast, the <a class="gi" title="(statement of responsibility) supplies a statement of responsibility for the intellectual content of a text, edition, recording, or series, where the specialized elements for authors, editors, etc. do not suffice or do not apply. May also be used to encode information about individuals or organizations which have played a role in the production or distribution of a bibliographic work." href="ref-respStmt.html">respStmt</a> element applies to the edition, and not to the collection <span class="foreign">per se</span> (Moser and Tervooren were not responsible for the first thirty-five printings). As is permissible within a <a class="gi" title="(structured bibliographic citation) contains a structured bibliographic citation, in which only bibliographic sub-elements appear and in a specified order." href="ref-biblStruct.html">biblStruct</a> element, the component elements have been reordered from their appearance on the title page of the volume in order to ensure the correct relationship of the collection title, the edition statement, and the statement of responsibility. <div id="index-egXML-d52e45198" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><biblStruct></span><br /> <span class="element"><monogr <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">de</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">level</span>="<span class="attributevalue">m</span>"></span>Des Minnesangs Frühling<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"><note <span class="attribute">place</span>="<span class="attributevalue">inline</span>"></span>Mit 1 Faksimile<span class="element"></note></span><br /> <span class="element"><edition></span>36., neugestaltete und erweiterte Auflage<span class="element"></edition></span><br /> <span class="element"><respStmt></span><br /> <span class="element"><resp></span>Unter Benutzung der Ausgaben von <span class="element"><name></span>Karl<br /> Lachmann<span class="element"></name></span> und <span class="element"><name></span>Moriz Haupt<span class="element"></name></span>, <span class="element"><name></span>Friedrich<br /> Vogt<span class="element"></name></span> und <span class="element"><name></span>Carl von Kraus<span class="element"></name></span> bearbeitet von<span class="element"></resp></span><br /> <span class="element"><name></span>Hugo Moser<span class="element"></name></span><br /> <span class="element"><name></span>Helmut Tervooren<span class="element"></name></span><br /> <span class="element"></respStmt></span><br /> <span class="element"><imprint></span><br /> <span class="element"><pubPlace></span>Stuttgart<span class="element"></pubPlace></span><br /> <span class="element"><publisher></span>S. Hirzel Verlag<span class="element"></publisher></span><br /> <span class="element"><date></span>1977<span class="element"></date></span><br /> <span class="element"></imprint></span><br /> <span class="element"><biblScope <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">vol</span>"></span>I Texte<span class="element"></biblScope></span><br /> <span class="element"></monogr></span><br /><span class="element"></biblStruct></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div> </div><div class="p">The party with a particular responsibility for the intellectual content may vary over time. Likewise, a given individal's responsibility or role may change over time. These situations may be recorded with the <a class="gi" title="(statement of responsibility) supplies a statement of responsibility for the intellectual content of a text, edition, recording, or series, where the specialized elements for authors, editors, etc. do not suffice or do not apply. May also be used to encode information about individuals or organizations which have played a role in the production or distribution of a bibliographic work." href="ref-respStmt.html">respStmt</a> element. For example, the following could be used when one proofreader took over for another. <div id="index-egXML-d52e45248" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><respStmt></span><br /> <span class="element"><resp></span>proofreading<span class="element"></resp></span><br /> <span class="element"><persName <span class="attribute">from</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1994-02</span>" <span class="attribute">to</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1994-05</span>"></span>Ashley Cross<span class="element"></persName></span><br /> <span class="element"><persName <span class="attribute">from</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1994-06</span>" <span class="attribute">to</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1994-10</span>"></span>Loren Noveck<span class="element"></persName></span><br /><span class="element"></respStmt></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div> The following example records the fact that one individual had two distinctly different intellectual responsibilities at different times. <div id="index-egXML-d52e45257" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><respStmt></span><br /> <span class="element"><persName></span>Erica Dillon<span class="element"></persName></span><br /> <span class="element"><resp <span class="attribute">when</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2000-08</span>"></span>annotated uncredited citations<span class="element"></resp></span><br /> <span class="element"><resp <span class="attribute">when</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2001-03</span>"></span>encoded named entities<span class="element"></resp></span><br /><span class="element"></respStmt></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">Another form of ‘responsibility’ arises when a work is published as the outcome of a conference, workshop or similar meeting. The <a class="gi" title="contains the formalized descriptive title for a meeting or conference, for use in a bibliographic description for an item derived from such a meeting, or as a heading or preamble to publications emanating from it." href="ref-meeting.html">meeting</a> element may be used to supply this information, as in the following example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e45274" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><biblStruct></span><br /> <span class="element"><monogr></span><br /> <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">level</span>="<span class="attributevalue">m</span>"></span>Proceedings of a workshop on corpus resources<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"><respStmt></span><br /> <span class="element"><resp></span>Programme Organizer<span class="element"></resp></span><br /> <span class="element"><name></span>Geoffrey Leech<span class="element"></name></span><br /> <span class="element"></respStmt></span><br /> <span class="element"><meeting></span>DTI Speech and Language Technology Club meeting, 3-4<br /> January 1990, Wadham College, Oxford<span class="element"></meeting></span><br /> <span class="element"><imprint></span><br /> <span class="element"><pubPlace></span>Oxford<span class="element"></pubPlace></span><br /> <span class="element"></imprint></span><br /> <span class="element"></monogr></span><br /><span class="element"></biblStruct></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div></div></div><div class="div4" id="COBICOD"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#COBICOR"><span class="headingNumber">3.11.2.2 </span>Titles, Authors, and Editors</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#COBICOI"><span class="headingNumber">3.11.2.4 </span>Imprint, Size of a Document, and Reprint Information</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h5><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#COBICOD" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Document Identifiers</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">3.11.2.3 </span><span class="head">Document Identifiers</span></h5><div class="p">Many bibliographic references include identifiers for a work to help with precise identification of an appropriate document. For example, a book in the <span class="titlem">Short Title Catalogue</span> could be referenced with its STC number: <div id="index-egXML-d52e46248" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><biblStruct></span><br /> <span class="element"><monogr></span><br /> <span class="element"><author></span><br /> <span class="element"><forename></span>John<span class="element"></forename></span><br /> <span class="element"><surname></span>Downame<span class="element"></surname></span><br /> <span class="element"></author></span><br /> <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">short</span>"></span>Foure treatises tending to disswade all Christians from foure no lesse hainous then common sinnes<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"><idno <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">stc2ndEd</span>"></span>7141<span class="element"></idno></span><br /> <span class="element"><imprint></span><br /> <span class="element"><pubPlace></span>At London<span class="element"></pubPlace></span><br /> <span class="element"><publisher></span>Imprinted by Felix Kyngston, for William Welby, and are to be sold at his shop in Pauls Church-yard at the signe of the Greyhound<span class="element"></publisher></span><br /> <span class="element"><date <span class="attribute">when</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1609</span>"></span>1609<span class="element"></date></span><br /> <span class="element"></imprint></span><br /> <span class="element"></monogr></span><br /><span class="element"></biblStruct></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><p>However, some bibliographic references actually <em>require</em> identifiers of various types because they do not include a statement of the title and the names of those intellectually responsible for it. The following elements may be used for such purposes: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-orgName.html">orgName</a></span> (organization name) contains an organizational name.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-idno.html">idno</a></span> (identifier) supplies any form of identifier used to identify some object, such as a bibliographic item, a person, a title, an organization, etc. in a standardized way.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-classCode.html">classCode</a></span> (classification code) contains the classification code used for this text in some standard classification system.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-date.html">date</a></span> contains a date in any format.</li></ul><p>For example, a citation to a patent typically includes a country or organization code (a two-character code identifying a patent authority) and a serial number for the patent (whose structure varies by patent authority). The citation might also contain a <span class="term">kind code</span> (which characterizes a particular publication for the patent and which corresponds to a specific stage in the patent procedure) and the date when the patent was filed with or published by the issuing authority. For bibliographic references to patents, the above elements may be used as follows: </p><ul class="bulleted"><li class="item"><a class="gi" title="(organization name) contains an organizational name." href="ref-orgName.html">orgName</a>, within <a class="gi" title="(release authority) supplies the name of a person or other agency responsible for making a work available, other than a publisher or distributor." href="ref-authority.html">authority</a>, may be used to contain the code of the patent authority. The <span class="att">type</span> attribute may be used to specify the type of patent authority (such as a national patent office or a supra-national patent organization).</li><li class="item"><a class="gi" title="(identifier) supplies any form of identifier used to identify some object, such as a bibliographic item, a person, a title, an organization, etc. in a standardized way." href="ref-idno.html">idno</a> may be used to contain the serial number assigned by the corresponding patent authority.</li><li class="item"><a class="gi" title="(classification code) contains the classification code used for this text in some standard classification system." href="ref-classCode.html">classCode</a> may be used to contain the kind code of the patent document.</li><li class="item"><a class="gi" title="contains a date in any format." href="ref-date.html">date</a> may be used to contain the date of the patent document. The <span class="att">type</span> attribute may be used to specify whether this corresponds to the filing date of a patent application or the publication date of a patent publication.</li></ul><div class="p">The following reference illustrates an encoding for a patent publication which might be cited in print as <span class="q">‘United States patent US 6,885,550 B1, issued April 26, 2005’</span>: <div id="index-egXML-d52e46316" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><biblStruct <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">patent</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">status</span>="<span class="attributevalue">publication</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><monogr></span><br /> <span class="element"><authority></span><br /> <span class="element"><orgName <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">national</span>"></span>US<span class="element"></orgName></span><br /> <span class="element"></authority></span><br /> <span class="element"><idno <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">docNumber</span>"></span>6885550<span class="element"></idno></span><br /> <span class="element"><imprint></span><br /> <span class="element"><classCode <span class="attribute">scheme</span>="<span class="attributevalue">http://www.uspto.gov/</span>"></span>B1<span class="element"></classCode></span><br /> <span class="element"><date <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">publicationDate</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">when</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2005-04-26</span>"></span>April 26, 2005<span class="element"></date></span><br /> <span class="element"></imprint></span><br /> <span class="element"></monogr></span><br /><span class="element"></biblStruct></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div></div></div><div class="div4" id="COBICOI"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#COBICOD"><span class="headingNumber">3.11.2.3 </span>Document Identifiers</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#COBICOB"><span class="headingNumber">3.11.2.5 </span>Scopes and Ranges in Bibliographic Citations</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h5><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#COBICOI" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Imprint, Size of a Document, and Reprint Information</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">3.11.2.4 </span><span class="head">Imprint, Size of a Document, and Reprint Information</span></h5><p>By <span class="mentioned">imprint</span> is meant all the information relating to the publication of a work: the person or organization by whose authority and in whose name a bibliographic entity such as a book is made public or distributed (whether a commercial publisher or some other organization), the place and the date of publication. It may also include a full address for the publisher or organization. A full bibliographic references will usually also specify the number of pages in a print publication (or equivalent information for non-print materials), and possibly also the specific location of the material being cited within its containing publication. The following elements are provided to hold this information: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-imprint.html">imprint</a></span> groups information relating to the publication or distribution of a bibliographic item.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-address.html">address</a></span> contains a postal address, for example of a publisher, an organization, or an individual.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-pubPlace.html">pubPlace</a></span> (publication place) contains the name of the place where a bibliographic item was published.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-publisher.html">publisher</a></span> provides the name of the organization responsible for the publication or distribution of a bibliographic item.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-date.html">date</a></span> contains a date in any format.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-extent.html">extent</a></span> describes the approximate size of a text stored on some carrier medium or of some other object, digital or non-digital, specified in any convenient units.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-idno.html">idno</a></span> (identifier) supplies any form of identifier used to identify some object, such as a bibliographic item, a person, a title, an organization, etc. in a standardized way.</li></ul><p> Members of the model classes <a class="link_odd" title="groups the bibliographic elements which occur inside imprints." href="ref-model.imprintPart.html">model.imprintPart</a> and <a class="link_odd" title="groups elements containing temporal expressions." href="ref-model.dateLike.html">model.dateLike</a> may appear inside an <a class="gi" title="() groups information relating to the publication or distribution of a bibliographic item." href="ref-imprint.html">imprint</a> element in a specific location within a <a class="gi" title="(structured bibliographic citation) contains a structured bibliographic citation, in which only bibliographic sub-elements appear and in a specified order." href="ref-biblStruct.html">biblStruct</a>, or alternatively, they may appear alongside any other bibliographic component inside a <a class="gi" title="(bibliographic citation) contains a loosely-structured bibliographic citation of which the sub-components may or may not be explicitly tagged." href="ref-bibl.html">bibl</a>. </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-model.imprintPart.html">model.imprintPart</a></span> groups the bibliographic elements which occur inside imprints.<table class="elementList"><tr><td class="odd_label"><a href="ref-biblScope.html">biblScope</a></td><td class="odd_value">(scope of bibliographic reference) defines the scope of a bibliographic reference, for example as a list of page numbers, or a named subdivision of a larger work.</td></tr><tr><td class="odd_label"><a href="ref-distributor.html">distributor</a></td><td class="odd_value">supplies the name of a person or other agency responsible for the distribution of a text.