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--></script></head><body><div id="container"><div id="banner"><img src="Images/banner.jpg" alt="Text Encoding Initiative logo and banner" /></div></div><div class="mainhead"><h1>P5:
Guidelines for Electronic Text Encoding and Interchange</h1><p>Version 3.1.1a. Last updated on
10th May 2017, revision bd8dda3</p></div><div id="onecol" class="main-content"><h2><span class="headingNumber">4 </span>Default Text Structure</h2><div class="div1" id="DS"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_left"><p><span class="subtochead">Table of contents</span></p><div class="subtoc"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><a class="subtoc" href="DS.html#DSDIV" title="Divisions of the Body">4.1 Divisions of the Body</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="subtoc" href="DS.html#DSDTB" title="Elements Common to All Divisions">4.2 Elements Common to All Divisions</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="subtoc" href="DS.html#DSGRPF" title="Grouped and Floating Texts">4.3 Grouped and Floating Texts</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="subtoc" href="DS.html#DSVIRT" title="Virtual Divisions">4.4 Virtual Divisions</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="subtoc" href="DS.html#DSFRONT" title="Front Matter">4.5 Front Matter</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="subtoc" href="DS.html#DSTITL" title="Title Pages">4.6 Title Pages</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="subtoc" href="DS.html#DSBACK" title="Back Matter">4.7 Back Matter</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="subtoc" href="DS.html#DSSTRUC" title="Module for Default Text Structure">4.8 Module for Default Text Structure</a></li></ul></div><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html"><span class="headingNumber">3 </span>Elements Available in All TEI Documents</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="WD.html"><span class="headingNumber">5 </span>Characters, Glyphs, and Writing Modes</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><p>This chapter describes the default high-level structure for TEI documents. A full TEI document combines metadata describing it, represented by a <a class="gi" title="(TEI header) supplies descriptive and declarative metadata associated with a digital resource or set of resources." href="ref-teiHeader.html">teiHeader</a> element, with the document itself, represented by either a <a class="gi" title="contains a single text of any kind, whether unitary or composite, for example a poem or drama, a collection of essays, a novel, a dictionary, or a corpus sample." href="ref-text.html">text</a> element or one or more other elements taken from the <span class="ident">mode.resourceLike</span> class, or the two in combination. This group of elements makes up a <a class="gi" title="(TEI document) contains a single TEI-conformant document, combining a single TEI header with one or more members of the model.resourceLike class. Multiple <TEI> elements may be combined to form a <teiCorpus> element." href="ref-TEI.html">TEI</a> element. The <a class="gi" title="(TEI header) supplies descriptive and declarative metadata associated with a digital resource or set of resources." href="ref-teiHeader.html">teiHeader</a> element is specified by the <span class="ident-module">header</span> module, which is fully described in chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="HD.html" title="5"><span class="headingNumber">2 </span>The TEI Header</a>. The remainder of the present chapter describes the <a class="gi" title="contains a single text of any kind, whether unitary or composite, for example a poem or drama, a collection of essays, a novel, a dictionary, or a corpus sample." href="ref-text.html">text</a> element and its high-level constituents.</p><p>A variant on this basic form, the <a class="gi" title="contains the whole of a TEI encoded corpus, comprising a single corpus header and one or more <TEI> elements, each containing a single text header and a text." href="ref-teiCorpus.html">teiCorpus</a>, is also defined for the representation of language corpora, or other collections of encoded texts. A <a class="gi" title="contains the whole of a TEI encoded corpus, comprising a single corpus header and one or more <TEI> elements, each containing a single text header and a text." href="ref-teiCorpus.html">teiCorpus</a> consists of one or more complete <a class="gi" title="(TEI document) contains a single TEI-conformant document, combining a single TEI header with one or more members of the model.resourceLike class. Multiple <TEI> elements may be combined to form a <teiCorpus> element." href="ref-TEI.html">TEI</a> elements, each combining a <a class="gi" title="(TEI header) supplies descriptive and declarative metadata associated with a digital resource or set of resources." href="ref-teiHeader.html">teiHeader</a> and a <a class="gi" title="contains a single text of any kind, whether unitary or composite, for example a poem or drama, a collection of essays, a novel, a dictionary, or a corpus sample." href="ref-text.html">text</a> which itself carries a <a class="gi" title="(TEI header) supplies descriptive and declarative metadata associated with a digital resource or set of resources." href="ref-teiHeader.html">teiHeader</a>. This permits the encoder to distinguish metadata applicable to the whole collection of encoded texts, which is represented by the outermost <a class="gi" title="(TEI header) supplies descriptive and declarative metadata associated with a digital resource or set of resources." href="ref-teiHeader.html">teiHeader</a>, from that applicable to each of the individual <a class="gi" title="(TEI document) contains a single TEI-conformant document, combining a single TEI header with one or more members of the model.resourceLike class. Multiple <TEI> elements may be combined to form a <teiCorpus> element." href="ref-TEI.html">TEI</a> elements within the corpus. Further information about the organization and encoding of language corpora is given in chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="CC.html" title="23"><span class="headingNumber">15 </span>Language Corpora</a>.