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--></script></head><body><div id="container"><div id="banner"><img src="Images/banner.jpg" alt="Text Encoding Initiative logo and banner" /></div></div><div class="mainhead"><h1>P5:
Guidelines for Electronic Text Encoding and Interchange</h1><p>Version 3.1.1a. Last updated on
10th May 2017, revision bd8dda3</p></div><div id="onecol" class="main-content"><h2><span class="headingNumber">7 </span>Performance Texts</h2><div class="div1" id="DR"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_left"><p><span class="subtochead">Table of contents</span></p><div class="subtoc"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><a class="subtoc" href="DR.html#DRFAB" title="Front and Back Matter">7.1 Front and Back Matter </a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="subtoc" href="DR.html#DRBOD" title="The Body of a Performance Text">7.2 The Body of a Performance Text</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="subtoc" href="DR.html#DROTH" title="Other Types of Performance Text">7.3 Other Types of Performance Text</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="subtoc" href="DR.html#index-body.1_div.7_div.4">7.4 Module for Performance Texts</a></li></ul></div><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="VE.html"><span class="headingNumber">6 </span>Verse</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="TS.html"><span class="headingNumber">8 </span>Transcriptions of Speech</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><p>This module is intended for use when encoding printed dramatic texts, screen plays or radio scripts, and written transcriptions of any other form of performance. </p><p>Section <a class="link_ptr" href="DR.html#DRFAB" title="Front and Back Matter"><span class="headingNumber">7.1 </span>Front and Back Matter </a> discusses elements such as cast lists, which can appear only in the front or back matter of printed dramatic texts. Section <a class="link_ptr" href="DR.html#DRBOD" title="The Body of a Performance Text"><span class="headingNumber">7.2 </span>The Body of a Performance Text</a> discusses the structural components of performance texts: these include major structural divisions such as acts and scenes (section <a class="link_ptr" href="DR.html#DRDIV" title="Major Structural Divisions"><span class="headingNumber">7.2.1 </span>Major Structural Divisions</a>); individual speeches (section <a class="link_ptr" href="DR.html#DRSP" title="Speeches and Speakers"><span class="headingNumber">7.2.2 </span>Speeches and Speakers</a>); groups of speeches (section <a class="link_ptr" href="DR.html#DRSPG" title="Grouped Speeches"><span class="headingNumber">7.2.3 </span>Grouped Speeches</a>); stage directions (section <a class="link_ptr" href="DR.html#DRSTA" title="Stage Directions"><span class="headingNumber">7.2.4 </span>Stage Directions</a>); and the elements making up individual speeches (section <a class="link_ptr" href="DR.html#DRPAL" title="Speech Contents"><span class="headingNumber">7.2.5 </span>Speech Contents</a>). Section <a class="link_ptr" href="DR.html#DREMB" title="Embedded Structures"><span class="headingNumber">7.2.6 </span>Embedded Structures</a> discusses ways of encoding units which cross the simple hierarchic structure so far defined, such as embedded songs or masques. Finally, section <a class="link_ptr" href="DR.html#DROTH" title="Other Types of Performance Text"><span class="headingNumber">7.3 </span>Other Types of Performance Text</a> discusses a small number of additional elements characteristic of screen plays and radio or television scripts, as well as some elements for representing technical stage directions such as lighting or blocking.</p><p>The default structure for dramatic texts is similar to that defined by chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="DS.html" title="7"><span class="headingNumber">4 </span>Default Text Structure</a>, as further discussed in section <a class="link_ptr" href="DR.html#DRDIV" title="Major Structural Divisions"><span class="headingNumber">7.2.1 </span>Major Structural Divisions</a>.</p><p>Two element classes are used by this module. The <a class="link_odd" title="groups elements which appear at the level of divisions within front or back matter of performance texts only." href="ref-model.frontPart.drama.html">model.frontPart.drama</a> class supplies specialized elements which can appear only in the front or back matter of performance texts. The <a class="link_odd" title="groups elements containing stage directions or similar things defined by the module for performance texts." href="ref-model.stageLike.html">model.stageLike</a> class supplies a set of elements for stage directions and similar items such as camera movements, which can occur between or within speeches.</p><div class="div2" id="DRFAB"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="DR.html#DRBOD"><span class="headingNumber">7.2 </span>The Body of a Performance Text</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h3><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DRFAB" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Front and Back Matter
</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">7.1 </span><span class="head">Front and Back Matter </span></h3><p>In dramatic texts, as in all TEI-conformant documents, the header element is followed by a <a class="gi" title="contains a single text of any kind, whether unitary or composite, for example a poem or drama, a collection of essays, a novel, a dictionary, or a corpus sample." href="ref-text.html">text</a> element, which contains optional front and back matter, and either a <a class="gi" title="(text body) contains the whole body of a single unitary text, excluding any front or back matter." href="ref-body.html">body</a> or else a <a class="gi" title="contains the body of a composite text, grouping together a sequence of distinct texts (or groups of such texts) which are regarded as a unit for some purpose, for example the collected works of an author, a sequence of prose essays, etc." href="ref-group.html">group</a> of nested <a class="gi" title="contains a single text of any kind, whether unitary or composite, for example a poem or drama, a collection of essays, a novel, a dictionary, or a corpus sample." href="ref-text.html">text</a> elements. For more information on these, see chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="DS.html" title="7"><span class="headingNumber">4 </span>Default Text Structure</a>.</p><p>The <a class="gi" title="(front matter) contains any prefatory matter (headers, abstracts, title page, prefaces, dedications, etc.) found at the start of a document, before the main body." href="ref-front.html">front</a> and <a class="gi" title="(back matter) contains any appendixes, etc. following the main part of a text." href="ref-back.html">back</a> elements are most likely to be of use when encoding preliminary materials in published performance texts. When the module defined by this chapter is included in a schema, the following additional elements not generally found in other forms of text become available as part of the front or back matter: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-performance.html">performance</a></span> contains a section of front or back matter describing how a dramatic piece is to be performed in general or how it was performed on some specific occasion.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-prologue.html">prologue</a></span> contains the prologue to a drama, typically spoken by an actor out of character, possibly in association with a particular performance or venue.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-epilogue.html">epilogue</a></span> contains the epilogue to a drama, typically spoken by an actor out of character, possibly in association with a particular performance or venue.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-set.html">set</a></span> (setting) contains a description of the setting, time, locale, appearance, etc., of the action of a play, typically found in the front matter of a printed performance text (not a stage direction).</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-castList.html">castList</a></span> (cast list) contains a single cast list or dramatis personae.</li></ul><p>Elements for encoding each of these specific kinds of front matter are discussed in the remainder of this section, in the order given above. In addition, the front matter of dramatic texts may include the same elements as that of any other kind of text, notably title pages and various kinds of text division, as discussed in section <a class="link_ptr" href="DS.html#DSFRONT" title="Front Matter"><span class="headingNumber">4.5 </span>Front Matter</a>. The encoder may choose to ignore the specialized elements discussed in this section and instead use constructions of the type <span class="tag"><div type="performance"></span> or <span class="tag"><div1 type="set"></span>.</p><p>Most other material in the front matter of a performance text will be marked with the default text structure elements described in chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="DS.html" title="7"><span class="headingNumber">4 </span>Default Text Structure</a>. For example, the title page, dedication, other commendatory material, preface, etc., in a printed text should be encoded using <a class="gi" title="(text division) contains a subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div.html">div</a> or <a class="gi" title="(level-1 text division) contains a first-level subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div1.html">div1</a> elements, containing headings, paragraphs, and other core tags.</p><div class="div3" id="DRSET"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="DR.html#DRPRO"><span class="headingNumber">7.1.2 </span>Prologues and Epilogues</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DRSET" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: The Set Element</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">7.1.1 </span><span class="head">The Set Element</span></h4><div class="p">A special form of note describing the setting of a dramatic text (that is, the time and place of its action) is sometimes found in the front matter. <ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-set.html">set</a></span> (setting) contains a description of the setting, time, locale, appearance, etc., of the action of a play, typically found in the front matter of a printed performance text (not a stage direction).</li></ul> Descriptions of the setting may also appear as initial stage directions in the body of the play, but such descriptions should be marked as stage directions, not <a class="gi" title="(setting) contains a description of the setting, time, locale, appearance, etc., of the action of a play, typically found in the front matter of a printed performance text (not a stage direction)." href="ref-set.html">set</a>. The <a class="gi" title="(setting) contains a description of the setting, time, locale, appearance, etc., of the action of a play, typically found in the front matter of a printed performance text (not a stage direction)." href="ref-set.html">set</a> element should be used only where the description forms part of the front matter, as in the following examples: <div id="index-egXML-d52e63172" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><front></span><br /> <span class="element"><castList></span><br /> <span class="element"><castItem></span> ... <span class="element"></castItem></span><br /> <span class="element"></castList></span><br /> <span class="element"><set></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>The action of the play is set in Chicago's<br /> Southside, sometime between World War II and the<br /> present.<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></set></span><br /><span class="element"></front></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#DR-eg-01">bibliography</a> </div></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e63181" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><front></span><br /> <span class="element"><titlePage <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">half-title</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><docTitle></span><br /> <span class="element"><titlePart></span>Peer Gynt<span class="element"></titlePart></span><br /> <span class="element"></docTitle></span><br /> <span class="element"></titlePage></span><br /> <span class="element"><div <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">copyright_page</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"><div <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Contents</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"><div <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Introduction</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"><div <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">note</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>Note on the Translation<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span> ... <span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></div></span><br /> <span class="element"><div <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Dramatis_Personae</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>Characters<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><castList></span><br /> <span class="element"><castItem></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"></castItem></span><br /> <span class="element"></castList></span><br /> <span class="element"></div></span><br /> <span class="element"><set></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>The action, which opens in the beginning of the nineteenth<br /> century, and ends around the 1860s, takes place partly in<br /> Gudbrandsdalen, and on the mountains around it, partly on the coast<br /> of Morocco, in the desert of Sahara, in a madhouse at Cairo, at sea,<br /> etc.<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></set></span><br /> <span class="element"><performance></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></performance></span><br /><span class="element"></front></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#DR-eg-02">bibliography</a> </div></div></div></div><div class="div3" id="DRPRO"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="DR.html#DRSET"><span class="headingNumber">7.1.1 </span>The Set Element</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="DR.html#DRPERF"><span class="headingNumber">7.1.3 </span>Records of Performances</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DRPRO" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Prologues and Epilogues</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">7.1.2 </span><span class="head">Prologues and Epilogues</span></h4><div class="p">Many plays in the Western tradition include in their front matter a prologue, spoken by an actor, generally not in character. Similar speeches often also occur at the end of the play, as epilogues. The elements <a class="gi" title="contains the prologue to a drama, typically spoken by an actor out of character, possibly in association with a particular performance or venue." href="ref-prologue.html">prologue</a> and <a class="gi" title="contains the epilogue to a drama, typically spoken by an actor out of character, possibly in association with a particular performance or venue." href="ref-epilogue.html">epilogue</a> are provided for the encoding of such features within the front or back matter, where appropriate. <ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-prologue.html">prologue</a></span> contains the prologue to a drama, typically spoken by an actor out of character, possibly in association with a particular performance or venue.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-epilogue.html">epilogue</a></span> contains the epilogue to a drama, typically spoken by an actor out of character, possibly in association with a particular performance or venue.</li></ul> A prologue may be encoded just like a distinct poem, as in the following example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e63381" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><front></span><br /> <span class="element"><prologue></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>Prologue, spoken by <span class="element"><name></span>Mr. Hart<span class="element"></name></span><span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Poets like Cudgel'd Bullys, never do<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>At first, or second blow, submit to you;<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>But will provoke you still, and ne're have done,<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Till you are weary first, with laying on:<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>We patiently you see, give up to you,<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Our Poets, Virgins, nay our Matrons too.<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"></prologue></span><br /> <span class="element"><castList></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>The Persons<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><castItem></span> ... <span class="element"></castItem></span><br /> <span class="element"></castList></span><br /> <span class="element"><set></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>The SCENE<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>London<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></set></span><br /><span class="element"></front></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#DRPRO-eg-6">bibliography</a> </div></div> </div><div class="p">A prologue or epilogue may also be encoded as a speech, using the <a class="gi" title="(speech) contains an individual speech in a performance text, or a passage presented as such in a prose or verse text." href="ref-sp.html">sp</a> element described in section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#CODR" title="Core Tags for Drama"><span class="headingNumber">3.12.2 </span>Core Tags for Drama</a>. This is particularly appropriate where stage directions, etc., are involved, as in the following example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e63420" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><epilogue></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>Written by <span class="element"><name></span>Colley Cibber, Esq<span class="element"></name></span><br /> and spoken by <span class="element"><name></span>Mrs. Cibber<span class="element"></name></span><span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><lg <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">stanza</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Since Fate has robb'd me of the hapless Youth,<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>For whom my heart had hoarded up its truth;<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>By all the Laws of Love and Honour, now,<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>I'm free again to chuse, — and one of you<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"></lg></span><br /> <span class="element"><lg <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">stanza</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Suppose I search the sober Gallery; — No,<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>There's none but Prentices — &amp; Cuckolds all a row:<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>And these, I doubt, are those that make 'em so.