</td></tr><tr><td class="odd_label"><a href="ref-publisher.html">publisher</a></td><td class="odd_value">provides the name of the organization responsible for the publication or distribution of a bibliographic item.</td></tr><tr><td class="odd_label"><a href="ref-pubPlace.html">pubPlace</a></td><td class="odd_value">(publication place) contains the name of the place where a bibliographic item was published.</td></tr></table></li><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-model.dateLike.html">model.dateLike</a></span> groups elements containing temporal expressions.<table class="elementList"><tr><td class="odd_label"><a href="ref-date.html">date</a></td><td class="odd_value">contains a date in any format.</td></tr><tr><td class="odd_label"><a href="ref-time.html">time</a></td><td class="odd_value">contains a phrase defining a time of day in any format.</td></tr></table></li></ul><p>For bibliographic purposes, usually only the place (or places) of publication are required, possibly including the name of the country, rather than a full address; the element <a class="gi" title="(publication place) contains the name of the place where a bibliographic item was published." href="ref-pubPlace.html">pubPlace</a> is provided for this purpose. Where however the full postal address is likely to be of importance in identifying or locating the bibliographic item concerned, it may be supplied and tagged using the <a class="gi" title="contains a postal address, for example of a publisher, an organization, or an individual." href="ref-address.html">address</a> element described in section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#CONAAD" title="Addresses"><span class="headingNumber">3.5.2 </span>Addresses</a>. Alternatively, if desired, the <a class="gi" title="(referencing string) contains a general purpose name or referring string." href="ref-rs.html">rs</a> or <a class="gi" title="(name, proper noun) contains a proper noun or noun phrase." href="ref-name.html">name</a> elements described in section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#CONARS" title="Referring Strings"><span class="headingNumber">3.5.1 </span>Referring Strings</a> may be used; this involves no claim that the information given is either a full address or the name of a city.</p><div class="p">The name of the publisher of an item should be marked using the <a class="gi" title="provides the name of the organization responsible for the publication or distribution of a bibliographic item." href="ref-publisher.html">publisher</a> element even if the item is made public (‘published’) by an organization other than a conventional publisher, as is frequently the case with technical reports: <div id="index-egXML-d52e46394" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><biblStruct></span><br /> <span class="element"><monogr></span><br /> <span class="element"><author></span>Nicholas, Charles K.<span class="element"></author></span><br /> <span class="element"><author></span>Welsch, Lawrence A.<span class="element"></author></span><br /> <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">level</span>="<span class="attributevalue">m</span>"></span>On the interchangeability of SGML and ODA<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"><idno <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">NIST</span>"></span>NISTIR 4681<span class="element"></idno></span><br /> <span class="element"><imprint></span><br /> <span class="element"><pubPlace></span>Gaithersburg, MD<span class="element"></pubPlace></span><br /> <span class="element"><publisher></span>National Institute of Standards and Technology<br /> <span class="element"></publisher></span><br /> <span class="element"><date <span class="attribute">when</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1992-01</span>"></span>January 1992<span class="element"></date></span><br /> <span class="element"></imprint></span><br /> <span class="element"><extent></span>19 pp.<span class="element"></extent></span><br /> <span class="element"></monogr></span><br /><span class="element"></biblStruct></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div> and with dissertations: <div id="index-egXML-d52e46415" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><biblStruct></span><br /> <span class="element"><monogr></span><br /> <span class="element"><author></span>Hansen, W.<span class="element"></author></span><br /> <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">level</span>="<span class="attributevalue">u</span>"></span>Creation of hierarchic text<br /> with a computer display<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"><idno <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">ANL</span>"></span>ANL-7818<span class="element"></idno></span><br /> <span class="element"><note <span class="attribute">place</span>="<span class="attributevalue">inline</span>"></span>Ph.D. dissertation<span class="element"></note></span><br /> <span class="element"><imprint></span><br /> <span class="element"><publisher></span>Dept. of Computer Science, Stanford Univ.<span class="element"></publisher></span><br /> <span class="element"><pubPlace></span>Stanford, CA<span class="element"></pubPlace></span><br /> <span class="element"><date <span class="attribute">when</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1971-06</span>"></span>June 1971<span class="element"></date></span><br /> <span class="element"></imprint></span><br /> <span class="element"></monogr></span><br /><span class="element"></biblStruct></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#COBICOI-eg-264">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><p>In this second example, the <a class="gi" title="(identifier) supplies any form of identifier used to identify some object, such as a bibliographic item, a person, a title, an organization, etc. in a standardized way." href="ref-idno.html">idno</a> element is used to provide the identifier allocated to the thesis by the Argonne National Laboratory. Since it applies to the monographic element, the <a class="gi" title="(identifier) supplies any form of identifier used to identify some object, such as a bibliographic item, a person, a title, an organization, etc. in a standardized way." href="ref-idno.html">idno</a> should be provided as a direct child of the <a class="gi" title="(monographic level) contains bibliographic elements describing an item (e.g. a book or journal) published as an independent item (i.e. as a separate physical object)." href="ref-monogr.html">monogr</a> element, rather than elsewhere in the <a class="gi" title="(structured bibliographic citation) contains a structured bibliographic citation, in which only bibliographic sub-elements appear and in a specified order." href="ref-biblStruct.html">biblStruct</a> element.</p><p>The specialist elements <a class="gi" title="provides the name of the organization responsible for the publication or distribution of a bibliographic item." href="ref-publisher.html">publisher</a> and <a class="gi" title="supplies the name of a person or other agency responsible for the distribution of a text." href="ref-distributor.html">distributor</a> are provided to cover the most common roles related to the production and distribution of a bibliographical item, but other roles such as printer and bookseller may also need to be encoded, and <a class="gi" title="(statement of responsibility) supplies a statement of responsibility for the intellectual content of a text, edition, recording, or series, where the specialized elements for authors, editors, etc. do not suffice or do not apply. May also be used to encode information about individuals or organizations which have played a role in the production or distribution of a bibliographic work." href="ref-respStmt.html">respStmt</a> is available inside <a class="gi" title="() groups information relating to the publication or distribution of a bibliographic item." href="ref-imprint.html">imprint</a> for this purpose.</p><div class="p">When an item has been reprinted, especially reprinted without change from a specific earlier edition, the reprint may appear in a <a class="gi" title="(monographic level) contains bibliographic elements describing an item (e.g. a book or journal) published as an independent item (i.e. as a separate physical object)." href="ref-monogr.html">monogr</a> element with only the <a class="gi" title="() groups information relating to the publication or distribution of a bibliographic item." href="ref-imprint.html">imprint</a> and other details of the reprint. In the following example, a microform reprint has been issued without any change in the title or authorship. The series statement here applies only to the second <a class="gi" title="(monographic level) contains bibliographic elements describing an item (e.g. a book or journal) published as an independent item (i.e. as a separate physical object)." href="ref-monogr.html">monogr</a> element. <div id="index-egXML-d52e46473" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><biblStruct></span><br /> <span class="element"><monogr></span><br /> <span class="element"><author></span>Shirley, James<span class="element"></author></span><br /> <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">main</span>"></span>The gentlemen of Venice<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">sub</span>"></span>a tragi-comedie presented at the private<br /> house in Salisbury Court by Her Majesties servants<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"><note <span class="attribute">place</span>="<span class="attributevalue">inline</span>"></span>[Microform]<span class="element"></note></span><br /> <span class="element"><imprint></span><br /> <span class="element"><pubPlace></span>London<span class="element"></pubPlace></span><br /> <span class="element"><publisher></span>H. Moseley<span class="element"></publisher></span><br /> <span class="element"><date></span>1655<span class="element"></date></span><br /> <span class="element"></imprint></span><br /> <span class="element"><extent></span>78 p.<span class="element"></extent></span><br /> <span class="element"></monogr></span><br /> <span class="element"><monogr></span><br /> <span class="element"><imprint></span><br /> <span class="element"><pubPlace></span>New York<span class="element"></pubPlace></span><br /> <span class="element"><publisher></span>Readex Microprint<span class="element"></publisher></span><br /> <span class="element"><date></span>1953<span class="element"></date></span><br /> <span class="element"></imprint></span><br /> <span class="element"><extent></span>1 microprint card, 23 x 15 cm.<span class="element"></extent></span><br /> <span class="element"></monogr></span><br /> <span class="element"><series></span><br /> <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">level</span>="<span class="attributevalue">s</span>"></span>Three centuries of drama: English, 1642–1700<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"></series></span><br /><span class="element"></biblStruct></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#COBICOR-eg-246">bibliography</a> </div></div> </div><div class="p">This encoding can be extended to the case of patent documents, where the same patent application is published, with or without changes, at different stages of the patenting procedure. In this case, the kind code and, optionally, the publication date characterize different publications of the same patent application during the procedure. For example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e46511" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><biblStruct <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">patent</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">status</span>="<span class="attributevalue">publication</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><monogr></span><br /> <span class="element"><authority></span><br /> <span class="element"><orgName <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">national</span>"></span>EP<span class="element"></orgName></span><br /> <span class="element"></authority></span><br /> <span class="element"><idno <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">docNumber</span>"></span>1558513<span class="element"></idno></span><br /> <span class="element"><imprint></span><br /> <span class="element"><classCode <span class="attribute">scheme</span>="<span class="attributevalue">http://www.epo.org/</span>"></span>A1<span class="element"></classCode></span><br /> <span class="element"><date <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">publicationDate</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">when</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2005-08-03</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"></imprint></span><br /> <span class="element"></monogr></span><br /> <span class="element"><monogr></span><br /> <span class="element"><imprint></span><br /> <span class="element"><classCode <span class="attribute">scheme</span>="<span class="attributevalue">http://www.epo.org/</span>"></span>B1<span class="element"></classCode></span><br /> <span class="element"><date <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">publicationDate</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">when</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2009-09-09</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"></imprint></span><br /> <span class="element"></monogr></span><br /><span class="element"></biblStruct></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><p>The above bibliographic reference discloses different publications of the patent EP1558513 during the patenting procedure. The first publication from 3 August 2005 has the kind code "A1" indicating that it is a published patent application comprising the European search report issued after carrying out the search at the European Patent Office, whereas the second publication from 9 September 2009 has the kind code "B1" indicating that it was published after the patent application has been granted.</p><p>An alternative way of handling the above situations would be to use the <a class="gi" title="contains or references some other bibliographic item which is related to the present one in some specified manner, for example as a constituent or alternative version of it." href="ref-relatedItem.html">relatedItem</a> element described in section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#COBIRI" title="Related Items"><span class="headingNumber">3.11.2.7 </span>Related Items</a> below.</p></div><div class="div4" id="COBICOB"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#COBICOI"><span class="headingNumber">3.11.2.4 </span>Imprint, Size of a Document, and Reprint Information</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#COBICOS"><span class="headingNumber">3.11.2.6 </span>Series Information</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h5><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#COBICOB" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Scopes and Ranges in Bibliographic Citations</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">3.11.2.5 </span><span class="head">Scopes and Ranges in Bibliographic Citations</span></h5><p>Many bibliographic citations contain data limiting the citation to one or more volumes, issues, or pages, or to a name or number of a subdivison of the host work. These come in two varieties: </p><ul><li class="item">the scope of a bibliographic reference (encoded using <a class="gi" title="(scope of bibliographic reference) defines the scope of a bibliographic reference, for example as a list of page numbers, or a named subdivision of a larger work." href="ref-biblScope.html">biblScope</a>)</li><li class="item">the range of a work cited (encoded using <a class="gi" title="(cited range) defines the range of cited content, often represented by pages or other units" href="ref-citedRange.html">citedRange</a>)</li></ul><p> Where it is desired to distinguish different classes of such information (volume number, page number, chapter number, etc.), the <span class="att">unit</span> attribute may be used with any convenient typology (see the element definitions for <a class="gi" title="(scope of bibliographic reference) defines the scope of a bibliographic reference, for example as a list of page numbers, or a named subdivision of a larger work." href="ref-biblScope.html">biblScope</a> and <a class="gi" title="(cited range) defines the range of cited content, often represented by pages or other units" href="ref-citedRange.html">citedRange</a> for some suggested values).</p><div class="p">A scope of a bibliographic reference defines that the <em>entire work cited</em> may be found in particular volumes, issues, pages, etc. For example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e46569" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><biblStruct></span><br /> <span class="element"><analytic></span><br /> <span class="element"><author></span><br /> <span class="element"><persName></span><br /> <span class="element"><surname></span>Wrigley<span class="element"></surname></span><br /> <span class="element"><forename <span class="attribute">full</span>="<span class="attributevalue">init</span>"></span>E.<span class="element"></forename></span><br /> <span class="element"><forename <span class="attribute">full</span>="<span class="attributevalue">init</span>"></span>A.<span class="element"></forename></span><br /> <span class="element"></persName></span><br /> <span class="element"></author></span><br /> <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">level</span>="<span class="attributevalue">a</span>"></span>Parish registers and the historian<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"></analytic></span><br /> <span class="element"><monogr></span><br /> <span class="element"><author></span><br /> <span class="element"><persName></span><br /> <span class="element"><surname></span>Steel<span class="element"></surname></span><br /> <span class="element"><forename <span class="attribute">full</span>="<span class="attributevalue">init</span>"></span>D.<span class="element"></forename></span><br /> <span class="element"><forename <span class="attribute">full</span>="<span class="attributevalue">init</span>"></span>J.<span class="element"></forename></span><br /> <span class="element"></persName></span><br /> <span class="element"></author></span><br /> <span class="element"><author></span><br /> <span class="element"><persName></span><br /> <span class="element"><surname></span>Steel<span class="element"></surname></span><br /> <span class="element"><forename <span class="attribute">full</span>="<span class="attributevalue">init</span>"></span>A.