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--></script></head><body><div id="container"><div id="banner"><img src="Images/banner.jpg" alt="Text Encoding Initiative logo and banner" /></div></div><div class="mainhead"><h1>P5:
Guidelines for Electronic Text Encoding and Interchange</h1><p>Version 3.1.1a. Last updated on
10th May 2017, revision bd8dda3</p></div><div id="onecol" class="main-content"><h2><span class="headingNumber">9 </span>Dictionaries</h2><div class="div1" id="DI"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_left"><p><span class="subtochead">Table of contents</span></p><div class="subtoc"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><a class="subtoc" href="DI.html#DIBO" title="Dictionary Body and Overall Structure">9.1 Dictionary Body and Overall Structure</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="subtoc" href="DI.html#DIEN" title="The Structure of Dictionary Entries">9.2 The Structure of Dictionary Entries</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="subtoc" href="DI.html#DITP" title="Toplevel Constituents of Entries">9.3 Top-level Constituents of Entries</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="subtoc" href="DI.html#DIHW" title="Headword and Pronunciation References">9.4 Headword and Pronunciation References</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="subtoc" href="DI.html#DIMV" title="Typographic and Lexical Information in Dictionary Data">9.5 Typographic and Lexical Information in Dictionary Data</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="subtoc" href="DI.html#DIFR" title="Unstructured Entries">9.6 Unstructured Entries</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="subtoc" href="DI.html#index-body.1_div.9_div.7">9.7 The Dictionary Module</a></li></ul></div><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="TS.html"><span class="headingNumber">8 </span>Transcriptions of Speech</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html"><span class="headingNumber">10 </span>Manuscript Description</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><p>This chapter defines a module for encoding lexical resources of all kinds, in particular human-oriented monolingual and multilingual dictionaries, glossaries, and similar documents. The elements described here may also be useful in the encoding of computational lexica and similar resources intended for use by language-processing software; they may also be used to provide a rich encoding for wordlists, lexica, glossaries, etc. included within other documents. Dictionaries are most familiar in their printed form; however, increasing numbers of dictionaries exist also in electronic forms which are independent of any particular printed form, but from which various displays can be produced. </p><p>Both typographically and structurally, print dictionaries are extremely complex. Such lexical resources are moreover of interest to many communities with different and sometimes conflicting goals. As a result, many general problems of text encoding are particularly pronounced here, and more compromises and alternatives within the encoding scheme may be required in the future.<span id="Note73_return"><a class="notelink" title="We refer the reader to previous and current discussions of a common format for encoding lexical resources. For example, ; ;; ; ; ; ; and ; ." href="#Note73"><sup>36</sup></a></span> Two problems are particularly prominent.</p><p>First, because the structure of dictionary entries varies widely both among and within dictionaries, the simplest way for an encoding scheme to accommodate the entire range of structures actually encountered is to allow virtually any element to appear virtually anywhere in a dictionary entry. It is clear, however, that strong and consistent structural principles do govern the vast majority of conventional dictionaries, as well as many or most entries even in more ‘exotic’ dictionaries; encoding guidelines should include these structural principles. We therefore define two distinct elements for dictionary entries, one (<a class="gi" title="contains a single structured entry in any kind of lexical resource, such as a dictionary or lexicon." href="ref-entry.html">entry</a>) which captures the regularities of many conventional dictionary entries, and a second (<a class="gi" title="(unstructured entry) contains a single unstructured entry in any kind of lexical resource, such as a dictionary or lexicon." href="ref-entryFree.html">entryFree</a>) which uses the same elements, but allows them to combine much more freely. It is however recommended that <a class="gi" title="contains a single structured entry in any kind of lexical resource, such as a dictionary or lexicon." href="ref-entry.html">entry</a> be used in preference to <a class="gi" title="(unstructured entry) contains a single unstructured entry in any kind of lexical resource, such as a dictionary or lexicon." href="ref-entryFree.html">entryFree</a> wherever possible. These elements and their contents are described in sections <a class="link_ptr" href="DI.html#DIEN" title="The Structure of Dictionary Entries"><span class="headingNumber">9.2 </span>The Structure of Dictionary Entries</a>, <a class="link_ptr" href="DI.html#DIFR" title="Unstructured Entries"><span class="headingNumber">9.6 </span>Unstructured Entries</a>, and <a class="link_ptr" href="DI.html#DIHW" title="Headword and Pronunciation References"><span class="headingNumber">9.4 </span>Headword and Pronunciation References</a>.</p><p>Second, since so much of the information in printed dictionaries is implicit or highly compressed, their encoding requires clear thought about whether it is to capture the precise typographic form of the source text or the underlying structure of the information it presents. Since both of these views of the dictionary may be of interest, it proves necessary to develop methods of recording both, and of recording the interrelationship between them as well. Users interested mainly in the printed format of the dictionary will require an encoding to be faithful to an original printed version. However, other users will be interested primarily in capturing the lexical information in a dictionary in a form suitable for further processing, which may demand the expansion or rearrangement of the information contained in the printed form. Further, some users wish to encode <em>both</em> of these views of the data, and retain the links between related elements of the two encodings. Problems of recording these two different views of dictionary data are discussed in section <a class="link_ptr" href="DI.html#DIMV" title="Typographic and Lexical Information in Dictionary Data"><span class="headingNumber">9.5 </span>Typographic and Lexical Information in Dictionary Data</a>, together with mechanisms for retaining both views when this is desired.</p><p>To deal with this complexity, and in particular to account for the wide variety of linguistic contexts within which a dictionary may be designed, it can be necessary to customize or change the schema by providing more restriction or possibly alternate content models for the elements defined in this chapter. Section <a class="link_ptr" href="DI.html#DITPGR" title="Grammatical Information"><span class="headingNumber">9.3.2 </span>Grammatical Information</a> illustrates this with the provision of a closed set of values for grammatical descriptors.</p><p>This chapter contains a large number of examples taken from existing print dictionaries; in each case, the original source is identified. In presenting such examples, we have tried to retain the original typographic appearance of the example as well as presenting a suggested encoding for it. Where this has not been possible (for example in the display of pronunciation) we have adopted the transliteration found in the electronic edition of the <span class="titlem">Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary</span>. Also, the middle dot in quoted entries is rendered with a full stop, while within the sample transcriptions hyphenation and syllabification points are indicated by a vertical bar |, regardless of their appearance in the source text.</p><div class="div2" id="DIBO"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="DI.html#DIEN"><span class="headingNumber">9.2 </span>The Structure of Dictionary Entries</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h3><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DIBO" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Dictionary Body and Overall Structure</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">9.1 </span><span class="head">Dictionary Body and Overall Structure</span></h3><p>Overall, dictionaries have the same structure of front matter, body, and back matter familiar from other texts. In addition, this module defines <a class="gi" title="contains a single structured entry in any kind of lexical resource, such as a dictionary or lexicon." href="ref-entry.html">entry</a>, <a class="gi" title="(unstructured entry) contains a single unstructured entry in any kind of lexical resource, such as a dictionary or lexicon." href="ref-entryFree.html">entryFree</a>, and <a class="gi" title="groups a sequence of entries within any kind of lexical resource, such as a dictionary or lexicon which function as a single unit, for example a set of homographs." href="ref-superEntry.html">superEntry</a> as component-level elements which can occur directly within a text division or the text body.</p><p>The following tags can therefore be used to mark the gross structure of a printed dictionary; the dictionary-specific tags are discussed further in the following section.</p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-text.html">text</a></span> contains a single text of any kind, whether unitary or composite, for example a poem or drama, a collection of essays, a novel, a dictionary, or a corpus sample.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-front.html">front</a></span> (front matter) contains any prefatory matter (headers, abstracts, title page, prefaces, dedications, etc.) found at the start of a document, before the main body.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-body.html">body</a></span> (text body) contains the whole body of a single unitary text, excluding any front or back matter.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-back.html">back</a></span> (back matter) contains any appendixes, etc. following the main part of a text.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-div.html">div</a></span> (text division) contains a subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-entry.html">entry</a></span> contains a single structured entry in any kind of lexical resource, such as a dictionary or lexicon.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-entryFree.html">entryFree</a></span> (unstructured entry) contains a single unstructured entry in any kind of lexical resource, such as a dictionary or lexicon.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-superEntry.html">superEntry</a></span> groups a sequence of entries within any kind of lexical resource, such as a dictionary or lexicon which function as a single unit, for example a set of homographs.</li></ul><p>As members of the classes <a class="link_odd" title="provides an attribute used to distinguish different styles of dictionary entries." href="ref-att.entryLike.html">att.entryLike</a> and <a class="link_odd" title="provides attributes for elements in lists or groups that are sortable, but whose sorting key cannot be derived mechanically from the element content." href="ref-att.sortable.html">att.sortable</a>, <a class="gi" title="contains a single structured entry in any kind of lexical resource, such as a dictionary or lexicon." href="ref-entry.html">entry</a> and <a class="gi" title="(unstructured entry) contains a single unstructured entry in any kind of lexical resource, such as a dictionary or lexicon." href="ref-entryFree.html">entryFree</a> share the following attributes:</p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-att.entryLike.html">att.entryLike</a></span> provides an attribute used to distinguish different styles of dictionary entries.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">type</span></td><td>indicates type of entry, in dictionaries with multiple types.
Suggested values include: 1] main; 2] hom(homograph) ; 3] xref(cross reference) ; 4] affix; 5] abbr(abbreviation) ; 6] supplemental; 7] foreign</td></tr></table></li><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-att.sortable.html">att.sortable</a></span> provides attributes for elements in lists or groups that are sortable, but whose sorting key cannot be derived mechanically from the element content.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">sortKey</span></td><td>supplies the sort key for this element in an index, list or group which contains it.</td></tr></table></li></ul><p>The front and back matter of a dictionary may well contain specialized material such as lists of common and proper nouns, grammatical tables, gazetteers, a ‘guide to the use of the dictionary’, etc. These should be tagged using elements defined elsewhere in these Guidelines, chiefly in the core module (chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html" title="6"><span class="headingNumber">3 </span>Elements Available in All TEI Documents</a>) together with the specialized dictionary elements defined in this chapter.</p><div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="(text body) contains the whole body of a single unitary text, excluding any front or back matter." href="ref-body.html">body</a> element consists of a set of <span class="term">entries</span>, optionally grouped into one or several <a class="gi" title="(text division) contains a subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div.html">div</a> elements. These text divisions might, for example, correspond to sections for different letters of the alphabet, or to sections for different languages in a bilingual dictionary, as in the following example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e71635" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><body></span><br /> <span class="element"><div></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>English-French<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><entry></span><br /> <span class="element"><form></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth></span>cat<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"></form></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"></entry></span><br /> <span class="element"><entry></span><br /> <span class="element"><form></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth></span>dog<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"></form></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"></entry></span><br /> <span class="element"><entry></span><br /> <span class="element"><form></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth></span>horse<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"></form></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"></entry></span><br /> <span class="element"></div></span><br /> <span class="element"><div></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>French-English<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><entry></span><br /> <span class="element"><form></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth></span>chat<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"></form></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"></entry></span><br /> <span class="element"><entry></span><br /> <span class="element"><form></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth></span>chien<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"></form></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"></entry></span><br /> <span class="element"><entry></span><br /> <span class="element"><form></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth></span>cheval<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"></form></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"></entry></span><br /> <span class="element"></div></span><br /><span class="element"></body></span></div></div><p>In a print dictionary, the entries are typically typographically distinct entities, each headed by some morphological form of the lexical item described (the <span class="term">headword</span>), and sorted in alphabetical order or (especially for non-alphabetic scripts) in some other conventional sequence. Dictionary entries should be encoded as distinct successive items, each marked as an <a class="gi" title="contains a single structured entry in any kind of lexical resource, such as a dictionary or lexicon." href="ref-entry.html">entry</a> or <a class="gi" title="(unstructured entry) contains a single unstructured entry in any kind of lexical resource, such as a dictionary or lexicon." href="ref-entryFree.html">entryFree</a> element. The <span class="att">type</span> attribute may be used to distinguish different types of entries, for example main entries, related entries, run-on entries, or entries for cross-references, etc.</p><p>Some dictionaries provide distinct entries for homographs, on the basis of etymology, part-of-speech, or both, and typically provide a numeric superscript on the headword identifying the homograph number. In these cases each homograph should be encoded as a separate entry; the <a class="gi" title="groups a sequence of entries within any kind of lexical resource, such as a dictionary or lexicon which function as a single unit, for example a set of homographs." href="ref-superEntry.html">superEntry</a> element may optionally be used to group such successive homograph entries. In addition to a series of <a class="gi" title="contains a single structured entry in any kind of lexical resource, such as a dictionary or lexicon." href="ref-entry.html">entry</a> elements, the <a class="gi" title="groups a sequence of entries within any kind of lexical resource, such as a dictionary or lexicon which function as a single unit, for example a set of homographs." href="ref-superEntry.html">superEntry</a> may contain a preliminary <a class="gi" title="(form information group) groups all the information on the written and spoken forms of one headword." href="ref-form.html">form</a> group (see section <a class="link_ptr" href="DI.html#DITPFO" title="Information on Written and Spoken Forms"><span class="headingNumber">9.3.1 </span>Information on Written and Spoken Forms</a>) when information about hyphenation, pronunciation, etc., is given only once for two or more homograph entries. If the homograph number is to be recorded, the global attribute <span class="att">n</span> may be used for this purpose. In some dictionaries, homographs are treated in distinct parts of the same entry; in these cases, they may be separated by use of the <a class="gi" title="(homograph) groups information relating to one homograph within an entry." href="ref-hom.html">hom</a> element, for which see section <a class="link_ptr" href="DI.html#DIENHI" title="Hierarchical Levels"><span class="headingNumber">9.2.1 </span>Hierarchical Levels</a>.</p><p>A sort key, given in the <span class="att">sortKey</span> attribute, is often required for superentries and entries, especially in cases where the order of entries does not follow the local character-set collating sequence (as, for example, when an entry for <span class="q">‘3D’</span> appears at the place where <span class="q">‘three-D’</span> would appear).</p><div class="p">A dictionary with no internal divisions might thus have a structure like the following; a <a class="gi" title="groups a sequence of entries within any kind of lexical resource, such as a dictionary or lexicon which function as a single unit, for example a set of homographs." href="ref-superEntry.html">superEntry</a> is shown grouping two homograph entries.<div id="index-egXML-d52e71730" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><body></span><br /> <span class="element"><entry></span><br /> <span class="element"><form></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth></span>manifestation<span class="element"></orth></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- demonstration --></span><br /> <span class="element"></form></span><br /> <span class="element"></entry></span><br /> <span class="element"><entry></span><br /> <span class="element"><form></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth></span>émeute<span class="element"></orth></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- riot --></span><br /> <span class="element"></form></span><br /> <span class="element"></entry></span><br /> <span class="element"><superEntry></span><br /> <span class="element"><entry <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">hom</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><form></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth></span>grève<span class="element"></orth></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- strike --></span><br /> <span class="element"></form></span><br /> <span class="element"></entry></span><br /> <span class="element"><entry <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">hom</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><form></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth></span>grève<span class="element"></orth></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- shore --></span><br /> <span class="element"></form></span><br /> <span class="element"></entry></span><br /> <span class="element"></superEntry></span><br /><span class="element"></body></span></div></div></div><div class="div2" id="DIEN"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="DI.html#DIBO"><span class="headingNumber">9.1 </span>Dictionary Body and Overall Structure</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="DI.html#DITP"><span class="headingNumber">9.3 </span>Top-level Constituents of Entries</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h3><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DIEN" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: The Structure of Dictionary Entries</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">9.2 </span><span class="head">The Structure of Dictionary Entries</span></h3><p>A simple dictionary entry may contain information about the form of the word treated, its grammatical characterization, its definition, synonyms, or translation equivalents, its etymology, cross-references to other entries, usage information, and examples. These we refer to as the <span class="term">constituent parts</span> or <span class="term">constituents</span> of the entry; some dictionary constituents possess no internal structure, while others are most naturally viewed as groups of smaller elements, which may be marked in their own right. In some styles of markup, tags will be applied only to the low-level items, leaving the constituent groups which contain them untagged. We distinguish the class of <span class="term">top-level constituents</span> of dictionary entries, which can occur directly within the <a class="gi" title="contains a single structured entry in any kind of lexical resource, such as a dictionary or lexicon." href="ref-entry.html">entry</a> element, from the class of <span class="term">phrase-level</span> constituents, which can normally occur only within top-level constituents. The top-level constituents of dictionary entries are described in section <a class="link_ptr" href="DI.html#DIENGP" title="Groups and Constituents"><span class="headingNumber">9.2.2 </span>Groups and Constituents</a>, and documented more fully, together with their phrase-level sub-constituents, in section <a class="link_ptr" href="DI.html#DITP" title="Toplevel Constituents of Entries"><span class="headingNumber">9.3 </span>Top-level Constituents of Entries</a>.</p><p>In addition, however, dictionary entries often have a complex hierarchical structure. For example, an entry may consist of two or more sub-parts, each corresponding to information for a different part-of-speech homograph of the headword. The entry (or part-of-speech homographs, if the entry is split this way) may also consist of senses, each of which may in turn be composed of two or more sub-senses, etc. Each sub-part, homograph entry, sense, or sub-sense we call a <span class="term">level</span>; at any level in an entry, any or all of the constituent parts of dictionary entries may appear. The hierarchical levels of dictionary entries are documented in section <a class="link_ptr" href="DI.html#DIENHI" title="Hierarchical Levels"><span class="headingNumber">9.2.1 </span>Hierarchical Levels</a>.</p><div class="div3" id="DIENHI"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="DI.html#DIENGP"><span class="headingNumber">9.2.2 </span>Groups and Constituents</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DIENHI" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Hierarchical Levels</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">9.2.1 </span><span class="head">Hierarchical Levels</span></h4><p>The outermost structural level of an entry is marked with the elements <a class="gi" title="contains a single structured entry in any kind of lexical resource, such as a dictionary or lexicon." href="ref-entry.html">entry</a> or <a class="gi" title="(unstructured entry) contains a single unstructured entry in any kind of lexical resource, such as a dictionary or lexicon." href="ref-entryFree.html">entryFree</a>. The <a class="gi" title="(homograph) groups information relating to one homograph within an entry." href="ref-hom.html">hom</a> element marks the subdivision of entries into homographs differing in their part-of-speech. The <a class="gi" title="groups together all information relating to one word sense in a dictionary entry, for example definitions, examples, and translation equivalents." href="ref-sense.html">sense</a> element marks the subdivision of entries and part-of-speech homographs into senses; this element nests recursively in order to provide for a hierarchy of sub-senses of any depth. It is recommended to use the <a class="gi" title="groups together all information relating to one word sense in a dictionary entry, for example definitions, examples, and translation equivalents." href="ref-sense.html">sense</a> element even for an entry that has only one sense to group together all parts of the definition relating to the word sense since this leads to more consistent encoding across entries. All of these levels may each contain any of the constituent parts of an entry. A special case of hierarchical structure is represented by the <a class="gi" title="(related entry) contains a dictionary entry for a lexical item related to the headword, such as a compound phrase or derived form, embedded inside a larger entry." href="ref-re.html">re</a> (related entry) element, which is discussed in section <a class="link_ptr" href="DI.html#DITPRE" title="Related Entries"><span class="headingNumber">9.3.6 </span>Related Entries</a>. Finally, the element <a class="gi" title="(dictionary scrap) encloses a part of a dictionary entry in which other phrase-level dictionary elements are freely combined." href="ref-dictScrap.html">dictScrap</a> may be used at any point in the hierarchy to delimit parts of the dictionary entry which are structurally anomalous, as further discussed in section <a class="link_ptr" href="DI.html#DIFR" title="Unstructured Entries"><span class="headingNumber">9.6 </span>Unstructured Entries</a>.</p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-entry.html">entry</a></span> contains a single structured entry in any kind of lexical resource, such as a dictionary or lexicon.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-entryFree.html">entryFree</a></span> (unstructured entry) contains a single unstructured entry in any kind of lexical resource, such as a dictionary or lexicon.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-hom.html">hom</a></span> (homograph) groups information relating to one homograph within an entry.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-sense.html">sense</a></span> groups together all information relating to one word sense in a dictionary entry, for example definitions, examples, and translation equivalents.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">level</span></td><td>gives the nesting depth of this sense.</td></tr></table></li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-dictScrap.html">dictScrap</a></span> (dictionary scrap) encloses a part of a dictionary entry in which other phrase-level dictionary elements are freely combined.