</p><p>In summary, when the default structure module is included in a schema, the following elements are available for the representation of the outermost structure of a TEI document: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-TEI.html">TEI</a></span> (TEI document) contains a single TEI-conformant document, combining a single TEI header with one or more members of the <a class="link_odd" title="groups separate elements which constitute the content of a digital resource, as opposed to its metadata." href="ref-model.resourceLike.html">model.resourceLike</a> class. Multiple <a class="gi" title="(TEI document) contains a single TEI-conformant document, combining a single TEI header with one or more members of the model.resourceLike class. Multiple <TEI> elements may be combined to form a <teiCorpus> element." href="ref-TEI.html">TEI</a> elements may be combined to form a <a class="gi" title="contains the whole of a TEI encoded corpus, comprising a single corpus header and one or more <TEI> elements, each containing a single text header and a text." href="ref-teiCorpus.html">teiCorpus</a> element.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">version</span></td><td>specifies the major version number of the TEI Guidelines against which this document is valid.</td></tr></table></li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-teiCorpus.html">teiCorpus</a></span> contains the whole of a TEI encoded corpus, comprising a single corpus header and one or more <a class="gi" title="(TEI document) contains a single TEI-conformant document, combining a single TEI header with one or more members of the model.resourceLike class. Multiple <TEI> elements may be combined to form a <teiCorpus> element." href="ref-TEI.html">TEI</a> elements, each containing a single text header and a text.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-teiHeader.html">teiHeader</a></span> (TEI header) supplies descriptive and declarative metadata associated with a digital resource or set of resources.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-text.html">text</a></span> contains a single text of any kind, whether unitary or composite, for example a poem or drama, a collection of essays, a novel, a dictionary, or a corpus sample.</li></ul><p> As noted above, the <a class="gi" title="(TEI header) supplies descriptive and declarative metadata associated with a digital resource or set of resources." href="ref-teiHeader.html">teiHeader</a> element is formally declared in the <span class="ident-module">header</span> module (see chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="HD.html" title="5"><span class="headingNumber">2 </span>The TEI Header</a>). A TEI document may also contain elements from the <a class="link_odd" title="groups separate elements which constitute the content of a digital resource, as opposed to its metadata." href="ref-model.resourceLike.html">model.resourceLike</a> class (such as a collection of facsimile images, or a feature system declaration) if the appropriate module is included in a schema (see further <a class="link_ptr" href="PH.html#PHFAX" title="Digital Facsimiles"><span class="headingNumber">11.1 </span>Digital Facsimiles</a> and <a class="link_ptr" href="FS.html#FD" title="26"><span class="headingNumber">18.11 </span>Feature System Declaration</a> respectively). By default, however, this class is not populated and hence only the elements <a class="gi" title="(TEI document) contains a single TEI-conformant document, combining a single TEI header with one or more members of the model.resourceLike class. Multiple <TEI> elements may be combined to form a <teiCorpus> element." href="ref-TEI.html">TEI</a>, <a class="gi" title="contains a single text of any kind, whether unitary or composite, for example a poem or drama, a collection of essays, a novel, a dictionary, or a corpus sample." href="ref-text.html">text</a>, and <a class="gi" title="contains the whole of a TEI encoded corpus, comprising a single corpus header and one or more <TEI> elements, each containing a single text header and a text." href="ref-teiCorpus.html">teiCorpus</a> are available as major parts of a TEI document. These three elements are provided by the <span class="ident-module">textstructure</span> module described by the present chapter. </p><p>TEI texts may be regarded either as <span class="term">unitary</span>, that is, forming an organic whole, or as <span class="term">composite,</span> that is, consisting of several components which are in some important sense independent of each other. The distinction is not always entirely obvious: for example a collection of essays might be regarded as a single item in some circumstances, or as a number of distinct items in others. In such borderline cases, the encoder must choose whether to treat the text as unitary or composite; each may have advantages and disadvantages in a given situation.