<span class="element"></forename></span><br /> <span class="element"><forename <span class="attribute">full</span>="<span class="attributevalue">init</span>"></span>E.<span class="element"></forename></span><br /> <span class="element"><forename <span class="attribute">full</span>="<span class="attributevalue">init</span>"></span>F.<span class="element"></forename></span><br /> <span class="element"></persName></span><br /> <span class="element"></author></span><br /> <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">level</span>="<span class="attributevalue">m</span>"></span>General sources of births, marriages and deaths before 1837<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"><imprint></span><br /> <span class="element"><pubPlace></span>London<span class="element"></pubPlace></span><br /> <span class="element"><publisher></span>Society of Genealogists<span class="element"></publisher></span><br /> <span class="element"><date <span class="attribute">when</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1968</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"></imprint></span><br /> <span class="element"><biblScope <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">pp</span>" <span class="attribute">from</span>="<span class="attributevalue">155</span>" <span class="attribute">to</span>="<span class="attributevalue">167</span>"></span>155–167<span class="element"></biblScope></span><br /> <span class="element"></monogr></span><br /> <span class="element"><series></span><br /> <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">level</span>="<span class="attributevalue">s</span>"></span>National index of parish registers<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"><biblScope <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">vol</span>"></span>1<span class="element"></biblScope></span><br /> <span class="element"></series></span><br /><span class="element"></biblStruct></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">The <span class="att">unit</span> attribute on <a class="gi" title="(scope of bibliographic reference) defines the scope of a bibliographic reference, for example as a list of page numbers, or a named subdivision of a larger work." href="ref-biblScope.html">biblScope</a> is optional: both the following are legal examples: <div id="index-egXML-d52e46625" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><biblStruct></span><br /> <span class="element"><analytic></span><br /> <span class="element"><author></span>Boguraev, Branimir<span class="element"></author></span><br /> <span class="element"><author></span>Neff, Mary<span class="element"></author></span><br /> <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">level</span>="<span class="attributevalue">a</span>"></span>Text Representation, Dictionary Structure,<br /> and Lexical Knowledge<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"></analytic></span><br /> <span class="element"><monogr></span><br /> <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">level</span>="<span class="attributevalue">j</span>"></span>Literary &amp; Linguistic Computing<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"><imprint></span><br /> <span class="element"><date></span>1992<span class="element"></date></span><br /> <span class="element"></imprint></span><br /> <span class="element"><biblScope <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">vol</span>"></span>7<span class="element"></biblScope></span><br /> <span class="element"><biblScope <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">issue</span>"></span>2<span class="element"></biblScope></span><br /> <span class="element"><biblScope <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">pp</span>"></span>110-112<span class="element"></biblScope></span><br /> <span class="element"></monogr></span><br /><span class="element"></biblStruct></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e46647" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><biblStruct></span><br /> <span class="element"><analytic></span><br /> <span class="element"><author></span>Chesnutt, David<span class="element"></author></span><br /> <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">level</span>="<span class="attributevalue">a</span>"></span>Historical Editions in the States<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"></analytic></span><br /> <span class="element"><monogr></span><br /> <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">level</span>="<span class="attributevalue">j</span>"></span>Computers and the Humanities<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"><imprint></span><br /> <span class="element"><date <span class="attribute">when</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1991-12</span>"></span>(December, 1991):<span class="element"></date></span><br /> <span class="element"></imprint></span><br /> <span class="element"><biblScope></span>25.6<span class="element"></biblScope></span><br /> <span class="element"><biblScope <span class="attribute">from</span>="<span class="attributevalue">377</span>" <span class="attribute">to</span>="<span class="attributevalue">280</span>"></span>377–380<span class="element"></biblScope></span><br /> <span class="element"></monogr></span><br /><span class="element"></biblStruct></span></div> </div><div class="p">On the other hand, a cited range encodes that the author <em>cited only the portion</em> defined by this range. For example, a footnote following a quotation from page 378 of <q class="titlea">Historical Editions in the States</q> that includes a full bibliographic reference would be encoded using <a class="gi" title="(structured bibliographic citation) contains a structured bibliographic citation, in which only bibliographic sub-elements appear and in a specified order." href="ref-biblStruct.html">biblStruct</a> as follows: <div id="index-egXML-d52e46682" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><biblStruct></span><br /> <span class="element"><analytic></span><br /> <span class="element"><author></span>Chesnutt, David<span class="element"></author></span><br /> <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">level</span>="<span class="attributevalue">a</span>"></span>Historical Editions in the States<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"></analytic></span><br /> <span class="element"><monogr></span><br /> <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">level</span>="<span class="attributevalue">j</span>"></span>Computers and the Humanities<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"><imprint></span><br /> <span class="element"><date <span class="attribute">when</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1991-12</span>"></span>(December, 1991):<span class="element"></date></span><br /> <span class="element"></imprint></span><br /> <span class="element"><biblScope></span>25.6<span class="element"></biblScope></span><br /> <span class="element"><biblScope <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">pp</span>" <span class="attribute">from</span>="<span class="attributevalue">377</span>" <span class="attribute">to</span>="<span class="attributevalue">280</span>"></span>377–380<span class="element"></biblScope></span><br /> <span class="element"></monogr></span><br /> <span class="element"><citedRange></span>378<span class="element"></citedRange></span><br /><span class="element"></biblStruct></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div></div></div><div class="div4" id="COBICOS"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#COBICOB"><span class="headingNumber">3.11.2.5 </span>Scopes and Ranges in Bibliographic Citations</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#COBIRI"><span class="headingNumber">3.11.2.7 </span>Related Items</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h5><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#COBICOS" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Series Information</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">3.11.2.6 </span><span class="head">Series Information</span></h5><p>Series information may (in <a class="gi" title="(bibliographic citation) contains a loosely-structured bibliographic citation of which the sub-components may or may not be explicitly tagged." href="ref-bibl.html">bibl</a> elements) or must (in <a class="gi" title="(structured bibliographic citation) contains a structured bibliographic citation, in which only bibliographic sub-elements appear and in a specified order." href="ref-biblStruct.html">biblStruct</a> elements) be enclosed in a <a class="gi" title="(series information) contains information about the series in which a book or other bibliographic item has appeared." href="ref-series.html">series</a> element or (in a <a class="gi" title="(fully-structured bibliographic citation) contains a fully-structured bibliographic citation, in which all components of the TEI file description are present." href="ref-biblFull.html">biblFull</a> element) a <a class="gi" title="(series statement) groups information about the series, if any, to which a publication belongs." href="ref-seriesStmt.html">seriesStmt</a> element. The title of the series may be tagged <span class="tag"><title level="s"></span>, the volume number <span class="tag"><biblScope unit="vol"></span>, and responsibility statements for the series (e.g. the name and affiliation of the editor, as in the example in section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#COBICOL" title="Analytic Monographic and Series Levels"><span class="headingNumber">3.11.2.1 </span>Analytic, Monographic, and Series Levels</a>) may be tagged <a class="gi" title="contains a secondary statement of responsibility for a bibliographic item, for example the name of an individual, institution or organization, (or of several such) acting as editor, compiler, translator, etc." href="ref-editor.html">editor</a> or <a class="gi" title="(statement of responsibility) supplies a statement of responsibility for the intellectual content of a text, edition, recording, or series, where the specialized elements for authors, editors, etc. do not suffice or do not apply. May also be used to encode information about individuals or organizations which have played a role in the production or distribution of a bibliographic work." href="ref-respStmt.html">respStmt</a>. Any identifier associated with the series itself should be marked using the <a class="gi" title="(identifier) supplies any form of identifier used to identify some object, such as a bibliographic item, a person, a title, an organization, etc. in a standardized way." href="ref-idno.html">idno</a> element.</p></div><div class="div4" id="COBIRI"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#COBICOS"><span class="headingNumber">3.11.2.6 </span>Series Information</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#COBICON"><span class="headingNumber">3.11.2.8 </span>Notes and Statement of Language</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h5><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#COBIRI" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Related Items</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">3.11.2.7 </span><span class="head">Related Items</span></h5><p>In bibliographic parlance, a <span class="term">related item</span> is any bibliographic item which, though related to that being defined, is distinct from it. The distinction between analytic and monographic items made above may be thought of as a special case of this kind of <span class="q">‘related’</span> item. More usually however, the term is applied to such items as translations, continuations, different versions, parts, etc.</p><p>The element <a class="gi" title="contains or references some other bibliographic item which is related to the present one in some specified manner, for example as a constituent or alternative version of it." href="ref-relatedItem.html">relatedItem</a> is provided as a means of documenting such associated items: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-relatedItem.html">relatedItem</a></span> contains or references some other bibliographic item which is related to the present one in some specified manner, for example as a constituent or alternative version of it.</li></ul><div class="p">In the following example, the first <a class="gi" title="(structured bibliographic citation) contains a structured bibliographic citation, in which only bibliographic sub-elements appear and in a specified order." href="ref-biblStruct.html">biblStruct</a> describes a facsimile edition, and the second describes the work of which it is a facsimile. The relation between the facsimile and its source is represented by means of a <a class="gi" title="contains or references some other bibliographic item which is related to the present one in some specified manner, for example as a constituent or alternative version of it." href="ref-relatedItem.html">relatedItem</a> within the first description, which points to the description of the source. <div id="index-egXML-d52e47117" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><biblStruct <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">bibl03</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><monogr></span><br /> <span class="element"><author></span>Swinburne, Algernon Charles<span class="element"></author></span><br /> <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">level</span>="<span class="attributevalue">m</span>"></span>Swinburne's <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">level</span>="<span class="attributevalue">m</span>"></span>Atalanta in Calydon<span class="element"></title></span>: A Facsimile of the<br /> First Edition<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"><editor></span>Georges Lafourcade<span class="element"></editor></span><br /> <span class="element"><imprint></span><br /> <span class="element"><pubPlace></span>London<span class="element"></pubPlace></span><br /> <span class="element"><publisher></span>Oxford UP<span class="element"></publisher></span><br /> <span class="element"><date></span>1930<span class="element"></date></span><br /> <span class="element"></imprint></span><br /> <span class="element"></monogr></span><br /> <span class="element"><relatedItem <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">otherEdition</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><ref <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#bibl04</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"></relatedItem></span><br /><span class="element"></biblStruct></span><br /><span class="element"><biblStruct <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">bibl04</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><monogr></span><br /> <span class="element"><author></span> Swinburne, Algernon Charles<span class="element"></author></span><br /> <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">level</span>="<span class="attributevalue">m</span>"></span>Atalanta in Calydon<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"><imprint></span><br /> <span class="element"><pubPlace></span>London<span class="element"></pubPlace></span><br /> <span class="element"><publisher></span>Edward Moxon<span class="element"></publisher></span><br /> <span class="element"><date></span>1865<span class="element"></date></span><br /> <span class="element"></imprint></span><br /> <span class="element"></monogr></span><br /><span class="element"></biblStruct></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="(reference) defines a reference to another location, possibly modified by additional text or comment." href="ref-ref.html">ref</a> element in the above example could be replaced by the referenced <a class="gi" title="(structured bibliographic citation) contains a structured bibliographic citation, in which only bibliographic sub-elements appear and in a specified order." href="ref-biblStruct.html">biblStruct</a> itself since a <a class="gi" title="contains or references some other bibliographic item which is related to the present one in some specified manner, for example as a constituent or alternative version of it." href="ref-relatedItem.html">relatedItem</a> may contain any form of bibliographic reference. For example, one of the examples quoted above might also be encoded as follows: <div id="index-egXML-d52e47163" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><biblStruct></span><br /> <span class="element"><monogr></span><br /> <span class="element"><author></span>Shirley, James<span class="element"></author></span><br /> <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">main</span>"></span>The gentlemen of Venice<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"><imprint></span><br /> <span class="element"><pubPlace></span>New York<span class="element"></pubPlace></span><br /> <span class="element"><publisher></span>Readex Microprint<span class="element"></publisher></span><br /> <span class="element"><date></span>1953<span class="element"></date></span><br /> <span class="element"></imprint></span><br /> <span class="element"><extent></span>1 microprint card, 23 x 15 cm.<span class="element"></extent></span><br /> <span class="element"></monogr></span><br /> <span class="element"><series></span><br /> <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">level</span>="<span class="attributevalue">s</span>"></span>Three centuries of drama: English, 1642–1700<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"></series></span><br /> <span class="element"><relatedItem <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">otherEdition</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><biblStruct></span><br /> <span class="element"><monogr></span><br /> <span class="element"><author></span>Shirley, James<span class="element"></author></span><br /> <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">main</span>" <span class="attribute">level</span>="<span class="attributevalue">m</span>"></span>The gentlemen of Venice<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">sub</span>" <span class="attribute">level</span>="<span class="attributevalue">m</span>"></span>a tragi-comedie presented at the private<br /> house in Salisbury Court by Her Majesties servants<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"><imprint></span><br /> <span class="element"><pubPlace></span>London<span class="element"></pubPlace></span><br /> <span class="element"><publisher></span>H. Moseley<span class="element"></publisher></span><br /> <span class="element"><date <span class="attribute">when</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1655</span>"></span>1655<span class="element"></date></span><br /> <span class="element"></imprint></span><br /> <span class="element"><extent></span>78 p.