<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"></lg></span><br /> <span class="element"><stage></span>Pointing to the Boxes.<span class="element"></stage></span><br /> <span class="element"><lg <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">stanza</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>'Tis very well, enjoy the jest:<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"></lg></span><br /> <span class="element"></sp></span><br /><span class="element"></epilogue></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#DRPRO-eg-7">bibliography</a> </div></div> </div><div class="p">In cases where the prologue or epilogue is clearly a significant part of the dramatic action, it may be preferable to include it in the body of a text, rather than in the front or back matter. In such cases, the encoder (and theatrical tradition) will determine whether or not to regard it as a new scene or division, or simply the final speech in the play. In the First Folio version of Shakespeare's <span class="titlem">Tempest</span>, for example, Prospero's final speech is clearly marked off as a distinct textual unit by the headings and layout of the page, and might therefore be encoded as back matter: <div id="index-egXML-d52e63459" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><text></span><br /> <span class="element"><body></span><br /> <span class="element"><div1 <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">scene</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><l <span class="attribute">part</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Y</span>"></span>I'le deliver all,<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>And promise you calme Seas, auspicious gales,<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Be free and fare thou well: please you, draw neere.<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><stage></span>Exeunt omnes.<span class="element"></stage></span><br /> <span class="element"></sp></span><br /> <span class="element"></div1></span><br /> <span class="element"></body></span><br /> <span class="element"><back></span><br /> <span class="element"><epilogue></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>Epilogue, spoken by Prospero.<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Now my Charmes are all ore-throwne,<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>And what strength I have's mine owne<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>As you from crimes would pardon'd be,<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Let your Indulgence set me free.<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"></sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><stage></span>Exit<span class="element"></stage></span><br /> <span class="element"></epilogue></span><br /> <span class="element"><set></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>The Scene, an un-inhabited Island.<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></set></span><br /> <span class="element"><castList></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>Names of the Actors.<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><castItem></span>Alonso, K. of Naples<span class="element"></castItem></span><br /> <span class="element"><castItem></span>Sebastian, his Brother.<span class="element"></castItem></span><br /> <span class="element"><castItem></span>Prospero, the right Duke of Millaine.<span class="element"></castItem></span><br /> <span class="element"></castList></span><br /> <span class="element"><trailer></span>FINIS<span class="element"></trailer></span><br /> <span class="element"></back></span><br /><span class="element"></text></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#CODR-eg-295">bibliography</a> </div></div> </div><div class="p">In many modern editions, the editors have chosen to regard Prospero's speech as a part of the preceding scene: <div id="index-egXML-d52e63506" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>Prospero<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><l <span class="attribute">part</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Y</span>"></span>I'll deliver all,<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>And promise you calm seas, auspicious gales,<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Be free and fare thou well. <span class="element"><stage <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">exit</span>"></span>Exit Ariel<span class="element"></stage></span><br /> Please you, draw near. <span class="element"><stage <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">exit</span>"></span>Exeunt all but Prospero<span class="element"></stage></span><br /> <span class="element"><note <span class="attribute">place</span>="<span class="attributevalue">margin</span>"></span>Epilogue<span class="element"></note></span><span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Now my charms are all o'erthrown,<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>And what strength I have's mine own<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>As you from crimes would pardoned be,<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Let your indulgence set me free.<span class="element"></l></span><br /><span class="element"></sp></span><br /><span class="element"><stage <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">mix</span>"></span>He awaits applause, then exit.<span class="element"></stage></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#CODR-eg-295">bibliography</a> </div></div> </div></div><div class="div3" id="DRPERF"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="DR.html#DRPRO"><span class="headingNumber">7.1.2 </span>Prologues and Epilogues</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="DR.html#DRCAST"><span class="headingNumber">7.1.4 </span>Cast Lists</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DRPERF" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Records of Performances</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">7.1.3 </span><span class="head">Records of Performances</span></h4><p>Performance texts are not only printed in books to be read, they are also performed. It is common practice therefore to include within the front matter of a printed dramatic text some brief account of particular performances, using the following element: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-performance.html">performance</a></span> contains a section of front or back matter describing how a dramatic piece is to be performed in general or how it was performed on some specific occasion.</li></ul><p> The <a class="gi" title="contains a section of front or back matter describing how a dramatic piece is to be performed in general or how it was performed on some specific occasion." href="ref-performance.html">performance</a> element may be used to group any and all information relating to the actual performance of a play or screenplay, whether it specifies how the play should be performed in general or how it was performed in practice on some occasion.</p><p>Performance information may include complex structures such as cast lists, or paragraphs describing the date and location of a performance, details about the setting portrayed in the performance and so forth. (See the discussion of these specialized structures in section <a class="link_ptr" href="DR.html#DRFAB" title="Front and Back Matter"><span class="headingNumber">7.1 </span>Front and Back Matter </a> above.) If information for more than one performance is being recorded, then more than one <a class="gi" title="contains a section of front or back matter describing how a dramatic piece is to be performed in general or how it was performed on some specific occasion." href="ref-performance.html">performance</a> element should be used, wherever possible.</p><p>Names of persons, places, and dates of particular significance within the performance record may be explicitly marked using the general purpose <a class="gi" title="(name, proper noun) contains a proper noun or noun phrase." href="ref-name.html">name</a>, <span class="tag"><rs type="place"></span> and <a class="gi" title="contains a date in any format." href="ref-date.html">date</a> elements described in section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#CONADA" title="Dates and Times"><span class="headingNumber">3.5.4 </span>Dates and Times</a>. No particular elements for such features as stagehouses, directors, etc., are proposed at this time.</p><div class="p">For example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e63812" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><performance></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>Death of a Salesman<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>A New Play by Arthur Miller<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Staged by Elia Kazan<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"><castList></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>Cast<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><note <span class="attribute">rend</span>="<span class="attributevalue">small type flush left</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">place</span>="<span class="attributevalue">inline</span>"></span>(in order of appearance)<span class="element"></note></span><br /> <span class="element"><castItem></span><br /> <span class="element"><role></span>Willy Loman<span class="element"></role></span><br /> <span class="element"><actor></span>Lee J. Cobb<span class="element"></actor></span><br /> <span class="element"></castItem></span><br /> <span class="element"><castItem></span><br /> <span class="element"><role></span>Linda<span class="element"></role></span><br /> <span class="element"><actor></span>Mildred Dunnock<span class="element"></actor></span><br /> <span class="element"></castItem></span><br /> <span class="element"><castItem></span><br /> <span class="element"><role></span>Biff<span class="element"></role></span><br /> <span class="element"><actor></span>Arthur Kennedy<span class="element"></actor></span><br /> <span class="element"></castItem></span><br /> <span class="element"><castItem></span><br /> <span class="element"><role></span>Happy<span class="element"></role></span><br /> <span class="element"><actor></span>Cameron Mitchell<span class="element"></actor></span><br /> <span class="element"></castItem></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"></castList></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>The setting and lighting were designed by<br /> <span class="element"><name></span>Jo Mielziner<span class="element"></name></span>.<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>The incidental music was composed by <span class="element"><name></span>Alex North<span class="element"></name></span>.<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>The costumes were designed by <span class="element"><name></span>Julia Sze<span class="element"></name></span>.<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Presented by <span class="element"><name <span class="attribute">rend</span>="<span class="attributevalue">unmarked</span>"></span>Kermit Bloomgarden<span class="element"></name></span><br /> and <span class="element"><name <span class="attribute">rend</span>="<span class="attributevalue">unmarked</span>"></span>Walter Fried<span class="element"></name></span> at the<br /> <span class="element"><rs <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">place</span>"></span>Morosco Theatre in New York<span class="element"></rs></span> on<br /> <span class="element"><date <span class="attribute">when</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1949-02-10</span>"></span>February 10, 1949<span class="element"></date></span>.<span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"></performance></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#DRPERF-eg-12">bibliography</a> </div></div> Or: <div id="index-egXML-d52e63887" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><performance></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>La Machine Infernale a été<br /> représentée pour la première fois au<br /> <span class="element"><rs <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">place-theatre</span>"></span>théâtre Louis-Jouvet<span class="element"></rs></span><br /> <span class="element"><rs <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">place-theatre</span>"></span>(Comédie des<br /> Champs-élysées)<span class="element"></rs></span><br /> <span class="element"><date></span>le 10 avril 1934<span class="element"></date></span>,<br /> avec les décors et les costumes de<br /> <span class="element"><name></span>Christian Bérard.<span class="element"></name></span> ... <span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"></performance></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#DRPERF-eg-13">bibliography</a> </div></div> </div></div><div class="div3" id="DRCAST"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="DR.html#DRPERF"><span class="headingNumber">7.1.3 </span>Records of Performances</a></li><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DRCAST" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Cast Lists</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">7.1.4 </span><span class="head">Cast Lists</span></h4><p>A <span class="term">cast list</span> is a specialized form of list, conventionally found at the start or end of a play, usually listing all the speaking and non-speaking roles in the play, often with additional description (<span class="q">‘Cataplasma, a maker of Periwigges and Attires’</span>) or the name of an actor or actress (<span class="q">‘Old Lady Squeamish. Mrs Rutter’</span>). Cast lists may be encoded with the general purpose <a class="gi" title="contains any sequence of items organized as a list." href="ref-list.html">list</a> element described in section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#COLI" title="Lists"><span class="headingNumber">3.7 </span>Lists</a>, but for more detailed work the following specialized elements are provided: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-castList.html">castList</a></span> (cast list) contains a single cast list or dramatis personae.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-castGroup.html">castGroup</a></span> (cast list grouping) groups one or more individual <a class="gi" title="(cast list item) contains a single entry within a cast list, describing either a single role or a list of non-speaking roles." href="ref-castItem.html">castItem</a> elements within a cast list.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-castItem.html">castItem</a></span> (cast list item) contains a single entry within a cast list, describing either a single role or a list of non-speaking roles.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">type</span></td><td>characterizes the cast item.</td></tr></table></li></ul><p>A <a class="gi" title="(cast list item) contains a single entry within a cast list, describing either a single role or a list of non-speaking roles." href="ref-castItem.html">castItem</a> element may contain any mixture of elements taken from the <a class="link_odd" title="groups component elements of an entry in a cast list, such as dramatic role or actor's name." href="ref-model.castItemPart.html">model.castItemPart</a> class, members of which (when this module is included) are: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-role.html">role</a></span> contains the name of a dramatic role, as given in a cast list.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-roleDesc.html">roleDesc</a></span> (role description) describes a character's role in a drama.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-actor.html">actor</a></span> contains the name of an actor appearing within a cast list.</li></ul><p> Cast lists often have an internal structure of their own; it is quite usual to find, for example, nobility and commoners, or male and female roles, presented in different groups or sublists. Roles are also often grouped together by their function, for example: </p><ul class="bulleted"><li class="item">Sons of Cato: <ul class="bulleted"><li class="item">Portius</li><li class="item">Marcus</li></ul></li></ul><div class="p">A cast list relating to a specific performance may be accompanied by notes about the time or place of that performance, indicating (for example) the name of the theatre where the play was first presented, the name of the producer or director, and so forth. When the cast list relates to a specific performance, it should be embedded within a <a class="gi" title="contains a section of front or back matter describing how a dramatic piece is to be performed in general or how it was performed on some specific occasion." href="ref-performance.html">performance</a> element (see section <a class="link_ptr" href="DR.html#DRPERF" title="Records of Performances"><span class="headingNumber">7.1.3 </span>Records of Performances</a>), as in the following example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e64150" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><performance></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>The first performance in Great Britain of <span class="element"><title></span>Waiting for<br /> Godot<span class="element"></title></span> was given at the Arts Theatre, London, on<br /> <span class="element"><date <span class="attribute">when</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1955-08-03</span>"></span>3rd August 1955<span class="element"></date></span>. It was directed by<br /> <span class="element"><name></span>Peter Hall<span class="element"></name></span>, and the décor was by <span class="element"><name></span>Peter<br /> Snow<span class="element"></name></span>. The cast was as follows:<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"><castList></span><br /> <span class="element"><castItem></span>Estragon: Peter Woodthorpe<span class="element"></castItem></span><br /> <span class="element"><castItem></span>Vladimir: Paul Daneman<span class="element"></castItem></span><br /> <span class="element"><castItem></span> ... <span class="element"></castItem></span><br /> <span class="element"></castList></span><br /><span class="element"></performance></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#DRCAST-eg-16">bibliography</a> </div></div> </div><div class="p">In this example, the <a class="gi" title="(cast list item) contains a single entry within a cast list, describing either a single role or a list of non-speaking roles." href="ref-castItem.html">castItem</a> elements have no substructure. If desired, however, their components may be more finely distinguished using the elements <a class="gi" title="contains the name of a dramatic role, as given in a cast list." href="ref-role.html">role</a>, <a class="gi" title="(role description) describes a character's role in a drama." href="ref-roleDesc.html">roleDesc</a>, and <a class="gi" title="contains the name of an actor appearing within a cast list." href="ref-actor.html">actor</a>. For example, the second cast item above might be encoded as follows: <div id="index-egXML-d52e64190" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><castItem></span><br /> <span class="element"><role <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">vlad</span>"></span>Vladimir<span class="element"></role></span>:<br /> <span class="element"><actor></span>Paul Daneman<span class="element"></actor></span><span class="element"></castItem></span></div></div><div class="p">The <span class="att">ref</span> attribute on <a class="gi" title="contains the name of an actor appearing within a cast list." href="ref-actor.html">actor</a> may be used to associate the name with information about the real-world person identified, as further discussed in section ND. In the previous example, we might associate the name of Paul Daneman with his entry in a widely used bibliography as follows : <div id="index-egXML-d52e64206" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><actor <span class="attribute">ref</span>="<span class="attributevalue">https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n84002994/</span>"></span>Paul Daneman<span class="element"></actor></span></div></div><p>The global <span class="att">xml:id</span> attribute may be used to specify a unique identifier for the <a class="gi" title="contains the name of a dramatic role, as given in a cast list." href="ref-role.html">role</a> element, where it is desired to link speeches within the text explicitly to the role, using the <span class="att">who</span> attribute, as further discussed in section <a class="link_ptr" href="DR.html#DRSP" title="Speeches and Speakers"><span class="headingNumber">7.2.2 </span>Speeches and Speakers</a> below.