</li></ul><div class="p">For example, an entry with two senses will have the following structure:<div id="index-egXML-d52e72443" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><entry></span><br /> <span class="element"><sense <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"><sense <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2</span>"/></span><br /><span class="element"></entry></span></div></div><div class="p">An entry with two homographs, the first with two senses and the second with three (one of which has two sub-senses), may have a structure like this:<div id="index-egXML-d52e72450" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><entry></span><br /> <span class="element"><hom <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><sense <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>"></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"></sense></span><br /> <span class="element"><sense <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2</span>"></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"></sense></span><br /> <span class="element"></hom></span><br /> <span class="element"><hom <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><sense <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><sense <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">a</span>"></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"></sense></span><br /> <span class="element"><sense <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">b</span>"></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"></sense></span><br /> <span class="element"></sense></span><br /> <span class="element"><sense <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2</span>"></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"></sense></span><br /> <span class="element"><sense <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">3</span>"></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"></sense></span><br /> <span class="element"></hom></span><br /><span class="element"></entry></span></div> In some dictionaries, homographs have separate entries; in such a case, as noted in section <a class="link_ptr" href="DI.html#DIBO" title="Dictionary Body and Overall Structure"><span class="headingNumber">9.1 </span>Dictionary Body and Overall Structure</a>, the two homographs may be treated as entries, optionally grouped in a <a class="gi" title="groups a sequence of entries within any kind of lexical resource, such as a dictionary or lexicon which function as a single unit, for example a set of homographs." href="ref-superEntry.html">superEntry</a>:<div id="index-egXML-d52e72473" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><superEntry></span><br /> <span class="element"><entry <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">hom</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><sense <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>"></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"></sense></span><br /> <span class="element"><sense <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2</span>"></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"></sense></span><br /> <span class="element"></entry></span><br /> <span class="element"><entry <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">hom</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><sense <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><sense <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">a</span>"></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"></sense></span><br /> <span class="element"><sense <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">b</span>"></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"></sense></span><br /> <span class="element"></sense></span><br /> <span class="element"><sense <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2</span>"></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"></sense></span><br /> <span class="element"><sense <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">3</span>"></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"></sense></span><br /> <span class="element"></entry></span><br /><span class="element"></superEntry></span></div></div><p>The hierarchic structure of a dictionary entry is enforced by the structures defined in this module. The content model for <a class="gi" title="contains a single structured entry in any kind of lexical resource, such as a dictionary or lexicon." href="ref-entry.html">entry</a> specifies that entries do not nest, that homographs nest within entries, and that senses nest within entries, homographs, or senses, and may be nested to any depth to reflect the embedding of sub-senses. Any of the top-level constituents (<a class="gi" title="(definition) contains definition text in a dictionary entry." href="ref-def.html">def</a>, <a class="gi" title="(usage) contains usage information in a dictionary entry." href="ref-usg.html">usg</a>, <a class="gi" title="(form information group) groups all the information on the written and spoken forms of one headword." href="ref-form.html">form</a>, etc.) can appear at any level (i.e., within entries, homographs, or senses).</p></div><div class="div3" id="DIENGP"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="DI.html#DIENHI"><span class="headingNumber">9.2.1 </span>Hierarchical Levels</a></li><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DIENGP" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Groups and Constituents</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">9.2.2 </span><span class="head">Groups and Constituents</span></h4><p>As noted above, dictionary entries, and subordinate levels within dictionary entries, may comprise several constituent parts, each providing a different type of information about the word treated. The <span class="term">top-level constituents</span> of dictionary entries are:</p><ul class="bulleted"><li class="item">information about the form of the word treated (orthography, pronunciation, hyphenation, etc.)</li><li class="item">grammatical information (part of speech, grammatical sub-categorization, etc.)</li><li class="item">definitions or translations into another language</li><li class="item">etymology</li><li class="item">examples</li><li class="item">usage information</li><li class="item">cross-references to other entries</li><li class="item">notes</li><li class="item">entries (often of reduced form) for related words, typically called <span class="term">related entries</span></li></ul><p> Any of the hierarchical levels (<a class="gi" title="contains a single structured entry in any kind of lexical resource, such as a dictionary or lexicon." href="ref-entry.html">entry</a>, <a class="gi" title="(unstructured entry) contains a single unstructured entry in any kind of lexical resource, such as a dictionary or lexicon." href="ref-entryFree.html">entryFree</a>, <a class="gi" title="(homograph) groups information relating to one homograph within an entry." href="ref-hom.html">hom</a>, and <a class="gi" title="groups together all information relating to one word sense in a dictionary entry, for example definitions, examples, and translation equivalents." href="ref-sense.html">sense</a>) may contain any of these top-level constituents, since information about word form, particular grammatical information, special pronunciation, usage information, etc., may apply to an entire entry, or to only one homograph, or only to a particular sense. The examples below illustrate this point.</p><p>The following elements are used to encode these top-level constituents:</p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-form.html">form</a></span> (form information group) groups all the information on the written and spoken forms of one headword.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-gramGrp.html">gramGrp</a></span> (grammatical information group) groups morpho-syntactic information about a lexical item, e.g. <a class="gi" title="(part of speech) indicates the part of speech assigned to a dictionary headword such as noun, verb, or adjective." href="ref-pos.html">pos</a>, <a class="gi" title="(gender) identifies the morphological gender of a lexical item, as given in the dictionary." href="ref-gen.html">gen</a>, <a class="gi" title="indicates grammatical number associated with a form, as given in a dictionary." href="ref-number.html">number</a>, <a class="gi" title="contains grammatical case information given by a dictionary for a given form." href="ref-case.html">case</a>, or <a class="gi" title="(inflectional class) indicates the inflectional class associated with a lexical item." href="ref-iType.html">iType</a> (inflectional class).</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-def.html">def</a></span> (definition) contains definition text in a dictionary entry.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-cit.html">cit</a></span> (cited quotation) contains a quotation from some other document, together with a bibliographic reference to its source. In a dictionary it may contain an example text with at least one occurrence of the word form, used in the sense being described, or a translation of the headword, or an example.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-usg.html">usg</a></span> (usage) contains usage information in a dictionary entry.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-xr.html">xr</a></span> (cross-reference phrase) contains a phrase, sentence, or icon referring the reader to some other location in this or another text.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-etym.html">etym</a></span> (etymology) encloses the etymological information in a dictionary entry.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-re.html">re</a></span> (related entry) contains a dictionary entry for a lexical item related to the headword, such as a compound phrase or derived form, embedded inside a larger entry.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-note.html">note</a></span> contains a note or annotation.</li></ul><div class="p">In a simple entry with no internal hierarchy, all top-level constituents can appear as children of <a class="gi" title="contains a single structured entry in any kind of lexical resource, such as a dictionary or lexicon." href="ref-entry.html">entry</a>. <div class="q"><span style="font-weight:bold">com.peti.tor</span> <code>/k@m"petit@(r)/</code> n person who competes. <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-OALD" title="Hornby A.S. et al. Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English. Oxford University Press (1974)">OALD</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e73329" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><entry></span><br /> <span class="element"><form></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth></span>competitor<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"><hyph></span>com|peti|tor<span class="element"></hyph></span><br /> <span class="element"><pron></span>k@m"petit@(r)<span class="element"></pron></span><br /> <span class="element"></form></span><br /> <span class="element"><gramGrp></span><br /> <span class="element"><pos></span>n<span class="element"></pos></span><br /> <span class="element"></gramGrp></span><br /> <span class="element"><def></span>person who competes.<span class="element"></def></span><br /><span class="element"></entry></span></div> For the elements which appear within the <a class="gi" title="(form information group) groups all the information on the written and spoken forms of one headword." href="ref-form.html">form</a> and <a class="gi" title="(grammatical information group) groups morpho-syntactic information about a lexical item, e.g. <pos>, <gen>, <number>, <case>, or <iType> (inflectional class)." href="ref-gramGrp.html">gramGrp</a> elements of this and other examples, see below, section <a class="link_ptr" href="DI.html#DITPFO" title="Information on Written and Spoken Forms"><span class="headingNumber">9.3.1 </span>Information on Written and Spoken Forms</a>, and section <a class="link_ptr" href="DI.html#DITPGR" title="Grammatical Information"><span class="headingNumber">9.3.2 </span>Grammatical Information</a>.</div><div class="p">Any top-level constituent can appear at any level when the hierarchical structure of the entry is more complex. The most obvious examples are <a class="gi" title="(definition) contains definition text in a dictionary entry." href="ref-def.html">def</a> and <a class="gi" title="(cited quotation) contains a quotation from some other document, together with a bibliographic reference to its source. In a dictionary it may contain an example text with at least one occurrence of the word form, used in the sense being described, or a translation of the headword, or an example." href="ref-cit.html">cit</a>, which appear at the <a class="gi" title="groups together all information relating to one word sense in a dictionary entry, for example definitions, examples, and translation equivalents." href="ref-sense.html">sense</a> level when several senses or translations exist:<div class="q"><span style="font-weight:bold">disproof</span> <code>(dIs"pru:f)</code> n. 1. facts that disprove something. 2. the act of disproving. <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-CED" title="Collins English Dictionary. London Collins">CED</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e73378" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><entry></span><br /> <span class="element"><form></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth></span>disproof<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"><pron></span>dIs"pru:f<span class="element"></pron></span><br /> <span class="element"></form></span><br /> <span class="element"><gramGrp></span><br /> <span class="element"><pos></span>n<span class="element"></pos></span><br /> <span class="element"></gramGrp></span><br /> <span class="element"><sense <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><def></span>facts that disprove something.<span class="element"></def></span><br /> <span class="element"></sense></span><br /> <span class="element"><sense <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><def></span>the act of disproving.<span class="element"></def></span><br /> <span class="element"></sense></span><br /><span class="element"></entry></span></div></div><p>For ease of processing of such entries containing multiple senses along with those containing only a single sense, it is recommended to use <a class="gi" title="groups together all information relating to one word sense in a dictionary entry, for example definitions, examples, and translation equivalents." href="ref-sense.html">sense</a> in all entries to wrap those elements relating to a particular word sense.</p><div class="p">In the following example, <a class="gi" title="(grammatical information group) groups morpho-syntactic information about a lexical item, e.g. <pos>, <gen>, <number>, <case>, or <iType> (inflectional class)." href="ref-gramGrp.html">gramGrp</a> is used to distinguish two homographs:<div class="q"><span style="font-weight:bold">bray</span> <code>/breI/</code> n cry of an ass; sound of a trumpet. ∙ vt [VP2A] make a cry or sound of this kind. <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-OALD" title="Hornby A.S. et al. Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English. Oxford University Press (1974)">OALD</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e73417" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><entry></span><br /> <span class="element"><form></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth></span>bray<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"><pron></span>breI<span class="element"></pron></span><br /> <span class="element"></form></span><br /> <span class="element"><hom></span><br /> <span class="element"><gramGrp></span><br /> <span class="element"><pos></span>n<span class="element"></pos></span><br /> <span class="element"></gramGrp></span><br /> <span class="element"><sense></span><br /> <span class="element"><def></span>cry of an ass; sound of a trumpet.<span class="element"></def></span><br /> <span class="element"></sense></span><br /> <span class="element"></hom></span><br /> <span class="element"><hom></span><br /> <span class="element"><gramGrp></span><br /> <span class="element"><pos></span>vt<span class="element"></pos></span><br /> <span class="element"><subc></span>VP2A<span class="element"></subc></span><br /> <span class="element"></gramGrp></span><br /> <span class="element"><sense></span><br /> <span class="element"><def></span>make a cry or sound of this kind.<span class="element"></def></span><br /> <span class="element"></sense></span><br /> <span class="element"></hom></span><br /><span class="element"></entry></span></div></div><div class="p">Information of the same kind can appear at different levels within the same entry; here, grammatical information occurs both at entry and homograph level.<div class="q"><span style="font-weight:bold">ca.reen</span> <code>/k@"ri:n/</code> vt,vi 1 [VP6A] turn (a ship) on one side for cleaning, repairing, etc. 2 [VP6A, 2A] (cause to) tilt, lean over to one side. <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-OALD" title="Hornby A.S. et al. Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English. Oxford University Press (1974)">OALD</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e73455" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><entry></span><br /> <span class="element"><form></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth></span>careen<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"><hyph></span>ca|reen<span class="element"></hyph></span><br /> <span class="element"><pron></span>k@"ri:n<span class="element"></pron></span><br /> <span class="element"></form></span><br /> <span class="element"><gramGrp></span><br /> <span class="element"><pos></span>vt<span class="element"></pos></span><br /> <span class="element"><pos></span>vi<span class="element"></pos></span><br /> <span class="element"></gramGrp></span><br /> <span class="element"><sense <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><gramGrp></span><br /> <span class="element"><subc></span>VP6A<span class="element"></subc></span><br /> <span class="element"></gramGrp></span><br /> <span class="element"><def></span>turn (a ship) on one side for cleaning, repairing, etc.<span class="element"></def></span><br /> <span class="element"></sense></span><br /> <span class="element"><sense <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><gramGrp></span><br /> <span class="element"><subc></span>VP6A<span class="element"></subc></span><br /> <span class="element"><subc></span>VP2A<span class="element"></subc></span><br /> <span class="element"></gramGrp></span><br /> <span class="element"><def></span>(cause to) tilt, lean over to one side.<span class="element"></def></span><br /> <span class="element"></sense></span><br /><span class="element"></entry></span></div> </div><div class="p">Alone among the constituent groups, <a class="gi" title="(form information group) groups all the information on the written and spoken forms of one headword." href="ref-form.html">form</a> can appear at the <a class="gi" title="groups a sequence of entries within any kind of lexical resource, such as a dictionary or lexicon which function as a single unit, for example a set of homographs." href="ref-superEntry.html">superEntry</a> level as well as at the <a class="gi" title="contains a single structured entry in any kind of lexical resource, such as a dictionary or lexicon." href="ref-entry.html">entry</a>, <a class="gi" title="(homograph) groups information relating to one homograph within an entry." href="ref-hom.html">hom</a>, and <a class="gi" title="groups together all information relating to one word sense in a dictionary entry, for example definitions, examples, and translation equivalents." href="ref-sense.html">sense</a> levels:<div class="q"><span style="font-weight:bold">a.ban.don</span> 1<code>/@"band@n/ </code> v [T1] 1 to leave completely and for ever; desert: The sailors abandoned the burning ship. 2 …<span style="font-weight:bold">abandon</span> 2 n [U] the state when one's feelings and actions are uncontrolled; freedom from control...<a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-LDOCE" title="Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. Harlow Essex Longman (1978)">LDOCE</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e73518" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><superEntry></span><br /> <span class="element"><form></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth></span>abandon<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"><hyph></span>a|ban|don<span class="element"></hyph></span><br /> <span class="element"><pron></span>@"band@n<span class="element"></pron></span><br /> <span class="element"></form></span><br /> <span class="element"><entry <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><gramGrp></span><br /> <span class="element"><pos></span>v<span class="element"></pos></span><br /> <span class="element"><subc></span>T1<span class="element"></subc></span><br /> <span class="element"></gramGrp></span><br /> <span class="element"><sense <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><def></span>to leave completely and for ever … <span class="element"></def></span><br /> <span class="element"></sense></span><br /> <span class="element"><sense <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"></entry></span><br /> <span class="element"><entry <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><gramGrp></span><br /> <span class="element"><pos></span>n<span class="element"></pos></span><br /> <span class="element"><subc></span>U<span class="element"></subc></span><br /> <span class="element"></gramGrp></span><br /> <span class="element"><sense></span><br /> <span class="element"><def></span>the state when one's feelings and actions are uncontrolled; freedom<br /> from control…<span class="element"></def></span><br /> <span class="element"></sense></span><br /> <span class="element"></entry></span><br /><span class="element"></superEntry></span></div></div></div></div><div class="div2" id="DITP"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="DI.html#DIEN"><span class="headingNumber">9.2 </span>The Structure of Dictionary Entries</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="DI.html#DIHW"><span class="headingNumber">9.4 </span>Headword and Pronunciation References</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h3><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DITP" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Top-level Constituents of Entries</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">9.3 </span><span class="head">Top-level Constituents of Entries</span></h3><p>This section describes the top-level constituents of dictionary entries, together with the phrase-level constituents peculiar to each.</p><ul class="bulleted"><li class="item">the <a class="gi" title="(form information group) groups all the information on the written and spoken forms of one headword." href="ref-form.html">form</a> element, which groups orthographic information and pronunciations, is described in section <a class="link_ptr" href="DI.html#DITPFO" title="Information on Written and Spoken Forms"><span class="headingNumber">9.3.1 </span>Information on Written and Spoken Forms</a></li><li class="item">the <a class="gi" title="(grammatical information group) groups morpho-syntactic information about a lexical item, e.g. <pos>, <gen>, <number>, <case>, or <iType> (inflectional class)." href="ref-gramGrp.html">gramGrp</a> element, which groups elements for the grammatical characterization of the headword, is described in section <a class="link_ptr" href="DI.html#DITPGR" title="Grammatical Information"><span class="headingNumber">9.3.2 </span>Grammatical Information</a></li><li class="item">the <a class="gi" title="(definition) contains definition text in a dictionary entry." href="ref-def.html">def</a> element, which describes the meaning of the headword, is described in section <a class="link_ptr" href="DI.html#DITPSE" title="Sense Information"><span class="headingNumber">9.3.3 </span>Sense Information</a></li><li class="item">the <a class="gi" title="(etymology) encloses the etymological information in a dictionary entry." href="ref-etym.html">etym</a> element and its special phrase-level elements are documented in section <a class="link_ptr" href="DI.html#DITPET" title="Etymological Information"><span class="headingNumber">9.3.4 </span>Etymological Information</a></li><li class="item">the <a class="gi" title="(cited quotation) contains a quotation from some other document, together with a bibliographic reference to its source. In a dictionary it may contain an example text with at least one occurrence of the word form, used in the sense being described, or a translation of the headword, or an example." href="ref-cit.html">cit</a> element and its specific applications are described in section <a class="link_ptr" href="DI.html#DITPSE" title="Sense Information"><span class="headingNumber">9.3.3 </span>Sense Information</a> and section <a class="link_ptr" href="DI.html#DITPMI" title="Other Information"><span class="headingNumber">9.3.5 </span>Other Information</a></li><li class="item">the <a class="gi" title="(usage) contains usage information in a dictionary entry." href="ref-usg.html">usg</a>, <a class="gi" title="(label) contains a label for a form, example, translation, or other piece of information, e.g. abbreviation for, contraction of, literally, approximately, synonyms:, etc." href="ref-lbl.html">lbl</a>, <a class="gi" title="(cross-reference phrase) contains a phrase, sentence, or icon referring the reader to some other location in this or another text." href="ref-xr.html">xr</a>, and <a class="gi" title="contains a note or annotation." href="ref-note.html">note</a> elements are described in section <a class="link_ptr" href="DI.html#DITPMI" title="Other Information"><span class="headingNumber">9.3.5 </span>Other Information</a></li><li class="item">the <a class="gi" title="(related entry) contains a dictionary entry for a lexical item related to the headword, such as a compound phrase or derived form, embedded inside a larger entry." href="ref-re.html">re</a> element, which marks nested entries for related words, is described in section <a class="link_ptr" href="DI.html#DITPRE" title="Related Entries"><span class="headingNumber">9.3.6 </span>Related Entries</a></li></ul><div class="div3" id="DITPFO"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="DI.html#DITPGR"><span class="headingNumber">9.3.2 </span>Grammatical Information</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DITPFO" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Information on Written and Spoken Forms</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">9.3.1 </span><span class="head">Information on Written and Spoken Forms</span></h4><p>Dictionary entries most often begin with information about the form of the word to which the entry applies. Typically, the orthographic form of the word, sometimes marked for syllabification or hyphenation, is the first item in an entry. Other information about the word, including variant or alternate forms, inflected forms, pronunciation, etc., is also often given. </p><p>The following elements should be used to encode this information: the <a class="gi" title="(form information group) groups all the information on the written and spoken forms of one headword." href="ref-form.html">form</a> element groups one or more occurrences of any of them; it can also be recursively nested to reflect more complex sub-grouping of information about word form(s), as shown in the examples.</p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-form.html">form</a></span> (form information group) groups all the information on the written and spoken forms of one headword.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">type</span></td><td>classifies form as simple, compound, etc.
Suggested values include: 1] simple; 2] lemma; 3] variant; 4] compound; 5] derivative; 6] inflected; 7] phrase</td></tr></table></li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-orth.html">orth</a></span> (orthographic form) gives the orthographic form of a dictionary headword.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">type</span></td><td>gives the type of spelling.</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">extent [att.partials]</span></td><td>indicates whether the pronunciation or orthography applies to all or part of a word.
Suggested values include: 1] full(full form) ; 2] pref(prefix) ; 3] suff(suffix) ; 4] inf(infix) ; 5] part(partial) </td></tr></table></li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-pron.html">pron</a></span> (pronunciation) contains the pronunciation(s) of the word.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">extent [att.partials]</span></td><td>indicates whether the pronunciation or orthography applies to all or part of a word.