<span class="element"></extent></span><br /> <span class="element"></monogr></span><br /> <span class="element"></biblStruct></span><br /> <span class="element"></relatedItem></span><br /><span class="element"></biblStruct></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">The <span class="att">type</span> attribute should be used to indicate the relationship between the bibliographic item and any <a class="gi" title="contains or references some other bibliographic item which is related to the present one in some specified manner, for example as a constituent or alternative version of it." href="ref-relatedItem.html">relatedItem</a> it contains or points to. The relationships may be transitive (for example <span class="val">translatedAs</span> or <span class="val">reprintedFrom</span>) or non-transitive (for example <span class="val">otherEdition</span>). The <span class="att">subtype</span> attribute may be used to provide a more detailed classification, where this is appropriate. Some further examples follow: <div id="index-egXML-d52e47222" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><biblStruct></span><br /> <span class="element"><monogr></span><br /> <span class="element"><author></span>Tolkien, J.R.R.<span class="element"></author></span><br /> <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">level</span>="<span class="attributevalue">m</span>"></span>Den hobbit<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">sub</span>"></span>aus dem Engleschen iwwersat<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"><editor <span class="attribute">role</span>="<span class="attributevalue">translator</span>"></span>Henry Wickens<span class="element"></editor></span><br /> <span class="element"><imprint></span><br /> <span class="element"><pubPlace></span>Esch-sur-Sûre<span class="element"></pubPlace></span><br /> <span class="element"><publisher></span>Op der Lay S. àr. L<span class="element"></publisher></span><br /> <span class="element"><date></span>2002<span class="element"></date></span><br /> <span class="element"></imprint></span><br /> <span class="element"></monogr></span><br /> <span class="element"><relatedItem <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">translatedFrom</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><bibl></span><br /> <span class="element"><author></span>Tolkien, J.R.R.<span class="element"></author></span><br /> <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">level</span>="<span class="attributevalue">m</span>"></span>The Hobbit<span class="element"></title></span>.<br /> <span class="element"><publisher></span>Collins<span class="element"></publisher></span><br /> <span class="element"><date></span>1997<span class="element"></date></span><span class="element"></bibl></span><br /> <span class="element"></relatedItem></span><br /><span class="element"></biblStruct></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div> In this example, a full bibliographic description of the edition used as source for the translation is provided within the content of the <a class="gi" title="contains or references some other bibliographic item which is related to the present one in some specified manner, for example as a constituent or alternative version of it." href="ref-relatedItem.html">relatedItem</a>. Alternatively this might be provided by means of a link, in which case the <a class="gi" title="contains or references some other bibliographic item which is related to the present one in some specified manner, for example as a constituent or alternative version of it." href="ref-relatedItem.html">relatedItem</a> would be empty: <div id="index-egXML-d52e47258" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><relatedItem <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">translatedFrom</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">http://www.example.com/bibliography.xml#TOLK97</span>"/></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div></div></div><div class="div4" id="COBICON"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#COBIRI"><span class="headingNumber">3.11.2.7 </span>Related Items</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#COBICOO"><span class="headingNumber">3.11.2.9 </span>Order of Components within References</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h5><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#COBICON" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Notes and Statement of Language</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">3.11.2.8 </span><span class="head">Notes and Statement of Language</span></h5><p>Explanatory notes about the publication of unusual items, the form of an item (e.g. <span class="mentioned">[Score]</span> or <span class="mentioned">[Microform]</span>), or its provenance (e.g. <span class="mentioned">translation of ...</span>) may be tagged using the <a class="gi" title="contains a note or annotation." href="ref-note.html">note</a> element. The same element may be used for any descriptive annotation of a bibliographic entry in a database. </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-note.html">note</a></span> contains a note or annotation.</li></ul><div class="p">For example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e47814" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><bibl></span><br /> <span class="element"><author></span>Coombs, James H., Allen H. Renear,<br /> and Steven J. DeRose.<span class="element"></author></span><br /> <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">level</span>="<span class="attributevalue">a</span>"></span>Markup Systems and the Future of Scholarly<br /> Text Processing.<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">level</span>="<span class="attributevalue">j</span>"></span>Communications of the ACM<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"><biblScope></span>30.11 (November 1987): 933–947.<span class="element"></biblScope></span><br /> <span class="element"><note></span>Classic polemic supporting descriptive over procedural<br /> markup in scholarly work.<span class="element"></note></span><br /><span class="element"></bibl></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="(text language) describes the languages and writing systems identified within the bibliographic work being described, rather than its description." href="ref-textLang.html">textLang</a> element may be used to record information about the languages used within a bibliographic item. <ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-textLang.html">textLang</a></span> (text language) describes the languages and writing systems identified within the bibliographic work being described, rather than its description.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">mainLang</span></td><td>(main language) supplies a code which identifies the chief language used in the bibliographic work.</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">otherLangs</span></td><td>(other languages) one or more codes identifying any other languages used in the bibliographic work.</td></tr></table></li></ul> This element can take the form of a simple note such as: <div id="index-egXML-d52e47835" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><textLang></span>Latin, with some glosses in Anglo-Saxon and French<span class="element"></textLang></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div> However, it is generally recommended where feasible to use the <span class="att">mainLang</span> attribute to record the chief language of the bibliographic item, and optionally the <span class="att">otherLangs</span> to identify other languages used in the work. For example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e47846" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><textLang <span class="attribute">mainLang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">la</span>" <span class="attribute">otherLangs</span>="<span class="attributevalue">ang fr</span>"></span>Latin, with some glosses in Anglo-Saxon and French<span class="element"></textLang></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><p>The <span class="att">mainLang</span> and <span class="att">otherLangs</span> attributes should both provide language identifiers in the same form as used for <span class="att">xml:lang</span> as described at <a class="link_ptr" href="CH.html#CHSH" title="Language Identification"><span class="headingNumber">vi.1. </span>Language Identification</a>. Where additional detail is needed correctly to describe a language, or to discuss its deployment in a given text, this should be done using the <a class="gi" title="(language usage) describes the languages, sublanguages, registers, dialects, etc. represented within a text." href="ref-langUsage.html">langUsage</a> element in the TEI header, within which individual <a class="gi" title="characterizes a single language or sublanguage used within a text." href="ref-language.html">language</a> elements document the languages used: see <a class="link_ptr" href="HD.html#HD41" title="Language Usage"><span class="headingNumber">2.4.2 </span>Language Usage</a>.</p><div class="p">A description, in French, of a work predominantly in German, but also with some Latin might have a <a class="gi" title="(text language) describes the languages and writing systems identified within the bibliographic work being described, rather than its description." href="ref-textLang.html">textLang</a> like the following: <div id="index-egXML-d52e47877" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><textLang <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">fr</span>" <span class="attribute">mainLang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">de</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">otherLangs</span>="<span class="attributevalue">la</span>"></span>allemand et latin<span class="element"></textLang></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div> For more information about the use of <a class="gi" title="(text language) describes the languages and writing systems identified within the bibliographic work being described, rather than its description." href="ref-textLang.html">textLang</a> in manuscript descriptions see: <a class="link_ptr" href="MS.html#mslangs" title="Languages and Writing Systems"><span class="headingNumber">10.6.6 </span>Languages and Writing Systems</a>.</div></div><div class="div4" id="COBICOO"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#COBICON"><span class="headingNumber">3.11.2.8 </span>Notes and Statement of Language</a></li><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h5><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#COBICOO" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Order of Components within References</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">3.11.2.9 </span><span class="head">Order of Components within References</span></h5><p>The order of elements in <a class="gi" title="(bibliographic citation) contains a loosely-structured bibliographic citation of which the sub-components may or may not be explicitly tagged." href="ref-bibl.html">bibl</a> elements is not constrained.</p><p>In <a class="gi" title="(structured bibliographic citation) contains a structured bibliographic citation, in which only bibliographic sub-elements appear and in a specified order." href="ref-biblStruct.html">biblStruct</a> elements, the <a class="gi" title="(analytic level) contains bibliographic elements describing an item (e.g. an article or poem) published within a monograph or journal and not as an independent publication." href="ref-analytic.html">analytic</a> element, if it occurs, must come first, followed by one or more <a class="gi" title="(monographic level) contains bibliographic elements describing an item (e.g. a book or journal) published as an independent item (i.e. as a separate physical object)." href="ref-monogr.html">monogr</a> and <a class="gi" title="(series information) contains information about the series in which a book or other bibliographic item has appeared." href="ref-series.html">series</a> elements, which may appear intermingled (as long as a <a class="gi" title="(monographic level) contains bibliographic elements describing an item (e.g. a book or journal) published as an independent item (i.e. as a separate physical object)." href="ref-monogr.html">monogr</a> element comes first), and then zero or more of the following in any order: <a class="gi" title="contains a note or annotation." href="ref-note.html">note</a>, <a class="gi" title="(witness detail) gives further information about a particular witness, or witnesses, to a particular reading." href="ref-witDetail.html">witDetail</a>, <a class="gi" title="(identifier) supplies any form of identifier used to identify some object, such as a bibliographic item, a person, a title, an organization, etc. in a standardized way." href="ref-idno.html">idno</a>, <a class="gi" title="(pointer) defines a pointer to another location." href="ref-ptr.html">ptr</a>, <a class="gi" title="(reference) defines a reference to another location, possibly modified by additional text or comment." href="ref-ref.html">ref</a>, <a class="gi" title="contains or references some other bibliographic item which is related to the present one in some specified manner, for example as a constituent or alternative version of it." href="ref-relatedItem.html">relatedItem</a>, and <a class="gi" title="(cited range) defines the range of cited content, often represented by pages or other units" href="ref-citedRange.html">citedRange</a>. Within <a class="gi" title="(analytic level) contains bibliographic elements describing an item (e.g. an article or poem) published within a monograph or journal and not as an independent publication." href="ref-analytic.html">analytic</a>, the title(s), author(s), editor(s), and other statements of responsibility may appear in any order; it is recommended that all forms of the title be given together. Within <a class="gi" title="(monographic level) contains bibliographic elements describing an item (e.g. a book or journal) published as an independent item (i.e. as a separate physical object)." href="ref-monogr.html">monogr</a>, the author, editor, and statements of responsibility may either come first or else follow the monographic title(s). Following these, the elements listed below, if present, must appear in the following order: </p><ul class="bulleted"><li class="item"><a class="gi" title="contains a note or annotation." href="ref-note.html">note</a>s on the publication (and <a class="gi" title="contains the formalized descriptive title for a meeting or conference, for use in a bibliographic description for an item derived from such a meeting, or as a heading or preamble to publications emanating from it." href="ref-meeting.html">meeting</a> elements describing the conference, in the case of a proceedings volume)</li><li class="item"><a class="gi" title="describes the particularities of one edition of a text." href="ref-edition.html">edition</a> elements, each followed by any related <a class="gi" title="contains a secondary statement of responsibility for a bibliographic item, for example the name of an individual, institution or organization, (or of several such) acting as editor, compiler, translator, etc." href="ref-editor.html">editor</a> or <a class="gi" title="(statement of responsibility) supplies a statement of responsibility for the intellectual content of a text, edition, recording, or series, where the specialized elements for authors, editors, etc. do not suffice or do not apply. May also be used to encode information about individuals or organizations which have played a role in the production or distribution of a bibliographic work." href="ref-respStmt.html">respStmt</a> elements</li><li class="item"><a class="gi" title="() groups information relating to the publication or distribution of a bibliographic item." href="ref-imprint.html">imprint</a></li><li class="item"><a class="gi" title="(scope of bibliographic reference) defines the scope of a bibliographic reference, for example as a list of page numbers, or a named subdivision of a larger work." href="ref-biblScope.html">biblScope</a></li></ul><p> Within <a class="gi" title="() groups information relating to the publication or distribution of a bibliographic item." href="ref-imprint.html">imprint</a>, the elements allowed may appear in any order.</p><p>Finally, within the <a class="gi" title="(series information) contains information about the series in which a book or other bibliographic item has appeared." href="ref-series.html">series</a> information in a <a class="gi" title="(structured bibliographic citation) contains a structured bibliographic citation, in which only bibliographic sub-elements appear and in a specified order." href="ref-biblStruct.html">biblStruct</a>, the sequence of elements is not constrained.</p><p>If more detailed structuring of a bibliographic description is required, the <a class="gi" title="(fully-structured bibliographic citation) contains a fully-structured bibliographic citation, in which all components of the TEI file description are present." href="ref-biblFull.html">biblFull</a> element should be used. This is not further described here, as its contents are essentially equivalent to those of the <a class="gi" title="(file description) contains a full bibliographic description of an electronic file." href="ref-fileDesc.html">fileDesc</a> element in the <a class="gi" title="(TEI header) supplies descriptive and declarative metadata associated with a digital resource or set of resources." href="ref-teiHeader.html">teiHeader</a>, which is fully described in section <a class="link_ptr" href="HD.html#HD2" title="The File Description"><span class="headingNumber">2.2 </span>The File Description</a>.