</p><div class="p">The occasionally lengthy descriptions of a role sometimes found in written play scripts may be marked using the <a class="gi" title="(role description) describes a character's role in a drama." href="ref-roleDesc.html">roleDesc</a> element, as in the following example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e64227" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><castItem></span><br /> <span class="element"><role></span>Tom Thumb the Great<span class="element"></role></span><br /> <span class="element"><roleDesc></span>a little hero with a great soul, something violent in his<br /> temper, which is a little abated by his love for Huncamunca<span class="element"></roleDesc></span><br /> <span class="element"><actor></span>Young Verhuyk<span class="element"></actor></span><br /><span class="element"></castItem></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#DRCAST-eg-18">bibliography</a> </div></div> For non-speaking or un-named roles, a <a class="gi" title="(cast list item) contains a single entry within a cast list, describing either a single role or a list of non-speaking roles." href="ref-castItem.html">castItem</a> may contain a <a class="gi" title="(role description) describes a character's role in a drama." href="ref-roleDesc.html">roleDesc</a> without an accompanying <a class="gi" title="contains the name of a dramatic role, as given in a cast list." href="ref-role.html">role</a>, for example <div id="index-egXML-d52e64248" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><castItem></span><br /> <span class="element"><roleDesc></span>Costermonger<span class="element"></roleDesc></span><br /><span class="element"></castItem></span></div></div><div class="p">When a list of such minor roles is given together, the <span class="att">type</span> attribute of the <a class="gi" title="(cast list item) contains a single entry within a cast list, describing either a single role or a list of non-speaking roles." href="ref-castItem.html">castItem</a> should indicate that it contains more than one role, by taking a value such as <span class="val">list</span>. The encoder may or may not elect to encode each separate constituent within such a composite <a class="gi" title="(cast list item) contains a single entry within a cast list, describing either a single role or a list of non-speaking roles." href="ref-castItem.html">castItem</a>. Thus, either of the following is acceptable: <div id="index-egXML-d52e64267" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><castItem <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">list</span>"></span>Constables, Drawer, Turnkey, etc.<span class="element"></castItem></span><br /><span class="element"><castItem <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">list</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><roleDesc></span>Constables,<span class="element"></roleDesc></span><br /> <span class="element"><roleDesc></span>Drawer,<span class="element"></roleDesc></span><br /> <span class="element"><roleDesc></span>Turnkey,<span class="element"></roleDesc></span><br /> etc.<br /> <span class="element"></castItem></span></div></div><div class="p">A group of cast items forming a distinct subdivision of a cast list may be marked as such by using the special purpose <a class="gi" title="(cast list grouping) groups one or more individual <castItem> elements within a cast list." href="ref-castGroup.html">castGroup</a> element. The <span class="att">rend</span> attribute may be used to indicate whether this grouping is indicated in the text by layout alone (i.e. the use of whitespace), by long braces or by some other means. A <a class="gi" title="(cast list grouping) groups one or more individual <castItem> elements within a cast list." href="ref-castGroup.html">castGroup</a> may contain an optional heading (represented as usual by a <a class="gi" title="(heading) contains any type of heading, for example the title of a section, or the heading of a list, glossary, manuscript description, etc." href="ref-head.html">head</a> element) followed by a series of <a class="gi" title="(cast list item) contains a single entry within a cast list, describing either a single role or a list of non-speaking roles." href="ref-castItem.html">castItem</a> elements: <div id="index-egXML-d52e64297" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><castGroup <span class="attribute">rend</span>="<span class="attributevalue">braced</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>friends of Mathias<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><castItem></span><br /> <span class="element"><role></span>Walter<span class="element"></role></span><br /> <span class="element"><actor></span>Mr Frank Hall<span class="element"></actor></span><br /> <span class="element"></castItem></span><br /> <span class="element"><castItem></span><br /> <span class="element"><role></span>Hans<span class="element"></role></span><br /> <span class="element"><actor></span>Mr F.W. Irish<span class="element"></actor></span><br /> <span class="element"></castItem></span><br /><span class="element"></castGroup></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#DRCAST-eg-21">bibliography</a> </div></div> </div><div class="p">Alternatively, the encoder may prefer to regard the phrase <span class="q">‘friends of Mathias’</span> as a role description, and encode the above example as follows: <div id="index-egXML-d52e64319" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><castGroup <span class="attribute">rend</span>="<span class="attributevalue">braced</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><roleDesc></span>friends of Mathias<span class="element"></roleDesc></span><br /> <span class="element"><castItem></span><br /> <span class="element"><role></span>Walter<span class="element"></role></span><br /> <span class="element"><actor></span>Mr Frank Hall<span class="element"></actor></span><br /> <span class="element"></castItem></span><br /> <span class="element"><castItem></span><br /> <span class="element"><role></span>Hans<span class="element"></role></span><br /> <span class="element"><actor></span>Mr F.W. Irish<span class="element"></actor></span><br /> <span class="element"></castItem></span><br /><span class="element"></castGroup></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#DRCAST-eg-21">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">This version has the advantage that all role descriptions are treated alike, rather than in some cases being treated as headings. On the other hand there are also cases, such as the following, where the role description does function more like a heading: <div id="index-egXML-d52e64337" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><castList></span><br /> <span class="element"><castGroup></span><br /> <span class="element"><head <span class="attribute">rend</span>="<span class="attributevalue">braced</span>"></span>Mendicants<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><castItem></span><br /> <span class="element"><role></span>Aafaa<span class="element"></role></span><br /> <span class="element"><actor></span>Femi Johnson<span class="element"></actor></span><br /> <span class="element"></castItem></span><br /> <span class="element"><castItem></span><br /> <span class="element"><role></span>Blindman<span class="element"></role></span><br /> <span class="element"><actor></span>Femi Osofisan<span class="element"></actor></span><br /> <span class="element"></castItem></span><br /> <span class="element"><castItem></span><br /> <span class="element"><role></span>Goyi<span class="element"></role></span><br /> <span class="element"><actor></span>Wale Ogunyemi<span class="element"></actor></span><br /> <span class="element"></castItem></span><br /> <span class="element"><castItem></span><br /> <span class="element"><role></span>Cripple<span class="element"></role></span><br /> <span class="element"><actor></span>Tunji Oyelana<span class="element"></actor></span><br /> <span class="element"></castItem></span><br /> <span class="element"></castGroup></span><br /> <span class="element"><castItem></span><br /> <span class="element"><role></span>Si Bero<span class="element"></role></span><br /> <span class="element"><roleDesc></span>Sister to Dr Bero<span class="element"></roleDesc></span><br /> <span class="element"><actor></span>Deolo Adedoyin<span class="element"></actor></span><br /> <span class="element"></castItem></span><br /> <span class="element"><castGroup></span><br /> <span class="element"><head <span class="attribute">rend</span>="<span class="attributevalue">braced</span>"></span>Two old women<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><castItem></span><br /> <span class="element"><role></span>Iya Agba<span class="element"></role></span><br /> <span class="element"><actor></span>Nguba Agolia<span class="element"></actor></span><br /> <span class="element"></castItem></span><br /> <span class="element"><castItem></span><br /> <span class="element"><role></span>Iya Mate<span class="element"></role></span><br /> <span class="element"><actor></span>Bopo George<span class="element"></actor></span><br /> <span class="element"></castItem></span><br /> <span class="element"></castGroup></span><br /> <span class="element"><castItem></span><br /> <span class="element"><role></span>Dr Bero<span class="element"></role></span><br /> <span class="element"><roleDesc></span>Specialist<span class="element"></roleDesc></span><br /> <span class="element"><actor></span>Nat Okoro<span class="element"></actor></span><br /> <span class="element"></castItem></span><br /> <span class="element"><castItem></span><br /> <span class="element"><role></span>Priest<span class="element"></role></span><br /> <span class="element"><actor></span>Gbenga Sonuga<span class="element"></actor></span><br /> <span class="element"></castItem></span><br /> <span class="element"><castItem></span><br /> <span class="element"><role></span>The old man<span class="element"></role></span><br /> <span class="element"><roleDesc></span>Bero's father<span class="element"></roleDesc></span><br /> <span class="element"><actor></span>Dapo Adelugba<span class="element"></actor></span><br /> <span class="element"></castItem></span><br /><span class="element"></castList></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#DRCAST-eg-23">bibliography</a> </div></div> </div></div></div><div class="div2" id="DRBOD"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="DR.html#DRFAB"><span class="headingNumber">7.1 </span>Front and Back Matter </a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="DR.html#DROTH"><span class="headingNumber">7.3 </span>Other Types of Performance Text</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h3><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DRBOD" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: The Body of a Performance Text</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">7.2 </span><span class="head">The Body of a Performance Text</span></h3><p>The body of a performance text may be divided into structural units, variously called acts, scenes, stasima, entr'actes, etc. All such formal divisions should be encoded using an appropriate text-division element (<a class="gi" title="(text division) contains a subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div.html">div</a>, <a class="gi" title="(level-1 text division) contains a first-level subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div1.html">div1</a>, <a class="gi" title="(level-2 text division) contains a second-level subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div2.html">div2</a>, etc.), as further discussed in section <a class="link_ptr" href="DR.html#DRDIV" title="Major Structural Divisions"><span class="headingNumber">7.2.1 </span>Major Structural Divisions</a>. Whether divided up into such units or not, all performance texts consist of sequences of speeches (see <a class="link_ptr" href="DR.html#DRSP" title="Speeches and Speakers"><span class="headingNumber">7.2.2 </span>Speeches and Speakers</a>) and stage directions (see <a class="link_ptr" href="DR.html#DRSTA" title="Stage Directions"><span class="headingNumber">7.2.4 </span>Stage Directions</a>). In musical performances, it is also common to identify groups of speeches which act as a single unit, sometimes called a <span class="term">number</span>; such units typically float within the structural hierarchy at the same level as speeches preceding or following them and cannot therefore be treated as text-divisions. (see <a class="link_ptr" href="DR.html#DRSPG" title="Grouped Speeches"><span class="headingNumber">7.2.3 </span>Grouped Speeches</a>). Speeches will generally consist of a sequence of <span class="term">chunk</span>-level items: paragraphs, verse lines, stanzas, or (in case of uncertainty as to whether something is verse or prose) <a class="gi" title="(anonymous block) contains any arbitrary component-level unit of text, acting as an anonymous container for phrase or inter level elements analogous to, but without the semantic baggage of, a paragraph." href="ref-ab.html">ab</a> elements (see <a class="link_ptr" href="DR.html#DRPAL" title="Speech Contents"><span class="headingNumber">7.2.5 </span>Speech Contents</a>).</p><p>The boundaries of formal units such as verse lines or paragraphs do not always coincide with speech boundaries. Units such as songs may be discontinuous or shared among several speakers. As described below in section <a class="link_ptr" href="DR.html#DREMB" title="Embedded Structures"><span class="headingNumber">7.2.6 </span>Embedded Structures</a>, such fragmentation may be encoded in a relatively simple fashion using the linkage and aggregation mechanisms defined in chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="SA.html" title="14"><span class="headingNumber">16 </span>Linking, Segmentation, and Alignment</a>.</p><div class="div3" id="DRDIV"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="DR.html#DRSP"><span class="headingNumber">7.2.2 </span>Speeches and Speakers</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DRDIV" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Major Structural Divisions</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">7.2.1 </span><span class="head">Major Structural Divisions</span></h4><div class="p">Large divisions in drama such as acts, scenes, stasima, or entr'actes are indicated by numbered or unnumbered <a class="gi" title="(text division) contains a subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div.html">div</a> elements, as described in section <a class="link_ptr" href="DS.html#DSDIV" title="Divisions of the Body"><span class="headingNumber">4.1 </span>Divisions of the Body</a>. The <span class="att">type</span> and <span class="att">n</span> attributes may be used to define the type of division being marked, and to provide a name or number for it, as in the following example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e65470" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><body></span><br /> <span class="element"><div1 <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">scene</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>Night—Faust's Study (i)<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"></div1></span><br /> <span class="element"><div1 <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">scene</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>Outside the City Gate<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"></div1></span><br /><span class="element"></body></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#DRDIV-eg-31">bibliography</a> </div></div> </div><div class="p">Where the largest divisions of a performance text are themselves subdivided, most obviously in the case of plays traditionally divided into acts and scenes, further nested text-division elements may be used, as in this example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e65482" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><body></span><br /> <span class="element"><div1 <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">act</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>Act One<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><div2 <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">scene</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><stage></span>Pa Ubu, Ma Ubu<span class="element"></stage></span><br /> <span class="element"><sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>Pa Ubu<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Pschitt!<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></sp></span><br /> <span class="element"></div2></span><br /> <span class="element"><div2 <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">scene</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><stage></span>A room in Pa Ubu's house, where a magnificent<br /> collation is set out<span class="element"></stage></span><br /> <span class="element"></div2></span><br /> <span class="element"></div1></span><br /> <span class="element"><div1 <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">act</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>Act Two<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><div2 <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">scene</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>Scene One<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"></div2></span><br /> <span class="element"><div2 <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">scene</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>Scene Two<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"></div2></span><br /> <span class="element"></div1></span><br /><span class="element"></body></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#DRDIV-eg-32">bibliography</a> </div></div> </div><p>In the example above, the <a class="gi" title="(level-2 text division) contains a second-level subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div2.html">div2</a> element has been used to represent the ‘French scene’ convention, (where the entrance of each new set of characters is marked as a distinct unit in the text) and the <a class="gi" title="(level-1 text division) contains a first-level subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div1.html">div1</a> element to represent the acts into which the play is divided. The elements chosen are determined only by the hierarchic position of these units in the text as a whole. If the text had no acts, but only scenes, then the scenes might be represented by <a class="gi" title="(level-1 text division) contains a first-level subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div1.html">div1</a> elements. Equally, if a play is divided only into <span class="q">‘acts’</span>, with no smaller subdivisions, then the <a class="gi" title="(level-1 text division) contains a first-level subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div1.html">div1</a> element might be used to represent acts. The <span class="att">type</span> should be used, as above, to make explicit the name associated with a particular category of subdivision.