</p><p>Whether unitary or composite, the text is marked with the <a class="gi" title="contains a single text of any kind, whether unitary or composite, for example a poem or drama, a collection of essays, a novel, a dictionary, or a corpus sample." href="ref-text.html">text</a> tag and may contain front matter, a text body, and back matter. In unitary texts, the text body is tagged <a class="gi" title="(text body) contains the whole body of a single unitary text, excluding any front or back matter." href="ref-body.html">body</a>; in composite texts, where the text body consists of a series of subordinate texts or groups, it is tagged <a class="gi" title="contains the body of a composite text, grouping together a sequence of distinct texts (or groups of such texts) which are regarded as a unit for some purpose, for example the collected works of an author, a sequence of prose essays, etc." href="ref-group.html">group</a>. The overall structure of any text, unitary or composite, is thus defined by the following elements: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-front.html">front</a></span> (front matter) contains any prefatory matter (headers, abstracts, title page, prefaces, dedications, etc.) found at the start of a document, before the main body.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-body.html">body</a></span> (text body) contains the whole body of a single unitary text, excluding any front or back matter.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-group.html">group</a></span> contains the body of a composite text, grouping together a sequence of distinct texts (or groups of such texts) which are regarded as a unit for some purpose, for example the collected works of an author, a sequence of prose essays, etc.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-back.html">back</a></span> (back matter) contains any appendixes, etc. following the main part of a text.</li></ul><div class="p">The overall structure of a unitary text is: <div id="index-egXML-d52e50303" class="pre egXML_feasible"><span class="element"><TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"></span><br /> <span class="element"><teiHeader></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"></teiHeader></span><br /> <span class="element"><text></span><br /> <span class="element"><front></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- front matter of copy text, if any, goes here --></span><br /> <span class="element"></front></span><br /> <span class="element"><body></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- body of copy text goes here --></span><br /> <span class="element"></body></span><br /> <span class="element"><back></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- back matter of copy text, if any, goes here --></span><br /> <span class="element"></back></span><br /> <span class="element"></text></span><br /><span class="element"></TEI></span></div></div><div class="p">The overall structure of a composite text made up of two unitary texts is: <div id="index-egXML-d52e50316" class="pre egXML_feasible"><span class="element"><TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"></span><br /> <span class="element"><teiHeader></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"></teiHeader></span><br /> <span class="element"><text></span><br /> <span class="element"><front></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- front matter for composite text --></span><br /> <span class="element"></front></span><br /> <span class="element"><group></span><br /> <span class="element"><text></span><br /> <span class="element"><front></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- front matter of first unitary text, if any --></span><br /> <span class="element"></front></span><br /> <span class="element"><body></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- body of first unitary text --></span><br /> <span class="element"></body></span><br /> <span class="element"><back></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- back matter of first unitary text, if any --></span><br /> <span class="element"></back></span><br /> <span class="element"></text></span><br /> <span class="element"><text></span><br /> <span class="element"><body></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- body of second unitary text --></span><br /> <span class="element"></body></span><br /> <span class="element"></text></span><br /> <span class="element"></group></span><br /> <span class="element"><back></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- back matter for composite text, if any --></span><br /> <span class="element"></back></span><br /> <span class="element"></text></span><br /><span class="element"></TEI></span></div></div><p>Finally, a <a class="gi" title="contains a single text of any kind, whether unitary or composite, which interrupts the text containing it at any point and after which the surrounding text resumes." href="ref-floatingText.html">floatingText</a> element is provided for the case where one text is embedded within another, but does not contribute to its hierarchical organization, for example because it interrupts it, or simply quoted within it. This is useful in such common literary contexts as the <span class="q">‘play within a play’</span> or the narrative interrupted by other (often deeply nested) multiple narratives. </p><p>Each of these elements is further described in the remainder of this chapter. Elements <a class="gi" title="(front matter) contains any prefatory matter (headers, abstracts, title page, prefaces, dedications, etc.) found at the start of a document, before the main body." href="ref-front.html">front</a> and <a class="gi" title="(back matter) contains any appendixes, etc. following the main part of a text." href="ref-back.html">back</a> are further discussed in sections <a class="link_ptr" href="DS.html#DSFRONT" title="Front Matter"><span class="headingNumber">4.5 </span>Front Matter</a> and <a class="link_ptr" href="DS.html#DSBACK" title="Back Matter"><span class="headingNumber">4.7 </span>Back Matter</a>. The <a class="gi" title="contains the body of a composite text, grouping together a sequence of distinct texts (or groups of such texts) which are regarded as a unit for some purpose, for example the collected works of an author, a sequence of prose essays, etc." href="ref-group.html">group</a> and <a class="gi" title="contains a single text of any kind, whether unitary or composite, which interrupts the text containing it at any point and after which the surrounding text resumes." href="ref-floatingText.html">floatingText</a> elements, used for more complex or composite text structures, are further discussed in section <a class="link_ptr" href="DS.html#DSGRPF" title="Grouped and Floating Texts"><span class="headingNumber">4.3 </span>Grouped and Floating Texts</a>. Other textual elements, such as paragraphs, lists or phrases, which nest within these major structural elements, are discussed in chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html" title="6"><span class="headingNumber">3 </span>Elements Available in All TEI Documents</a>, in the case of elements which can appear in any kind of document, or elsewhere in the case of elements specific to particular kinds of document.</p><div class="div2" id="DSDIV"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="DS.html#DSDTB"><span class="headingNumber">4.2 </span>Elements Common to All Divisions</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h3><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DSDIV" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Divisions of the Body</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">4.1 </span><span class="head">Divisions of the Body</span></h3><p>In some texts, the body consists simply of a sequence of low-level structural items, referred to here as <span class="term">components</span> or <span class="term">component-level elements</span> (see section <a class="link_ptr" href="ST.html#STEC" title="The TEI Class System"><span class="headingNumber">1.3 </span>The TEI Class System</a>). Examples in prose texts include paragraphs or lists; in dramatic texts, speeches and stage directions; in dictionaries, dictionary entries. In other cases sequences of such elements will be grouped together hierarchically into textual divisions and subdivisions, such as chapters or sections. The names used for these structural subdivisions of texts vary with the genre and period of the text, or even at the whim of the author, editor, or publisher. For example, a major subdivision of an epic or of the Bible is generally called a ‘book’, that of a report is usually called a ‘part’ or ‘section’, that of a novel a ‘chapter’—unless it is an epistolary novel, in which case it may be called a ‘letter’. Even texts which are not organized as linear prose narratives, or not as narratives at all, will frequently be subdivided in a similar way: a drama into ‘acts’ and ‘scenes’; a reference book into ‘sections’; a diary or day book into ‘entries’; a newspaper into ‘issues’ and ‘sections’, and so forth.</p><p>Because of this variety, these Guidelines propose that all such textual divisions be regarded as occurrences of the same neutrally named elements, with an attribute <span class="att">type</span> used to categorize elements independently of their hierarchic level. Two alternative styles are provided for the marking of these neutral divisions: <span class="term">numbered</span> and <span class="term">un-numbered</span>. Numbered divisions are named <a class="gi" title="(level-1 text division) contains a first-level subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div1.html">div1</a>, <a class="gi" title="(level-2 text division) contains a second-level subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div2.html">div2</a>, etc., where the number indicates the depth of this particular division within the hierarchy, the largest such division being <span class="q">‘div1’</span>, any subdivision within it being <span class="q">‘div2’</span>, any further sub-sub-division being <span class="q">‘div3’</span> and so on. Un-numbered divisions are simply named <a class="gi" title="(text division) contains a subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div.html">div</a>, and allowed to nest recursively to indicate their hierarchic depth. The two styles must <em>not</em> be combined within a single <a class="gi" title="(front matter) contains any prefatory matter (headers, abstracts, title page, prefaces, dedications, etc.) found at the start of a document, before the main body." href="ref-front.html">front</a>, <a class="gi" title="(text body) contains the whole body of a single unitary text, excluding any front or back matter." href="ref-body.html">body</a>, or <a class="gi" title="(back matter) contains any appendixes, etc. following the main part of a text." href="ref-back.html">back</a> element.