</p></div></div><div class="div3" id="COBIXR"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#COBICO"><span class="headingNumber">3.11.2 </span>Components of Bibliographic References</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#COBIOT"><span class="headingNumber">3.11.4 </span>Relationship to Other Bibliographic Schemes</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#COBIXR" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Bibliographic Pointers </span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">3.11.3 </span><span class="head">Bibliographic Pointers </span></h4><div class="p">References which are pointers to bibliographic items, of whatever kind, should be treated in the same way as other cross-references (see section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#COXR" title="Simple Links and CrossReferences"><span class="headingNumber">3.6 </span>Simple Links and Cross-References</a>). As discussed in that section, cross-referencing within TEI texts is in general represented by means of <a class="gi" title="(pointer) defines a pointer to another location." href="ref-ptr.html">ptr</a> or <a class="gi" title="(reference) defines a reference to another location, possibly modified by additional text or comment." href="ref-ref.html">ref</a> elements. A <span class="att">target</span> attribute on these elements is used to supply an identifying value for the target of the cross-reference, which should be, in the case of bibliographic elements, a bibliographic reference of some kind. Where the form of the reference itself is unimportant, or may be reconstructed mechanically, or is not to be encoded, the <a class="gi" title="(pointer) defines a pointer to another location." href="ref-ptr.html">ptr</a> element is used, as in the following example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e48009" class="pre egXML_valid">As shown above (<span class="element"><ptr <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#NEL80</span>"/></span>) ...<div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">Where the form of the reference is important, or contains additional qualifying information which is to be kept but distinguished from the surrounding text, the <a class="gi" title="(reference) defines a reference to another location, possibly modified by additional text or comment." href="ref-ref.html">ref</a> element should be used, as in the following example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e48019" class="pre egXML_valid">Nelson claims <span class="element"><ref <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#NEL80</span>"></span>(ibid, passim)<span class="element"></ref></span> ...<div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div> It may be important to distinguish between the short form of a bibliographic reference and some qualifying or additional information. The latter should not appear within the scope of the <a class="gi" title="(reference) defines a reference to another location, possibly modified by additional text or comment." href="ref-ref.html">ref</a> element when this is the case, as for example in an application concerned to normalize bibliographic references: <div id="index-egXML-d52e48028" class="pre egXML_valid">Nelson claims (<span class="element"><ref <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#NEL80</span>"></span>Nelson [1980]<span class="element"></ref></span> pages 13–37) ...<div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="(reference) defines a reference to another location, possibly modified by additional text or comment." href="ref-ref.html">ref</a> element may also be used to provide a reference to a copy of the bibliographic item itself, particularly if this is available online, as in the following example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e48039" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><biblStruct></span><br /> <span class="element"><analytic></span><br /> <span class="element"><author></span><br /> <span class="element"><forename></span>Suzana<span class="element"></forename></span><br /> <span class="element"><surname></span>Sukovic<span class="element"></surname></span><br /> <span class="element"></author></span><br /> <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">level</span>="<span class="attributevalue">a</span>"></span>Beyond the Scriptorium: The Role of the Library in Text<br /> Encoding<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"></analytic></span><br /> <span class="element"><monogr></span><br /> <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">level</span>="<span class="attributevalue">j</span>"></span>D-Lib<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"><ref <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">url</span>"></span>http://www.dlib.org/dlib/january02/sukovic/01sukovic.html<span class="element"></ref></span><br /> <span class="element"><imprint></span><br /> <span class="element"><biblScope <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">vol</span>"></span>8<span class="element"></biblScope></span><br /> <span class="element"><biblScope <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">issue</span>"></span>1<span class="element"></biblScope></span><br /> <span class="element"><date></span>2002<span class="element"></date></span><br /> <span class="element"></imprint></span><br /> <span class="element"></monogr></span><br /><span class="element"></biblStruct></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NONE">bibliography</a> </div></div></div></div><div class="div3" id="COBIOT"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#COBIXR"><span class="headingNumber">3.11.3 </span>Bibliographic Pointers </a></li><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#COBIOT" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Relationship to Other Bibliographic Schemes</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">3.11.4 </span><span class="head">Relationship to Other Bibliographic Schemes</span></h4><p>The bibliographic tagging defined here can capture the distinctions required by most bibliographic encoding systems; for the benefit of users of some commonly used systems, the following lists of equivalences are offered, showing the relationship of the markup defined here to the fields defined for bibliographic records in the Scribe, BibTeX, and ProCite systems. </p><p>Listed below are the equivalences between the various bibliographic fields defined for use in the Scribe and BibTeX systems of bibliographic databases and the elements defined in this module.<span id="Note58_return"><a class="notelink" title="The BibTeX scheme is intentionally compatible with that of Scribe, although it omits some fields used by Scribe. Hence only one list of fields is give…" href="#Note58"><sup>21</sup></a></span> Elements and structures available in the module defined here which have no analogues in Scribe and BibTeX are not noted. </p><dl><dt><span>address</span></dt><dd>tag as <a class="gi" title="contains an absolute or relative place name." href="ref-placeName.html">placeName</a> or <a class="gi" title="contains a postal address, for example of a publisher, an organization, or an individual." href="ref-address.html">address</a></dd><dt><span>annote</span></dt><dd>tag as <a class="gi" title="contains a note or annotation." href="ref-note.html">note</a></dd><dt><span>author</span></dt><dd>tag as <a class="gi" title="in a bibliographic reference, contains the name(s) of an author, personal or corporate, of a work; for example in the same form as that provided by a recognized bibliographic name authority." href="ref-author.html">author</a></dd><dt><span>booktitle</span></dt><dd>tag as <span class="tag"><title level="m"></span> or <a class="gi" title="contains a title for any kind of work." href="ref-title.html">title</a> within <a class="gi" title="(monographic level) contains bibliographic elements describing an item (e.g. a book or journal) published as an independent item (i.e. as a separate physical object)." href="ref-monogr.html">monogr</a></dd><dt><span>chapter</span></dt><dd>tag as <span class="tag"><biblScope unit="chap"></span></dd><dt><span>date</span></dt><dd>used only to record date entry was made in the bibliographic database; not supported</dd><dt><span>edition</span></dt><dd>tag as <a class="gi" title="describes the particularities of one edition of a text." href="ref-edition.html">edition</a></dd><dt><span>editor</span></dt><dd>tag as <a class="gi" title="contains a secondary statement of responsibility for a bibliographic item, for example the name of an individual, institution or organization, (or of several such) acting as editor, compiler, translator, etc." href="ref-editor.html">editor</a> or <a class="gi" title="(statement of responsibility) supplies a statement of responsibility for the intellectual content of a text, edition, recording, or series, where the specialized elements for authors, editors, etc. do not suffice or do not apply. May also be used to encode information about individuals or organizations which have played a role in the production or distribution of a bibliographic work." href="ref-respStmt.html">respStmt</a></dd><dt><span>editors</span></dt><dd>tag as multiple <a class="gi" title="contains a secondary statement of responsibility for a bibliographic item, for example the name of an individual, institution or organization, (or of several such) acting as editor, compiler, translator, etc." href="ref-editor.html">editor</a> or <a class="gi" title="(statement of responsibility) supplies a statement of responsibility for the intellectual content of a text, edition, recording, or series, where the specialized elements for authors, editors, etc. do not suffice or do not apply. May also be used to encode information about individuals or organizations which have played a role in the production or distribution of a bibliographic work." href="ref-respStmt.html">respStmt</a> elements</dd><dt><span>fullauthor</span></dt><dd>use the <a class="gi" title="(regularization) contains a reading which has been regularized or normalized in some sense." href="ref-reg.html">reg</a> element, possibly inside a <a class="gi" title="groups a number of alternative encodings for the same point in a text." href="ref-choice.html">choice</a> element, inside either an <a class="gi" title="in a bibliographic reference, contains the name(s) of an author, personal or corporate, of a work; for example in the same form as that provided by a recognized bibliographic name authority." href="ref-author.html">author</a> or <a class="gi" title="(name, proper noun) contains a proper noun or noun phrase." href="ref-name.html">name</a></dd><dt><span>fullorganization</span></dt><dd>use the <a class="gi" title="(regularization) contains a reading which has been regularized or normalized in some sense." href="ref-reg.html">reg</a> element, possibly inside a <a class="gi" title="groups a number of alternative encodings for the same point in a text." href="ref-choice.html">choice</a> element, inside a <span class="tag"><name type="org"></span></dd><dt><span>howpublished</span></dt><dd>tag as <a class="gi" title="contains a note or annotation." href="ref-note.html">note</a>, possibly using the form <span class="tag"><note place="inline"></span></dd><dt><span>institution</span></dt><dd>used only for issuer of technical reports; tag as <a class="gi" title="provides the name of the organization responsible for the publication or distribution of a bibliographic item." href="ref-publisher.html">publisher</a></dd><dt><span>journal</span></dt><dd>tag as <span class="tag"><title level="j"></span> or <a class="gi" title="contains a title for any kind of work." href="ref-title.html">title</a> within <a class="gi" title="(monographic level) contains bibliographic elements describing an item (e.g. a book or journal) published as an independent item (i.e. as a separate physical object)." href="ref-monogr.html">monogr</a></dd><dt><span>key</span></dt><dd>used to specify an alternate sort key for the bibliographic item, for use instead of author's or editor's name; not supported</dd><dt><span>meeting</span></dt><dd>tag as <a class="gi" title="contains the formalized descriptive title for a meeting or conference, for use in a bibliographic description for an item derived from such a meeting, or as a heading or preamble to publications emanating from it." href="ref-meeting.html">meeting</a> or as <a class="gi" title="contains a note or annotation." href="ref-note.html">note</a></dd><dt><span>month</span></dt><dd>use <a class="gi" title="contains a date in any format." href="ref-date.html">date</a>; if the date is not in a trivially parseable form, use the <span class="att">when</span> attribute to provide a normalized equivalent in one of the format from <span class="titlem">XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes Second Edition</span></dd><dt><span>note</span></dt><dd>tag as <a class="gi" title="contains a note or annotation." href="ref-note.html">note</a></dd><dt><span>number</span></dt><dd>tag as <span class="tag"><biblScope unit="issue"></span> or <span class="tag"><biblScope unit="number"></span>; for technical report numbers, use <span class="tag"><idno type="docno"></span></dd><dt><span>organization</span></dt><dd>used only for sponsor of conference; use <span class="tag"><name type="org"></span> within <a class="gi" title="(statement of responsibility) supplies a statement of responsibility for the intellectual content of a text, edition, recording, or series, where the specialized elements for authors, editors, etc. do not suffice or do not apply. May also be used to encode information about individuals or organizations which have played a role in the production or distribution of a bibliographic work." href="ref-respStmt.html">respStmt</a> within <a class="gi" title="contains the formalized descriptive title for a meeting or conference, for use in a bibliographic description for an item derived from such a meeting, or as a heading or preamble to publications emanating from it." href="ref-meeting.html">meeting</a> element</dd><dt><span>pages</span></dt><dd>tag as <span class="tag"><biblScope unit="pp"></span></dd><dt><span>publisher</span></dt><dd>tag as <a class="gi" title="provides the name of the organization responsible for the publication or distribution of a bibliographic item." href="ref-publisher.html">publisher</a></dd><dt><span>school</span></dt><dd>used only for institutions at which thesis work is done; tag as <a class="gi" title="provides the name of the organization responsible for the publication or distribution of a bibliographic item." href="ref-publisher.html">publisher</a></dd><dt><span>series</span></dt><dd>tag as <span class="tag"><title level="s"></span> or <a class="gi" title="contains a title for any kind of work." href="ref-title.html">title</a> within <a class="gi" title="(series information) contains information about the series in which a book or other bibliographic item has appeared." href="ref-series.html">series</a></dd><dt><span>title</span></dt><dd>tag as <a class="gi" title="contains a title for any kind of work." href="ref-title.html">title</a> in appropriate context or with appropriate <span class="att">level</span> value</dd><dt><span>volume</span></dt><dd>tag as <span class="tag"><biblScope unit="vol"></span></dd><dt><span>year</span></dt><dd>tag as <a class="gi" title="contains a date in any format." href="ref-date.html">date</a>; if the date is not in a trivially parseable form, use the <span class="att">when</span> attribute to provide an ISO-format equivalent</dd></dl></div></div><div class="div2" id="CODV"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#COBI"><span class="headingNumber">3.11 </span>Bibliographic Citations and References</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#COOV"><span class="headingNumber">3.13 </span>Overview of the Core Module </a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h3><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#CODV" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Passages of Verse or Drama</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">3.12 </span><span class="head">Passages of Verse or Drama</span></h3><p>The following elements are included in the core module for the convenience of those encoding texts which include mixtures of prose, verse and drama. </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-l.html">l</a></span> (verse line) contains a single, possibly incomplete, line of verse.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-lg.html">lg</a></span> (line group) contains one or more verse lines functioning as a formal unit, e.g. a stanza, refrain, verse paragraph, etc.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-sp.html">sp</a></span> (speech) contains an individual speech in a performance text, or a passage presented as such in a prose or verse text.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-speaker.html">speaker</a></span> contains a specialized form of heading or label, giving the name of one or more speakers in a dramatic text or fragment.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-stage.html">stage</a></span> (stage direction) contains any kind of stage direction within a dramatic text or fragment.</li></ul><p>Full details of other, more specialized, elements for the encoding of texts which are predominantly verse or drama are described in the appropriate chapter of part three (for verse, see the verse base described in chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="VE.html" title="9"><span class="headingNumber">6 </span>Verse</a>; for performance texts, see the drama base described in chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="DR.html" title="10"><span class="headingNumber">7 </span>Performance Texts</a>). In this section, we describe only the elements listed above, all of which can appear in any text, whichever of the three modes prose, verse, or drama may predominate in it.</p><div class="div3" id="COVE"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#CODR"><span class="headingNumber">3.12.2 </span>Core Tags for Drama</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#COVE" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Core Tags for Verse</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">3.12.1 </span><span class="head">Core Tags for Verse</span></h4><p>Like other written texts, verse texts or poems may be hierarchically subdivided, for example into books or cantos. These structural subdivisions should be encoded using the general purpose <a class="gi" title="(text division) contains a subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div.html">div</a> or <a class="gi" title="(level-1 text division) contains a first-level subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div1.html">div1</a> (etc.) elements described below in chapters <a class="link_ptr" href="DS.html" title="7"><span class="headingNumber">4 </span>Default Text Structure</a> and <a class="link_ptr" href="VE.html" title="9"><span class="headingNumber">6 </span>Verse</a>. The fundamental unit of a verse text is the verse line rather than the paragraph, however.