</p><div class="p">As an alternative to the use of numbered divisions, the encoder may represent all subdivisions with the same element, the unnumbered <a class="gi" title="(text division) contains a subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div.html">div</a>. The second act in the above example would then be represented as follows: <div id="index-egXML-d52e65538" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><div <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">act</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>Act Two<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><div <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">scene</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>Scene One<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"></div></span><br /> <span class="element"><div <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">scene</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>Scene Two<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"></div></span><br /><span class="element"></div></span></div></div><p>For further discussion of the use of numbered and unnumbered divisions, see section <a class="link_ptr" href="DS.html#DSDIV" title="Divisions of the Body"><span class="headingNumber">4.1 </span>Divisions of the Body</a>.</p></div><div class="div3" id="DRSP"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="DR.html#DRDIV"><span class="headingNumber">7.2.1 </span>Major Structural Divisions</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="DR.html#DRSPG"><span class="headingNumber">7.2.3 </span>Grouped Speeches</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DRSP" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Speeches and Speakers</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">7.2.2 </span><span class="head">Speeches and Speakers</span></h4><p>The following elements are used to identify speeches and speakers in a performance text: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-sp.html">sp</a></span> (speech) contains an individual speech in a performance text, or a passage presented as such in a prose or verse text.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-speaker.html">speaker</a></span> contains a specialized form of heading or label, giving the name of one or more speakers in a dramatic text or fragment.</li></ul><p>As noted above, the structure of many performance texts may be analysed as multiply hierarchic: a scene of a verse play, for example, may be divided into speeches and, at the same time, into verse lines. The end of a line may or may not coincide with the end of a speech, and vice versa. Other structures, such as songs, may be discontinuous or split up over several speeches. For some purposes it will be appropriate to regard the verse-structure as the fundamental organizing principle of the text, and for others the speech structure; in some cases, the choice between the two may be arbitrary. The discussion in the remainder of this chapter assumes that it is the speech-based hierarchy which most prominently determines the structure of performance texts, but the same mechanisms could be employed to encode a view of a performance text in which individual speeches were entirely subordinate to the formal units of prose and verse. For more detailed discussion and examples of various treatments of this fundamental issue, refer to chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="NH.html" title="31"><span class="headingNumber">20 </span>Non-hierarchical Structures</a>.</p><div class="p">The <span class="att">who</span> attribute and the <a class="gi" title="() contains a specialized form of heading or label, giving the name of one or more speakers in a dramatic text or fragment." href="ref-speaker.html">speaker</a> element are both used to indicate the speaker or speakers of a speech, but in rather different ways. The <a class="gi" title="() contains a specialized form of heading or label, giving the name of one or more speakers in a dramatic text or fragment." href="ref-speaker.html">speaker</a> element is used to encode the word or phrase actually used within the source text to indicate the speaker: it may contain any string or prefix, and may be thought of as a highly specialized form of stage direction. The <span class="att">who</span> attribute however contains one or more pointer values, each of which indicates one or more other XML elements documenting the character to whom the speech is assigned. Typically, this attribute might point to a <a class="gi" title="provides information about an identifiable individual, for example a participant in a language interaction, or a person referred to in a historical source." href="ref-person.html">person</a> element in the TEI header <a class="link_ptr" href="CC.html#CCAHPA" title="The Participant Description"><span class="headingNumber">15.2.2 </span>The Participant Description</a>, to a <a class="gi" title="contains the name of a dramatic role, as given in a cast list." href="ref-role.html">role</a> element in the cast list <a class="link_ptr" href="DR.html#DRCAST" title="Cast Lists"><span class="headingNumber">7.1.4 </span>Cast Lists</a>, or even to some external source such as an online handbook of dramatic roles. The most usual case is that the pointer value supplied (prefixed by a sharp sign) corresponds with the value of an <span class="att">xml:id</span> attribute, used elsewhere in the document to identify a particular element, as in the following examples: <div id="index-egXML-d52e65592" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><castList></span><br /> <span class="element"><castItem></span><br /> <span class="element"><role <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">menae</span>"></span>Menaechmus<span class="element"></role></span><br /> <span class="element"></castItem></span><br /> <span class="element"><castItem></span><br /> <span class="element"><role <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">penic</span>"></span>Peniculus<span class="element"></role></span><br /> <span class="element"></castItem></span><br /><span class="element"></castList></span><br /><span class="element"><sp <span class="attribute">who</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#menae</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>Menaechmus<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Responde, adulescens, quaeso, quid nomen tibist?<span class="element"></l></span><br /><span class="element"></sp></span><br /><span class="element"><sp <span class="attribute">who</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#penic</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>Peniculus<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Etiam derides, quasi nomen non noveris?<span class="element"></l></span><br /><span class="element"></sp></span><br /><span class="element"><sp <span class="attribute">who</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#menae</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>Menaechmus<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Non edepol ego te, quot sciam, umquam ante hunc diem<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Vidi neque novi; ...<span class="element"></l></span><br /><span class="element"></sp></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#DRSP-eg-34">bibliography</a> </div></div> </div><div class="p">If present, a <a class="gi" title="() contains a specialized form of heading or label, giving the name of one or more speakers in a dramatic text or fragment." href="ref-speaker.html">speaker</a> element may only appear as the first part of an <a class="gi" title="(speech) contains an individual speech in a performance text, or a passage presented as such in a prose or verse text." href="ref-sp.html">sp</a> element. The distinction between the <a class="gi" title="() contains a specialized form of heading or label, giving the name of one or more speakers in a dramatic text or fragment." href="ref-speaker.html">speaker</a> element and the <span class="att">who</span> attribute makes it possible to encode uniformly characters whose names are not indicated in a uniform fashion throughout the play, or characters who appear in disguise, as in the following examples: <div id="index-egXML-d52e65633" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><castList></span><br /> <span class="element"><castItem></span><br /> <span class="element"><role <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">hh</span>"></span>Henry Higgins<span class="element"></role></span><br /> <span class="element"></castItem></span><br /><span class="element"></castList></span><br /><span class="element"><sp <span class="attribute">who</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#hh</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>The Notetaker<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span> ... <span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"></sp></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#DRSP-eg-35">bibliography</a> </div></div> </div><div class="p">If the speaker attributions are completely regular (and may thus be reconstructed mechanically from the values given for the <span class="att">who</span> attribute), or are of no interest for the encoder of the text (as might be the case with editorially supplied attributions in older texts), then the <a class="gi" title="() contains a specialized form of heading or label, giving the name of one or more speakers in a dramatic text or fragment." href="ref-speaker.html">speaker</a> element need not be used; the former example above then might look like this: <div id="index-egXML-d52e65653" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><castList></span><br /> <span class="element"><castItem></span><br /> <span class="element"><role <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">menaechmus</span>"></span>Menaechmus<span class="element"></role></span><br /> <span class="element"></castItem></span><br /> <span class="element"><castItem></span><br /> <span class="element"><role <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">peniculus</span>"></span>Peniculus<span class="element"></role></span><br /> <span class="element"></castItem></span><br /><span class="element"></castList></span><br /><span class="element"><sp <span class="attribute">who</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#menaechmus</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Responde, adulescens, quaeso, quid nomen tibist?<span class="element"></l></span><br /><span class="element"></sp></span><br /><span class="element"><sp <span class="attribute">who</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#peniculus</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Etiam derides, quasi nomen non noveris?<span class="element"></l></span><br /><span class="element"></sp></span><br /><span class="element"><sp <span class="attribute">who</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#menaechmus</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Non edepol ego te, quot sciam, umquam ante hunc diem<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Vidi neque novi; ...<span class="element"></l></span><br /><span class="element"></sp></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#DRSP-eg-34">bibliography</a> </div></div> </div><div class="p">More than one identifier may be listed as value for the <span class="att">who</span> attribute if the speech is spoken by more than one person, as in the following example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e65679" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><castList></span><br /> <span class="element"><castItem></span><br /> <span class="element"><role <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">nan</span>"></span>Nano<span class="element"></role></span><br /> <span class="element"></castItem></span><br /> <span class="element"><castItem></span><br /> <span class="element"><role <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">cas</span>"></span>Castrone<span class="element"></role></span><br /> <span class="element"></castItem></span><br /><span class="element"></castList></span><br /><span class="element"><stage></span>Nano and Castrone sing<span class="element"></stage></span><br /><span class="element"><sp <span class="attribute">who</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#nan #cas</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Fools, they are the only nation<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Worth men's envy or admiration<span class="element"></l></span><br /><span class="element"></sp></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#DRSP-eg-37">bibliography</a> </div></div> </div><p>The <a class="gi" title="(speech) contains an individual speech in a performance text, or a passage presented as such in a prose or verse text." href="ref-sp.html">sp</a> and <a class="gi" title="() contains a specialized form of heading or label, giving the name of one or more speakers in a dramatic text or fragment." href="ref-speaker.html">speaker</a> elements are both declared within the core module (see section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#CODV" title="Passages of Verse or Drama"><span class="headingNumber">3.12 </span>Passages of Verse or Drama</a>).</p></div><div class="div3" id="DRSPG"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="DR.html#DRSP"><span class="headingNumber">7.2.2 </span>Speeches and Speakers</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="DR.html#DRSTA"><span class="headingNumber">7.2.4 </span>Stage Directions</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DRSPG" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Grouped Speeches</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">7.2.3 </span><span class="head">Grouped Speeches</span></h4><p>This module makes available the following additional element for handling groups of speeches: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-spGrp.html">spGrp</a></span> (speech group) contains a group of speeches or songs in a performance text presented in a source as constituting a single unit or ‘number’.</li></ul><div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="(speech group) contains a group of speeches or songs in a performance text presented in a source as constituting a single unit or ‘number’." href="ref-spGrp.html">spGrp</a> element is intended for cases where the characters in a performance launch into something which might be regarded almost as a kind of separate structural division, typically associated with its own heading or numbering system, but which ‘floats’ in the text, at the same hierarchic level as speeches preceding or following it. Such units are often numbered, titled, and visually presented as distinct objects within the text. Here is a typical example from a well-known American musical comedy: <div id="index-egXML-d52e65721" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><spGrp <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">number</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">3</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>By Strauss : performed by Georges Guetary, Gene Kelly, and Oscar<br /> Levant<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>HENRI BAUREL<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><lg></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>The waltzes of Mittel Europa <span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>They charm you and warm you within <span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>While each day discloses <span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>What Broadway composes <span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Is emptiness pounding on tin.<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"></lg></span><br /> <span class="element"></sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><sp <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">de</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>JERRY MULLIGAN: ADAM COOK:<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><lg></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Mein Herr! <span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Mein Herr!<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Bitte, bitte!<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Denke, danke!<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Aufwiedersehen! Aufwiedersehen!<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"></lg></span><br /> <span class="element"></sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>HENRI BAUREL:<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><lg></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>How can I be civil <span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>When hearing this drivel? <span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>It's only for night-clubbing souses. <span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Oh give me the free 'n easy <span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Waltz that is Viennes-y <span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>And go tell the band<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>If they want a hand<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>The waltz must be Strauss's<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"></lg></span><br /> <span class="element"></sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>ALL<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><lg></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Ya ya ya <span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Give me oom pah pah...<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"></lg></span><br /> <span class="element"></sp></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /><span class="element"></spGrp></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#GerStra">bibliography</a> </div></div></div></div><div class="div3" id="DRSTA"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="DR.html#DRSPG"><span class="headingNumber">7.2.3 </span>Grouped Speeches</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="DR.html#DRPAL"><span class="headingNumber">7.2.5 </span>Speech Contents</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DRSTA" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Stage Directions</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">7.2.4 </span><span class="head">Stage Directions</span></h4><p>Both between and within the speeches of a written performance text, it is normal practice to include a wide variety of descriptive directions to indicate non-verbal action. The following elements are provided to represent these: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-stage.html">stage</a></span> (stage direction) contains any kind of stage direction within a dramatic text or fragment.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">type</span></td><td>indicates the kind of stage direction.