Suggested values include: 1] full(full form) ; 2] pref(prefix) ; 3] suff(suffix) ; 4] inf(infix) ; 5] part(partial) </td></tr></table></li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-hyph.html">hyph</a></span> (hyphenation) contains a hyphenated form of a dictionary headword, or hyphenation information in some other form.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-syll.html">syll</a></span> (syllabification) contains the syllabification of the headword.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-stress.html">stress</a></span> contains the stress pattern for a dictionary headword, if given separately.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-lbl.html">lbl</a></span> (label) contains a label for a form, example, translation, or other piece of information, e.g. abbreviation for, contraction of, literally, approximately, synonyms:, etc.</li></ul><p>In addition to those listed above, the following elements, which encode morphological details of the form, may also occur within <a class="gi" title="(form information group) groups all the information on the written and spoken forms of one headword." href="ref-form.html">form</a> elements:</p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-gram.html">gram</a></span> (grammatical information) within an entry in a dictionary or a terminological data file, contains grammatical information relating to a term, word, or form.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">type</span></td><td>classifies the grammatical information given according to some convenient typology—in the case of terminological information, preferably the dictionary of data element types specified in <a class="link_ref" href="http://www.isocat.org/">ISO 12620</a>.
Sample values include: 1] pos(part of speech) ; 2] gen(gender) ; 3] num(number) ; 4] animate; 5] proper</td></tr></table></li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-gen.html">gen</a></span> (gender) identifies the morphological gender of a lexical item, as given in the dictionary.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-number.html">number</a></span> indicates grammatical number associated with a form, as given in a dictionary.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-case.html">case</a></span> contains grammatical case information given by a dictionary for a given form.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-per.html">per</a></span> (person) contains an indication of the grammatical person (1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc.) associated with a given inflected form in a dictionary.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-tns.html">tns</a></span> (tense) indicates the grammatical tense associated with a given inflected form in a dictionary.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-mood.html">mood</a></span> contains information about the grammatical mood of verbs (e.g. indicative, subjunctive, imperative).</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-iType.html">iType</a></span> (inflectional class) indicates the inflectional class associated with a lexical item.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">type</span></td><td>indicates the type of indicator used to specify the inflection class, when it is necessary to distinguish between the usual abbreviated indications (e.g. <span class="mentioned">inv</span>) and other kinds of indicators, such as special codes referring to conjugation patterns, etc.
Sample values include: 1] abbrev; 2] verbTable</td></tr></table></li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-pos.html">pos</a></span> (part of speech) indicates the part of speech assigned to a dictionary headword such as noun, verb, or adjective.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-subc.html">subc</a></span> (subcategorization) contains subcategorization information (transitive/intransitive, countable/non-countable, etc.)</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-colloc.html">colloc</a></span> (collocate) contains any sequence of words that co-occur with the headword with significant frequency.</li></ul><p> Of these, the <a class="gi" title="(grammatical information) within an entry in a dictionary or a terminological data file, contains grammatical information relating to a term, word, or form." href="ref-gram.html">gram</a> element is most general, and all of the others are synonymous with a <a class="gi" title="(grammatical information) within an entry in a dictionary or a terminological data file, contains grammatical information relating to a term, word, or form." href="ref-gram.html">gram</a> element with appropriate values (<span class="val">gen, number, case</span>, etc.) for the <span class="att">type</span> attribute.</p><p>The use of these elements as children of <a class="gi" title="(form information group) groups all the information on the written and spoken forms of one headword." href="ref-form.html">form</a> is deprecated; instead, they should always be children of a <a class="gi" title="(grammatical information group) groups morpho-syntactic information about a lexical item, e.g. <pos>, <gen>, <number>, <case>, or <iType> (inflectional class)." href="ref-gramGrp.html">gramGrp</a> within <a class="gi" title="(form information group) groups all the information on the written and spoken forms of one headword." href="ref-form.html">form</a> when describing that particular form of the word.</p><p>Different dictionaries use different means to mark hyphenation, syllabification, and stress, and they often use some unusual glyphs (e.g., the ‘middle dot’ for hyphenation). All of these glyphs are in the Unicode character set, as discussed in <a class="link_ptr" href="SG.html#SG-er" title="Character References"><span class="headingNumber"></span>Character References</a>. When transcribing representations of pronunciation the International Phonetic Alphabet should be used. It may be convenient (as has been done in the text of this chapter) to use a simple transliteration scheme for this; such a scheme should however be properly documented in the header.</p><div class="p">In the simplest case, nothing is given but the orthography:<div id="index-egXML-d52e73684" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><form></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth></span>doom-laden<span class="element"></orth></span><br /><span class="element"></form></span></div></div><div class="p">Often, however, pronunciation is given.<div class="q"><span style="font-weight:bold">soucoupe</span> [sukup] … <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-DNT" title="Guerard Françoise. Le Dictionnaire de Notre Temps ed. Paris Hachette 1990">DNT</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e73699" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><form></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth></span>soucoupe<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"><pron></span>sukup<span class="element"></pron></span><br /><span class="element"></form></span></div></div><p>For a variety of reasons including ease of processing, it may be desired to split into separate elements information which is collapsed into a single element in the source text; orthography and hyphenation may for example be transcribed as separate elements, although given together in the source text. For a discussion of the issues involved, and of methods for retaining both the presentation form and the interpreted form, see section <a class="link_ptr" href="DI.html#DIMV" title="Typographic and Lexical Information in Dictionary Data"><span class="headingNumber">9.5 </span>Typographic and Lexical Information in Dictionary Data</a>.</p><div class="p">This example splits orthography and hyphenation, and adds syllabification because it differs from hyphenation:<div class="q"><span style="font-weight:bold">ar.ea</span> … <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-W7" title="Websters Seventh Collegiate Dictionary. Springfield Mass. G. C. Merriam Co. (1975)">W7</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e73720" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><form></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth></span>area<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"><hyph></span>ar|ea<span class="element"></hyph></span><br /> <span class="element"><syll></span>ar|e|a<span class="element"></syll></span><br /><span class="element"></form></span></div> </div><div class="p">Multiple orthographic forms may be given, e.g. to illustrate a word's inflectional pattern:<div class="q"><span style="font-weight:bold">brag</span> … vb. brags, bragging, bragged … <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-CED" title="Collins English Dictionary. London Collins">CED</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e73741" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><form></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth></span>brag<span class="element"></orth></span><br /><span class="element"></form></span><br /><span class="element"><gramGrp></span><br /> <span class="element"><pos></span>vb<span class="element"></pos></span><br /><span class="element"></gramGrp></span><br /><span class="element"><form <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">inflected</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth></span>brags<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth></span>bragging<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth></span>bragged<span class="element"></orth></span><br /><span class="element"></form></span></div> Or the inflectional pattern may be indicated by reference to a table of paradigms, as here:<div class="q"><span style="font-weight:bold">horrifier</span> <code>[ORifje]</code> (7) vt … [C/R]</div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e73765" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><form></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth></span>horrifier<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"><pron></span>ORifje<span class="element"></pron></span><br /> <span class="element"><gramGrp></span><br /> <span class="element"><iType <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">vbtable</span>"></span>7<span class="element"></iType></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"></gramGrp></span><br /><span class="element"></form></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span></div></div><div class="p">Explanatory labels may be attached to alternate forms:<div class="q"><span style="font-weight:bold">MTBF</span> <span class="it">abbrev. for</span> mean time between failures. <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-CED" title="Collins English Dictionary. London Collins">CED</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e73792" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><entry></span><br /> <span class="element"><form <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">abbrev</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth></span>MTBF<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"></form></span><br /> <span class="element"><form <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">full</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><lbl></span>abbrev. for<span class="element"></lbl></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth></span>mean time between failures<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"></form></span><br /><span class="element"></entry></span></div></div><div class="p">When multiple orthographic forms are given, a pronunciation may be associated with all of them, as here:<div class="q"><span style="font-weight:bold">biryani</span> or <span style="font-weight:bold">biriani</span> <code>(%bIrI"A:nI) </code> … <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-CED" title="Collins English Dictionary. London Collins">CED</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e73819" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><form></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth></span>biryani<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth></span>biriani<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"><pron></span>%bIrI"A:nI<span class="element"></pron></span><br /><span class="element"></form></span></div></div><div class="p">In other cases, different pronunciations are provided for different orthographic forms; here, the <a class="gi" title="(form information group) groups all the information on the written and spoken forms of one headword." href="ref-form.html">form</a> element is repeated to associate the first orthographic form explicitly with the first pronunciation, and the second orthographic form with the second pronunciation:<div class="q"><span style="font-weight:bold">mackle</span> <code>("mak^@l) </code> or macule <code>("makju:l) </code> … <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-CED" title="Collins English Dictionary. London Collins">CED</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e73848" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><form></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth></span>mackle<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"><pron></span>"makəl<span class="element"></pron></span><br /><span class="element"></form></span><br /><span class="element"><form></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth></span>macule<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"><pron></span>"makju:l<span class="element"></pron></span><br /><span class="element"></form></span></div></div><div class="p">Recursive nesting of the <a class="gi" title="(form information group) groups all the information on the written and spoken forms of one headword." href="ref-form.html">form</a> element can preserve relations among elements that are implicit in the text. For example, in the CED entry for <span class="q">‘hospitaller’</span>, it is clear that <span class="q">‘U.S.’</span> is associated only with <span class="q">‘hospitaler’</span>, but that the pronunciation applies to both forms. The following encoding preserves these relations:<div class="q"><span style="font-weight:bold">hospitaller</span> or U.S. hospitaler <code>("hQspIt@l@) </code> … <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-CED" title="Collins English Dictionary. London Collins">CED</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e73887" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><form></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth></span>hospitaller<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"><form></span><br /> <span class="element"><usg <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">geo</span>"></span>U.S.<span class="element"></usg></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth></span>hospitaler<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"></form></span><br /> <span class="element"><pron></span>"hQspIt@l@<span class="element"></pron></span><br /><span class="element"></form></span></div></div></div><div class="div3" id="DITPGR"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="DI.html#DITPFO"><span class="headingNumber">9.3.1 </span>Information on Written and Spoken Forms</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="DI.html#DITPSE"><span class="headingNumber">9.3.3 </span>Sense Information</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DITPGR" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Grammatical Information</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">9.3.2 </span><span class="head">Grammatical Information</span></h4><p>The <a class="gi" title="(grammatical information group) groups morpho-syntactic information about a lexical item, e.g. <pos>, <gen>, <number>, <case>, or <iType> (inflectional class)." href="ref-gramGrp.html">gramGrp</a> element groups grammatical information, such as part of speech, subcategorization information (e.g., syntactic patterns for verbs, count/mass distinctions for nouns), etc. It can contain any of the morphological elements defined in section <a class="link_ptr" href="DI.html#DITPFO" title="Information on Written and Spoken Forms"><span class="headingNumber">9.3.1 </span>Information on Written and Spoken Forms</a> for <a class="gi" title="(form information group) groups all the information on the written and spoken forms of one headword." href="ref-form.html">form</a> and can appear as a child of <a class="gi" title="contains a single structured entry in any kind of lexical resource, such as a dictionary or lexicon." href="ref-entry.html">entry</a>, <a class="gi" title="(form information group) groups all the information on the written and spoken forms of one headword." href="ref-form.html">form</a>, <a class="gi" title="groups together all information relating to one word sense in a dictionary entry, for example definitions, examples, and translation equivalents." href="ref-sense.html">sense</a>, <a class="gi" title="(cited quotation) contains a quotation from some other document, together with a bibliographic reference to its source. In a dictionary it may contain an example text with at least one occurrence of the word form, used in the sense being described, or a translation of the headword, or an example." href="ref-cit.html">cit</a>, or any other element containing content about which there is grammatical information. For example, in the entry <span class="q">‘<span style="font-weight:bold">pinna</span> ('pIn@) n., pl. -nae (-ni:) or -nas’</span> <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-CED" title="Collins English Dictionary. London Collins">CED</a>, the word defined can be either singular or plural; the <span class="q">‘pl.’</span> specification applies only to the inflected forms provided. Compare this with <span class="q">‘pants (paents) pl. n.’</span>, where <span class="q">‘pl.’</span> applies to the headword itself.</p><div class="p">As noted above in section <a class="link_ptr" href="DI.html#DITPFO" title="Information on Written and Spoken Forms"><span class="headingNumber">9.3.1 </span>Information on Written and Spoken Forms</a>, the elements for morphological information are simply shorthand for the general purpose <a class="gi" title="(grammatical information) within an entry in a dictionary or a terminological data file, contains grammatical information relating to a term, word, or form." href="ref-gram.html">gram</a> element. Consider this entry for the French word <span class="mentioned">médire</span>: <div class="q"><span style="font-weight:bold">médire</span> v.t. ind. (de) … <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-PLC" title="Petit Larousse en Couleurs. Paris Larousse (1990)">PLC</a></div> This entry can be tagged using specialized grammatical elements:<div id="index-egXML-d52e75728" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><form></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth></span>médire<span class="element"></orth></span><br /><span class="element"></form></span><br /><span class="element"><gramGrp></span><br /> <span class="element"><pos></span>v<span class="element"></pos></span><br /> <span class="element"><subc></span>t ind<span class="element"></subc></span><br /> <span class="element"><colloc></span>de<span class="element"></colloc></span><br /><span class="element"></gramGrp></span></div> Or using the <a class="gi" title="(grammatical information) within an entry in a dictionary or a terminological data file, contains grammatical information relating to a term, word, or form." href="ref-gram.html">gram</a> element:<div id="index-egXML-d52e75743" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><form></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth></span>médire<span class="element"></orth></span><br /><span class="element"></form></span><br /><span class="element"><gramGrp></span><br /> <span class="element"><gram <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">pos</span>"></span>v<span class="element"></gram></span><br /> <span class="element"><gram <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">subc</span>"></span>t ind<span class="element"></gram></span><br /> <span class="element"><gram <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">collocPrep</span>"></span>de<span class="element"></gram></span><br /><span class="element"></gramGrp></span></div></div><div class="p">Like <a class="gi" title="(form information group) groups all the information on the written and spoken forms of one headword." href="ref-form.html">form</a>, <a class="gi" title="(grammatical information group) groups morpho-syntactic information about a lexical item, e.g. <pos>, <gen>, <number>, <case>, or <iType> (inflectional class)." href="ref-gramGrp.html">gramGrp</a> can be repeated, recursively nested, or used at the <a class="gi" title="groups together all information relating to one word sense in a dictionary entry, for example definitions, examples, and translation equivalents." href="ref-sense.html">sense</a> level to show relations among elements.<div class="q"><span style="font-weight:bold">isotope</span> adj. et n. m. … <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-DNT" title="Guerard Françoise. Le Dictionnaire de Notre Temps ed. Paris Hachette 1990">DNT</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e75774" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><form></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth></span>isotope<span class="element"></orth></span><br /><span class="element"></form></span><br /><span class="element"><gramGrp></span><br /> <span class="element"><pos></span>adj<span class="element"></pos></span><br /><span class="element"></gramGrp></span><br /><span class="element"><gramGrp></span><br /> <span class="element"><pos></span>n<span class="element"></pos></span><br /> <span class="element"><gen></span>m<span class="element"></gen></span><br /><span class="element"></gramGrp></span></div> <div class="q"><span style="font-weight:bold">wits</span> (wIts) pl. n. 1. (sometimes sing.) the ability to reason and act, esp. quickly … <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-CED" title="Collins English Dictionary. London Collins">CED</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e75861" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><entry></span><br /> <span class="element"><form></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth></span>wits<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"><pron></span>wIts<span class="element"></pron></span><br /> <span class="element"></form></span><br /> <span class="element"><gramGrp></span><br /> <span class="element"><number></span>pl<span class="element"></number></span><br /> <span class="element"><pos></span>n<span class="element"></pos></span><br /> <span class="element"></gramGrp></span><br /> <span class="element"><sense <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><gramGrp></span><br /> <span class="element"><number></span>sometimes sing.<span class="element"></number></span><br /> <span class="element"></gramGrp></span><br /> <span class="element"><def></span>the ability to reason and act, esp. quickly …<span class="element"></def></span><br /> <span class="element"></sense></span><br /><span class="element"></entry></span></div></div></div><div class="div3" id="DITPSE"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="DI.html#DITPGR"><span class="headingNumber">9.3.2 </span>Grammatical Information</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="DI.html#DITPET"><span class="headingNumber">9.3.4 </span>Etymological Information</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DITPSE" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Sense Information</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">9.3.3 </span><span class="head">Sense Information</span></h4><p>Dictionaries may describe the meanings of words in a wide variety of different ways—by means of synonyms, paraphrases, translations into other languages, formal definitions in various highly stylized forms, etc. No attempt is made here to distinguish all the different forms which sense information may take; all of them may be tagged using the <a class="gi" title="(definition) contains definition text in a dictionary entry." href="ref-def.html">def</a> element described in section <a class="link_ptr" href="DI.html#DITPDE" title="Definitions"><span class="headingNumber">9.3.3.1 </span>Definitions</a>.</p><p>As a special case it is frequently desirable to distinguish the provision of translation equivalents in other languages from other forms of sense information; the use of <span class="tag"><cit type="translation"></span> (which groups a translation equivalent with related information such as its grammatical description) for this purpose is described in section <a class="link_ptr" href="DI.html#DITPTR" title="Translation Equivalents"><span class="headingNumber">9.3.3.2 </span>Translation Equivalents</a>.</p><div class="div4" id="DITPDE"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="DI.html#DITPTR"><span class="headingNumber">9.3.3.2 </span>Translation Equivalents</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h5><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DITPDE" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Definitions</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">9.3.3.1 </span><span class="head">Definitions</span></h5><p>Dictionary definitions are those pieces of prose in a dictionary entry that describe the meaning of some lexical item. Most often, definitions describe the headword of the entry; in some cases, they describe translated texts, examples, etc.; see <span class="tag"><cit type="translation"></span>, section <a class="link_ptr" href="DI.html#DITPTR" title="Translation Equivalents"><span class="headingNumber">9.3.3.2 </span>Translation Equivalents</a>, and <span class="tag"><cit type="example"></span>, section <a class="link_ptr" href="DI.html#DITPEG" title="Examples"><span class="headingNumber">9.3.5.1 </span>Examples</a>. The <a class="gi" title="(definition) contains definition text in a dictionary entry." href="ref-def.html">def</a> element directly contains the text of the definition; unlike <a class="gi" title="(form information group) groups all the information on the written and spoken forms of one headword." href="ref-form.html">form</a> and <a class="gi" title="(grammatical information group) groups morpho-syntactic information about a lexical item, e.g. <pos>, <gen>, <number>, <case>, or <iType> (inflectional class)." href="ref-gramGrp.html">gramGrp</a>, it does not serve solely to group a set of smaller elements. The close analysis of definition text, such as the tagging of hypernyms, typical objects, etc., is not covered by these Guidelines.</p><div class="p">Definitions may occur directly within an entry; when multiple definitions are given, they are typically identified as belonging to distinct senses, as here:<div class="q"><span style="font-weight:bold">demigod</span> (…) n. 1.a. a being who is part mortal, part god. b. a lesser deity. 2. a godlike person. <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-CP" title="Collins Pocket Dictionary of the English language. London Collins">CP</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e76313" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><entry></span><br /> <span class="element"><form></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth></span>demigod<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"><pron></span> … <span class="element"></pron></span><br /> <span class="element"></form></span><br /> <span class="element"><gramGrp></span><br /> <span class="element"><pos></span>n<span class="element"></pos></span><br /> <span class="element"></gramGrp></span><br /> <span class="element"><sense <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><sense <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">a</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><def></span>a being who is part mortal, part god.<span class="element"></def></span><br /> <span class="element"></sense></span><br /> <span class="element"><sense <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">b</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><def></span>a lesser deity.<span class="element"></def></span><br /> <span class="element"></sense></span><br /> <span class="element"></sense></span><br /> <span class="element"><sense <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><def></span>a godlike person.<span class="element"></def></span><br /> <span class="element"></sense></span><br /><span class="element"></entry></span></div></div><div class="p">In multilingual dictionaries, it is sometimes possible to distinguish translation equivalents from definitions proper; here a <a class="gi" title="(definition) contains definition text in a dictionary entry." href="ref-def.html">def</a> element is distinguished from the translation information within which it appears.<div class="q"><span style="font-weight:bold">rémoulade</span> <code>[Remulad] </code> nf remoulade, rémoulade (<span class="it">dressing containing mustard and herbs</span>). <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-CR" title="Atkins et al. Collins Robert FrenchEnglish EnglishFrench Dictionary. London Collins (1978)">CR</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e76353" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><entry></span><br /> <span class="element"><form></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth></span>rémoulade<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"><pron></span>Remulad<span class="element"></pron></span><br /> <span class="element"></form></span><br /> <span class="element"><gramGrp></span><br /> <span class="element"><pos></span>n<span class="element"></pos></span><br /> <span class="element"><gen></span>f<span class="element"></gen></span><br /> <span class="element"></gramGrp></span><br /> <span class="element"><cit <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">translation</span>" <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">en</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><quote></span>remoulade<span class="element"></quote></span><br /> <span class="element"><quote></span>rémoulade<span class="element"></quote></span><br /> <span class="element"><def></span>dressing containing mustard and herbs<span class="element"></def></span><br /> <span class="element"></cit></span><br /><span class="element"></entry></span></div></div></div><div class="div4" id="DITPTR"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="DI.html#DITPDE"><span class="headingNumber">9.3.3.1 </span>Definitions</a></li><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h5><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DITPTR" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Translation Equivalents</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">9.3.3.2 </span><span class="head">Translation Equivalents</span></h5><p>Multilingual dictionaries contain information about translations of a given word in some source language for one or more target languages. Minimally, the dictionary provides the corresponding translation in the target language; other material, such as morphological information (gender, case), various kinds of usage restrictions, etc., may also be given. If translation equivalents are to be distinguished from other kinds of sense information, they may be encoded using <span class="tag"><cit type="translation"></span>. The global <span class="att">xml:lang</span> attribute should be used to specify the target language.