</p><div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="(verse line) contains a single, possibly incomplete, line of verse." href="ref-l.html">l</a> element is used to mark up verse lines, that is metrical rather than typographic lines. In some modern or free verse, it may be hard to decide whether the typographic line is to be regarded as a verse line or not, but the distinction is quite clear for verse following regular metrical patterns. Where a metrical line is interrupted by a typographic line break, the encoder may choose to ignore the fact entirely or to use the empty <a class="gi" title="(line break) marks the start of a new (typographic) line in some edition or version of a text." href="ref-lb.html">lb</a> (line break) element discussed in <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#CORS" title="Reference Systems"><span class="headingNumber">3.10 </span>Reference Systems</a>. By convention, the start of a metrical line implies the start of a typographic line; hence there is no need to introduce an <a class="gi" title="(line break) marks the start of a new (typographic) line in some edition or version of a text." href="ref-lb.html">lb</a> tag at the start of every <a class="gi" title="(verse line) contains a single, possibly incomplete, line of verse." href="ref-l.html">l</a> element, but only at places where a new typographic line starts within a metrical line, as in the following example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e48362" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><l></span>Of Mans First Disobedience, and<span class="element"><lb/></span> the Fruit<span class="element"></l></span><br /><span class="element"><l></span>Of that Forbidden Tree, whose<span class="element"><lb/></span> mortal tast<span class="element"></l></span><br /><span class="element"><l></span>Brought Death into the World,<span class="element"><lb/></span> and all our woe,<span class="element"></l></span><br /><span class="element"><l></span>With loss of Eden, till one greater Man<span class="element"></l></span><br /><span class="element"><l></span>Restore us, and regain the blissful Seat...<span class="element"></l></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#CO-eg-06">bibliography</a> </div></div> In the original copy text, the presence of an ornamental capital at the start of the poem means that the measure is not wide enough to print the first four lines on four lines; instead each metrical line occupies two typographic lines, with a break at the point indicated. Note that this encoding makes no attempt to preserve information about the whitespace or indentation associated with either kind of line; if regarded as essential, this information would be recorded using the <span class="att">rend</span> or <span class="att">rendition</span> attributes discussed in <a class="link_ptr" href="ST.html#STGA" title="Global Attributes"><span class="headingNumber">1.3.1.1 </span>Global Attributes</a>.</div><p>The <a class="gi" title="(verse line) contains a single, possibly incomplete, line of verse." href="ref-l.html">l</a> element should not be used to represent typographic lines in non-verse materials: if the line-breaking points in a prose text are considered important for analysis, they should be marked with the <a class="gi" title="(line break) marks the start of a new (typographic) line in some edition or version of a text." href="ref-lb.html">lb</a> element. Alternatively, a neutral segmentation element such as <a class="gi" title="(arbitrary segment) represents any segmentation of text below the ‘chunk’ level." href="ref-seg.html">seg</a> or <a class="gi" title="(anonymous block) contains any arbitrary component-level unit of text, acting as an anonymous container for phrase or inter level elements analogous to, but without the semantic baggage of, a paragraph." href="ref-ab.html">ab</a> may be used; see further discussion of these elements in chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="SA.html" title="14"><span class="headingNumber">16 </span>Linking, Segmentation, and Alignment</a>. The <a class="gi" title="(verse line) contains a single, possibly incomplete, line of verse." href="ref-l.html">l</a> element is a member of the <a class="link_odd" title="groups elements representing metrical components such as verse lines." href="ref-model.lLike.html">model.lLike</a> class, which is a subclass of the <a class="link_odd" title="groups paragraph-level elements appearing directly within divisions." href="ref-model.divPart.html">model.divPart</a> class, along with elements from the <a class="link_odd" title="groups paragraph-like elements." href="ref-model.pLike.html">model.pLike</a> (paragraph-like) class.</p><div class="p">In some verse forms, regular groupings of lines are regarded as units of some kind, often identified by a regular verse scheme. In stichic verse and couplets, groups of lines analogous to paragraphs are often indicated by indentation. In other verse forms, lines are grouped into irregular sequences indicated simply by whitespace. The <a class="gi" title="(line group) contains one or more verse lines functioning as a formal unit, e.g. a stanza, refrain, verse paragraph, etc." href="ref-lg.html">lg</a> or line group element may be used to mark any such grouping of elements from the <a class="link_odd" title="groups elements representing metrical components such as verse lines." href="ref-model.lLike.html">model.lLike</a> class. As a member of the <a class="link_odd" title="provides attributes which can be used to classify or subclassify elements in any way." href="ref-att.typed.html">att.typed</a> class, the <a class="gi" title="(line group) contains one or more verse lines functioning as a formal unit, e.g. a stanza, refrain, verse paragraph, etc." href="ref-lg.html">lg</a> element bears the following attributes: <ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-att.typed.html">att.typed</a></span> provides attributes which can be used to classify or subclassify elements in any way.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">type</span></td><td>characterizes the element in some sense, using any convenient classification scheme or typology.</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">subtype</span></td><td>provides a sub-categorization of the element, if needed</td></tr></table></li></ul> which may be used to further categorize the line group where this is felt desirable, as in the following example. This example also demonstrates the <span class="att">rend</span> attribute to indicate whether or not a line is indented. <div id="index-egXML-d52e48438" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><lg></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Come fill up the Glass,<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l <span class="attribute">rend</span>="<span class="attributevalue">indent</span>"></span>Round, round let it pass,<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>'Till our Reason be lost in our Wine:<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l <span class="attribute">rend</span>="<span class="attributevalue">indent</span>"></span>Leave Conscience's Rules<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l <span class="attribute">rend</span>="<span class="attributevalue">indent</span>"></span>To Women and Fools,<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>This only can make us divine.<span class="element"></l></span><br /><span class="element"></lg></span><br /><span class="element"><lg <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Chorus</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">refrain</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Then a Mohock, a Mohock I'll be,<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>No Laws shall restrain<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Our Libertine Reign,<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>We'll riot, drink on, and be free.<span class="element"></l></span><br /><span class="element"></lg></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#COVE-eg-285">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">For some kinds of analysis, it may be useful to identify different kinds of line group within the same piece of verse. Such line groups may self-nest, in much the same way as the un-numbered <a class="gi" title="(text division) contains a subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div.html">div</a> element described in chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="DS.html" title="7"><span class="headingNumber">4 </span>Default Text Structure</a>. For example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e48469" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><lg <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">sonnet</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><lg <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">octet</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Thus speaks the Muse, and bends her brow severe:—<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>“Did I, <span class="element"><name></span>Lætitia<span class="element"></name></span>, lend my choicest lays,<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>And crown thy youthful head with freshest bays,<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>That all the' expectance of thy full-grown year<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Should lie inert and fruitless? O revere<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Those sacred gifts whose meed is deathless praise,<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Whose potent charms the' enraptured soul can raise<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Far from the vapours of this earthly sphere!<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"></lg></span><br /> <span class="element"><lg <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">sestet</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Seize, seize the lyre! resume the lofty strain!<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>'T is time, 't is time! hark how the nations round<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>With jocund notes of liberty resound,—<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>And thy own <span class="element"><name></span>Corsica<span class="element"></name></span> has burst her chain!<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>O let the song to <span class="element"><name></span>Britain's<span class="element"></name></span> shores rebound,<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l <span class="attribute">rend</span>="<span class="attributevalue">indent(-1)</span>"></span>Where Freedom's once-loved voice is heard,<br /> alas! in vain.”<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"></lg></span><br /><span class="element"></lg></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#COVE-eg-286">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">It is often the case that verse line boundaries conflict with the boundaries of other structural elements. In the following example, the single verse line <span class="q">‘A Workeman in't... welcome’</span> is interrupted by a stage direction: <div id="index-egXML-d52e48516" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><l></span>Thou fumblest <span class="element"><name></span>Eros<span class="element"></name></span>, and my Queenes a Squire<span class="element"></l></span><br /><span class="element"><l></span>More tight at this, then thou: Dispatch. O Loue,<span class="element"></l></span><br /><span class="element"><l></span>That thou couldst see my Warres to day, and knew'st<span class="element"></l></span><br /><span class="element"><l></span>The Royall Occupation, thou should'st see<span class="element"></l></span><br /><span class="element"><l <span class="attribute">part</span>="<span class="attributevalue">I</span>"></span>A Workeman in't.<span class="element"></l></span><br /><span class="element"><stage></span>Enter an Armed Soldier.<span class="element"></stage></span><br /><span class="element"><l <span class="attribute">part</span>="<span class="attributevalue">F</span>"></span>Good morrow to thee, welcome.<span class="element"></l></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#CO-eg-07">bibliography</a> </div></div> In this encoding, the <span class="att">part</span> attribute is used, as with <a class="gi" title="(text division) contains a subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div.html">div</a>, to indicate that the last two <a class="gi" title="(verse line) contains a single, possibly incomplete, line of verse." href="ref-l.html">l</a> elements should be regarded as the initial and final parts of a single line, rather than as two lines.</div><div class="p">The same technique may be used where verse lines are collected together into units such as verse paragraphs: <div id="index-egXML-d52e48546" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><lg <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">6</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">para</span>"></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Unprofitably travelling toward the grave,<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Like a false steward who hath much received<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l <span class="attribute">part</span>="<span class="attributevalue">I</span>"></span>And renders nothing back.<span class="element"></l></span><br /><span class="element"></lg></span><br /><span class="element"><lg <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">para</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">7</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><l <span class="attribute">part</span>="<span class="attributevalue">F</span>"></span>Was it for this<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>That one, the fairest of all rivers, loved<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>To blend his murmurs with my nurse's song,<span class="element"></l></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /><span class="element"></lg></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#CO-eg-08">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">The <span class="att">part</span> attribute may also be attached to an <a class="gi" title="(line group) contains one or more verse lines functioning as a formal unit, e.g. a stanza, refrain, verse paragraph, etc." href="ref-lg.html">lg</a> element to indicate that it is incomplete, for example because it forms part of a group that is divided between two speakers, as in the following example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e48572" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>First Voice<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><lg <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">stanza</span>" <span class="attribute">part</span>="<span class="attributevalue">I</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>But why drives on that ship so fast<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Withouten wave or wind?<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"></lg></span><br /><span class="element"></sp></span><br /><span class="element"><sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>Second Voice<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><lg <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">stanza</span>" <span class="attribute">part</span>="<span class="attributevalue">F</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>The air is cut away before,<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>And closes from behind.<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"></lg></span><br /><span class="element"></sp></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#CONONO-eg-189">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><p>For alternative methods of aligning groups of lines which do not form simple hierarchic groups, or which are discontinuous, see the more detailed discussion in chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="SA.html" title="14"><span class="headingNumber">16 </span>Linking, Segmentation, and Alignment</a>. For discussion of other elements and attributes specific to the encoding of verse, see chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="VE.html" title="9"><span class="headingNumber">6 </span>Verse</a>.</p></div><div class="div3" id="CODR"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#COVE"><span class="headingNumber">3.12.1 </span>Core Tags for Verse</a></li><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#CODR" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Core Tags for Drama</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">3.12.2 </span><span class="head">Core Tags for Drama</span></h4><p>Like other written texts, dramatic and other <span class="term">performance texts</span> such as cinema or TV scripts are often hierarchically organized, for example into acts and scenes. These structural subdivisions should be encoded using the general purpose <a class="gi" title="(text division) contains a subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div.html">div</a> or <a class="gi" title="(level-1 text division) contains a first-level subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div1.html">div1</a> (etc.) elements described below in chapters <a class="link_ptr" href="DS.html" title="7"><span class="headingNumber">4 </span>Default Text Structure</a> and <a class="link_ptr" href="DR.html" title="10"><span class="headingNumber">7 </span>Performance Texts</a>. Within these divisions, the body of a performance text typically consists of <span class="noindex">speeches</span>, often prefixed by a phrase indicating who is speaking, and occasionally interspersed with stage directions of various kinds.</p><div class="p">In the following simple example, each speech consists of a single paragraph: <div id="index-egXML-d52e48864" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><div2 <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">I.2</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">scene</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>Scene 2.<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><stage <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">setting</span>"></span>Peachum, Filch.<span class="element"></stage></span><br /> <span class="element"><sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>FILCH.<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Sir, Black Moll hath sent word her Trial comes on in<br /> the Afternoon, and she hopes you will order Matters<br /> so as to bring her off.<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>PEACHUM.<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Why, she may plead her Belly at worst; to my<br /> Knowledge she hath taken care of that Security.<br /> But, as the Wench is very active and industrious,<br /> you may satisfy her that I'll soften the Evidence.<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>FILCH.<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Tom Gagg, sir, is found guilty.