Suggested values include: 1] setting; 2] entrance; 3] exit; 4] business; 5] novelistic; 6] delivery; 7] modifier; 8] location; 9] mixed</td></tr></table></li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-move.html">move</a></span> (movement) marks the actual entrance or exit of one or more characters on stage.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">type</span></td><td>characterizes the movement, for example as an entrance or exit.
Suggested values include: 1] entrance; 2] exit; 3] onStage</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">where</span></td><td>specifies the direction of a stage movement.
Sample values include: 1] L(left) ; 2] R(right) ; 3] C(center) </td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">perf</span></td><td>(performance) identifies the performance or performances in which this movement occurred as specified by pointing to one or more <a class="gi" title="contains a section of front or back matter describing how a dramatic piece is to be performed in general or how it was performed on some specific occasion." href="ref-performance.html">performance</a> elements.</td></tr></table></li></ul><div class="p">A satisfactory typology of stage directions is difficult to define. Certain basic types such as <span class="q">‘entrance’</span>, <span class="q">‘exit’</span>, <span class="q">‘setting’</span>, <span class="q">‘delivery’</span>, are easily identified. But the list is not a closed one, and it is not uncommon to mix types within a single direction. No closed set of values for the <span class="att">type</span> attribute is therefore proposed at the present time, though some suggested values are indicated in the list below, which also indicates the range of possibilities. <div id="index-egXML-d52e65808" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><stage <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">setting</span>"></span>The throne descends.<span class="element"></stage></span><br /><span class="element"><stage <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">setting</span>"></span>Music<span class="element"></stage></span><br /><span class="element"><stage <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">entrance</span>"></span>Enter Husband as being thrown off his horse.<span class="element"></stage></span><br /><span class="element"><stage <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">exit</span>"></span>Exit pursued by a bear.<span class="element"></stage></span><br /><span class="element"><stage <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">business</span>"></span>He quickly takes the stone out.<span class="element"></stage></span><br /><span class="element"><stage <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">delivery</span>"></span>To Lussurioso.<span class="element"></stage></span><br /><span class="element"><stage <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">delivery</span>"></span>Aside.<span class="element"></stage></span><br /><span class="element"><stage <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">delivery</span>"></span>Not knowing what to say.<span class="element"></stage></span><br /><span class="element"><stage <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">costume</span>"></span>Disguised as Ansaldo.<span class="element"></stage></span><br /><span class="element"><stage <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">location</span>"></span>At a window.<span class="element"></stage></span><br /><span class="element"><stage <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">novelistic</span>"></span>Having had enough, and embarrassed<br /> for the family.<span class="element"></stage></span></div></div><div class="p">The meaning of the values used for the <span class="att">type</span> attribute on <a class="gi" title="(stage direction) contains any kind of stage direction within a dramatic text or fragment." href="ref-stage.html">stage</a> elements may be defined within the <a class="gi" title="documents the usage of a specific element within a specified document." href="ref-tagUsage.html">tagUsage</a> element of the TEI header (described in section <a class="link_ptr" href="HD.html#HD57" title="The Tagging Declaration"><span class="headingNumber">2.3.4 </span>The Tagging Declaration</a>). For example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e65844" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><tagUsage <span class="attribute">gi</span>="<span class="attributevalue">stage</span>"></span>This element is used for all stage directions,<br /> editorial or authorial. The type attribute on this element takes<br /> one or more of the following values:<br /> <span class="element"><list <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">gloss</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><label></span>setting<span class="element"></label></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>describes the set<span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><label></span>blocking<span class="element"></label></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>describes movement across stage, position, etc.<span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><label></span>business<span class="element"></label></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>describes movement other than blocking<span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><label></span>delivery<span class="element"></label></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>describes how the line is said<span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><label></span>motivation<span class="element"></label></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>describes character's emotional state or through line<span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"></list></span><span class="element"></tagUsage></span></div></div><div class="p">This approach is purely documentary; in a real project it would generally be more effective to define the range of permitted values explicitly within the project's schema specification, using the techniques described in chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="USE.html#MD" title="Customization"><span class="headingNumber">23.3 </span>Customization</a>. For example, a specification like the following might be used to produce a schema in which the <span class="att">type</span> attribute of the <a class="gi" title="(stage direction) contains any kind of stage direction within a dramatic text or fragment." href="ref-stage.html">stage</a> element is permitted to take only the values listed above: <div id="index-egXML-d52e65878" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><schemaSpec <span class="attribute">ident</span>="<span class="attributevalue">myDrama</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><moduleRef <span class="attribute">key</span>="<span class="attributevalue">core</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"><moduleRef <span class="attribute">key</span>="<span class="attributevalue">tei</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"><moduleRef <span class="attribute">key</span>="<span class="attributevalue">structure</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"><moduleRef <span class="attribute">key</span>="<span class="attributevalue">header</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"><moduleRef <span class="attribute">key</span>="<span class="attributevalue">drama</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"><elementSpec <span class="attribute">ident</span>="<span class="attributevalue">stage</span>" <span class="attribute">mode</span>="<span class="attributevalue">change</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><attList></span><br /> <span class="element"><attDef <span class="attribute">ident</span>="<span class="attributevalue">type</span>" <span class="attribute">mode</span>="<span class="attributevalue">replace</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><valList <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">closed</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><valItem <span class="attribute">ident</span>="<span class="attributevalue">setting</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><desc></span>describes the set<span class="element"></desc></span><br /> <span class="element"></valItem></span><br /> <span class="element"><valItem <span class="attribute">ident</span>="<span class="attributevalue">blocking</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><desc></span>describes movement across stage, position, etc.<span class="element"></desc></span><br /> <span class="element"></valItem></span><br /> <span class="element"><valItem <span class="attribute">ident</span>="<span class="attributevalue">business</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><desc></span>describes movement other than blocking<span class="element"></desc></span><br /> <span class="element"></valItem></span><br /> <span class="element"><valItem <span class="attribute">ident</span>="<span class="attributevalue">delivery</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><desc></span>describes how the line is said<span class="element"></desc></span><br /> <span class="element"></valItem></span><br /> <span class="element"><valItem <span class="attribute">ident</span>="<span class="attributevalue">motivation</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><desc></span>describes character's emotional state or through line<span class="element"></desc></span><br /> <span class="element"></valItem></span><br /> <span class="element"></valList></span><br /> <span class="element"></attDef></span><br /> <span class="element"></attList></span><br /> <span class="element"></elementSpec></span><br /><span class="element"></schemaSpec></span></div></div><div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="(stage direction) contains any kind of stage direction within a dramatic text or fragment." href="ref-stage.html">stage</a> element may appear both between and within <a class="gi" title="(speech) contains an individual speech in a performance text, or a passage presented as such in a prose or verse text." href="ref-sp.html">sp</a> elements. It may contain a mixture of phrase level elements, possibly combined into paragraphs, as in the following example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e65913" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><div1 <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">act</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><stage <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">setting</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Scene. — A room furnished comfortably and<br /> tastefully but not extravagantly ...<br /> The floor is carpeted and a fire burns in the stove.<br /> It is winter.<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>A bell rings in the hall; shortly afterwards the<br /> door is heard to open. Enter NORA humming a tune ...<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></stage></span><br /> <span class="element"><sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>Nora<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Hide the Christmas Tree carefully, Helen. Be sure the<br /> children do not see it till this evening, when it is<br /> dressed. <span class="element"><stage <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">delivery</span>"></span>To the PORTER taking<br /> out her purse<span class="element"></stage></span> How much?<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></sp></span><br /><span class="element"></div1></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#DRSTA-eg-40">bibliography</a> </div></div> </div><p>The <a class="gi" title="(stage direction) contains any kind of stage direction within a dramatic text or fragment." href="ref-stage.html">stage</a> element may also be used in non-theatrical texts, to mark sound effects or musical effects, etc., as further discussed in section <a class="link_ptr" href="DR.html#DROTH" title="Other Types of Performance Text"><span class="headingNumber">7.3 </span>Other Types of Performance Text</a>.</p><p>The <a class="gi" title="(movement) marks the actual entrance or exit of one or more characters on stage." href="ref-move.html">move</a> element is intended to help overcome the fact that the stage directions of a printed text may often not provide full information about either the intended or the actual movement of actors on stage. It may be used to keep track of entrances and exits in detail, so as to know which characters are on stage at which time. Its attributes permit a relatively formal specification for movements of characters, using user-defined codes to identify the characters involved (the <span class="att">who</span> attribute), the direction of the movement (<span class="att">type</span> attribute), and optionally which part of the stage is involved (<span class="att">where</span> attribute). For stage-historical purposes, a <span class="att">perf</span> attribute is also provided; this allows the recording of different <a class="gi" title="(movement) marks the actual entrance or exit of one or more characters on stage." href="ref-move.html">move</a> elements as taken in different performances of the same text.</p><div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="(movement) marks the actual entrance or exit of one or more characters on stage." href="ref-move.html">move</a> element should be located at the position in the text where the move is presumed to take place. This will often coincide with a stage direction, as in the following simple example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e65963" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><castList></span><br /> <span class="element"><castItem></span><br /> <span class="element"><role <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">bella</span>"></span>Bellafront<span class="element"></role></span><br /> <span class="element"></castItem></span><br /><span class="element"></castList></span><br /><span class="element"><stage <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">entrance</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><move <span class="attribute">who</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#bella</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">enter</span>"/></span><br /> Enter Bellafront mad.<span class="element"></stage></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#DR-eg-04">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="(movement) marks the actual entrance or exit of one or more characters on stage." href="ref-move.html">move</a> element can however appear independently of a stage direction, as in the following example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e65976" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><castList></span><br /> <span class="element"><castItem></span><br /> <span class="element"><role <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">lm</span>"></span>Lady Macbeth<span class="element"></role></span><br /> <span class="element"></castItem></span><br /> <span class="element"><castItem></span><br /> <span class="element"><role <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">g1</span>"></span>First Gentleman<span class="element"></role></span><br /> <span class="element"></castItem></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /><span class="element"></castList></span><br /><span class="element"><sp <span class="attribute">who</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#g1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>Gent.<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Neither to you, nor any one; having no witness<br /> to confirm my speech. <span class="element"><move <span class="attribute">who</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#lm</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">enter</span>" <span class="attribute">where</span>="<span class="attributevalue">C</span>"/></span><br /> Lo you! here she comes. This is her very guise; and,<br /> upon my life, fast asleep.<span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"></sp></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#DR-eg-05">bibliography</a> </div></div></div></div><div class="div3" id="DRPAL"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="DR.html#DRSTA"><span class="headingNumber">7.2.4 </span>Stage Directions</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="DR.html#DREMB"><span class="headingNumber">7.2.6 </span>Embedded Structures</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DRPAL" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Speech Contents</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">7.2.5 </span><span class="head">Speech Contents</span></h4><p>The actual speeches of a dramatic text may be composed of running text, which must be formally organized into paragraphs, in the case of prose (see section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#COPA" title="Paragraphs"><span class="headingNumber">3.1 </span>Paragraphs</a>), verse lines or line groups in that of verse (see section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#CODV" title="Passages of Verse or Drama"><span class="headingNumber">3.12 </span>Passages of Verse or Drama</a>), or <a class="gi" title="(arbitrary segment) represents any segmentation of text below the ‘chunk’ level." href="ref-seg.html">seg</a> elements, in case of doubt as to whether the material should be treated as verse or prose. The following elements, all of which are defined in the core, are particularly useful when marking units of prose or verse within speeches: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-p.html">p</a></span> (paragraph) marks paragraphs in prose.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-lb.html">lb</a></span> (line break) marks the start of a new (typographic) line in some edition or version of a text.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-l.html">l</a></span> (verse line) contains a single, possibly incomplete, line of verse.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-lg.html">lg</a></span> (line group) contains one or more verse lines functioning as a formal unit, e.g. a stanza, refrain, verse paragraph, etc.