</p><p>As in monolingual dictionaries, the <a class="gi" title="groups together all information relating to one word sense in a dictionary entry, for example definitions, examples, and translation equivalents." href="ref-sense.html">sense</a> element is used in multilingual dictionaries to group information (forms, grammatical information, usage, translation(s), etc.) about a given sense of a word where necessary. Information about the individual translation equivalents within a sense is grouped using <span class="tag"><cit type="translation"></span>. This information may include the translation text (tagged <a class="gi" title="(quoted) contains material which is distinguished from the surrounding text using quotation marks or a similar method, for any one of a variety of reasons including, but not limited to: direct speech or thought, technical terms or jargon, authorial distance, quotations from elsewhere, and passages that are mentioned but not used." href="ref-q.html">q</a> or <a class="gi" title="(quotation) contains a phrase or passage attributed by the narrator or author to some agency external to the text." href="ref-quote.html">quote</a>), morphological information (<a class="gi" title="(gender) identifies the morphological gender of a lexical item, as given in the dictionary." href="ref-gen.html">gen</a>, <a class="gi" title="contains grammatical case information given by a dictionary for a given form." href="ref-case.html">case</a>, etc.), usage notes (<a class="gi" title="(usage) contains usage information in a dictionary entry." href="ref-usg.html">usg</a>), translation labels (<a class="gi" title="(label) contains a label for a form, example, translation, or other piece of information, e.g. abbreviation for, contraction of, literally, approximately, synonyms:, etc." href="ref-lbl.html">lbl</a>), and definitions (<a class="gi" title="(definition) contains definition text in a dictionary entry." href="ref-def.html">def</a>).When bibliographic data is provided, the <a class="gi" title="(quotation) contains a phrase or passage attributed by the narrator or author to some agency external to the text." href="ref-quote.html">quote</a> element should be used.</p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-cit.html">cit</a></span> (cited quotation) contains a quotation from some other document, together with a bibliographic reference to its source. In a dictionary it may contain an example text with at least one occurrence of the word form, used in the sense being described, or a translation of the headword, or an example.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-lbl.html">lbl</a></span> (label) contains a label for a form, example, translation, or other piece of information, e.g. abbreviation for, contraction of, literally, approximately, synonyms:, etc.</li></ul><div class="p">Note how in the following example, different translation equivalents are grouped into the same or different senses, following the punctuation of the source and the usage labels:<div class="q"><span style="font-weight:bold">dresser</span> … (a) (Theat) habilleur m, -euse f; (Comm: window ~) étalagiste mf. she's a stylish ~ elle s'habille avec chic; V hair. (b) (tool) (for wood) raboteuse f; (for stone) rabotin m. <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-CR" title="Atkins et al. Collins Robert FrenchEnglish EnglishFrench Dictionary. London Collins (1978)">CR</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e76524" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><entry <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><form></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth></span>dresser<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"></form></span><br /> <span class="element"><sense <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">a</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><sense></span><br /> <span class="element"><usg <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">dom</span>"></span>Theat<span class="element"></usg></span><br /> <span class="element"><cit <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">translation</span>" <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">fr</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><quote></span>habilleur<span class="element"></quote></span><br /> <span class="element"><gramGrp></span><br /> <span class="element"><gen></span>m<span class="element"></gen></span><br /> <span class="element"></gramGrp></span><br /> <span class="element"></cit></span><br /> <span class="element"><cit <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">translation</span>" <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">fr</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><quote></span>-euse<span class="element"></quote></span><br /> <span class="element"><gramGrp></span><br /> <span class="element"><gen></span>f<span class="element"></gen></span><br /> <span class="element"></gramGrp></span><br /> <span class="element"></cit></span><br /> <span class="element"></sense></span><br /> <span class="element"><sense></span><br /> <span class="element"><usg <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">dom</span>"></span>Comm<span class="element"></usg></span><br /> <span class="element"><form <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">compound</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth></span>window <span class="element"><oRef/></span><span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"></form></span><br /> <span class="element"><cit <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">translation</span>" <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">fr</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><quote></span>étalagiste<span class="element"></quote></span><br /> <span class="element"><gramGrp></span><br /> <span class="element"><gen></span>mf<span class="element"></gen></span><br /> <span class="element"></gramGrp></span><br /> <span class="element"></cit></span><br /> <span class="element"></sense></span><br /> <span class="element"><cit <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">example</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><quote></span>she's a stylish <span class="element"><oRef/></span><span class="element"></quote></span><br /> <span class="element"><cit <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">translation</span>" <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">fr</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><quote></span>elle s'habille avec chic<span class="element"></quote></span><br /> <span class="element"></cit></span><br /> <span class="element"></cit></span><br /> <span class="element"><xr <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">see</span>"></span>V. <span class="element"><ref <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#hair</span>"></span>hair<span class="element"></ref></span><span class="element"></xr></span><br /> <span class="element"></sense></span><br /> <span class="element"><sense <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">b</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><usg <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">category</span>"></span>tool<span class="element"></usg></span><br /> <span class="element"><sense></span><br /> <span class="element"><usg <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">hint</span>"></span>for wood<span class="element"></usg></span><br /> <span class="element"><cit <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">translation</span>" <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">fr</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><quote></span>raboteuse<span class="element"></quote></span><br /> <span class="element"><gramGrp></span><br /> <span class="element"><gen></span>f<span class="element"></gen></span><br /> <span class="element"></gramGrp></span><br /> <span class="element"></cit></span><br /> <span class="element"></sense></span><br /> <span class="element"><sense></span><br /> <span class="element"><usg <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">hint</span>"></span>for stone<span class="element"></usg></span><br /> <span class="element"><cit <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">translation</span>" <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">fr</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><quote></span>rabotin<span class="element"></quote></span><br /> <span class="element"><gramGrp></span><br /> <span class="element"><gen></span>m<span class="element"></gen></span><br /> <span class="element"></gramGrp></span><br /> <span class="element"></cit></span><br /> <span class="element"></sense></span><br /> <span class="element"></sense></span><br /><span class="element"></entry></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /><span class="element"><entry <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">hair</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><sense></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"></sense></span><br /><span class="element"></entry></span></div></div><div class="p">In the following example, a distinction is made between the translation equivalent (<span class="q">‘OAS’</span>) and a descriptive phrase providing further information for the user of the dictionary.<div class="q"><span style="font-weight:bold">O.A.S.</span> ... nf (abrév de <span style="font-weight:bold">Organisation de l'Armée secrète</span>) OAS (<span class="it">illegal military organization supporting French rule of Algeria</span>). <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-CR" title="Atkins et al. Collins Robert FrenchEnglish EnglishFrench Dictionary. London Collins (1978)">CR</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e76615" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><entry></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"><cit <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">translation</span>" <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">en</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><quote></span>OAS<span class="element"></quote></span><br /> <span class="element"><def></span>illegal military organization supporting French rule of<br /> Algeria<span class="element"></def></span><br /> <span class="element"></cit></span><br /><span class="element"></entry></span></div></div><div class="p">Note that <span class="tag"><cit type="translation"></span> may also be used in monolingual dictionaries when a translation is given for a foreign word: <div class="q"><span style="font-weight:bold">havdalah</span> or <span style="font-weight:bold">havdoloh</span> Hebrew. (Hebrew <code>hAvdA"lA; </code> Yiddish <code>hAv"dOl@) </code> n. Judaism. the ceremony marking the end of the sabbath or of a festival, including the blessings over wine, candles and spices. [literally: separation] <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-CED" title="Collins English Dictionary. London Collins">CED</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e76647" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><entry <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">foreign</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><form></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth></span>havdalah<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth></span>havdoloh<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"><gramGrp></span><br /> <span class="element"><gram <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">pos</span>"></span>n.<span class="element"></gram></span><br /> <span class="element"></gramGrp></span><br /> <span class="element"></form></span><br /> <span class="element"><sense></span><br /> <span class="element"><usg <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">dom</span>"></span>Judaism<span class="element"></usg></span><br /> <span class="element"><def></span>the ceremony marking the end of the sabbath or of a festival,<br /> including the blessings over wine, candles and spices.<span class="element"></def></span><br /> <span class="element"></sense></span><br /> <span class="element"><cit <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">translation</span>" <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">en</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><usg <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">style</span>"></span>literally<span class="element"></usg></span><br /> <span class="element"><quote></span>separation<span class="element"></quote></span><br /> <span class="element"></cit></span><br /><span class="element"></entry></span></div></div></div></div><div class="div3" id="DITPET"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="DI.html#DITPSE"><span class="headingNumber">9.3.3 </span>Sense Information</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="DI.html#DITPMI"><span class="headingNumber">9.3.5 </span>Other Information</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DITPET" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Etymological Information</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">9.3.4 </span><span class="head">Etymological Information</span></h4><p>The element <a class="gi" title="(etymology) encloses the etymological information in a dictionary entry." href="ref-etym.html">etym</a> marks a block of etymological information. Etymologies may contain highly structured lists of words in an order indicating their descent from each other, but often also include related words and forms outside the direct line of descent, for comparison. Not infrequently, etymologies include commentary of various sorts, and can grow into short (or long!) essays with prose-like structure. This variation in structure makes it impracticable to define tags which capture the entire intellectual structure of the etymology or record the precise interrelation of all the words mentioned. It is, however, feasible to mark some of the more obvious phrase-level elements frequently found in etymologies, using tags defined in the core module or elsewhere in this chapter. Of particular relevance for the markup of etymologies are:</p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-etym.html">etym</a></span> (etymology) encloses the etymological information in a dictionary entry.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-lang.html">lang</a></span> (language name) contains the name of a language mentioned in etymological or other linguistic discussion.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-date.html">date</a></span> contains a date in any format.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-mentioned.html">mentioned</a></span> marks words or phrases mentioned, not used.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-gloss.html">gloss</a></span> identifies a phrase or word used to provide a gloss or definition for some other word or phrase.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-pron.html">pron</a></span> (pronunciation) contains the pronunciation(s) of the word.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-usg.html">usg</a></span> (usage) contains usage information in a dictionary entry.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-lbl.html">lbl</a></span> (label) contains a label for a form, example, translation, or other piece of information, e.g. abbreviation for, contraction of, literally, approximately, synonyms:, etc.</li></ul><p>As in other prose, individual word forms mentioned in an etymological description are tagged with <a class="gi" title="() marks words or phrases mentioned, not used." href="ref-mentioned.html">mentioned</a> elements. Pronunciations, usage labels, and glosses can be tagged using the <a class="gi" title="(pronunciation) contains the pronunciation(s) of the word." href="ref-pron.html">pron</a>, <a class="gi" title="(usage) contains usage information in a dictionary entry." href="ref-usg.html">usg</a>, and <a class="gi" title="identifies a phrase or word used to provide a gloss or definition for some other word or phrase." href="ref-gloss.html">gloss</a> elements defined elsewhere in these Guidelines. In addition, the <a class="gi" title="(language name) contains the name of a language mentioned in etymological or other linguistic discussion." href="ref-lang.html">lang</a> element may be used to identify a particular language name where it appears, in addition to using the <span class="att">xml:lang</span> attribute of the <a class="gi" title="() marks words or phrases mentioned, not used." href="ref-mentioned.html">mentioned</a> element.</p><div class="p">Examples:<div class="q"><span style="font-weight:bold">abismo</span> m. (del gr. a priv. y byssos, fondo). Sima, gran profundidad. …</div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e76718" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><entry></span><br /> <span class="element"><form></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth></span>abismo<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"></form></span><br /> <span class="element"><etym></span>del <span class="element"><lang></span>gr.<span class="element"></lang></span><br /> <span class="element"><mentioned></span>a<span class="element"></mentioned></span> priv. y <span class="element"><mentioned></span>byssos<span class="element"></mentioned></span>,<br /> <span class="element"><gloss></span>fondo<span class="element"></gloss></span><span class="element"></etym></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /><span class="element"></entry></span></div> <div class="q"><span style="font-weight:bold">neume</span> <code>\'n(y)üm\</code> n [F, fr. ML pneuma, neuma, fr. Gk pneuma breath — more at <span style="font-weight:bold">pneumatic</span>]: any of various symbols used in the notation of Gregorian chant … [WNC]</div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e76749" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><entry></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"><etym></span><br /> <span class="element"><lang></span>F<span class="element"></lang></span> fr. <span class="element"><lang></span>ML<span class="element"></lang></span><br /> <span class="element"><mentioned></span>pneuma<span class="element"></mentioned></span><br /> <span class="element"><mentioned></span>neuma<span class="element"></mentioned></span> fr. <span class="element"><lang></span>Gk<span class="element"></lang></span><br /> <span class="element"><mentioned></span>pneuma<span class="element"></mentioned></span><br /> <span class="element"><gloss></span>breath<span class="element"></gloss></span><br /> <span class="element"><xr <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">etym</span>"></span>more at <span class="element"><ptr <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#pneumatic</span>"/></span><span class="element"></xr></span><span class="element"></etym></span><br /> <span class="element"><sense></span><br /> <span class="element"><def></span>any of various symbols used in the notation of Gregorian chant <br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"></def></span><br /> <span class="element"></sense></span><br /><span class="element"></entry></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /><span class="element"><entry <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">pneumatic</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><etym></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"></etym></span><br /><span class="element"></entry></span></div></div></div><div class="div3" id="DITPMI"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="DI.html#DITPET"><span class="headingNumber">9.3.4 </span>Etymological Information</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="DI.html#DITPRE"><span class="headingNumber">9.3.6 </span>Related Entries</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DITPMI" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Other Information</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">9.3.5 </span><span class="head">Other Information</span></h4><div class="div4" id="DITPEG"><h5><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DITPEG" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Examples</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">9.3.5.1 </span><span class="head">Examples</span></h5><p>Dictionaries typically include examples of word use, usually accompanying definitions or translations. In some cases, the examples are quotations from another source, and are occasionally followed by a citation to the author. </p><p>The <span class="tag"><cit type="example"></span> element contains usage examples and associated information; the example text itself should be enclosed in a <a class="gi" title="(quoted) contains material which is distinguished from the surrounding text using quotation marks or a similar method, for any one of a variety of reasons including, but not limited to: direct speech or thought, technical terms or jargon, authorial distance, quotations from elsewhere, and passages that are mentioned but not used." href="ref-q.html">q</a> or <a class="gi" title="(quotation) contains a phrase or passage attributed by the narrator or author to some agency external to the text." href="ref-quote.html">quote</a> element. The <a class="gi" title="(cited quotation) contains a quotation from some other document, together with a bibliographic reference to its source. In a dictionary it may contain an example text with at least one occurrence of the word form, used in the sense being described, or a translation of the headword, or an example." href="ref-cit.html">cit</a> element associates a quotation with a bibliographic reference to its source.</p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-q.html">q</a></span> (quoted) contains material which is distinguished from the surrounding text using quotation marks or a similar method, for any one of a variety of reasons including, but not limited to: direct speech or thought, technical terms or jargon, authorial distance, quotations from elsewhere, and passages that are mentioned but not used.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-quote.html">quote</a></span> (quotation) contains a phrase or passage attributed by the narrator or author to some agency external to the text.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-cit.html">cit</a></span> (cited quotation) contains a quotation from some other document, together with a bibliographic reference to its source. In a dictionary it may contain an example text with at least one occurrence of the word form, used in the sense being described, or a translation of the headword, or an example.</li></ul><p>Examples frequently abbreviate the headword, and so their transcription will frequently make use of the <a class="gi" title="(orthographic-form reference) in a dictionary example, indicates a reference to the orthographic form(s) of the headword." href="ref-oRef.html">oRef</a> element described below in section <a class="link_ptr" href="DI.html#DIHW" title="Headword and Pronunciation References"><span class="headingNumber">9.4 </span>Headword and Pronunciation References</a>.</p><div class="p">Examples:<div class="q"><span style="font-weight:bold">multiplex</span> <code>/…/</code> adj tech having many parts: the multiplex eye of the fly. <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-LDOCE" title="Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. Harlow Essex Longman (1978)">LDOCE</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e77205" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><quote></span>the multiplex eye of the fly.<span class="element"></quote></span></div> Or when one wants a more comprehensive representation of examples:<div id="index-egXML-d52e77209" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><cit <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">example</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><quote></span>the multiplex eye of the fly.<span class="element"></quote></span><br /><span class="element"></cit></span></div> As the following example shows, <a class="gi" title="(cited quotation) contains a quotation from some other document, together with a bibliographic reference to its source. In a dictionary it may contain an example text with at least one occurrence of the word form, used in the sense being described, or a translation of the headword, or an example." href="ref-cit.html">cit</a> can also contain elements such as <a class="gi" title="(pronunciation) contains the pronunciation(s) of the word." href="ref-pron.html">pron</a>, <a class="gi" title="(definition) contains definition text in a dictionary entry." href="ref-def.html">def</a>, etc.<div class="q"><span style="font-weight:bold">some</span> … 4. (<span class="it">S~</span> and <span class="it">any</span> are used with <span class="it">more</span>): Give me ~ more<code>/s@'mO:(r)/</code> <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-OALD" title="Hornby A.S. et al. Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English. Oxford University Press (1974)">OALD</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e77248" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><sense <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">4</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><usg <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">colloc</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><oRef <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">cap</span>"/></span> and <span class="element"><mentioned></span>any<span class="element"></mentioned></span> are used with<br /> <span class="element"><mentioned></span>more<span class="element"></mentioned></span><span class="element"></usg></span><br /> <span class="element"><cit <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">example</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><quote></span>Give me <span class="element"><oRef/></span> more<span class="element"></quote></span><br /> <span class="element"><pron <span class="attribute">extent</span>="<span class="attributevalue">part</span>"></span>s@'mO:(r)<span class="element"></pron></span><br /> <span class="element"></cit></span><br /><span class="element"></sense></span></div> In multilingual dictionaries, examples may also be accompanied by translations:<div class="q"><span style="font-weight:bold">horrifier</span> … vt to horrify. <span style="font-weight:bold">elle était horrifiée par la dépense</span> she was horrified at the expense. <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-CR" title="Atkins et al. Collins Robert FrenchEnglish EnglishFrench Dictionary. London Collins (1978)">CR</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e77281" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><entry></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"><cit <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">translation</span>" <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">en</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><quote></span>to horrify<span class="element"></quote></span><br /> <span class="element"></cit></span><br /> <span class="element"><cit <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">example</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><quote></span>elle était horrifiée par la dépense<span class="element"></quote></span><br /> <span class="element"><cit <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">translation</span>" <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">en</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><quote></span>she was horrified at the expense.<span class="element"></quote></span><br /> <span class="element"></cit></span><br /> <span class="element"></cit></span><br /><span class="element"></entry></span></div> When a source is indicated, the example should be marked with a <a class="gi" title="(bibliographic citation) contains a loosely-structured bibliographic citation of which the sub-components may or may not be explicitly tagged." href="ref-bibl.html">bibl</a> element:<div class="q"><span style="font-weight:bold">valeur</span> … n. f. … 2. Vx. Vaillance, bravoure (spécial., au combat). <span class="q">‘La valeur n'attend pas le nombre des années’</span> (Corneille). … <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-DNT" title="Guerard Françoise. Le Dictionnaire de Notre Temps ed. Paris Hachette 1990">DNT</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e77369" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><sense <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><usg <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">time</span>"></span>Vx.<span class="element"></usg></span><br /> <span class="element"><def></span>Vaillance, bravoure (spécial., au combat)<span class="element"></def></span><br /> <span class="element"><cit <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">example</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><quote></span>La valeur n'attend pas le nombre des années<span class="element"></quote></span><br /> <span class="element"><bibl></span><br /> <span class="element"><author></span>Corneille<span class="element"></author></span><br /> <span class="element"></bibl></span><br /> <span class="element"></cit></span><br /><span class="element"></sense></span></div></div></div><div class="div4" id="DITPUS"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="DI.html#DITPEG"><span class="headingNumber">9.3.5.1 </span>Examples</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="DI.html#DITPXR"><span class="headingNumber">9.3.5.3 </span>Cross-References to Other Entries</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h5><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DITPUS" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Usage Information and Other Labels</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">9.3.5.2 </span><span class="head">Usage Information and Other Labels</span></h5><p>Most dictionaries provide restrictive labels and phrases indicating the usage of given words or particular senses. Other phrases, not necessarily related to usage, may also be attached to forms, translations, cross-references, and examples. The following elements are provided to mark up such labels:</p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-usg.html">usg</a></span> (usage) contains usage information in a dictionary entry.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-lbl.html">lbl</a></span> (label) contains a label for a form, example, translation, or other piece of information, e.g. abbreviation for, contraction of, literally, approximately, synonyms:, etc.</li></ul><p> As indicated in the following section (<a class="link_ptr" href="DI.html#DITPXR" title="CrossReferences to Other Entries"><span class="headingNumber">9.3.5.3 </span>Cross-References to Other Entries</a>), the <a class="gi" title="(label) contains a label for a form, example, translation, or other piece of information, e.g. abbreviation for, contraction of, literally, approximately, synonyms:, etc." href="ref-lbl.html">lbl</a> element may be used for any kind of significative phrase or label within the text. The <a class="gi" title="(usage) contains usage information in a dictionary entry." href="ref-usg.html">usg</a> element is a specialization of this to mark usage labels in particular. Usage labels typically indicate </p><ul class="bulleted"><li class="item">temporal use (archaic, obsolete, etc.)</li><li class="item">register (slang, formal, taboo, ironic, facetious, etc.)</li><li class="item">style (literal, figurative, etc.)</li><li class="item">connotative effect (e.g. derogatory, offensive)</li><li class="item">subject field (Astronomy, Philosophy, etc.)</li><li class="item">national or regional use (Australian, U.S., Midland dialect, etc.)</li></ul><p> Many dictionaries provide an explanation and/or a list of such usage labels in a preface or appendix. The type of the usage information may be indicated in the <span class="att">type</span> attribute on the <a class="gi" title="(usage) contains usage information in a dictionary entry." href="ref-usg.html">usg</a> element. Some typical values are:</p><dl><dt><span><span class="val">geo</span></span></dt><dd>geographic area</dd><dt><span><span class="val">time</span></span></dt><dd>temporal, historical era (<span class="q">‘archaic’</span>, <span class="q">‘old’</span>, etc.)</dd><dt><span><span class="val">dom</span></span></dt><dd>domain</dd><dt><span><span class="val">reg</span></span></dt><dd>register</dd><dt><span><span class="val">style</span></span></dt><dd>style (figurative, literal, etc.)</dd><dt><span><span class="val">plev</span></span></dt><dd>preference level (<span class="q">‘chiefly’</span>, <span class="q">‘usually’</span>, etc.)