</p><div class="div3" id="DSDIV1"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="DS.html#DSDIV2"><span class="headingNumber">4.1.2 </span>Numbered Divisions</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DSDIV1" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Un-numbered Divisions</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">4.1.1 </span><span class="head">Un-numbered Divisions</span></h4><p>The following element is used to identify textual subdivisions in the un-numbered style: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-div.html">div</a></span> (text division) contains a subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text.</li></ul><p> As a member of the class <a class="link_odd" title="provides attributes which can be used to classify or subclassify elements in any way." href="ref-att.typed.html">att.typed</a>, this element has the following additional attributes: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-att.typed.html">att.typed</a></span> provides attributes which can be used to classify or subclassify elements in any way.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">type</span></td><td>characterizes the element in some sense, using any convenient classification scheme or typology.</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">subtype</span></td><td>provides a sub-categorization of the element, if needed</td></tr></table></li></ul><div class="p">Using this style, the body of a text containing two parts, each composed of two chapters, might be represented as follows: <div id="index-egXML-d52e50887" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><body></span><br /> <span class="element"><div <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">part</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><div <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">chapter</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>"></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- text of part 1, chapter 1 --></span><br /> <span class="element"></div></span><br /> <span class="element"><div <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">chapter</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2</span>"></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- text of part 1, chapter 2 --></span><br /> <span class="element"></div></span><br /> <span class="element"></div></span><br /> <span class="element"><div <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">part</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><div <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">chapter</span>"></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- text of part 2, chapter 1 --></span><br /> <span class="element"></div></span><br /> <span class="element"><div <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">chapter</span>"></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- text of part 2, chapter 2 --></span><br /> <span class="element"></div></span><br /> <span class="element"></div></span><br /><span class="element"></body></span></div></div></div><div class="div3" id="DSDIV2"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="DS.html#DSDIV1"><span class="headingNumber">4.1.1 </span>Un-numbered Divisions</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="DS.html#DSDIV3"><span class="headingNumber">4.1.3 </span>Numbered or Un-numbered?</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DSDIV2" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Numbered Divisions</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">4.1.2 </span><span class="head">Numbered Divisions</span></h4><p>The following elements are used to identify textual subdivisions in the numbered style: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-div1.html">div1</a></span> (level-1 text division) contains a first-level subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-div2.html">div2</a></span> (level-2 text division) contains a second-level subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-div3.html">div3</a></span> (level-3 text division) contains a third-level subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-div4.html">div4</a></span> (level-4 text division) contains a fourth-level subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-div5.html">div5</a></span> (level-5 text division) contains a fifth-level subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-div6.html">div6</a></span> (level-6 text division) contains a sixth-level subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-div7.html">div7</a></span> (level-7 text division) contains the smallest possible subdivision of the front, body or back of a text, larger than a paragraph.</li></ul><p> As members of the class <a class="link_odd" title="provides attributes which can be used to classify or subclassify elements in any way." href="ref-att.typed.html">att.typed</a> these elements all bear the following additional attributes: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-att.typed.html">att.typed</a></span> provides attributes which can be used to classify or subclassify elements in any way.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">type</span></td><td>characterizes the element in some sense, using any convenient classification scheme or typology.