</li></ul><p>Like other milestone elements, the element <a class="gi" title="(line break) marks the start of a new (typographic) line in some edition or version of a text." href="ref-lb.html">lb</a> additionally bears the attributes <span class="att">ed</span> and <span class="att">edRef</span>, from its membership in the class <a class="link_odd" title="provides attributes identifying the source edition from which some encoded feature derives." href="ref-att.edition.html">att.edition</a>: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-att.edition.html">att.edition</a></span> provides attributes identifying the source edition from which some encoded feature derives.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">ed</span></td><td>(edition) supplies a sigil or other arbitrary identifier for the source edition in which the associated feature (for example, a page, column, or line break) occurs at this point in the text.</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">edRef</span></td><td>(edition reference) provides a pointer to the source edition in which the associated feature (for example, a page, column, or line break) occurs at this point in the text.</td></tr></table></li></ul><p>As a member of the classes <a class="link_odd" title="provides attributes which can be used to classify or subclassify elements in any way." href="ref-att.typed.html">att.typed</a> and <a class="link_odd" title="provides attributes common to all elements which behave in the same way as divisions." href="ref-att.divLike.html">att.divLike</a>, the <a class="gi" title="(line group) contains one or more verse lines functioning as a formal unit, e.g. a stanza, refrain, verse paragraph, etc." href="ref-lg.html">lg</a> element also bears the following attributes: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-att.typed.html">att.typed</a></span> provides attributes which can be used to classify or subclassify elements in any way.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">type</span></td><td>characterizes the element in some sense, using any convenient classification scheme or typology.</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">subtype</span></td><td>provides a sub-categorization of the element, if needed</td></tr></table></li><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-att.divLike.html">att.divLike</a></span> provides attributes common to all elements which behave in the same way as divisions.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">org</span></td><td>(organization) specifies how the content of the division is organized.</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">sample</span></td><td>indicates whether this division is a sample of the original source and if so, from which part.</td></tr></table></li><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-att.fragmentable.html">att.fragmentable</a></span> provides an attribute for representing fragmentation of a structural element, typically as a consequence of some overlapping hierarchy.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">part</span></td><td>specifies whether or not its parent element is fragmented in some way, typically by some other overlapping structure: for example a speech which is divided between two or more verse stanzas, a paragraph which is split across a page division, a verse line which is divided between two speakers.</td></tr></table></li></ul><p>When the <span class="ident-module">verse</span> module is included in a schema, the elements <a class="gi" title="(verse line) contains a single, possibly incomplete, line of verse." href="ref-l.html">l</a> and <a class="gi" title="(line group) contains one or more verse lines functioning as a formal unit, e.g. a stanza, refrain, verse paragraph, etc." href="ref-lg.html">lg</a> also gain additional attributes through their membership of the class <a class="link_odd" title="defines a set of attributes which certain elements may use to represent metrical information." href="ref-att.metrical.html">att.metrical</a>: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-att.metrical.html">att.metrical</a></span> defines a set of attributes which certain elements may use to represent metrical information.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">met</span></td><td>(metrical structure, conventional) contains a user-specified encoding for the conventional metrical structure of the element.</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">rhyme</span></td><td>(rhyme scheme) specifies the rhyme scheme applicable to a group of verse lines.</td></tr></table></li></ul><p>In many texts, prose and verse may be inextricably mingled; particularly in earlier printed texts, prose may be printed as verse or verse as prose, or it may be impossible to distinguish the two. In cases of doubt, an encoder may prefer to tag the dubious material consistently as verse, to tag it all as prose, to follow the typography of the source text, or to use the neutral <a class="gi" title="(anonymous block) contains any arbitrary component-level unit of text, acting as an anonymous container for phrase or inter level elements analogous to, but without the semantic baggage of, a paragraph." href="ref-ab.html">ab</a> element to contain the speech itself. When this question arises, the <a class="gi" title="documents the usage of a specific element within a specified document." href="ref-tagUsage.html">tagUsage</a> element in the <a class="gi" title="(encoding description) documents the relationship between an electronic text and the source or sources from which it was derived." href="ref-encodingDesc.html">encodingDesc</a> element of the header may be used to record explicitly what policy has been adopted.</p><p>Even where they can reliably be distinguished, a single speech may frequently contain a mixture of prose (marked as <a class="gi" title="(paragraph) marks paragraphs in prose." href="ref-p.html">p</a>) and verse (marked as <a class="gi" title="(verse line) contains a single, possibly incomplete, line of verse." href="ref-l.html">l</a> or—if stanzaic—<a class="gi" title="(line group) contains one or more verse lines functioning as a formal unit, e.g. a stanza, refrain, verse paragraph, etc." href="ref-lg.html">lg</a>).</p><div class="p">The <span class="att">part</span> attribute which both <a class="gi" title="(verse line) contains a single, possibly incomplete, line of verse." href="ref-l.html">l</a> and <a class="gi" title="(line group) contains one or more verse lines functioning as a formal unit, e.g. a stanza, refrain, verse paragraph, etc." href="ref-lg.html">lg</a> elements inherit from the <a class="link_odd" title="provides an attribute for representing fragmentation of a structural element, typically as a consequence of some overlapping hierarchy." href="ref-att.fragmentable.html">att.fragmentable</a> class provides one simple way of indicating where the boundaries of a speech and of a verse line or line group do not coincide. The encoder may simply indicate that a line or line group is metrically incomplete by specifying the value <span class="val">Y</span> or <span class="val">N</span>, as in the following example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e66485" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>Face<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><l <span class="attribute">part</span>="<span class="attributevalue">N</span>"></span>You most<br /> notorious whelp, you insolent slave<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l <span class="attribute">part</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Y</span>"></span>Dare you do this?<span class="element"></l></span><br /><span class="element"></sp></span><br /><span class="element"><sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>Subtle<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><l <span class="attribute">part</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Y</span>"></span>Yes faith, yes faith.<span class="element"></l></span><br /><span class="element"></sp></span><br /><span class="element"><sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>Face<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><l <span class="attribute">part</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Y</span>"></span>Why! Who<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l <span class="attribute">part</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Y</span>"></span>Am I, my mongrel? Who am I?<span class="element"></l></span><br /><span class="element"></sp></span><br /><span class="element"><sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>Subtle<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><l <span class="attribute">part</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Y</span>"></span>I'll tell you,<span class="element"></l></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /><span class="element"></sp></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#DRPAL-eg-44">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">Alternatively, where the fragments of the line or line group are consecutive in the text (though possibly interrupted by stage directions), the values <span class="val">I</span> (initial), <span class="val">M</span> (medial), and <span class="val">F</span> (final) may be used to indicate how metrical lines are constituted: <div id="index-egXML-d52e66522" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>Face<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>You most<br /> notorious whelp, you insolent slave<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l <span class="attribute">part</span>="<span class="attributevalue">I</span>"></span>Dare you do this?<span class="element"></l></span><br /><span class="element"></sp></span><br /><span class="element"><sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>Subtle<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><l <span class="attribute">part</span>="<span class="attributevalue">M</span>"></span>Yes faith, yes faith.<span class="element"></l></span><br /><span class="element"></sp></span><br /><span class="element"><sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>Face<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><l <span class="attribute">part</span>="<span class="attributevalue">F</span>"></span>Why! Who<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l <span class="attribute">part</span>="<span class="attributevalue">I</span>"></span>Am I, my mongrel? Who am I?<span class="element"></l></span><br /><span class="element"></sp></span><br /><span class="element"><sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>Subtle<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><l <span class="attribute">part</span>="<span class="attributevalue">F</span>"></span>I'll tell you,<span class="element"></l></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /><span class="element"></sp></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#DRPAL-eg-44">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">In dramatic texts, the <a class="gi" title="(line group) contains one or more verse lines functioning as a formal unit, e.g. a stanza, refrain, verse paragraph, etc." href="ref-lg.html">lg</a> or line group element is most often of use for the encoding of songs and other stanzaic material. Line groups may be fragmented across speakers in the same way as individual lines, and the same set of attributes may be used to record this fact. The element <a class="gi" title="(speech group) contains a group of speeches or songs in a performance text presented in a source as constituting a single unit or ‘number’." href="ref-spGrp.html">spGrp</a> is provided in order to simplify the situation, very common in performances, where performance of a single entity, such as a song, is shared amongst several performers, as in the following example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e66557" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><spGrp></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>Song — Sir Joseph<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>I am the monarch of the sea,<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>The ruler of the Queen's Navee.<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Whose praise Great Britain loudly chants.<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"></sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>Cousin Hebe<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>And we are his sisters and his cousins and his aunts!<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"></sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>Rel.<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>And we are his sisters and his cousins and his aunts!<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"></sp></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /><span class="element"></spGrp></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#DRPAL-eg-46">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">This encoding however does not indicate that the three lines of Sir Joseph's song and the two lines following it together constitute a single verse stanza. This can be indicated by using the <span class="att">part</span> attribute, as follows: <div id="index-egXML-d52e66585" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><spGrp></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>Song — Sir Joseph<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><lg <span class="attribute">part</span>="<span class="attributevalue">I</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>I am the monarch of the sea,<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>The ruler of the Queen's Navee.<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Whose praise Great Britain loudly chants.<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"></lg></span><br /> <span class="element"></sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>Cousin Hebe<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><lg <span class="attribute">part</span>="<span class="attributevalue">M</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>And we are his sisters and his cousins and his aunts!<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"></lg></span><br /> <span class="element"></sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>Rel.<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><lg <span class="attribute">part</span>="<span class="attributevalue">F</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>And we are his sisters and his cousins and his aunts!<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"></lg></span><br /> <span class="element"></sp></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /><span class="element"></spGrp></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#DRPAL-eg-46">bibliography</a> </div></div></div></div><div class="div3" id="DREMB"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="DR.html#DRPAL"><span class="headingNumber">7.2.5 </span>Speech Contents</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="DR.html#DRSIM"><span class="headingNumber">7.2.7 </span>Simultaneous Action</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DREMB" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Embedded Structures</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">7.2.6 </span><span class="head">Embedded Structures</span></h4><p>Although primarily composed of speeches, performance texts often contain other structural units such as songs or strophes which are shared among different speakers. More generally, complex nested structures of plays within plays, interpolated masques, or interludes are far from uncommon. In more modern material, comparably complex structural devices such as flashback or nested playback are equally frequent. In all kinds of performance material, it may be necessary to indicate several actions which are happening simultaneously.</p><p>A number of different devices are available within the TEI scheme to support these complexities in the general case. Texts may be composite or self-nesting (see section <a class="link_ptr" href="DS.html#DSGRP" title="Grouped Texts"><span class="headingNumber">4.3.1 </span>Grouped Texts</a>) and multiple hierarchies may be defined (see chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="NH.html" title="31"><span class="headingNumber">20 </span>Non-hierarchical Structures</a>). The TEI encoding scheme provides a variety of linking mechanisms, which may be used to indicate temporal alignment and aggregation of fragmented structures. In this section we provide a few specific examples of the application of these techniques to performance texts: </p><ul class="bulleted"><li class="item">the use of the <a class="gi" title="contains a single text of any kind, whether unitary or composite, which interrupts the text containing it at any point and after which the surrounding text resumes." href="ref-floatingText.html">floatingText</a> element</li><li class="item">the use of the <span class="att">part</span> attribute on fragmentary <a class="gi" title="(line group) contains one or more verse lines functioning as a formal unit, e.g. a stanza, refrain, verse paragraph, etc." href="ref-lg.html">lg</a> elements</li><li class="item">the use of the <span class="att">next</span> and <span class="att">prev</span> attributes on fragments of embedded structures to join them into a larger whole</li><li class="item">the use of the <a class="gi" title="identifies a possibly fragmented segment of text, by pointing at the possibly discontiguous elements which compose it." href="ref-join.html">join</a> element to define a ‘virtual element’ composed of the fragments indicated</li></ul><div class="p">When the whole of a song appears within a single speech, it may require no special treatment if it is considered to form a part of the speech: <div id="index-egXML-d52e66655" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>Kelly<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><stage></span>(calmly).<span class="element"></stage></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Aha, so you've bad minds along with th' love of gain.<br /> You thry to pin on others th' dirty decorations that<br /> may be hangin' on your own coats.<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"><stage></span>(He points, one after the other at Conroy, Bull,<br /> and Flagonson. Lilting)<span class="element"></stage></span><br /> <span class="element"><lg <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">song</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Who were you with last night?<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Who were you with last night?<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Will you tell your missus when you go home<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Who you were with last night?