<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></sp></span><br /><span class="element"></div2></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#COVE-eg-285">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">In the following example, each speech consists of a sequence of verse lines, some of them being marked as metrically incomplete: <div id="index-egXML-d52e48888" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><div1 <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">I</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Act</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>ACT I<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><div2 <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Scene</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>SCENE I<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><stage <span class="attribute">rend</span>="<span class="attributevalue">italic</span>"></span>Enter Barnardo and Francisco,<br /> two Sentinels, at several doors<span class="element"></stage></span><br /> <span class="element"><sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>Barn<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><l <span class="attribute">part</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Y</span>"></span>Who's there?<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"></sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>Fran<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Nay, answer me. Stand and unfold yourself.<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"></sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>Barn<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><l <span class="attribute">part</span>="<span class="attributevalue">I</span>"></span>Long live the King!<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"></sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>Fran<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><l <span class="attribute">part</span>="<span class="attributevalue">M</span>"></span>Barnardo?<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"></sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>Barn<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><l <span class="attribute">part</span>="<span class="attributevalue">F</span>"></span>He.<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"></sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>Fran<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>You come most carefully upon your hour.<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"></sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>Barn<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>'Tis now struck twelve. Get thee to bed, Francisco.<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"></sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>Fran<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>For this relief much thanks. 'Tis bitter cold,<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l <span class="attribute">part</span>="<span class="attributevalue">I</span>"></span>And I am sick at heart.<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"></sp></span><br /> <span class="element"></div2></span><br /><span class="element"></div1></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#CODR-eg-293">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">In some cases, as here in the First Quarto of <span class="titlem">Hamlet</span>, the printed speaker attributions need to be supplemented by use of the <span class="att">who</span> attribute; again, the lines are marked as complete or incomplete: <div id="index-egXML-d52e48948" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><stage></span>Enter two Centinels.<br /> <span class="element"><add <span class="attribute">place</span>="<span class="attributevalue">margin</span>"></span>Now call'd <span class="element"><name <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">barnardo</span>"></span>Bernardo<span class="element"></name></span> &amp;<br /> <span class="element"><name <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">francisco</span>"></span>Francesco<span class="element"></name></span>.<span class="element"></add></span><span class="element"></stage></span><br /><span class="element"><sp <span class="attribute">who</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#francisco</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>1.<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><l <span class="attribute">part</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Y</span>"></span>Stand: who is that?<span class="element"></l></span><br /><span class="element"></sp></span><br /><span class="element"><sp <span class="attribute">who</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#barnardo</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>2.<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><l <span class="attribute">part</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Y</span>"></span>Tis I.<span class="element"></l></span><br /><span class="element"></sp></span><br /><span class="element"><sp <span class="attribute">who</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#francisco</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>1.<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>O you come most carefully vpon your watch,<span class="element"></l></span><br /><span class="element"></sp></span><br /><span class="element"><sp <span class="attribute">who</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#barnardo</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>2.<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>And if you meete Marcellus and Horatio,<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>The partners of my watch, bid them make haste.<span class="element"></l></span><br /><span class="element"></sp></span><br /><span class="element"><sp <span class="attribute">who</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#francisco</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>1.<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><l <span class="attribute">part</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Y</span>"></span>I will: See who goes there.<span class="element"></l></span><br /><span class="element"></sp></span><br /><span class="element"><stage></span>Enter Horatio and Marcellus.<span class="element"></stage></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#CODR-eg-294">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">By contrast with the preceding examples, the following encodes an early printed edition without making any assumption about which parts are prose or verse: <div id="index-egXML-d52e48991" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><div1 <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">I</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">act</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><div2 <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">scene</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><head <span class="attribute">rend</span>="<span class="attributevalue">italic</span>"></span>Actus primus, Scena prima.<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><stage <span class="attribute">rend</span>="<span class="attributevalue">italic</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">setting</span>"></span>A tempestuous<br /> noise of Thunder and Lightning heard: Enter<br /> a Ship-master, and a Boteswaine.<span class="element"></stage></span><br /> <span class="element"><sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>Master.<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Bote-swaine.<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>Botes.<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Heere Master: What cheere?<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>Mast.<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Good: Speake to th' Mariners: fall<br /> too't, yarely, or we run our selues a ground,<br /> bestirre, bestirre. <span class="element"><stage <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">move</span>"></span>Exit.<span class="element"></stage></span><span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><stage <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">move</span>"></span>Enter Mariners.<span class="element"></stage></span><br /> <span class="element"><sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>Botes.<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Heigh my hearts, cheerely, cheerely my harts: yare,<br /> yare: Take in the toppe-sale: Tend to th' Masters whistle:<br /> Blow till thou burst thy winde, if roome e-nough.<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></sp></span><br /> <span class="element"></div2></span><br /><span class="element"></div1></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#CODR-eg-295">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="(speech) contains an individual speech in a performance text, or a passage presented as such in a prose or verse text." href="ref-sp.html">sp</a> and <a class="gi" title="(stage direction) contains any kind of stage direction within a dramatic text or fragment." href="ref-stage.html">stage</a> elements should also be used to mark parts of a text otherwise in prose which are presented as if they were dialogue in a play. The following example is taken from a 19th century novel in which passages of narrative and passages of dialogue are mixed within the same chapter: <div id="index-egXML-d52e49031" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>The reverend Doctor Opimian<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>I do not think I have named a single unpresentable fish.<span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"></sp></span><br /><span class="element"><sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>Mr Gryll<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Bream, Doctor: there is not much to be said for bream.<span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"></sp></span><br /><span class="element"><sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>The Reverend Doctor Opimian<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>On the contrary, sir, I think there is much to be said for him.<br /> In the first place ...<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Fish, Miss Gryll — I could discourse to you on fish by the<br /> hour: but for the present I will forbear ...<span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"></sp></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#CODR-eg-296">bibliography</a> </div></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e49050" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>Lord Curryfin<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><stage></span>(after a pause).<span class="element"></stage></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span><br /> <span class="element"><q></span>Mass<span class="element"></q></span> as the second grave-digger says<br /> in <span class="element"><title></span>Hamlet<span class="element"></title></span>, <span class="element"><q></span>I cannot tell.<span class="element"></q></span><span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"></sp></span><br /><span class="element"><p></span>A chorus of laughter dissolved the sitting.<span class="element"></p></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#CODR-eg-296">bibliography</a> </div></div></div></div></div><div class="div2" id="COOV"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html#CODV"><span class="headingNumber">3.12 </span>Passages of Verse or Drama</a></li><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h3><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#COOV" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Overview of the Core Module </span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">3.13 </span><span class="head">Overview of the Core Module </span></h3><p>All the elements described in this chapter are provided by the <span class="ident-module">core</span> module. </p><dl class="moduleSpec"><dt class="moduleSpecHead"><span lang="en">Module</span> core: Elements common to all TEI documents</dt><dd><ul><li><span lang="en">Elements defined</span>: <a class="link_odd" title="(abbreviation) contains an abbreviation of any sort." href="ref-abbr.html">abbr</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(addition) contains letters, words, or phrases inserted in the source text by an author, scribe, or a previous annotator or corrector." href="ref-add.html">add</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(address line) contains one line of a postal address." href="ref-addrLine.html">addrLine</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains a postal address, for example of a publisher, an organization, or an individual." href="ref-address.html">address</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(analytic level) contains bibliographic elements describing an item (e.g. an article or poem) published within a monograph or journal and not as an independent publication." href="ref-analytic.html">analytic</a> <a class="link_odd" title="in a bibliographic reference, contains the name(s) of an author, personal or corporate, of a work; for example in the same form as that provided by a recognized bibliographic name authority." href="ref-author.html">author</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(bibliographic citation) contains a loosely-structured bibliographic citation of which the sub-components may or may not be explicitly tagged." href="ref-bibl.html">bibl</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(scope of bibliographic reference) defines the scope of a bibliographic reference, for example as a list of page numbers, or a named subdivision of a larger work." href="ref-biblScope.html">biblScope</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(structured bibliographic citation) contains a structured bibliographic citation, in which only bibliographic sub-elements appear and in a specified order." href="ref-biblStruct.html">biblStruct</a> <a class="link_odd" title="provides encoded binary data representing an inline graphic, audio, video or other object." href="ref-binaryObject.html">binaryObject</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(column break) marks the beginning of a new column of a text on a multi-column page." href="ref-cb.html">cb</a> <a class="link_odd" title="groups a number of alternative encodings for the same point in a text." href="ref-choice.html">choice</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(cited quotation) contains a quotation from some other document, together with a bibliographic reference to its source. In a dictionary it may contain an example text with at least one occurrence of the word form, used in the sense being described, or a translation of the headword, or an example." href="ref-cit.html">cit</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(cited range) defines the range of cited content, often represented by pages or other units" href="ref-citedRange.html">citedRange</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(correction) contains the correct form of a passage apparently erroneous in the copy text." href="ref-corr.html">corr</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains a date in any format." href="ref-date.html">date</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(deletion) contains a letter, word, or passage deleted, marked as deleted, or otherwise indicated as superfluous or spurious in the copy text by an author, scribe, or a previous annotator or corrector." href="ref-del.html">del</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(description) contains a brief description of the object documented by its parent element, typically a documentation element or an entity." href="ref-desc.html">desc</a> <a class="link_odd" title="identifies any word or phrase which is regarded as linguistically distinct, for example as archaic, technical, dialectal, non-preferred, etc., or as forming part of a sublanguage." href="ref-distinct.html">distinct</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(automatically generated text division) indicates the location at which a textual division generated automatically by a text-processing application is to appear." href="ref-divGen.html">divGen</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains a secondary statement of responsibility for a bibliographic item, for example the name of an individual, institution or organization, (or of several such) acting as editor, compiler, translator, etc." href="ref-editor.html">editor</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(electronic mail address) contains an email address identifying a location to which email messages can be delivered." href="ref-email.html">email</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(emphasized) marks words or phrases which are stressed or emphasized for linguistic or rhetorical effect." href="ref-emph.html">emph</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(expansion) contains the expansion of an abbreviation." href="ref-expan.html">expan</a> <a class="link_odd" title="identifies a word or phrase as belonging to some language other than that of the surrounding text." href="ref-foreign.html">foreign</a> <a class="link_odd" title="indicates a point where material has been omitted in a transcription, whether for editorial reasons described in the TEI header, as part of sampling practice, or because the material is illegible, invisible, or inaudible." href="ref-gap.html">gap</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(gathering begins) marks the point in a transcribed codex at which a new gathering or quire begins." href="ref-gb.html">gb</a> <a class="link_odd" title="identifies a phrase or word used to provide a gloss or definition for some other word or phrase." href="ref-gloss.html">gloss</a> <a class="link_odd" title="indicates the location of a graphic or illustration, either forming part of a text, or providing an image of it." href="ref-graphic.html">graphic</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(heading) contains any type of heading, for example the title of a section, or the heading of a list, glossary, manuscript description, etc." href="ref-head.html">head</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(heading for list items) contains the heading for the item or gloss column in a glossary list or similar structured list." href="ref-headItem.html">headItem</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(heading