</dd><dt><span><span class="val">acc</span></span></dt><dd>acceptability</dd><dt><span><span class="val">lang</span></span></dt><dd>language for foreign words, spellings pronunciations, etc.</dd><dt><span><span class="val">gram</span></span></dt><dd>grammatical usage</dd></dl><p> In addition to this kind of information, multilingual dictionaries often provide ‘semantic cues’ to help the user determine the right sense of a word in the source language (and hence the correct translation). These include synonyms, concept subdivisions, typical subjects and objects, typical verb complements, etc. These labels may also be marked with the <a class="gi" title="(usage) contains usage information in a dictionary entry." href="ref-usg.html">usg</a> element; sample values for the <span class="att">type</span> attribute in these cases include:</p><dl><dt><span><span class="val">syn</span></span></dt><dd>synonym given to show use</dd><dt><span><span class="val">hyper</span></span></dt><dd>hypernym given to show usage</dd><dt><span><span class="val">colloc</span></span></dt><dd>collocation given to show usage</dd><dt><span><span class="val">comp</span></span></dt><dd>typical complement</dd><dt><span><span class="val">obj</span></span></dt><dd>typical object</dd><dt><span><span class="val">subj</span></span></dt><dd>typical subject</dd><dt><span><span class="val">verb</span></span></dt><dd>typical verb</dd><dt><span><span class="val">hint</span></span></dt><dd>unclassifiable piece of information to guide sense choice</dd></dl><div class="p">In this entry, one spelling is marked as geographically restricted:<div class="q"><span style="font-weight:bold">colour</span> or U.S. <span style="font-weight:bold">color</span> … <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-CED" title="Collins English Dictionary. London Collins">CED</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e77581" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><form></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth></span>colour<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"><form></span><br /> <span class="element"><usg <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">geo</span>"></span>U.S.<span class="element"></usg></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth></span>color<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"></form></span><br /><span class="element"></form></span></div></div><div class="p">In the next example, usage labels are used to indicate domains, register, and synonyms associated with different senses:<div class="q"><span style="font-weight:bold">palette</span> <code>[palEt]</code> nf (a) (Peinture: lit, fig) palette. (b) (Boucherie) shoulder. (c) (aube de roue) paddle; (battoir à linge) beetle; (Manutention, Constr) pallet. <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-CR" title="Atkins et al. Collins Robert FrenchEnglish EnglishFrench Dictionary. London Collins (1978)">CR</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e77605" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><sense <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">a</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><usg <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">dom</span>"></span>Peinture<span class="element"></usg></span><br /> <span class="element"><usg <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">style</span>"></span>lit<span class="element"></usg></span><br /> <span class="element"><usg <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">style</span>"></span>fig<span class="element"></usg></span><br /> <span class="element"><cit <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">translation</span>" <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">en</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><quote></span>palette<span class="element"></quote></span><br /> <span class="element"></cit></span><br /><span class="element"></sense></span><br /><span class="element"><sense <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">b</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><usg <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">dom</span>"></span>Boucherie<span class="element"></usg></span><br /> <span class="element"><cit <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">translation</span>" <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">en</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><quote></span>shoulder<span class="element"></quote></span><br /> <span class="element"></cit></span><br /><span class="element"></sense></span><br /><span class="element"><sense <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">c</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><sense></span><br /> <span class="element"><usg <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">syn</span>"></span>aube de roue<span class="element"></usg></span><br /> <span class="element"><cit <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">translation</span>" <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">en</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><quote></span>paddle<span class="element"></quote></span><br /> <span class="element"></cit></span><br /> <span class="element"></sense></span><br /> <span class="element"><sense></span><br /> <span class="element"><usg <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">syn</span>"></span>battoir à linge<span class="element"></usg></span><br /> <span class="element"><cit <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">translation</span>" <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">en</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><quote></span>beetle<span class="element"></quote></span><br /> <span class="element"></cit></span><br /> <span class="element"></sense></span><br /> <span class="element"><sense></span><br /> <span class="element"><usg <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">dom</span>"></span>Manutention<span class="element"></usg></span><br /> <span class="element"><usg <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">dom</span>"></span>Constr<span class="element"></usg></span><br /> <span class="element"><cit <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">translation</span>" <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">en</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><quote></span>pallet<span class="element"></quote></span><br /> <span class="element"></cit></span><br /> <span class="element"></sense></span><br /><span class="element"></sense></span></div> </div><div class="p">When the usage label is hard to classify, it may be described as a <span class="q">‘hint’</span>:<div class="q"><span style="font-weight:bold">rempaillage</span> […] nm reseating, rebottoming (<span class="it">with straw</span>). <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-CR" title="Atkins et al. Collins Robert FrenchEnglish EnglishFrench Dictionary. London Collins (1978)">CR</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e77703" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><entry></span><br /> <span class="element"><cit <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">translation</span>" <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">en</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><quote></span>reseating<span class="element"></quote></span><br /> <span class="element"><quote></span>rebottoming<span class="element"></quote></span><br /> <span class="element"><usg <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">hint</span>"></span>with straw<span class="element"></usg></span><br /> <span class="element"></cit></span><br /><span class="element"></entry></span></div></div></div><div class="div4" id="DITPXR"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="DI.html#DITPUS"><span class="headingNumber">9.3.5.2 </span>Usage Information and Other Labels</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="DI.html#DITPNO"><span class="headingNumber">9.3.5.4 </span>Notes within Entries</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h5><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DITPXR" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Cross-References to Other Entries</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">9.3.5.3 </span><span class="head">Cross-References to Other Entries</span></h5><p>Dictionary entries frequently refer to information in other entries, often using extremely dense notations to convey the headword of the entry to be sought, the particular part of the entry being referred to, and the nature of the information to be sought there (synonyms, antonyms, usage notes, etymology, an illustration, etc.)</p><p>Cross-references may be tagged in dictionaries using the <a class="gi" title="(reference) defines a reference to another location, possibly modified by additional text or comment." href="ref-ref.html">ref</a> and <a class="gi" title="(pointer) defines a pointer to another location." href="ref-ptr.html">ptr</a> elements defined in the core module (section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#COXR" title="Simple Links and CrossReferences"><span class="headingNumber">3.6 </span>Simple Links and Cross-References</a>). In addition, the <a class="gi" title="(cross-reference phrase) contains a phrase, sentence, or icon referring the reader to some other location in this or another text." href="ref-xr.html">xr</a> element may be used to group all the information relating to a cross-reference. </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-xr.html">xr</a></span> (cross-reference phrase) contains a phrase, sentence, or icon referring the reader to some other location in this or another text.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-ref.html">ref</a></span> (reference) defines a reference to another location, possibly modified by additional text or comment.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-ptr.html">ptr</a></span> (pointer) defines a pointer to another location.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-lbl.html">lbl</a></span> (label) contains a label for a form, example, translation, or other piece of information, e.g. abbreviation for, contraction of, literally, approximately, synonyms:, etc.</li></ul><div class="p">As in other types of text, the actual pointing element (e.g. <a class="gi" title="(reference) defines a reference to another location, possibly modified by additional text or comment." href="ref-ref.html">ref</a> or <a class="gi" title="(pointer) defines a pointer to another location." href="ref-ptr.html">ptr</a>) is used to tag the cross-reference target proper (in dictionaries, usually the headword, possibly accompanied by a homograph number, a sense number, or other further restriction specifying what portion of the target entry is being referred to). The <a class="gi" title="(cross-reference phrase) contains a phrase, sentence, or icon referring the reader to some other location in this or another text." href="ref-xr.html">xr</a> element is used to group the target with any accompanying phrases or symbols used to label the cross-reference; the cross-reference label itself may be tagged as a <a class="gi" title="(label) contains a label for a form, example, translation, or other piece of information, e.g. abbreviation for, contraction of, literally, approximately, synonyms:, etc." href="ref-lbl.html">lbl</a> or may remain untagged. Both of the following are thus legitimate:<div class="q"><span style="font-weight:bold">glee</span> … Compare <span style="font-weight:bold">madrigal</span> (sense 1) <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-CED" title="Collins English Dictionary. London Collins">CED</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e78332" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><entry></span><br /> <span class="element"><form></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth></span>glee<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"></form></span><br /> <span class="element"><xr></span>Compare <span class="element"><ptr <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#madrigal.1</span>"/></span><span class="element"></xr></span><br /><span class="element"></entry></span><br /><span class="element"><entry <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">madrigal.1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><form></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"></form></span><br /><span class="element"></entry></span></div> <div class="q"><span style="font-weight:bold">hostellerie</span> Syn. de hôtellerie (sens 1). <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-DNT" title="Guerard Françoise. Le Dictionnaire de Notre Temps ed. Paris Hachette 1990">DNT</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e78353" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><xr <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">syn</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><lbl></span>Syn. de<span class="element"></lbl></span><br /> <span class="element"><ref></span>hôtellerie (sens 1)<span class="element"></ref></span>.<span class="element"></xr></span></div> In addition to using, or not using, <a class="gi" title="(label) contains a label for a form, example, translation, or other piece of information, e.g. abbreviation for, contraction of, literally, approximately, synonyms:, etc." href="ref-lbl.html">lbl</a> to mark the cross-reference label, the two examples differ in another way. The former assumes that the first sense of <span class="mentioned">madrigal</span> has the identifier <span class="val">madrigal.1</span>, and that the specific form of the reference in the source volume can be reconstructed, if needed, from that information. The latter does not require the first sense of <span class="q">‘hôtellerie’</span> to have an identifier, and retains the print form of the cross-reference; by omitting the <span class="att">target</span> attribute of the <a class="gi" title="(reference) defines a reference to another location, possibly modified by additional text or comment." href="ref-ref.html">ref</a> element, however, the second example does assume implicitly either that some software could usefully parse the phrase tagged as a <a class="gi" title="(reference) defines a reference to another location, possibly modified by additional text or comment." href="ref-ref.html">ref</a> and find the location referred to, or else that such processing will not be necessary.</div><div class="p">The <span class="att">type</span> attribute on the pointing element or on the <a class="gi" title="(cross-reference phrase) contains a phrase, sentence, or icon referring the reader to some other location in this or another text." href="ref-xr.html">xr</a> element may be used to indicate what kind of cross-reference is being made, using any convenient typology. Since different dictionaries may label the same kind of cross-reference in different ways, it may be useful to give normalized indications in the <span class="att">type</span> attribute, enabling the encoder to distinguish irregular forms of cross-reference more reliably:<div class="q"><span style="font-weight:bold">rose</span>2 … vb. the past tense of <span style="font-weight:bold">rise</span>. <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-CED" title="Collins English Dictionary. London Collins">CED</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e78406" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><entry <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><form></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth></span>rose<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"></form></span><br /> <span class="element"><xr <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">inflectedForm</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><lbl></span>the past tense of<span class="element"></lbl></span><br /> <span class="element"><ref <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#rise</span>"></span>rise<span class="element"></ref></span><br /> <span class="element"></xr></span><br /><span class="element"></entry></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /><span class="element"><entry <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">rise</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><form></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth></span>rise<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"></form></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- main entry for "rise" as verb --></span><br /><span class="element"></entry></span></div> from cross-references for synonyms and the like:<div class="q"><span style="font-weight:bold">antagonist</span> … syn see <span style="font-weight:bold">adverse </span> <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-W7" title="Websters Seventh Collegiate Dictionary. Springfield Mass. G. C. Merriam Co. (1975)">W7</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e78436" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><xr <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">synonym</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><lbl></span>syn see<span class="element"></lbl></span><br /> <span class="element"><ref <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#adverse</span>"></span>adverse<span class="element"></ref></span><br /><span class="element"></xr></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /><span class="element"><entry <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">adverse</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><form></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth></span>adverse<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"></form></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- list of synonyms for "adverse" --></span><br /><span class="element"></entry></span></div>Strictly speaking, the reference above is not to the entry for <span class="mentioned">adverse</span>, but to the list of synonyms found within that entry. In some cases, the cross-reference is to a particular subset of the meanings of the entry in question:<div class="q"><span style="font-weight:bold">globe</span> …V. <span style="font-weight:bold">armillaire</span> (sphère) <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-PR" title="Robert Paul. Le Petit Robert. Paris Dictionnaires Le Robert (1967)">PR</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e78469" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><xr></span>V. <span class="element"><ref <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#armillaire</span>"></span>armillaire<span class="element"></ref></span><br /> <span class="element"><lbl <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">sense-restriction</span>"></span>sphère<span class="element"></lbl></span><span class="element"></xr></span></div></div><div class="p">Cross-references occasionally occur in definition texts, example texts, etc., or may be free-standing within an entry. These may typically be encoded using <a class="gi" title="(reference) defines a reference to another location, possibly modified by additional text or comment." href="ref-ref.html">ref</a> or <a class="gi" title="(pointer) defines a pointer to another location." href="ref-ptr.html">ptr</a>, without an enclosing <a class="gi" title="(cross-reference phrase) contains a phrase, sentence, or icon referring the reader to some other location in this or another text." href="ref-xr.html">xr</a>. For example: <div class="q"><span style="font-weight:bold">entacher</span> … <span class="it">Acte entaché de nullité</span>, contenant un vice de forme ou passé par un incapable*. <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-DNT" title="Guerard Françoise. Le Dictionnaire de Notre Temps ed. Paris Hachette 1990">DNT</a></div> The asterisk signals a reference to the entry for <span class="mentioned">incapable</span>.<div id="index-egXML-d52e78504" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><def></span>contenant un vice de forme ou passé par un <span class="element"><ptr <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#incapable</span>"/></span>.<span class="element"></def></span></div> In some cases, the form in the definition is inflected, and thus <a class="gi" title="(reference) defines a reference to another location, possibly modified by additional text or comment." href="ref-ref.html">ref</a> must be used to indicate more exactly the intended target, as here:<div class="q"><span style="font-weight:bold">justifier</span> …4. IMPRIM Donner a (une ligne) une longeur convenable au moyen de blancs (2, sens 1, 3). <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-DNT" title="Guerard Françoise. Le Dictionnaire de Notre Temps ed. Paris Hachette 1990">DNT</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e78524" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><sense <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">4</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><usg <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">dom</span>"></span>imprim<span class="element"></usg></span><br /> <span class="element"><def></span>Donner a (une ligne) une longeur convenable au moyen de<br /> <span class="element"><ref <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#blanc-2.1.3</span>"></span>blancs (2, sens 1, 3)<span class="element"></ref></span><span class="element"></def></span><br /><span class="element"></sense></span><br /><span class="element"><entry <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">blanc</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2</span>"></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"><sense <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>"></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"><def <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">blanc-2.1.3</span>"></span>...<span class="element"></def></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"></sense></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /><span class="element"></entry></span></div></div></div><div class="div4" id="DITPNO"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="DI.html#DITPXR"><span class="headingNumber">9.3.5.3 </span>Cross-References to Other Entries</a></li><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h5><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DITPNO" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Notes within Entries</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">9.3.5.4 </span><span class="head">Notes within Entries</span></h5><p>Dictionaries may include extensive explanatory notes about usage, grammar, context, etc. within entries. Very often, such notes appear as a separate section at the end of an entry. The standard <a class="gi" title="contains a note or annotation." href="ref-note.html">note</a> element should be used for such material.</p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-note.html">note</a></span> contains a note or annotation.</li></ul><div class="p">For example:<div class="q"><span style="font-weight:bold">ain't</span> <code>(eInt)</code> <span class="it">Not standard. contraction of</span> am not, is not, are not, have not <span class="it">or</span> has not: <span class="it">I ain't seen it.</span> ….<span style="font-weight:bold">Usage.</span> Although the interrogative form <span class="it">ain't I?</span> would be a natural contraction of <span class="it">am I not?</span>, it is generally avoided in spoken English and never used in formal English. <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-CED" title="Collins English Dictionary. London Collins">CED</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e78951" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><entry></span><br /> <span class="element"><form <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">contraction</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth></span>ain't<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"><pron></span>eInt<span class="element"></pron></span><br /> <span class="element"></form></span><br /> <span class="element"><usg <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">reg</span>"></span>Not standard<span class="element"></usg></span><br /> <span class="element"><form <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">full</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><lbl></span>contraction of<span class="element"></lbl></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth></span>am not<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth></span>is not<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth></span>are not<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth></span>have not<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth></span>has not<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"></form></span><br /> <span class="element"><cit <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">example</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><quote></span>I ain't seen it.<span class="element"></quote></span><br /> <span class="element"></cit></span><br /> <span class="element"><note <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">usage</span>"></span>Although the interrogative form <span class="element"><mentioned></span>ain't<br /> I?<span class="element"></mentioned></span> would be a natural contraction of <span class="element"><mentioned></span>am I<br /> not?<span class="element"></mentioned></span>, it is generally avoided in spoken English and<br /> never used in formal English.<span class="element"></note></span><br /><span class="element"></entry></span></div></div><p>The formal declaration for <a class="gi" title="contains a note or annotation." href="ref-note.html">note</a> is given in section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#CONO" title="Notes Annotation and Indexing"><span class="headingNumber">3.8 </span>Notes, Annotation, and Indexing</a>.</p></div></div><div class="div3" id="DITPRE"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="DI.html#DITPMI"><span class="headingNumber">9.3.5 </span>Other Information</a></li><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DITPRE" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Related Entries</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">9.3.6 </span><span class="head">Related Entries</span></h4><p>The <a class="gi" title="(related entry) contains a dictionary entry for a lexical item related to the headword, such as a compound phrase or derived form, embedded inside a larger entry." href="ref-re.html">re</a> element encloses a degenerate entry which appears in the body of another entry for some purpose. Many dictionaries include related entries for direct derivatives or inflected forms of the entry word, or for compound words, phrases, collocations, and idioms containing the entry word.</p><p>Related entries can be complex, and may in fact include any of the information to be found in a regular entry. Therefore, the <a class="gi" title="(related entry) contains a dictionary entry for a lexical item related to the headword, such as a compound phrase or derived form, embedded inside a larger entry." href="ref-re.html">re</a> element is defined to contain the same elements as an <a class="gi" title="contains a single structured entry in any kind of lexical resource, such as a dictionary or lexicon." href="ref-entry.html">entry</a> element, with the exception that it may not contain any nested <a class="gi" title="(related entry) contains a dictionary entry for a lexical item related to the headword, such as a compound phrase or derived form, embedded inside a larger entry." href="ref-re.html">re</a> elements.</p><div class="p">Examples:<div class="q"><span style="font-weight:bold">bevvy</span> <code>("bEvI)</code> Dialect. ~ n., pl. -vies. 1. a drink, esp. an alcoholic one: we had a few bevvies last night. 2. a night of drinking. ~ vb. - vies, -vying, -vied (intr.) 3. to drink alcohol [probably from Old French bevee, buvee, drinking] —'bevvied adj. <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-CED" title="Collins English Dictionary. London Collins">CED</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e79025" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><entry></span><br /> <span class="element"><form></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth></span>bevvy<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"><pron></span>"bEvI<span class="element"></pron></span><br /> <span class="element"></form></span><br /> <span class="element"><usg <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">reg</span>"></span>Dialect<span class="element"></usg></span><br /> <span class="element"><hom></span><br /> <span class="element"><gramGrp></span><br /> <span class="element"><pos></span>n<span class="element"></pos></span><br /> <span class="element"></gramGrp></span><br /> <span class="element"><sense <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><def></span>a drink, esp. an alcoholic one: we had a few bevvies last night.<span class="element"></def></span><br /> <span class="element"></sense></span><br /> <span class="element"></hom></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... sense 2 ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"><hom></span><br /> <span class="element"><gramGrp></span><br /> <span class="element"><pos></span>vb<span class="element"></pos></span><br /> <span class="element"></gramGrp></span><br /> <span class="element"><sense <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">3</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><def></span>to drink alcohol<span class="element"></def></span><br /> <span class="element"></sense></span><br /> <span class="element"></hom></span><br /> <span class="element"><etym></span>probably from <span class="element"><lang></span>Old French<span class="element"></lang></span><br /> <span class="element"><mentioned></span>bevee<span class="element"></mentioned></span>, <span class="element"><mentioned></span>buvee<span class="element"></mentioned></span><br /> <span class="element"><gloss></span>drinking<span class="element"></gloss></span><span class="element"></etym></span><br /> <span class="element"><re <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">derived</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><form></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth></span>bevvied<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"></form></span><br /> <span class="element"><gramGrp></span><br /> <span class="element"><pos></span>adj<span class="element"></pos></span><br /> <span class="element"></gramGrp></span><br /> <span class="element"></re></span><br /><span class="element"></entry></span></div></div></div></div><div class="div2" id="DIHW"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="DI.html#DITP"><span class="headingNumber">9.3 </span>Top-level Constituents of Entries</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="DI.html#DIMV"><span class="headingNumber">9.5 </span>Typographic and Lexical Information in Dictionary Data</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h3><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DIHW" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Headword and Pronunciation References</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">9.4 </span><span class="head">Headword and Pronunciation References</span></h3><p>Examples, definitions, etymologies, and occasionally other elements such as cross-references, orthographic forms, etc., often contain a shortened or iconic reference to the headword, rather than repeating the headword itself. The references may be to the orthographic form or to the pronunciation, to the form given or to a variant of that form. The following elements are used to encode such iconic references to a headword:</p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-oRef.html">oRef</a></span> (orthographic-form reference) in a dictionary example, indicates a reference to the orthographic form(s) of the headword.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">type</span></td><td>indicates the kind of typographic modification made to the headword in the reference.