<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"></lg></span><br /><span class="element"></sp></span><br /><span class="element"><sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>Flagonson<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><stage></span>(in anguished indignation).<span class="element"></stage></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>This is more than a hurt to us: this hits at the<br /> decency of the whole nation!<span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"></sp></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#DR-eg-07">bibliography</a> </div></div> If however, the song is to be regarded as forming a distinct item, perhaps with its own front and back matter, it may be better to regard it as a floating text: <div id="index-egXML-d52e66682" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>Kelly<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><stage></span>(calmly).<span class="element"></stage></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Aha, so you've bad minds along with ...<span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"></sp></span><br /><span class="element"><stage></span>(He points, one after the other at Conroy, Bull,<br /> and Flagonson. Lilting):<span class="element"></stage></span><br /><span class="element"><floatingText></span><br /> <span class="element"><front></span><br /> <span class="element"><titlePart></span>Kelly's Song<span class="element"></titlePart></span><br /> <span class="element"></front></span><br /> <span class="element"><body></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Who were you with last night?<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Who were you with last night?<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Will you tell your missus when you go home<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Who you were with last night?<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"></body></span><br /><span class="element"></floatingText></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#DR-eg-07">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><p>When an embedded structure extends across more than one <a class="gi" title="(speech) contains an individual speech in a performance text, or a passage presented as such in a prose or verse text." href="ref-sp.html">sp</a> element, each of its constituent parts must be regarded as a distinct fragment; the problem then facing the encoder is to reconstitute the interrupted whole in some way.</p><div class="p">As already noted above, the <a class="gi" title="(speech group) contains a group of speeches or songs in a performance text presented in a source as constituting a single unit or ‘number’." href="ref-spGrp.html">spGrp</a> element may be used to group together consecutive speeches which are grouped together in some way, for example constituting a single song. Alternatively the <span class="att">part</span> attribute, typically used to indicate that an <a class="gi" title="(verse line) contains a single, possibly incomplete, line of verse." href="ref-l.html">l</a> element contains a partial, not a complete, verse line, may also be used on the <a class="gi" title="(line group) contains one or more verse lines functioning as a formal unit, e.g. a stanza, refrain, verse paragraph, etc." href="ref-lg.html">lg</a> element, to indicate that the line group is partial rather than complete, thus: <div id="index-egXML-d52e66724" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>Kelly<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><stage></span>(wheeling quietly in his semi-dance,<br /> as he goes out):<span class="element"></stage></span><br /> <span class="element"><lg <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">stanza</span>" <span class="attribute">part</span>="<span class="attributevalue">I</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Goodbye to holy souls left here,<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Goodbye to man an' fairy;<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"></lg></span><br /><span class="element"></sp></span><br /><span class="element"><sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>Widda Machree<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><stage></span>(wheeling quietly in her semi-dance,<br /> as she goes out):<span class="element"></stage></span><br /> <span class="element"><lg <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">stanza</span>" <span class="attribute">part</span>="<span class="attributevalue">F</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Goodbye to all of Leicester Square,<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>An' the long way to Tipperary.<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"></lg></span><br /><span class="element"></sp></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#DR-eg-07">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">When the fragments of a song are separated by other intervening dialogue, or even when not, they may be linked together with the <span class="att">next</span> and <span class="att">prev</span> attributes defined in section <a class="link_ptr" href="SA.html#SAAG" title="Aggregation"><span class="headingNumber">16.7 </span>Aggregation</a>. For example, the line groups making up Ophelia's song might be encoded as follows: <div id="index-egXML-d52e66755" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><div1 <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">4</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">act</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><div2 <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">5</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">scene</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><stage></span>Elsinore. A room in the Castle.<span class="element"></stage></span><br /> <span class="element"><stage <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">setting</span>"></span>Enter Ophelia, distracted.<span class="element"></stage></span><br /> <span class="element"><sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>Ophelia<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Where is the beauteous Majesty of Denmark?<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>Queen<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>How now, Ophelia?<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>Ophelia<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><stage></span>Singing<span class="element"></stage></span><br /> <span class="element"><lg <span class="attribute">next</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#Tl2</span>" <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Tl1</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">song</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">part</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Y</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>How should I your true-love know<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>From another one?<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>By his cockle hat and staff<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>And his sandal shoon.<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"></lg></span><br /> <span class="element"></sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>Queen<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Alas, sweet lady, what imports this song?<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>Ophelia<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Say you? Nay, pray you mark.<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"><stage></span>Sings<span class="element"></stage></span><br /> <span class="element"><lg <span class="attribute">prev</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#Tl1</span>" <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Tl2</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">song</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">part</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Y</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>He is dead and gone, lady,<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>He is dead and gone;<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>At his head a grass-green turf,<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>At his heels a stone.<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"></lg></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>O, ho!<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></sp></span><br /> <span class="element"></div2></span><br /><span class="element"></div1></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#CODR-eg-293">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><p>The <span class="att">next</span> and <span class="att">prev</span> attributes are discussed in section <a class="link_ptr" href="SA.html#SAAG" title="Aggregation"><span class="headingNumber">16.7 </span>Aggregation</a>: they form part of the module for alignment and linking; this module must therefore be included in a schema if they are to be used, as further discussed in section <a class="link_ptr" href="ST.html#STIN" title="Defining a TEI Schema"><span class="headingNumber">1.2 </span>Defining a TEI Schema</a>.</p><div class="p">The fragments of Ophelia's song might also be linked together using the <a class="gi" title="identifies a possibly fragmented segment of text, by pointing at the possibly discontiguous elements which compose it." href="ref-join.html">join</a> mechanism described in section <a class="link_ptr" href="SA.html#SAAG" title="Aggregation"><span class="headingNumber">16.7 </span>Aggregation</a>. The <a class="gi" title="identifies a possibly fragmented segment of text, by pointing at the possibly discontiguous elements which compose it." href="ref-join.html">join</a> element is specifically intended to encode the fact that several discontiguous elements of the text together form one ‘virtual’ element. Using this mechanism, the example might be encoded as follows: <div id="index-egXML-d52e66834" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><text></span><br /> <span class="element"><body></span><br /> <span class="element"><div1 <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">4</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">act</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><div2 <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">5</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">scene</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><stage <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">setting</span>"></span>Elsinore. A room in the Castle.<span class="element"></stage></span><br /> <span class="element"><sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>Queen<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>How now, Ophelia?<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>Ophelia<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><stage <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">delivery</span>"></span>Singing<span class="element"></stage></span><br /> <span class="element"><lg <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">TL1</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">song</span>" <span class="attribute">part</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Y</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>How should I your true-love know<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>From another one?<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>By his cockle hat and staff<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>And his sandal shoon.<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"></lg></span><br /> <span class="element"></sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>Queen<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Alas, sweet lady, what imports this song?<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>Ophelia<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Say you? Nay, pray you mark.<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"><stage <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">delivery</span>"></span>Sings<span class="element"></stage></span><br /> <span class="element"><lg <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">TL2</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">song</span>" <span class="attribute">part</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Y</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>He is dead and gone, lady,<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>He is dead and gone;<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>At his head a grass-green turf,<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>At his heels a stone.<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"></lg></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>O, ho!<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"><join <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">lg</span>" <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#TL1 #TL2</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"></sp></span><br /> <span class="element"></div2></span><br /> <span class="element"></div1></span><br /> <span class="element"></body></span><br /><span class="element"></text></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#CODR-eg-293">bibliography</a> </div></div> The location of the <a class="gi" title="identifies a possibly fragmented segment of text, by pointing at the possibly discontiguous elements which compose it." href="ref-join.html">join</a> element is not significant; here it has been placed shortly after the conclusion of the song, in order to have it close to the fragments it unifies.</div><p>Like the <span class="att">next</span> and <span class="att">prev</span> attributes, the <a class="gi" title="identifies a possibly fragmented segment of text, by pointing at the possibly discontiguous elements which compose it." href="ref-join.html">join</a> element requires the additional module for linking, which is selected as shown above.</p></div><div class="div3" id="DRSIM"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="DR.html#DREMB"><span class="headingNumber">7.2.6 </span>Embedded Structures</a></li><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DRSIM" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Simultaneous Action</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">7.2.7 </span><span class="head">Simultaneous Action</span></h4><p>In printed or written versions of performance texts, a variety of techniques may be used to indicate the temporal alignment of speeches or actions. Speeches may be printed vertically aligned on the page, or braced together; stage directions (e.g. <span class="q">‘Speaking at the same time’</span>) are also often used. In operatic or musical works in particular, the need to indicate timing and alignment of individual parts of a song may lead to very complex layout.</p><div class="p">One simple method of indicating the temporal alignment of speeches or actions is to use the <a class="gi" title="(speech group) contains a group of speeches or songs in a performance text presented in a source as constituting a single unit or ‘number’." href="ref-spGrp.html">spGrp</a> element discussed in section <a class="link_ptr" href="DR.html#DRSPG" title="Grouped Speeches"><span class="headingNumber">7.2.3 </span>Grouped Speeches</a>, with an <span class="att">type</span> attribute to specify the reason for grouping, as in the following example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e66918" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>Mangan<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><stage <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">delivery</span>"></span>wildly<span class="element"></stage></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Look here: I'm going to take off all my clothes.<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"><stage <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">action</span>"></span>he begins tearing off his coat.<span class="element"></stage></span><br /><span class="element"></sp></span><br /><span class="element"><spGrp <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">simultaneous</span>" <span class="attribute">rend</span>="<span class="attributevalue">braced</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>Lady Utterword<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Mr Mangan!<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>Captain Shotover<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Whats that?<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>Hector<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Ha! ha! Do. Do.<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>Ellie<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Please dont.<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><stage <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">delivery</span>"></span>in consternation<span class="element"></stage></span><br /><span class="element"></spGrp></span><br /><span class="element"><sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>Mrs. Hushabye<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><stage <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">action</span>"></span>catching his arm and stopping him<span class="element"></stage></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Alfred: for shame! Are you mad?<span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"></sp></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#DR-eg-08">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><p>In the original, the stage direction <span class="q">‘in consternation’</span> is printed opposite a brace grouping all four speeches, indicating that all four characters speak at once, and that the stage direction applies to all of them. Rather than attempting to represent the appearance of the source, this example encoding represents its presumed meaning: the <a class="gi" title="(stage direction) contains any kind of stage direction within a dramatic text or fragment." href="ref-stage.html">stage</a> element is placed arbitrarily after the last relevant speech, and the four speeches with which it is to be associated are grouped by means of the <a class="gi" title="(speech group) contains a group of speeches or songs in a performance text presented in a source as constituting a single unit or ‘number’." href="ref-spGrp.html">spGrp</a> element. The <span class="att">rend</span> attribute is used to specify the fact that the three speeches were grouped by the brace in the copy text. Producing a readable version of the text which simulates the original printed effect may however require more complex markup and processing.