for list labels) contains the heading for the label or term column in a glossary list or similar structured list." href="ref-headLabel.html">headLabel</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(highlighted) marks a word or phrase as graphically distinct from the surrounding text, for reasons concerning which no claim is made." href="ref-hi.html">hi</a> <a class="link_odd" title="() groups information relating to the publication or distribution of a bibliographic item." href="ref-imprint.html">imprint</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(index entry) marks a location to be indexed for whatever purpose." href="ref-index.html">index</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains one component of a list." href="ref-item.html">item</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(verse line) contains a single, possibly incomplete, line of verse." href="ref-l.html">l</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains any label or heading used to identify part of a text, typically but not exclusively in a list or glossary." href="ref-label.html">label</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(line break) marks the start of a new (typographic) line in some edition or version of a text." href="ref-lb.html">lb</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(line group) contains one or more verse lines functioning as a formal unit, e.g. a stanza, refrain, verse paragraph, etc." href="ref-lg.html">lg</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains any sequence of items organized as a list." href="ref-list.html">list</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(citation list) contains a list of bibliographic citations of any kind." href="ref-listBibl.html">listBibl</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains a word or phrase referring to some quantity of an object or commodity, usually comprising a number, a unit, and a commodity name." href="ref-measure.html">measure</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(measure group) contains a group of dimensional specifications which relate to the same object, for example the height and width of a manuscript page." href="ref-measureGrp.html">measureGrp</a> <a class="link_odd" title="indicates the location of any form of external media such as an audio or video clip etc." href="ref-media.html">media</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains the formalized descriptive title for a meeting or conference, for use in a bibliographic description for an item derived from such a meeting, or as a heading or preamble to publications emanating from it." href="ref-meeting.html">meeting</a> <a class="link_odd" title="() marks words or phrases mentioned, not used." href="ref-mentioned.html">mentioned</a> <a class="link_odd" title="marks a boundary point separating any kind of section of a text, typically but not necessarily indicating a point at which some part of a standard reference system changes, where the change is not represented by a structural element." href="ref-milestone.html">milestone</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(monographic level) contains bibliographic elements describing an item (e.g. a book or journal) published as an independent item (i.e. as a separate physical object)." href="ref-monogr.html">monogr</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(name, proper noun) contains a proper noun or noun phrase." href="ref-name.html">name</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains a note or annotation." href="ref-note.html">note</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(number) contains a number, written in any form." href="ref-num.html">num</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(original form) contains a reading which is marked as following the original, rather than being normalized or corrected." href="ref-orig.html">orig</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(paragraph) marks paragraphs in prose." href="ref-p.html">p</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(page break) marks the start of a new page in a paginated document." href="ref-pb.html">pb</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(postal box or post office box) contains a number or other identifier for some postal delivery point other than a street address." href="ref-postBox.html">postBox</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(postal code) contains a numerical or alphanumeric code used as part of a postal address to simplify sorting or delivery of mail." href="ref-postCode.html">postCode</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(pointer) defines a pointer to another location." href="ref-ptr.html">ptr</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(publication place) contains the name of the place where a bibliographic item was published." href="ref-pubPlace.html">pubPlace</a> <a class="link_odd" title="provides the name of the organization responsible for the publication or distribution of a bibliographic item." href="ref-publisher.html">publisher</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(quoted) contains material which is distinguished from the surrounding text using quotation marks or a similar method, for any one of a variety of reasons including, but not limited to: direct speech or thought, technical terms or jargon, authorial distance, quotations from elsewhere, and passages that are mentioned but not used." href="ref-q.html">q</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(quotation) contains a phrase or passage attributed by the narrator or author to some agency external to the text." href="ref-quote.html">quote</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(reference) defines a reference to another location, possibly modified by additional text or comment." href="ref-ref.html">ref</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(regularization) contains a reading which has been regularized or normalized in some sense." href="ref-reg.html">reg</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains or references some other bibliographic item which is related to the present one in some specified manner, for example as a constituent or alternative version of it." href="ref-relatedItem.html">relatedItem</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(responsibility) contains a phrase describing the nature of a person's intellectual responsibility, or an organization's role in the production or distribution of a work." href="ref-resp.html">resp</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(statement of responsibility) supplies a statement of responsibility for the intellectual content of a text, edition, recording, or series, where the specialized elements for authors, editors, etc. do not suffice or do not apply. May also be used to encode information about individuals or organizations which have played a role in the production or distribution of a bibliographic work." href="ref-respStmt.html">respStmt</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(referencing string) contains a general purpose name or referring string." href="ref-rs.html">rs</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(speech or thought) indicates passages thought or spoken aloud, whether explicitly indicated in the source or not, whether directly or indirectly reported, whether by real people or fictional characters." href="ref-said.html">said</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(series information) contains information about the series in which a book or other bibliographic item has appeared." href="ref-series.html">series</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(Latin for thus or so) contains text reproduced although apparently incorrect or inaccurate." href="ref-sic.html">sic</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains a word or phrase for which the author or narrator indicates a disclaiming of responsibility, for example by the use of scare quotes or italics." href="ref-soCalled.html">soCalled</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(speech) contains an individual speech in a performance text, or a passage presented as such in a prose or verse text." href="ref-sp.html">sp</a> <a class="link_odd" title="() contains a specialized form of heading or label, giving the name of one or more speakers in a dramatic text or fragment." href="ref-speaker.html">speaker</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(stage direction) contains any kind of stage direction within a dramatic text or fragment." href="ref-stage.html">stage</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains a full street address including any name or number identifying a building as well as the name of the street or route on which it is located." href="ref-street.html">street</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains the whole of a TEI encoded corpus, comprising a single corpus header and one or more <TEI> elements, each containing a single text header and a text." href="ref-teiCorpus.html">teiCorpus</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains a single-word, multi-word, or symbolic designation which is regarded as a technical term." href="ref-term.html">term</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(text language) describes the languages and writing systems identified within the bibliographic work being described, rather than its description." href="ref-textLang.html">textLang</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains a phrase defining a time of day in any format." href="ref-time.html">time</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains a title for any kind of work." href="ref-title.html">title</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains a word, phrase, or passage which cannot be transcribed with certainty because it is illegible or inaudible in the source." href="ref-unclear.html">unclear</a></li><li><span lang="en">Classes defined</span>: <a class="link_odd" title="provides an attribute to indicate the type of section which is changing at a specific milestone." href="ref-att.milestoneUnit.html">att.milestoneUnit</a></li></ul></dd></dl><p> The selection and combination of modules to form a TEI schema is described in <a class="link_ptr" href="ST.html#STIN" title="Defining a TEI Schema"><span class="headingNumber">1.2 </span>Defining a TEI Schema</a>.</p></div></div><nav class="left"><span class="upLink"> ↑ </span><a class="navigation" href="index.html">TEI P5 Guidelines</a><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="HD.html"><span class="headingNumber">2 </span>The TEI Header</a><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="DS.html"><span class="headingNumber">4 </span>Default Text Structure</a></nav><!--Notes in [div]--><div class="notes"><div class="noteHeading">Notes</div><div class="note" id="Note48"><span class="noteLabel">11 </span><div class="noteBody">Although the way in which a spoken text is performed, (for example, the voice quality, loudness, etc.) might be regarded as analogous to ‘highlighting’ in this sense, these Guidelines recommend distinct elements for the encoding of such ‘highlighting’ in spoken texts. See further section <a class="link_ptr" href="TS.html#TSSASH" title="Shifts"><span class="headingNumber">8.3.6 </span>Shifts</a>.</div> <a class="link_return" title="Go back to text" href="#Note48_return">↵</a></div><div class="note" id="Note49"><span class="noteLabel">12 </span><div class="noteBody">The Oxford English Dictionary documents the phrase <span class="mentioned">to come down</span> in the sense <span class="q">‘to bring or put down; <span style="font-style:italic">esp.</span> to lay down money; to make a disbursement’</span> as being in use, mostly in colloquial or humorous contexts, from at least 1700 to the latter half of the 19th century.</div> <a class="link_return" title="Go back to text" href="#Note49_return">↵</a></div><div class="note" id="Note50"><span class="noteLabel">13 </span><div class="noteBody">In some contexts, the term <span class="mentioned">regularization</span> has a narrower and more specific significance than that proposed here: the <a class="gi" title="(regularization) contains a reading which has been regularized or normalized in some sense." href="ref-reg.html">reg</a> element may be used for any kind of regularization, including normalization, standardization, and modernization.</div> <a class="link_return" title="Go back to text" href="#Note50_return">↵</a></div><div class="note" id="Note51"><span class="noteLabel">14 </span><div class="noteBody">The datatypes are taken from the W3C Recommendation <span class="titlem">XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes Second Edition</span>. The permitted datatypes are: <ul class="bulleted"><li class="item"><a class="link_ref" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema-2/#date">date</a></li><li class="item"><a class="link_ref" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema-2/#gYear">gYear</a></li><li class="item"><a class="link_ref" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema-2/#gMonth">gMonth</a></li><li class="item"><a class="link_ref" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema-2/#gDay">gDay</a></li><li class="item"><a class="link_ref" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema-2/#gYearMonth">gYearMonth</a></li><li class="item"><a class="link_ref" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema-2/#gMonthDay">gMonthDay</a></li><li class="item"><a class="link_ref" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema-2/#time">time</a></li><li class="item"><a class="link_ref" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema-2/#dateTime">dateTime</a></li></ul> There is one exception: these Guidelines permit a time to be expressed as only a number of hours, or as a number of hours and minutes, as per ISO 8601:2004 section 4.2.2.3 and 4.3.3. The W3C <span class="ident-datatype">time</span> and <span class="ident-datatype">dateTime</span> datatypes require that the minutes and seconds be included in the normalized value if they are to be correctly processed for example when sorting.</div> <a class="link_return" title="Go back to text" href="#Note51_return">↵</a></div><div class="note" id="Note52"><span class="noteLabel">15 </span><div class="noteBody"><a class="link_ptr" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xptr-framework/"><span>http://www.w3.org/TR/xptr-framework/</span></a>, <a class="link_ptr" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xptr-element/"><span>http://www.w3.org/TR/xptr-element/</span></a>, <a class="link_ptr" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xptr-xmlns/"><span>http://www.w3.org/TR/xptr-xmlns/</span></a>, and <a class="link_ptr" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xptr-xpointer/"><span>http://www.w3.org/TR/xptr-xpointer/</span></a></div> <a class="link_return" title="Go back to text" href="#Note52_return">↵</a></div><div class="note" id="Note53"><span class="noteLabel">16 </span><div class="noteBody">Many encoders find it convenient to retain the line breaks of the original during data entry, to simplify proofreading, but this may be done without inserting a tag for each line break of the original.</div> <a class="link_return" title="Go back to text" href="#Note53_return">↵</a></div><div class="note" id="Note54"><span class="noteLabel">17 </span><div class="noteBody">A check digit is computed from the value of an identifier and appended to the value itself. If the identifier is changed, the check digit would therefore invalidate it.</div> <a class="link_return" title="Go back to text" href="#Note54_return">↵</a></div><div class="note" id="Note55"><span class="noteLabel">18 </span><div class="noteBody">For example, to distinguish <span class="mentioned">London</span> as an author's name from <span class="mentioned">London</span> as a place of publication or as a component of a title.</div> <a class="link_return" title="Go back to text" href="#Note55_return">↵</a></div><div class="note" id="Note56"><span class="noteLabel">19 </span><div class="noteBody">Among the bibliographic software systems and subsystems consulted in the design of the <a class="gi" title="(structured bibliographic citation) contains a structured bibliographic citation, in which only bibliographic sub-elements appear and in a specified order." href="ref-biblStruct.html">biblStruct</a> structure were BibTeX, Scribe, and ProCite. The distinctions made by all three may be preserved in <a class="gi" title="(structured bibliographic citation) contains a structured bibliographic citation, in which only bibliographic sub-elements appear and in a specified order." href="ref-biblStruct.html">biblStruct</a> structures, though the nature of their design prevents a simple one-to-one mapping from their data elements to TEI elements. For further information, see section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#COBIOT" title="Relationship to Other Bibliographic Schemes"><span class="headingNumber">3.11.4 </span>Relationship to Other Bibliographic Schemes</a>.</div> <a class="link_return" title="Go back to text" href="#Note56_return">↵</a></div><div class="note" id="Note57"><span class="noteLabel">20 </span><div class="noteBody">The analysis is not wholly unproblematic: as the text of the standard points out, the first subordinate title is subordinate only to the parallel title in French, while the second is subordinate to both the English main title and the French parallel title, without this relationship being made clear, either in the markup given in the example or in the reference structure offered by the standard.</div> <a class="link_return" title="Go back to text" href="#Note57_return">↵</a></div><div class="note" id="Note58"><span class="noteLabel">21 </span><div class="noteBody">The BibTeX scheme is intentionally compatible with that of Scribe, although it omits some fields used by Scribe. Hence only one list of fields is given here.</div> <a class="link_return" title="Go back to text" href="#Note58_return">↵</a></div></div><div class="stdfooter autogenerated"><p>
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</p><hr /><div class="footer"><a class="plain" href="http://www.tei-c.org/About/">TEI Consortium</a> | <a class="plain" href="http://www.tei-c.org/About/contact.xml">Feedback</a></div><hr /><address><br />TEI Guidelines <a class="link_ref" href="AB.html#ABTEI4">Version</a> <a class="link_ref" href="../../readme-3.1.1.html">3.1.1a</a>. Last updated on <span class="date">10th May 2017</span>, revision <a class="link_ref" href="https://github.com/TEIC/TEI/commit/bd8dda3">bd8dda3</a>. This page generated on 2017-05-12T12:30:09Z.</address></div></div></body></html>