Sample values include: 1] cap(capital) ; 2] noHyph(no hyphen) </td></tr></table></li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-pRef.html">pRef</a></span> (pronunciation reference) in a dictionary example, indicates a reference to the pronunciation(s) of the headword.</li></ul><p>These elements all inherit the following attributes from the class <a class="link_odd" title="provides a set of attributes used by all elements which point to other elements by means of one or more URI references." href="ref-att.pointing.html">att.pointing</a> which may optionally be used to resolve any ambiguity about the headword form being referred to.</p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-att.pointing.html">att.pointing</a></span> provides a set of attributes used by all elements which point to other elements by means of one or more URI references.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">target</span></td><td>specifies the destination of the reference by supplying one or more URI References</td></tr></table></li></ul><p>Headword references come in a variety of formats:</p><dl><dt><span>~ </span></dt><dd>indicates a reference to the full form of the headword</dd><dt><span>pref~ </span></dt><dd>gives a prefix to be affixed to the headword</dd><dt><span>~suf </span></dt><dd>gives a suffix to be affixed to the headword</dd><dt><span>A~ </span></dt><dd>gives the first letter in uppercase, indicating that the headword is capitalized</dd><dt><span>pref~suf </span></dt><dd>gives a prefix and a suffix to be affixed to the headword</dd><dt><span>a. </span></dt><dd>gives the initial of the word followed by a full stop, to indicate reference to the full form of the headword</dd><dt><span>A. </span></dt><dd>refers to a capitalized form of the headword </dd></dl><p>The <a class="gi" title="(orthographic-form reference) in a dictionary example, indicates a reference to the orthographic form(s) of the headword." href="ref-oRef.html">oRef</a> element should be used for iconic or shortened references to the orthographic form(s) of the headword itself. It is an empty element and replaces, rather than enclosing, the reference. Note that the reference to a headword is not necessarily a simple string replacement. In the example <span class="q">‘<span style="font-weight:bold">colour</span>1, (US = color) …~ films; ~ TV; Red, blue and yellow are ~s.’</span> <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-OALD" title="Hornby A.S. et al. Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English. Oxford University Press (1974)">OALD</a>, the tilde stands for either headword form (<span class="mentioned">colour</span>, <span class="mentioned">color</span>).</p><div class="p">Examples:<div class="q"><span style="font-weight:bold">colonel</span> … army officer above a lieutenant-~. <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-OALD" title="Hornby A.S. et al. Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English. Oxford University Press (1974)">OALD</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e79693" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><def></span>army officer above a lieutenant-<span class="element"><oRef/></span><span class="element"></def></span></div> <div class="q"><span style="font-weight:bold">academy</span> … The Royal A~ of Arts <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-OALD" title="Hornby A.S. et al. Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English. Oxford University Press (1974)">OALD</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e79725" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><q></span>The Royal <span class="element"><oRef <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">cap</span>"/></span> of Arts<span class="element"></q></span></div> </div><div class="p">The following example demonstrates the use of the <span class="att">target</span> attribute to refer to a specific form of the headword:<div class="q"><span style="font-weight:bold">vag-</span> or <span style="font-weight:bold">vago-</span> comb form … : vagus nerve < <span style="font-weight:bold">vag</span>al > < <span style="font-weight:bold">vago</span>tomy > <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-W7" title="Websters Seventh Collegiate Dictionary. Springfield Mass. G. C. Merriam Co. (1975)">W7</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e79862" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><entry></span><br /> <span class="element"><form></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">di-o1</span>"></span>vag-<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">di-o2</span>"></span>vago-<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"></form></span><br /> <span class="element"><def></span>vagus nerve<span class="element"></def></span><br /> <span class="element"><cit <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">example</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><quote></span><br /> <span class="element"><oRef <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#di-o1</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">noHyph</span>"/></span>al<span class="element"></quote></span><br /> <span class="element"><quote></span><br /> <span class="element"><oRef <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#di-o2</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">noHyph</span>"/></span>tomy<span class="element"></quote></span><br /> <span class="element"></cit></span><br /><span class="element"></entry></span></div> </div><div class="p">In many cases the reference is not to the orthographic form of the headword, but rather to another form of the headword—usually to an inflected form. In these cases, the element <a class="gi" title="(orthographic-form reference) in a dictionary example, indicates a reference to the orthographic form(s) of the headword." href="ref-oRef.html">oRef</a> should be used; this element may take as its content the string as it appears in the text.<div class="q"><span style="font-weight:bold">take</span> … < Mr Burton <span style="font-weight:bold">took</span> us for French > <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-NPEG" title="The New Penguin English Dictionary. London Penguin Books (1986)">NPEG</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e80038" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><cit <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">example</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><quote></span>Mr Burton <span class="element"><oRef <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">pt</span>"></span>took<span class="element"></oRef></span> us for French<span class="element"></quote></span><br /><span class="element"></cit></span></div> <div class="q"><span style="font-weight:bold">take</span> … < was quite <span style="font-weight:bold">~n</span> with him > <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-NPEG" title="The New Penguin English Dictionary. London Penguin Books (1986)">NPEG</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e80058" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><cit <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">example</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><quote></span>was quite <span class="element"><oRef <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">pp</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><oRef/></span>n<span class="element"></oRef></span> with him<span class="element"></quote></span><br /><span class="element"></cit></span></div></div><div class="p">The next example shows a discontinuous reference, using the attributes <span class="att">next</span> and <span class="att">prev</span>, which are defined in the additional module for linking, segmentation, and alignment (see chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="SA.html" title="14"><span class="headingNumber">16 </span>Linking, Segmentation, and Alignment</a>) and therefore require that that module be selected in addition to that for dictionaries.<div class="q"><span style="font-weight:bold">mix up</span>… < it's easy to <span style="font-weight:bold">mix</span> her <span style="font-weight:bold">up</span> with her sister > <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-NPEG" title="The New Penguin English Dictionary. London Penguin Books (1986)">NPEG</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e80092" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><cit <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">example</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><quote></span>it's easy to <span class="element"><oRef <span class="attribute">next</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#ov2</span>" <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">ov1</span>"></span>mix<span class="element"></oRef></span> <br /> her <span class="element"><oRef <span class="attribute">prev</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#ov1</span>" <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">ov2</span>"></span>up<span class="element"></oRef></span> with her sister<span class="element"></quote></span><br /><span class="element"></cit></span></div></div><div class="p">In addition, some dictionaries make reference to the pronunciation of the headword in the pronunciation of related entries, variants, or examples. The <a class="gi" title="(pronunciation reference) in a dictionary example, indicates a reference to the pronunciation(s) of the headword." href="ref-pRef.html">pRef</a> element should be used for such references.<div class="q"><span style="font-weight:bold">hors d'oeuvre</span> <code>/,aw'duhv </code> (Fr O:r dœvr)/ n, pl hors d'oeuvres also hors d'oeuvre <code>/'duhv(z) </code> (Fr ~)/ <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-NPEG" title="The New Penguin English Dictionary. London Penguin Books (1986)">NPEG</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e80123" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><form></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth></span>hors d'oeuvre<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"><pron></span>%aU"dUv<span class="element"></pron></span><br /> <span class="element"><form></span><br /> <span class="element"><usg <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">lang</span>"></span>Fr<span class="element"></usg></span><br /> <span class="element"><pron <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">di-p2</span>"></span>OR d0vR<span class="element"></pron></span><br /> <span class="element"></form></span><br /><span class="element"></form></span><br /><span class="element"><form <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">inflected</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><number></span>pl<span class="element"></number></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth></span>hors d'oeuvres<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth></span>hors d'oeuvre<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"><pron <span class="attribute">extent</span>="<span class="attributevalue">part</span>"></span>"dUv(z)<span class="element"></pron></span><br /> <span class="element"><form></span><br /> <span class="element"><usg <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">lang</span>"></span>Fr<span class="element"></usg></span><br /> <span class="element"><pron></span><br /> <span class="element"><pRef <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#di-p2</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"></pron></span><br /> <span class="element"></form></span><br /><span class="element"></form></span></div></div><p>Because headword and pronunciation references can occur virtually anywhere in an entry, the <a class="gi" title="(orthographic-form reference) in a dictionary example, indicates a reference to the orthographic form(s) of the headword." href="ref-oRef.html">oRef</a> and <a class="gi" title="(pronunciation reference) in a dictionary example, indicates a reference to the pronunciation(s) of the headword." href="ref-pRef.html">pRef</a> elements may appear within any other element defined for dictionary entries.</p><p>Since existing printed dictionaries use different conventions for headword references (swung dash, first letter abbreviated form, capitalization, or italicization of the word, etc.) the exact method used should be documented in the header.</p></div><div class="div2" id="DIMV"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="DI.html#DIHW"><span class="headingNumber">9.4 </span>Headword and Pronunciation References</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="DI.html#DIFR"><span class="headingNumber">9.6 </span>Unstructured Entries</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h3><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DIMV" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Typographic and Lexical Information in Dictionary Data</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">9.5 </span><span class="head">Typographic and Lexical Information in Dictionary Data</span></h3><p>Among the many possible views of dictionaries, it is useful to distinguish at least the following three, which help to clarify some issues raised with particular urgency by dictionaries, on account of the complexity of both their typography and their information structure.</p><ul class="bulleted"><li class="item">(a) the <span class="term">typographic view</span>—the two-dimensional printed page, including information about line and page breaks and other features of layout</li><li class="item">(b) the <span class="term">editorial view</span>—the one-dimensional sequence of tokens which can be seen as the input to the typesetting process; the wording and punctuation of the text and the sequencing of items are visible in this view, but specifics of the typographic realization are not</li><li class="item">(c) the <span class="term">lexical view</span>—this view includes the underlying information represented in a dictionary, without concern for its exact textual form</li></ul><p>For example, a domain indication in a dictionary entry might be broken over a line and therefore hyphenated (<span class="q">‘naut-’</span> <span class="q">‘ical’</span>); the typographic view of the dictionary preserves this information. In a purely editorial view, the particular form in which the domain name is given in the particular dictionary (as <span class="q">‘nautical’</span>, rather than <span class="q">‘naut.’</span>, <span class="q">‘Naut.’</span>, etc.) would be preserved, but the fact of the line break would not. Font shifts might plausibly be included in either a strictly typographic or an editorial view. In the lexical view, the only information preserved concerning domain would be some standard symbol or string representing the nautical domain (e.g. <span class="q">‘naut.’</span>) regardless of the form in which it appears in the printed dictionary.</p><p>In practice, publishers begin with the lexical view—i.e., lexical data as it might appear in a database—and generate first the editorial view, which reflects editorial choices for a particular dictionary (such as the use of the abbreviation <span class="q">‘Naut.’</span> for <span class="q">‘nautical’</span>, the fonts in which different types of information are to be rendered, etc.), and then the typographic view, which is tied to a specific printed rendering. Computational linguists and philologists often begin with the typographic view and analyse it to obtain the editorial and/or lexical views. Some users may ultimately be concerned with retaining only the lexical view, or they may wish to preserve the typographic or editorial views as a reference text, perhaps as a guard against the loss or misinterpretation of information in the translation process. Some researchers may wish to retain all three views, and study their interrelations, since research questions may well span all three views.</p><p>In general, an electronic encoding of a text will allow the recovery of at least one view of that text (the one which guided the encoding); if editorial and typographic practices are consistently applied in the production of a printed dictionary, or if exceptions to the rules are consistently recorded in the electronic encoding, then it is <em>in principle</em> possible to recover the editorial view from an encoding of the lexical view, and the typographic view from an encoding of the editorial view. In practice, of course, the severe compression of information in dictionaries, the variety of methods by which this compression is achieved, the complexity of formulating completely explicit rules for editorial and typographic practice, and the relative rarity of complete consistency in the application of such rules, all make the mechanical transformation of information from one view into another something of a vexed question.</p><p>This section describes some principles which may be useful in capturing one or the other of these views as consistently and completely as possible, and describes some methods of attempting to capture more than one view in a single encoding. Only the editorial and lexical views are explicitly treated here; for methods of recording the physical or typographic details of a text, see chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="PH.html" title="18"><span class="headingNumber">11 </span>Representation of Primary Sources</a>. Other approaches to these problems, such as the use of repetitive encoding and links to show their correspondences, or the use of feature structures to capture the information structure, and of the <span class="att">ana</span> and <span class="att">inst</span> attributes to link feature structures to a transcription of the editorial view of a dictionary, are not discussed here (for feature structures, see chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="FS.html" title="16"><span class="headingNumber">18 </span>Feature Structures</a>. For linkage of textual form and underlying information, see chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="AI.html" title="15"><span class="headingNumber">17 </span>Simple Analytic Mechanisms</a>).</p><div class="div3" id="DIMVTV"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="DI.html#DIMVLV"><span class="headingNumber">9.5.2 </span>Lexical View</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DIMVTV" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Editorial View</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">9.5.1 </span><span class="head">Editorial View</span></h4><p>Common practice in encoding texts of all sorts relies on principles such as the following, which can be used successfully to capture the editorial view when encoding a dictionary:</p><ol class="numbered"><li class="item">All characters of the source text should be retained, with the possible exception of <span class="term">rendition text</span> (for which see further below).</li><li class="item">Characters appearing in the source text should typically be given as character data content in the document, rather than as the value of an attribute; again, rendition text may optionally be excepted from this rule. </li><li class="item">Apart from the characters or graphics in the source text, nothing else should appear as content in the document, although it may be given in attribute values. </li><li class="item">The material in the source text should appear in the encoding in the same order. Complications of the character sequence by footnotes, marginal notes, etc., text wrapping around illustrations, etc., may be dealt with by the usual means (for notes, see section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#CONO" title="Notes Annotation and Indexing"><span class="headingNumber">3.8 </span>Notes, Annotation, and Indexing</a>).<span id="Note74_return"><a class="notelink" title="Complications of sequence caused by marginal or interlinear insertions and deletions, which are frequent in manuscripts, or by unconventional page lay…" href="#Note74"><sup>37</sup></a></span></li></ol><p>In a very conservative transcription of the editorial view of a text, <span class="term">rendition characters</span> (e.g. the commas, parentheses, etc., used in dictionary entries to signal boundaries among parts of the entry) and <span class="term">rendition text</span> (for example, conjunctions joining alternate headwords, etc.) are typically retained. Removing the tags from such a transcription will leave all and only the characters of the source text, in their original sequence.<span id="Note75_return"><a class="notelink" title="This is a slight oversimplification. Even in conservative transcriptions, it is common to omit page numbers, signatures of gatherings, running titles …" href="#Note75"><sup>38</sup></a></span></p><div class="p">Consider, for example, the following entry:<div class="q"><span style="font-weight:bold">pinna</span> ('pIn@) n., pl. -nae (-ni:) <span class="it">or</span> -nas. 1. any leaflet of a pinnate compound leaf. 2. <span class="it">Zoology</span>. a feather, wing, fin, or similarly shaped part. 3. another name for <span style="font-weight:bold">auricle</span> (sense 2). [C18: via New Latin from Latin: wing, feather, fin] <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-CED" title="Collins English Dictionary. London Collins">CED</a></div> A conservative encoding of the editorial view of this entry, which retains all rendition text, might resemble the following:<div id="index-egXML-d52e80775" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><entry></span><br /> <span class="element"><form></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth></span>pinna<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"><pron></span>("pIn@)<span class="element"></pron></span><br /> <span class="element"></form></span><br /> <span class="element"><gramGrp></span><br /> <span class="element"><pos></span>n.<span class="element"></pos></span>, <span class="element"></gramGrp></span><br /> <span class="element"><form <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">inflected</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><number></span>pl.<span class="element"></number></span><br /> <span class="element"><form></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">lat</span>" <span class="attribute">extent</span>="<span class="attributevalue">part</span>"></span>-nae<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"><pron <span class="attribute">extent</span>="<span class="attributevalue">part</span>"></span>(-ni:)<span class="element"></pron></span><br /> <span class="element"></form></span> or <span class="element"><orth <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">std</span>" <span class="attribute">extent</span>="<span class="attributevalue">part</span>"></span>-nas<span class="element"></orth></span><span class="element"></form></span><br /> <span class="element"><sense <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>"></span>1. <span class="element"><def></span>any leaflet of a pinnate compound leaf.<span class="element"></def></span><span class="element"></sense></span><br /> <span class="element"><sense <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2</span>"></span>2. <span class="element"><usg <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">dom</span>"></span>Zoology<span class="element"></usg></span><br /> <span class="element"><def></span>a feather, wing, fin, or similarly shaped part.<span class="element"></def></span><span class="element"></sense></span><br /> <span class="element"><sense <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">3</span>"></span>3. <span class="element"><xr <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">syn</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><lbl></span>another name for<span class="element"></lbl></span><br /> <span class="element"><ref <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#auricle.2</span>"></span>auricle (sense 2).<span class="element"></ref></span><br /> <span class="element"></xr></span><span class="element"></sense></span><br /> <span class="element"><etym></span>[<span class="element"><date></span>C18<span class="element"></date></span>: via <span class="element"><lang></span>New Latin<span class="element"></lang></span> from <span class="element"><lang></span>Latin<span class="element"></lang></span>:<br /> <span class="element"><gloss></span>wing<span class="element"></gloss></span>, <span class="element"><gloss></span>feather<span class="element"></gloss></span>,<br /> <span class="element"><gloss></span>fin<span class="element"></gloss></span>]<span class="element"></etym></span><br /><span class="element"></entry></span><br /><span class="element"><entry <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">auricle.2</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><form></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"></form></span><br /><span class="element"></entry></span></div></div><p>A somewhat simplified encoding of the editorial view of this entry might exploit the fact that rendition text is often systematically recoverable. For example, parentheses consistently appear around pronunciation in this dictionary, and thus are effectively implied by the start- and end-tags for <a class="gi" title="(pronunciation) contains the pronunciation(s) of the word." href="ref-pron.html">pron</a>.<span id="Note76_return"><a class="notelink" title="The omission of rendition text is particularly common in systems for document production; it is considered good practice there, since automatic genera…" href="#Note76"><sup>39</sup></a></span> In such an encoding, removing the tags should exactly reproduce the sequence of characters in the source, minus rendition text. The original character sequence can be recovered fully by replacing tags with any rendition text they imply.