</p><p>More powerful and more precise mechanisms for temporal alignment are defined in chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="TS.html" title="11"><span class="headingNumber">8 </span>Transcriptions of Speech</a>. These would be appropriate for encodings the focus of which is on the actual performance of a text rather than its structure or formal properties. The module described in that chapter includes a large number of other detailed proposals for the encoding of such features as voice quality, prosody, etc., which might be relevant to such a treatment of performance texts.</p></div></div><div class="div2" id="DROTH"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="DR.html#DRBOD"><span class="headingNumber">7.2 </span>The Body of a Performance Text</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="DR.html#index-body.1_div.7_div.4"><span class="headingNumber">7.4 </span>Module for Performance Texts</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h3><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DROTH" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Other Types of Performance Text</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">7.3 </span><span class="head">Other Types of Performance Text</span></h3><p>Most of the elements and structures identified thus far are derived from traditional theatrical texts. Although other performance texts, such as screenplays or radio scripts, have not been discussed specifically, they can be encoded using the elements and structures listed above. Encoders may however find it convenient to use, as well, the additional specialized elements discussed in this section. For scripts containing very detailed technical information, the <a class="gi" title="(technical stage direction) describes a special-purpose stage direction that is not meant for the actors." href="ref-tech.html">tech</a> element discussed in section <a class="link_ptr" href="DR.html#DRTEC" title="Technical Information"><span class="headingNumber">7.3.1 </span>Technical Information</a> may also be useful.</p><p>Like other texts, screenplays and television or radio scripts may be divided into text divisions marked with <a class="gi" title="(text division) contains a subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div.html">div</a> or <a class="gi" title="(level-1 text division) contains a first-level subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div1.html">div1</a>, etc. Within units corresponding with the traditional <span class="q">‘act’</span> and <span class="q">‘scene’</span>, further subdivisions or sequences may be identified, composed of individual <span class="q">‘shots’</span>, each associated with a single camera angle and setting. Shots and sequences should be encoded using an appropriate text-division element (i.e., a <a class="gi" title="(level-3 text division) contains a third-level subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div3.html">div3</a> element if numbered division elements are in use and the next largest unit is a <a class="gi" title="(level-2 text division) contains a second-level subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div2.html">div2</a>, or a <a class="gi" title="(text division) contains a subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div.html">div</a> element if un-numbered divisions are in use) specifying <span class="val">sequence</span> or <span class="val">shot</span> as the value of the <span class="att">type</span> attribute, as appropriate.</p><p>It is normal practice in screenplays and radio scripts to distinguish directions concerning camera angles, sound effects, etc., from other forms of stage direction. Such texts also generally include far more detailed specifications of what the audience actually sees: descriptions of actions and background, etc. Scripts derived from cinema and television productions may also include texts displayed as captions superimposed on the action. All of these may be encoded using the general purpose <a class="gi" title="(stage direction) contains any kind of stage direction within a dramatic text or fragment." href="ref-stage.html">stage</a> element discussed in section <a class="link_ptr" href="DR.html#DRSTA" title="Stage Directions"><span class="headingNumber">7.2.4 </span>Stage Directions</a>, and distinguished by means of its <span class="att">type</span> attribute. Alternatively, or in addition, the following more specific elements may be used, where clear distinctions can be made: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-view.html">view</a></span> describes the visual context of some part of a screen play in terms of what the spectator sees, generally independent of any dialogue.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-camera.html">camera</a></span> describes a particular camera angle or viewpoint in a screen play.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-caption.html">caption</a></span> contains the text of a caption or other text displayed as part of a film script or screenplay.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-sound.html">sound</a></span> describes a sound effect or musical sequence specified within a screen play or radio script.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">type</span></td><td>categorizes the sound in some respect, e.g. as music, special effect, etc.</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">discrete</span></td><td>indicates whether the sound overlaps the surrounding speeches or interrupts them.</td></tr></table></li></ul><div class="p">Some examples of the use of these elements follow: <div id="index-egXML-d52e67042" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><camera></span>Angle on Olivia.<span class="element"></camera></span><br /><span class="element"><view></span>Ryan's wife, standing nervously alone on the sidelines,<br /> biting her lip. She's scared and she shows it.<span class="element"></view></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#FieldScreen">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">Where particular words or phrases within a direction are emphasized (by change of typeface or use of capital letters), an appropriate phrase-level element may be used to indicate the fact, as in the following examples, where certain words in the original are given in small capitals: <div id="index-egXML-d52e67050" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><view></span>George glances at the window--and freezes.<br /> <span class="element"><camera></span>New angle--shock cut<span class="element"></camera></span> Out the window<br /> the body of a dead man suddenly slams into<br /> <span class="element"><hi></span>frame<span class="element"></hi></span>. He dangles grotesquely,<br /> held up by his coat caught on a protruding bolt.<br /> George gasps. The train <span class="element"><hi></span>whistle<span class="element"></hi></span> screams.<span class="element"></view></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#FieldScreen">bibliography</a> </div></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e67065" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><view></span>Ext. TV control van—Early morning.<br /> The <span class="element"><name></span>T.V. announcer<span class="element"></name></span> from the Ryan interview<br /> stands near the Control Van, the lake in b.g.<span class="element"></view></span><br /><span class="element"><sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>T.V. Announcer<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Several years ago, Jack Ryan was a highly<br /> successful hydroplane racer ...<span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"></sp></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#FieldScreen">bibliography</a> </div></div> </div><div class="p">All of these elements, like other stage directions, can appear both within and between speeches. <div id="index-egXML-d52e67081" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>TV Announcer VO<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Working with Ryan are his two coworkers—<br /> Strut Bowman, the mechanical engineer—<br /> <span class="element"><view></span><br /> <span class="element"><camera></span>Angle on Strut<span class="element"></camera></span><br /> standing in the tow boat, walkie-talkie in hand,<br /> watching Ryan carefully.<span class="element"></view></span><br /> —and Roger Dalton, a rocket<br /> systems analyst, and one of the scientists<br /> from the Jet Propulsion Lab ...<span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"></sp></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#FieldScreen">bibliography</a> </div></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e67093" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>Benjy<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Now to business.<span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"></sp></span><br /><span class="element"><sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>Ford and Zaphod<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>To business.<span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"></sp></span><br /><span class="element"><sound></span>Glasses clink.<span class="element"></sound></span><br /><span class="element"><sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>Benjy<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>I beg your pardon?<span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"></sp></span><br /><span class="element"><sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>Ford<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>I'm sorry, I thought you were proposing a toast.<span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"></sp></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#DROTH-eg-57">bibliography</a> </div></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e67119" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><camera></span>Zoom in to overlay showing some stock film<br /> of hansom cabs galloping past.<span class="element"></camera></span><br /><span class="element"><caption></span>London, 1895.<span class="element"></caption></span><br /><span class="element"><caption></span>The residence of Mr Oscar Wilde.<span class="element"></caption></span><br /><span class="element"><sound></span>Suitably classy music starts.<span class="element"></sound></span><br /><span class="element"><view></span>Mix through to Wilde's drawing room. A crowd of suitably<br /> dressed folk are engaged in typically brilliant conversation,<br /> laughing affectedly and drinking champagne.<span class="element"></view></span><br /><span class="element"><sp></span><br /> <span class="element"><speaker></span>Prince of Wales<span class="element"></speaker></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>My congratulations, Wilde. Your latest play is a great success.<span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"></sp></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#DROTH-eg-58">bibliography</a> </div></div> </div><div class="div3" id="DRTEC"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DRTEC" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Technical Information</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">7.3.1 </span><span class="head">Technical Information</span></h4><p>Traditional stage scripts may contain additional technical information about such production-related factors as lighting, ‘blocking’ (that is, detailed notes on actors' movements), or props required at particular points. More technical information about intended production effects may also appear in published versions of screenplays or movie scripts. Where these are presented simply as marginal notes, they may be encoded using the general-purpose <a class="gi" title="contains a note or annotation." href="ref-note.html">note</a> element defined in section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#CONO" title="Notes Annotation and Indexing"><span class="headingNumber">3.8 </span>Notes, Annotation, and Indexing</a>. Alternatively, they may be formally distinguished from other stage directions by using the specialized <a class="gi" title="(technical stage direction) describes a special-purpose stage direction that is not meant for the actors." href="ref-tech.html">tech</a> element: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-tech.html">tech</a></span> (technical stage direction) describes a special-purpose stage direction that is not meant for the actors.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">type</span></td><td>categorizes the technical stage direction.</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">perf</span></td><td>(performance) points to one or more <a class="gi" title="contains a section of front or back matter describing how a dramatic piece is to be performed in general or how it was performed on some specific occasion." href="ref-performance.html">performance</a> elements documenting the performance or performances to which this technical direction applies.</td></tr></table></li></ul><p>Like stage directions, <a class="gi" title="(technical stage direction) describes a special-purpose stage direction that is not meant for the actors." href="ref-tech.html">tech</a> elements can appear anywhere within a speech or between speeches.</p></div></div><div class="teidiv1" id="index-body.1_div.7_div.4"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="DR.html#DROTH"><span class="headingNumber">7.3 </span>Other Types of Performance Text</a></li><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h3><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#index-body.1_div.7_div.4" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Module for Performance Texts</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">7.4 </span><span class="head">Module for Performance Texts</span></h3><p>The module described in this chapter makes available the following components: </p><dl class="moduleSpec"><dt class="moduleSpecHead"><span lang="en">Module</span> drama: Performance texts</dt><dd><ul><li><span lang="en">Elements defined</span>: <a class="link_odd" title="contains the name of an actor appearing within a cast list." href="ref-actor.html">actor</a> <a class="link_odd" title="describes a particular camera angle or viewpoint in a screen play." href="ref-camera.html">camera</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains the text of a caption or other text displayed as part of a film script or screenplay." href="ref-caption.html">caption</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(cast list grouping) groups one or more individual <castItem> elements within a cast list." href="ref-castGroup.html">castGroup</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(cast list item) contains a single entry within a cast list, describing either a single role or a list of non-speaking roles." href="ref-castItem.html">castItem</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(cast list) contains a single cast list or dramatis personae." href="ref-castList.html">castList</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains the epilogue to a drama, typically spoken by an actor out of character, possibly in association with a particular performance or venue." href="ref-epilogue.html">epilogue</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(movement) marks the actual entrance or exit of one or more characters on stage." href="ref-move.html">move</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains a section of front or back matter describing how a dramatic piece is to be performed in general or how it was performed on some specific occasion." href="ref-performance.html">performance</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains the prologue to a drama, typically spoken by an actor out of character, possibly in association with a particular performance or venue." href="ref-prologue.html">prologue</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains the name of a dramatic role, as given in a cast list." href="ref-role.html">role</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(role description) describes a character's role in a drama." href="ref-roleDesc.html">roleDesc</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(setting) contains a description of the setting, time, locale, appearance, etc., of the action of a play, typically found in the front matter of a printed performance text (not a stage direction)." href="ref-set.html">set</a> <a class="link_odd" title="describes a sound effect or musical sequence specified within a screen play or radio script." href="ref-sound.html">sound</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(speech group) contains a group of speeches or songs in a performance text presented in a source as constituting a single unit or ‘number’." href="ref-spGrp.html">spGrp</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(technical stage direction) describes a special-purpose stage direction that is not meant for the actors." href="ref-tech.html">tech</a> <a class="link_odd" title="describes the visual context of some part of a screen play in terms of what the spectator sees, generally independent of any dialogue." href="ref-view.html">view</a></li></ul></dd></dl><p> The selection and combination of modules to form a TEI schema is described in <a class="link_ptr" href="ST.html#STIN" title="Defining a TEI Schema"><span class="headingNumber">1.2 </span>Defining a TEI Schema</a>.</p></div></div><nav class="left"><span class="upLink"> ↑ </span><a class="navigation" href="index.html">TEI P5 Guidelines</a><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="VE.html"><span class="headingNumber">6 </span>Verse</a><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="TS.html"><span class="headingNumber">8 </span>Transcriptions of Speech</a></nav><div class="stdfooter autogenerated"><p>
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</p><hr /><div class="footer"><a class="plain" href="http://www.tei-c.org/About/">TEI Consortium</a> | <a class="plain" href="http://www.tei-c.org/About/contact.xml">Feedback</a></div><hr /><address><br />TEI Guidelines <a class="link_ref" href="AB.html#ABTEI4">Version</a> <a class="link_ref" href="../../readme-3.1.1.html">3.1.1a</a>. Last updated on <span class="date">10th May 2017</span>, revision <a class="link_ref" href="https://github.com/TEIC/TEI/commit/bd8dda3">bd8dda3</a>. This page generated on 2017-05-12T12:30:09Z.</address></div></div></body></html>