</p><div class="p">Encoding in this way, the example given above might resemble the following. The <a class="gi" title="documents the usage of a specific element within a specified document." href="ref-tagUsage.html">tagUsage</a> element in the header would be used to record the following patterns of rendition text:<ul class="bulleted"><li class="item">parentheses appear around <a class="gi" title="(pronunciation) contains the pronunciation(s) of the word." href="ref-pron.html">pron</a> elements</li><li class="item">commas appear before inflected forms</li><li class="item">the word <span class="bulleted">‘or’</span> appears before alternate forms</li><li class="item">brackets appear around the etymology</li><li class="item">full stops appear after <a class="gi" title="(part of speech) indicates the part of speech assigned to a dictionary headword such as noun, verb, or adjective." href="ref-pos.html">pos</a>, inflection information, and sense numbers</li><li class="item">senses are numbered in sequence unless otherwise specified using the global <span class="att">n</span> attribute</li></ul> <div id="index-egXML-d52e80878" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><entry></span><br /> <span class="element"><form></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth></span>pinna<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"><pron></span>"pIn@<span class="element"></pron></span><br /> <span class="element"></form></span><br /> <span class="element"><gramGrp></span><br /> <span class="element"><pos></span>n<span class="element"></pos></span><br /> <span class="element"></gramGrp></span><br /> <span class="element"><form <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">inflected</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><number></span>pl<span class="element"></number></span><br /> <span class="element"><form></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">lat</span>" <span class="attribute">extent</span>="<span class="attributevalue">part</span>"></span>-nae<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"><pron <span class="attribute">extent</span>="<span class="attributevalue">part</span>"></span>-ni:<span class="element"></pron></span><br /> <span class="element"></form></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">std</span>" <span class="attribute">extent</span>="<span class="attributevalue">part</span>"></span>-nas<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"></form></span><br /> <span class="element"><sense <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><def></span>any leaflet of a pinnate compound leaf.<span class="element"></def></span><br /> <span class="element"></sense></span><br /> <span class="element"><sense <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><usg <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">dom</span>"></span>Zoology<span class="element"></usg></span><br /> <span class="element"><def></span>a feather, wing, fin, or similarly shaped part.<span class="element"></def></span><br /> <span class="element"></sense></span><br /> <span class="element"><sense <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">3</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><xr <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">syn</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><lbl></span>another name for<span class="element"></lbl></span><br /> <span class="element"><ref></span>auricle (sense 2).<span class="element"></ref></span><br /> <span class="element"></xr></span><br /> <span class="element"></sense></span><br /> <span class="element"><etym></span><br /> <span class="element"><date></span>C18<span class="element"></date></span>: via <span class="element"><lang></span>New Latin<span class="element"></lang></span> from <span class="element"><lang></span>Latin<span class="element"></lang></span>:<br /> <span class="element"><gloss></span>wing<span class="element"></gloss></span>, <span class="element"><gloss></span>feather<span class="element"></gloss></span>, <span class="element"><gloss></span>fin<span class="element"></gloss></span><span class="element"></etym></span><br /><span class="element"></entry></span></div></div><p>When rendition text is omitted, it is recommended that the means to regenerate it be fully documented, using the <a class="gi" title="documents the usage of a specific element within a specified document." href="ref-tagUsage.html">tagUsage</a> element of the TEI header.</p><p>If rendition text is used systematically in a dictionary, with only a few mistakes or exceptions, the global attribute <span class="att">rend</span> may be used on any tag to flag exceptions to the normal treatment. The values of the <span class="att">rend</span> attribute are not prescribed, but it can be used with values such as <span class="val">no-comma</span>, <span class="val">no-left-paren</span>, etc. Specific values can be documented using the <a class="gi" title="supplies information about the rendition or appearance of one or more elements in the source text." href="ref-rendition.html">rendition</a> element in the TEI header.</p><div class="p">In the following (imaginary) example, no left parenthesis precedes the pronunciation:<div class="q"><span style="font-weight:bold">biryani</span> or <span style="font-weight:bold">biriani</span> %bIrI"A:nI) any of a variety of Indian dishes … [from Urdu]</div> This irregularity can be recorded thus:<div id="index-egXML-d52e80964" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><entry></span><br /> <span class="element"><form></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth></span>biryani<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth></span>biriani<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"><pron <span class="attribute">rend</span>="<span class="attributevalue">noleftparen</span>"></span>%bIrI"A:nI<span class="element"></pron></span><br /> <span class="element"></form></span><br /> <span class="element"><def></span>any of a variety of Indian dishes … <span class="element"></def></span><br /> <span class="element"><etym></span>from <span class="element"><lang></span>Urdu<span class="element"></lang></span><span class="element"></etym></span><br /><span class="element"></entry></span></div></div></div><div class="div3" id="DIMVLV"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="DI.html#DIMVTV"><span class="headingNumber">9.5.1 </span>Editorial View</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="DI.html#DIMVBO"><span class="headingNumber">9.5.3 </span>Retaining Both Views</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DIMVLV" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Lexical View</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">9.5.2 </span><span class="head">Lexical View</span></h4><p>If the text to be interchanged retains only the lexical view of the text, there may be no concern for the recoverability of the editorial (not to speak of the typographic) view of the text. However, it is strongly recommended that the TEI header be used to document fully the nature of all alterations to the original data, such as normalization of domain names, expansion of inflected forms, etc. </p><p>In an encoding of the lexical view of a text, there are degrees of departure from the original data: normalizing inconsistent forms like <span class="q">‘nautical’</span>, <span class="q">‘naut’</span>., <span class="q">‘Naut.’</span>, etc., to <span class="q">‘nautical’</span> is a relatively slight alteration; expansion of <span class="q">‘delay -ed -ing’</span> to <span class="q">‘delay, delayed, delaying’</span> is a more substantial departure. Still more severe is the rearranging of the order of information in entries; for example:</p><ul class="bulleted"><li class="item">reorganizing the order of elements in an entry to show their relationship, as in<div class="q"><span style="font-weight:bold">clem</span> (klEm) or clam vb. clems, clemming, clemmed or clams, clamming, clammed <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-CED" title="Collins English Dictionary. London Collins">CED</a></div> where in a strictly lexical view one might wish to group <span class="bulleted">‘clem’</span> and <span class="bulleted">‘clam’</span> with their respective inflected forms.</li><li class="item">splitting an entry into two separate entries, as in <div class="q"><span style="font-weight:bold">celi.bacy</span> /"selIb@sI/ n [U] state of living unmarried, esp as a religious obligation. celi.bate /"selIb@t/ n [C] unmarried person (esp a priest who has taken a vow not to marry). <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-OALD" title="Hornby A.S. et al. Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English. Oxford University Press (1974)">OALD</a></div> For some purposes, this entry might usefully be split into an entry for <span class="bulleted">‘celibacy’</span> and a separate entry for <span class="bulleted">‘celibate’</span>.</li></ul><div class="p">An encoding which captures the lexical view of the example given in the previous section might look something like the following. In this encoding:<ul class="bulleted"><li class="item">abbreviated forms have been silently expanded</li><li class="item">some forms have been moved to allow related forms to be grouped together</li><li class="item">the part of speech information has been moved to allow all forms to be given together</li><li class="item">the cross-reference to <span class="bulleted">‘auricle’</span> has been simplified</li></ul> <div id="index-egXML-d52e81055" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><entry></span><br /> <span class="element"><form></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth></span>pinna<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"><pron></span>"pIn@<span class="element"></pron></span><br /> <span class="element"><form <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">inflected</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><number></span>pl<span class="element"></number></span><br /> <span class="element"><form></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">lat</span>"></span>pinnae<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"><pron></span>'pIni:<span class="element"></pron></span><br /> <span class="element"></form></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">std</span>"></span>pinnas<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"></form></span><br /> <span class="element"></form></span><br /> <span class="element"><gramGrp></span><br /> <span class="element"><pos></span>n<span class="element"></pos></span><br /> <span class="element"></gramGrp></span><br /> <span class="element"><sense <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><def></span>any leaflet of a pinnate compound leaf.<span class="element"></def></span><br /> <span class="element"></sense></span><br /> <span class="element"><sense <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><usg <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">dom</span>"></span>Zoology<span class="element"></usg></span><br /> <span class="element"><def></span>a feather, wing, fin, or similarly shaped part.<span class="element"></def></span><br /> <span class="element"></sense></span><br /> <span class="element"><sense <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">3</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><xr <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">syn</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><ptr <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#auricle.2</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"></xr></span><br /> <span class="element"></sense></span><br /> <span class="element"><etym></span><br /> <span class="element"><date></span>C18<span class="element"></date></span>: via <span class="element"><lang></span>New Latin<span class="element"></lang></span> from <span class="element"><lang></span>Latin<span class="element"></lang></span>:<br /> <span class="element"><gloss></span>wing<span class="element"></gloss></span>, <span class="element"><gloss></span>feather<span class="element"></gloss></span>, <span class="element"><gloss></span>fin<span class="element"></gloss></span><span class="element"></etym></span><br /><span class="element"></entry></span></div></div><p>Whether the given dictionary encoding focusses on the lexical view and thus approaches the status of lexical databases, or uses the typographic/editorial view approach and needs to communicate the sometimes informally stated values for the particular descriptive features, the issue of ‘interoperability’ of the content and of the container objects becomes relevant, in view of the growing tendency to interlink pieces of information across Internet resources. In such cases, it becomes crucial to be able to encode the fact that whether the information on, for instance, the value of the grammatical category of Number is provided as "sg.", "sing.", "Singular", or equivalently "poj." in Polish, or "Ez." in German, etc., what is actually referred to is always the same grammatical value that can be rendered with a plethora of markers, depending on the publisher, language, or lexicographic tradition. In order to signal that this variety of surface markers in fact indicate the same underlying value, it is possible to align them with an external inventory of standardized values. The TEI provides means to align grammatical categories as well as their content with the ISOcat reference, which is a Web implementation of <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#ISO-12620" title="International Organization for StandardizationISO 126202009 Terminology and other language and content resources Specification...">ISO 12620</a>.</p><div class="p">In the example below, a fragment of the entry for <span class="foreign">isotope</span> cited in section <a class="link_ptr" href="DI.html#DITPGR" title="Grammatical Information"><span class="headingNumber">9.3.2 </span>Grammatical Information</a> is adorned by references to ISOcat definitions for "part of speech" (<span class="att">dcr:datcat</span>) and "adjective" (<span class="att">dcr:valueDatcat</span>). Depending on the status and extent of the dictionary, various strategies may be used to reduce the redundancy of the repeated ISOcat references.<div id="index-egXML-d52e81126" class="pre egXML_feasible"><span class="element"><entry></span><br /><span class="comment"><!--...--></span><br /> <span class="element"><form></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth></span>isotope<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"></form></span><br /> <span class="element"><gramGrp></span><br /> <span class="element"><pos <span class="attribute">dcr:datcat</span>="<span class="attributevalue">http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1345</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">dcr:valueDatcat</span>="<span class="attributevalue">http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1230</span>"></span>adj<span class="element"></pos></span><br /> <span class="element"></gramGrp></span><br /><span class="comment"><!--...--></span><br /><span class="element"></entry></span></div></div></div><div class="div3" id="DIMVBO"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="DI.html#DIMVLV"><span class="headingNumber">9.5.2 </span>Lexical View</a></li><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DIMVBO" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Retaining Both Views</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">9.5.3 </span><span class="head">Retaining Both Views</span></h4><p>It is sometimes desirable to retain both the lexical and the editorial view, in which case a potential conflict exists between the two. When there is a conflict between the encodings for the lexical and editorial views, the principles described in the following sections may be applied. </p><div class="div4" id="DIMVAV"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="DI.html#DIMVOL"><span class="headingNumber">9.5.3.2 </span>Recording Original Locations of Transposed Elements</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h5><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DIMVAV" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Using Attribute Values to Capture Alternate Views</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">9.5.3.1 </span><span class="head">Using Attribute Values to Capture Alternate Views</span></h5><p>If the order of the data is the same in both views, then both views may be captured by encoding one ‘dominant’ view in the character data content of the document, and encoding the other using attribute values on the appropriate elements. If all tags were to be removed, the remaining characters would be those of the dominant view of the text.</p><p>The attribute class <a class="link_odd" title="provides a set of attributes common to all elements in the dictionary module." href="ref-att.lexicographic.html">att.lexicographic</a> is used to provide attributes for use in encoding multiple views of the same dictionary entry. These attributes are available for use on all elements defined in this chapter when the base module for dictionaries is selected.</p><p>When the editorial view is dominant, the following attributes may be used to capture the lexical view:</p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-att.lexicographic.html">att.lexicographic</a></span> provides a set of attributes common to all elements in the dictionary module.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">norm</span></td><td>(normalized) gives a normalized form of information given by the source text in a non-normalized form</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">split</span></td><td>gives the list of split values for a merged form</td></tr></table></li></ul><p>When the lexical view is dominant, the following attributes may be used to record the editorial view:</p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-att.lexicographic.html">att.lexicographic</a></span> provides a set of attributes common to all elements in the dictionary module.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">orig</span></td><td>(original) gives the original string or is the empty string when the element does not appear in the source text.</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">mergedIn</span></td><td>gives a reference to another element, where the original appears as a merged form.</td></tr></table></li></ul><p>One attribute is useful in either view:</p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-att.lexicographic.html">att.lexicographic</a></span> provides a set of attributes common to all elements in the dictionary module.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">opt</span></td><td>(optional) indicates whether the element is optional or not</td></tr></table></li></ul><div class="p">For example, if the source text had the domain label <span class="q">‘naut.’</span>, it might be encoded as follows. With the editorial view dominant:<div id="index-egXML-d52e81174" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><usg <span class="attribute">norm</span>="<span class="attributevalue">nautical</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">dom</span>"></span>naut.<span class="element"></usg></span></div> The lexical view of the same label would transcribe the normalized form as content of the <a class="gi" title="(usage) contains usage information in a dictionary entry." href="ref-usg.html">usg</a> element, the typographic form as an attribute value:<div id="index-egXML-d52e81181" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><usg <span class="attribute">orig</span>="<span class="attributevalue">naut.</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">dom</span>"></span>nautical<span class="element"></usg></span></div></div><div class="p">If the source text gives inflectional information for the verb <span class="mentioned">delay</span> as <span class="q">‘delay, -ed, -ing’</span>, it might usefully be expanded to <span class="q">‘delayed, delayed, delaying’</span>. An encoding of the editorial view might take this form:<div id="index-egXML-d52e81196" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><form></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth></span>delay<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"><form <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">inflected</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth <span class="attribute">norm</span>="<span class="attributevalue">delayed</span>" <span class="attribute">extent</span>="<span class="attributevalue">part</span>"></span>-ed<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"><tns <span class="attribute">norm</span>="<span class="attributevalue">pst,pstp</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"></form></span><br /> <span class="element"><form <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">inflected</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth <span class="attribute">norm</span>="<span class="attributevalue">delaying</span>" <span class="attribute">extent</span>="<span class="attributevalue">part</span>"></span>-ing<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"><tns <span class="attribute">norm</span>="<span class="attributevalue">prsp</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"></form></span><br /><span class="element"></form></span></div> Note the use of the <a class="gi" title="(tense) indicates the grammatical tense associated with a given inflected form in a dictionary." href="ref-tns.html">tns</a> tag with null content, to enable the representation of implicit information even though it has no print realization.</div><div class="p">The lexical view might be encoded thus:<div id="index-egXML-d52e81214" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><form></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth></span>delay<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"><form <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">inflected</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth <span class="attribute">orig</span>="<span class="attributevalue">-ed</span>"></span>delayed<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"><tns <span class="attribute">orig</span>="<span class="attributevalue"></span>"></span>pst<span class="element"></tns></span><br /> <span class="element"><tns <span class="attribute">orig</span>="<span class="attributevalue"></span>"></span>pstp<span class="element"></tns></span><br /> <span class="element"></form></span><br /> <span class="element"><form <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">inflected</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth <span class="attribute">orig</span>="<span class="attributevalue">-ing</span>"></span>delaying<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"><tns <span class="attribute">orig</span>="<span class="attributevalue"></span>"></span>prsp<span class="element"></tns></span><br /> <span class="element"></form></span><br /><span class="element"></form></span></div></div><div class="p">A particular problem may be posed by the common practice of presenting two alternate forms of a word in a single string, by marking some parts of the word as optional in some forms. The following entry is for a word which can be spelled either <span class="q">‘thyrostimuline’</span> or <span class="q">‘thyréostimuline’</span>:<div class="q"><span style="font-weight:bold">thyr(é)ostimuline</span> [tiR(e)ostimylin] …</div> With the editorial view dominant, this entry might begin thus:<div id="index-egXML-d52e81246" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><form></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth <span class="attribute">split</span>="<span class="attributevalue">thyrostimuline, thyréostimuline</span>"></span>thyr(é)ostimuline<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"><pron <span class="attribute">split</span>="<span class="attributevalue">tiRostimylin, tiReostimylin</span>"></span>tiR(e)ostimylin<span class="element"></pron></span><br /><span class="element"></form></span></div> With the lexical view dominant, however, two <a class="gi" title="(orthographic form) gives the orthographic form of a dictionary headword." href="ref-orth.html">orth</a> and two <a class="gi" title="(pronunciation) contains the pronunciation(s) of the word." href="ref-pron.html">pron</a> elements would be encoded, in order to disentangle the two forms; the <span class="att">orig</span> attribute would be used to record the typographic presentation of the information in the source.<div id="index-egXML-d52e81263" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><form></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">dic-o1</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">orig</span>="<span class="attributevalue">thyr(é)ostimuline</span>"></span>thyrostimuline<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"><pron <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">dic-p1</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">orig</span>="<span class="attributevalue">tiR(e)ostimylin</span>"></span>tiRostimylin<span class="element"></pron></span><br /><span class="element"></form></span><br /><span class="element"><form></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth <span class="attribute">mergedIn</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#dic-o1</span>"></span>thyréostimuline<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"><pron <span class="attribute">mergedIn</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#dic-p1</span>"></span>tiReostimylin<span class="element"></pron></span><br /><span class="element"></form></span></div></div><div class="p">This example might also be encoded using the <span class="att">opt</span> attribute combined with the attributes <span class="att">next</span> and <span class="att">prev</span> defined in chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="SA.html" title="14"><span class="headingNumber">16 </span>Linking, Segmentation, and Alignment</a>.<div id="index-egXML-d52e81289" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><form></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth <span class="attribute">next</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#dict-o2</span>" <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">dict-o1</span>"></span>thyr<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth <span class="attribute">next</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#dict-o3</span>" <span class="attribute">prev</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#dict-o1</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">dict-o2</span>" <span class="attribute">opt</span>="<span class="attributevalue">true</span>"></span>é<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth <span class="attribute">prev</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#dict-o2</span>" <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">dict-o3</span>"></span>ostimuline<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"><pron <span class="attribute">next</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#dict-p2</span>" <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">dict-p1</span>"></span>tiR<span class="element"></pron></span><br /> <span class="element"><pron <span class="attribute">next</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#dict-p3</span>" <span class="attribute">prev</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#dict-p1</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">dict-p2</span>" <span class="attribute">opt</span>="<span class="attributevalue">true</span>"></span>e<span class="element"></pron></span><br /> <span class="element"><pron <span class="attribute">prev</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#dict-p2</span>" <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">dict-p3</span>"></span>ostimylin<span class="element"></pron></span><br /><span class="element"></form></span></div></div><p>Note that this transcription preserves both the lexical and editorial views in a single encoding. However, it has the disadvantage that the strings corresponding to entire words do not appear in the encoding uninterrupted, and therefore complex processing is required to retrieve them from the encoded text. The use of the <span class="att">opt</span> attribute is recommended, however, when long spans of text are involved, or when the optional part contains embedded tags.</p><p>For example, the following gives two definitions in one text: <span class="q">‘picture drawn with coloured chalk made into crayons’</span>, and <span class="q">‘coloured chalk made into crayons’</span>: </p><div class="q"><span style="font-weight:bold">pas.tel</span> /"pastl US: pa"stel/ n 1 (picture drawn with) coloured chalk made into crayons. 2… <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-OALD" title="Hornby A.S. et al. Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English. Oxford University Press (1974)">OALD</a></div><div class="p">A simple encoding solution would be to leave the definition text unanalysed, but this might be felt inadequate since it does not show that there are two definitions. A possible alternative encoding would be:<div id="index-egXML-d52e81327" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><sense <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><def></span>coloured<br /> chalk made into crayons<span class="element"></def></span><br /> <span class="element"><def></span>picture drawn with coloured chalk<br /> made into crayons<span class="element"></def></span><br /><span class="element"></sense></span></div></div><div class="p">This transcribes some characters of the source text twice, however, which deviates from the usual practice. The following encoding records both the editorial and lexical views:<div id="index-egXML-d52e81336" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><sense <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><def <span class="attribute">next</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#d2</span>" <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">d1</span>" <span class="attribute">opt</span>="<span class="attributevalue">true</span>"></span>picture drawn<br /> with<span class="element"></def></span><br /> <span class="element"><def <span class="attribute">prev</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#d1</span>" <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">d2</span>"></span>coloured chalk made into<br /> crayons<span class="element"></def></span><br /><span class="element"></sense></span></div></div></div><div class="div4" id="DIMVOL"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="DI.html#DIMVAV"><span class="headingNumber">9.5.3.1 </span>Using Attribute Values to Capture Alternate Views</a></li><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h5><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DIMVOL" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Recording Original Locations of Transposed Elements</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">9.5.3.2 </span><span class="head">Recording Original Locations of Transposed Elements</span></h5><p>The attributes described in the previous section are useful only when the order of material is the same in both the editorial and the lexical view. When the two views impose different orders on the data, the standard linking mechanisms may be used to show the original location of material transposed in an encoding of the lexical view. </p><p>If the original is only slightly modified, the <a class="gi" title="(anchor point) attaches an identifier to a point within a text, whether or not it corresponds with a textual element." href="ref-anchor.html">anchor</a> element may be used to mark the original location of the material, and the <span class="att">location</span> attribute may be used on the lexical encoding of that material to indicate its original location(s). Like those in the preceding section, this attribute is defined for the attribute class <a class="link_odd" title="provides a set of attributes common to all elements in the dictionary module." href="ref-att.lexicographic.html">att.lexicographic</a>:</p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-att.lexicographic.html">att.lexicographic</a></span> provides a set of attributes common to all elements in the dictionary module.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">opt</span></td><td>(optional) indicates whether the element is optional or not</td></tr></table></li></ul><div class="p">For example:<div class="q"><span style="font-weight:bold">pinna</span> <code>("pIn@)</code> n., pl. -nae (-ni:) or -nas. <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-CED" title="Collins English Dictionary. London Collins">CED</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e81378" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><form></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth></span>pinna<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"><pron></span>'pIn@<span class="element"></pron></span><br /> <span class="element"><anchor <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">p01</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"><form <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">inflected</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><number></span>pl<span class="element"></number></span><br /> <span class="element"><form></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth <span class="attribute">extent</span>="<span class="attributevalue">part</span>"></span>-nae<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"><pron <span class="attribute">extent</span>="<span class="attributevalue">part</span>"></span>-ni:<span class="element"></pron></span><br /> <span class="element"></form></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth <span class="attribute">extent</span>="<span class="attributevalue">part</span>"></span>-nas<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"></form></span><br /><span class="element"></form></span><br /><span class="element"><gramGrp></span><br /> <span class="element"><pos <span class="attribute">location</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#p01</span>"></span>n<span class="element"></pos></span><br /><span class="element"></gramGrp></span></div> </div></div></div></div><div class="div2" id="DIFR"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="DI.html#DIMV"><span class="headingNumber">9.5 </span>Typographic and Lexical Information in Dictionary Data</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="DI.html#index-body.1_div.9_div.7"><span class="headingNumber">9.7 </span>The Dictionary Module</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h3><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DIFR" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Unstructured Entries</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">9.6 </span><span class="head">Unstructured Entries</span></h3><p>The content model for the <a class="gi" title="contains a single structured entry in any kind of lexical resource, such as a dictionary or lexicon." href="ref-entry.html">entry</a> element provides an entry structure suitable for many average dictionaries, as well as many regular entries in more exotic dictionaries. However, the structure of some dictionaries does not allow the restrictions imposed by the content model for <a class="gi" title="contains a single structured entry in any kind of lexical resource, such as a dictionary or lexicon." href="ref-entry.html">entry</a>. To handle these cases, the <a class="gi" title="(unstructured entry) contains a single unstructured entry in any kind of lexical resource, such as a dictionary or lexicon." href="ref-entryFree.html">entryFree</a> and <a class="gi" title="(dictionary scrap) encloses a part of a dictionary entry in which other phrase-level dictionary elements are freely combined." href="ref-dictScrap.html">dictScrap</a> elements are provided to support much wider variation in entry structure. The <a class="gi" title="(dictionary scrap) encloses a part of a dictionary entry in which other phrase-level dictionary elements are freely combined." href="ref-dictScrap.html">dictScrap</a> element offers less freedom, in that it can only contain phrase level elements, but it can itself appear at any point within a dictionary entry where any of the structural components of a dictionary entry are permitted. As such, it acts as a container for otherwise anomalous parts of an entry.</p><p>The <a class="gi" title="(unstructured entry) contains a single unstructured entry in any kind of lexical resource, such as a dictionary or lexicon." href="ref-entryFree.html">entryFree</a> element places no constraints at all upon the entry: any element defined in this chapter, as well as all the normal phrase-level and inter-level elements, can appear anywhere within it. With the <a class="gi" title="(unstructured entry) contains a single unstructured entry in any kind of lexical resource, such as a dictionary or lexicon." href="ref-entryFree.html">entryFree</a> element, the encoder is free to use any element anywhere, as well as to use or omit grouping elements such as <a class="gi" title="(form information group) groups all the information on the written and spoken forms of one headword." href="ref-form.html">form</a>, <a class="gi" title="(grammatical information group) groups morpho-syntactic information about a lexical item, e.g. <pos>, <gen>, <number>, <case>, or <iType> (inflectional class)." href="ref-gramGrp.html">gramGrp</a>, etc.</p><div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="(unstructured entry) contains a single unstructured entry in any kind of lexical resource, such as a dictionary or lexicon." href="ref-entryFree.html">entryFree</a> element allows the encoding of entries which violate the structure specified for the <a class="gi" title="contains a single structured entry in any kind of lexical resource, such as a dictionary or lexicon." href="ref-entry.html">entry</a> element. For example, in the following entry from a dictionary already in electronic form, it is necessary to include a <a class="gi" title="(pronunciation) contains the pronunciation(s) of the word." href="ref-pron.html">pron</a> element within a <a class="gi" title="(definition) contains definition text in a dictionary entry." href="ref-def.html">def</a>. This is not permitted in the content model for <a class="gi" title="contains a single structured entry in any kind of lexical resource, such as a dictionary or lexicon." href="ref-entry.html">entry</a>, but it poses no problem in the <a class="gi" title="(unstructured entry) contains a single unstructured entry in any kind of lexical resource, such as a dictionary or lexicon." href="ref-entryFree.html">entryFree</a> element. <div id="index-egXML-d52e81694" class="pre cdata egXML_valid"><ent
h="demigod"> <hwd>demi|god</hwd> <pr> <ph>"demIgQd</ph> </pr> <hps
ps="n"> <hsn> <def>one who is partly divine and partly human</def>
<def>(in Gk myth, etc) the son of a god and a mortal woman,
eg<cf>Hercules</cf> <pr> <ph>"h3:kjUli:z</ph> </pr> </def> </hsn>
</hps> </ent> </div>(<a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-OALD" title="Hornby A.S. et al. Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English. Oxford University Press (1974)">OALD</a>) <div id="index-egXML-d52e81700" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><entryFree></span><br /> <span class="element"><form></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth></span>demigod<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"><hyph></span>demi|god<span class="element"></hyph></span><br /> <span class="element"><pron></span>"demIgQd<span class="element"></pron></span><br /> <span class="element"></form></span><br /> <span class="element"><gramGrp></span><br /> <span class="element"><pos></span>n<span class="element"></pos></span><br /> <span class="element"></gramGrp></span><br /> <span class="element"><def></span>one who is partly divine and partly human<span class="element"></def></span><br /> <span class="element"><def></span>(in Gk myth, etc) the son of a god and a mortal woman, eg<br /> <span class="element"><mentioned></span>Hercules<span class="element"></mentioned></span><span class="element"></def></span><br /> <span class="element"><pron></span>"h3:kjUli:z<span class="element"></pron></span><br /><span class="element"></entryFree></span></div></div><div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="(unstructured entry) contains a single unstructured entry in any kind of lexical resource, such as a dictionary or lexicon." href="ref-entryFree.html">entryFree</a> element also makes it possible to transcribe a dictionary using only phrase-level (‘atomic’) elements—that is, using no grouping elements at all. This can be desirable if the encoder wants a completely ‘flat’ view, with no indication of or commitment to the association of one element with another. The following encoding uses no grouping elements, and keeps all rendition text:<div class="q"><span style="font-weight:bold">biryani</span> or <span style="font-weight:bold">biriani</span> <code>(%bIrI"A:nI) </code> any of a variety of Indian dishes…[from Urdu] <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-CED" title="Collins English Dictionary. London Collins">CED</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e81747" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><entryFree></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth></span>biryani<span class="element"></orth></span> or <span class="element"><orth></span>biriani<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"><pron></span>(%bIrI"A:nI)<span class="element"></pron></span><br /> <span class="element"><def></span>any of a variety of Indian dishes …<span class="element"></def></span><br /> <span class="element"><etym></span>[from <span class="element"><lang></span>Urdu<span class="element"></lang></span>]<span class="element"></etym></span><span class="element"></entryFree></span></div></div><div class="p">Here is an alternative way of representing the same structure, this time using <a class="gi" title="(dictionary scrap) encloses a part of a dictionary entry in which other phrase-level dictionary elements are freely combined." href="ref-dictScrap.html">dictScrap</a>:<div id="index-egXML-d52e81769" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><entry></span><br /> <span class="element"><dictScrap></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth></span>biryani<span class="element"></orth></span> or <span class="element"><orth></span>biriani<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"><pron></span>(%bIrI"A:nI)<span class="element"></pron></span><br /> <span class="element"><def></span>any of a variety of Indian dishes …<span class="element"></def></span><br /> <span class="element"><etym></span>[from <span class="element"><lang></span>Urdu<span class="element"></lang></span>]<span class="element"></etym></span><span class="element"></dictScrap></span><br /><span class="element"></entry></span></div></div></div><div class="teidiv1" id="index-body.1_div.9_div.7"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="DI.html#DIFR"><span class="headingNumber">9.6 </span>Unstructured Entries</a></li><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h3><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#index-body.1_div.9_div.7" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: The Dictionary Module</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">9.7 </span><span class="head">The Dictionary Module</span></h3><p>The module defined in this chapter makes available the following components: </p><dl class="moduleSpec"><dt class="moduleSpecHead"><span lang="en">Module</span> dictionaries: Dictionaries</dt><dd><ul><li><span lang="en">Elements defined</span>: <a class="link_odd" title="contains grammatical case information given by a dictionary for a given form." href="ref-case.html">case</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(collocate) contains any sequence of words that co-occur with the headword with significant frequency." href="ref-colloc.html">colloc</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(definition) contains definition text in a dictionary entry." href="ref-def.html">def</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(dictionary scrap) encloses a part of a dictionary entry in which other phrase-level dictionary elements are freely combined." href="ref-dictScrap.html">dictScrap</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains a single structured entry in any kind of lexical resource, such as a dictionary or lexicon." href="ref-entry.html">entry</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(unstructured entry) contains a single unstructured entry in any kind of lexical resource, such as a dictionary or lexicon." href="ref-entryFree.html">entryFree</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(etymology) encloses the etymological information in a dictionary entry." href="ref-etym.html">etym</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(form information group) groups all the information on the written and spoken forms of one headword." href="ref-form.html">form</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(gender) identifies the morphological gender of a lexical item, as given in the dictionary." href="ref-gen.html">gen</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(grammatical information) within an entry in a dictionary or a terminological data file, contains grammatical information relating to a term, word, or form." href="ref-gram.html">gram</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(grammatical information group) groups morpho-syntactic information about a lexical item, e.g. <pos>, <gen>, <number>, <case>, or <iType> (inflectional class)." href="ref-gramGrp.html">gramGrp</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(homograph) groups information relating to one homograph within an entry." href="ref-hom.html">hom</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(hyphenation) contains a hyphenated form of a dictionary headword, or hyphenation information in some other form." href="ref-hyph.html">hyph</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(inflectional class) indicates the inflectional class associated with a lexical item." href="ref-iType.html">iType</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(language name) contains the name of a language mentioned in etymological or other linguistic discussion." href="ref-lang.html">lang</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(label) contains a label for a form, example, translation, or other piece of information, e.g. abbreviation for, contraction of, literally, approximately, synonyms:, etc." href="ref-lbl.html">lbl</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains information about the grammatical mood of verbs (e.g. indicative, subjunctive, imperative)." href="ref-mood.html">mood</a> <a class="link_odd" title="indicates grammatical number associated with a form, as given in a dictionary." href="ref-number.html">number</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(orthographic-form reference) in a dictionary example, indicates a reference to the orthographic form(s) of the headword." href="ref-oRef.html">oRef</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(orthographic-variant reference) in a dictionary example, indicates a reference to variant orthographic form(s) of the headword." href="ref-oVar.html">oVar</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(orthographic form) gives the orthographic form of a dictionary headword." href="ref-orth.html">orth</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(pronunciation reference) in a dictionary example, indicates a reference to the pronunciation(s) of the headword." href="ref-pRef.html">pRef</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(pronunciation-variant reference) in a dictionary example, indicates a reference to variant pronunciation(s) of the headword." href="ref-pVar.html">pVar</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(person) contains an indication of the grammatical person (1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc.) associated with a given inflected form in a dictionary." href="ref-per.html">per</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(part of speech) indicates the part of speech assigned to a dictionary headword such as noun, verb, or adjective." href="ref-pos.html">pos</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(pronunciation) contains the pronunciation(s) of the word." href="ref-pron.html">pron</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(related entry) contains a dictionary entry for a lexical item related to the headword, such as a compound phrase or derived form, embedded inside a larger entry." href="ref-re.html">re</a> <a class="link_odd" title="groups together all information relating to one word sense in a dictionary entry, for example definitions, examples, and translation equivalents." href="ref-sense.html">sense</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains the stress pattern for a dictionary headword, if given separately." href="ref-stress.html">stress</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(subcategorization) contains subcategorization information (transitive/intransitive, countable/non-countable, etc.)" href="ref-subc.html">subc</a> <a class="link_odd" title="groups a sequence of entries within any kind of lexical resource, such as a dictionary or lexicon which function as a single unit, for example a set of homographs." href="ref-superEntry.html">superEntry</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(syllabification) contains the syllabification of the headword." href="ref-syll.html">syll</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(tense) indicates the grammatical tense associated with a given inflected form in a dictionary." href="ref-tns.html">tns</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(usage) contains usage information in a dictionary entry." href="ref-usg.html">usg</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(cross-reference phrase) contains a phrase, sentence, or icon referring the reader to some other location in this or another text." href="ref-xr.html">xr</a></li><li><span lang="en">Classes defined</span>: <a class="link_odd" title="provides an attribute used to distinguish different styles of dictionary entries." href="ref-att.entryLike.html">att.entryLike</a> <a class="link_odd" title="provides a set of attributes common to all elements in the dictionary module." href="ref-att.lexicographic.html">att.lexicographic</a> <a class="link_odd" title="groups elements structurally analogous to paragraphs within dictionaries." href="ref-model.entryLike.html">model.entryLike</a> <a class="link_odd" title="groups elements allowed within a <form> element in a dictionary." href="ref-model.formPart.html">model.formPart</a> <a class="link_odd" title="groups elements allowed within a <gramGrp> element in a dictionary." href="ref-model.gramPart.html">model.gramPart</a> <a class="link_odd" title="elements adding further precision to the lexico-grammatical information provided for a dictionary entry." href="ref-model.lexicalRefinement.html">model.lexicalRefinement</a> <a class="link_odd" title="groups elements which provide morphological information within a dictionary entry." href="ref-model.morphLike.html">model.morphLike</a> <a class="link_odd" title="groups elements used for purposes of location of particular orthographic or pronunciation forms within a dictionary entry." href="ref-model.ptrLike.form.html">model.ptrLike.form</a></li></ul></dd></dl><p> The selection and combination of modules to form a TEI schema is described in <a class="link_ptr" href="ST.html#STIN" title="Defining a TEI Schema"><span class="headingNumber">1.2 </span>Defining a TEI Schema</a>.</p></div></div><nav class="left"><span class="upLink"> ↑ </span><a class="navigation" href="index.html">TEI P5 Guidelines</a><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="TS.html"><span class="headingNumber">8 </span>Transcriptions of Speech</a><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html"><span class="headingNumber">10 </span>Manuscript Description</a></nav><!--Notes in [div]--><div class="notes"><div class="noteHeading">Notes</div><div class="note" id="Note73"><span class="noteLabel">36 </span><div class="noteBody">We refer the reader to previous and current discussions of a common format for encoding lexical resources. For example, <a class="citlink" href="BIB.html#DI-BIBL-1">Amsler and Tompa (1988)</a>; <a class="citlink" href="BIB.html#DI-BIBL-2">Calzolari et al. (1990)</a>;<a class="citlink" href="BIB.html#DI-BIBL-3">Fought and Van Ess-Dykema</a>; <a class="citlink" href="BIB.html#DI-BIBL-4">Ide and Veronis (1995)</a>; <a class="citlink" href="BIB.html#DI-BIBL-5">Ide et al. (1993)</a>; <a class="citlink" href="BIB.html#DI-BIBL-6">Ide et al. (1992)</a>; <a class="citlink" href="BIB.html#DI-BIBL-7">DANLEX Group (1987)</a>; and <a class="citlink" href="BIB.html#DI-BIBL-8">Tutin and Veronis (1998)</a>; <a class="citlink" href="BIB.html#DI-BIBL-9">Ide et al. (2000)</a>.</div> <a class="link_return" title="Go back to text" href="#Note73_return">↵</a></div><div class="note" id="Note74"><span class="noteLabel">37 </span><div class="noteBody">Complications of sequence caused by marginal or interlinear insertions and deletions, which are frequent in manuscripts, or by unconventional page layouts, as in concrete poetry, magazines with imaginative graphic designers, and texts about the nature of typography as a medium, typically do not occur in dictionaries, and so are not discussed here.</div> <a class="link_return" title="Go back to text" href="#Note74_return">↵</a></div><div class="note" id="Note75"><span class="noteLabel">38 </span><div class="noteBody">This is a slight oversimplification. Even in conservative transcriptions, it is common to omit page numbers, signatures of gatherings, running titles and the like. The simple description above also elides, for the sake of simplicity, the difficulties of assigning a meaning to the phrase <span class="q">‘original sequence’</span> when it is applied to the printed characters of a source text; the <span class="q">‘original sequence’</span> retained or recovered from a conservative transcription of the editorial view is, of course, the one established during the transcription by the encoder.</div> <a class="link_return" title="Go back to text" href="#Note75_return">↵</a></div><div class="note" id="Note76"><span class="noteLabel">39 </span><div class="noteBody">The omission of rendition text is particularly common in systems for document production; it is considered good practice there, since automatic generation of rendition text is more reliable and more consistent than attempting to maintain it manually in the electronic text.</div> <a class="link_return" title="Go back to text" href="#Note76_return">↵</a></div></div><div class="stdfooter autogenerated"><p>
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