</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">subtype</span></td><td>provides a sub-categorization of the element, if needed</td></tr></table></li></ul><p>The largest possible subdivision of the body is <a class="gi" title="(level-1 text division) contains a first-level subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div1.html">div1</a> element and the smallest possible <a class="gi" title="(level-7 text division) contains the smallest possible subdivision of the front, body or back of a text, larger than a paragraph." href="ref-div7.html">div7</a>. If numbered divisions are in use, a division at any one level (say, <a class="gi" title="(level-3 text division) contains a third-level subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div3.html">div3</a>), may contain only numbered divisions at the next lowest level (in this case, <a class="gi" title="(level-4 text division) contains a fourth-level subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div4.html">div4</a>).</p><div class="p">Using this style, the body of a text containing two parts, each composed of two chapters, might be represented as follows: <div id="index-egXML-d52e51119" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><body></span><br /> <span class="element"><div1 <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">part</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><div2 <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">chapter</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>"></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- text of part 1, chapter 1 --></span><br /> <span class="element"></div2></span><br /> <span class="element"><div2 <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">chapter</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2</span>"></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- text of part 1, chapter 2 --></span><br /> <span class="element"></div2></span><br /> <span class="element"></div1></span><br /> <span class="element"><div1 <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">part</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><div2 <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">chapter</span>"></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- text of part 2, chapter 1 --></span><br /> <span class="element"></div2></span><br /> <span class="element"><div2 <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">chapter</span>"></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- text of part 2, chapter 2 --></span><br /> <span class="element"></div2></span><br /> <span class="element"></div1></span><br /><span class="element"></body></span></div> </div></div><div class="div3" id="DSDIV3"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="DS.html#DSDIV2"><span class="headingNumber">4.1.2 </span>Numbered Divisions</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="DS.html#DSDIV3X"><span class="headingNumber">4.1.4 </span>Partial and Composite Divisions</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DSDIV3" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Numbered or Un-numbered?</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">4.1.3 </span><span class="head">Numbered or Un-numbered?</span></h4><p>Within the same <a class="gi" title="(front matter) contains any prefatory matter (headers, abstracts, title page, prefaces, dedications, etc.) found at the start of a document, before the main body." href="ref-front.html">front</a>, <a class="gi" title="(text body) contains the whole body of a single unitary text, excluding any front or back matter." href="ref-body.html">body</a>, or <a class="gi" title="(back matter) contains any appendixes, etc. following the main part of a text." href="ref-back.html">back</a> element, all hierarchic subdivisions must be marked using either nested <a class="gi" title="(text division) contains a subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div.html">div</a> elements, or <a class="gi" title="(level-1 text division) contains a first-level subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div1.html">div1</a>, <a class="gi" title="(level-2 text division) contains a second-level subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div2.html">div2</a> etc. elements nested as appropriate; the two styles must <em>not</em> be mixed.</p><p>The choice between numbered and un-numbered divisions will depend to some extent on the complexity of the material: un-numbered divisions allow for an arbitrary depth of nesting, while numbered divisions limit the depth of the tree which can be constructed. Where divisions at different levels should be processed differently (for example to ensure that chapters, but not sections, begin on a new page), numbered divisions slightly simplify the task of defining the desired processing for each level, though this distinction could also be made by supplying this information on the <span class="att">type</span> attribute of an un-numbered <a class="gi" title="(text division) contains a subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div.html">div</a>. Some software may find numbered divisions easier to process, as there is no need to maintain knowledge of the whole document structure in order to know the level at which a division occurs; such software may, however, find it difficult to cope with some other aspects of the TEI scheme. On the other hand, in a collection of many works it may prove difficult or impossible to ensure that the same numbered division always corresponds with the same type of textual feature: a ‘chapter’ may be at level 1 in one work and level 3 in another.</p><p>Whichever style is used, the global <span class="att">n</span> and <span class="att">xml:id</span> attributes (section <a class="link_ptr" href="ST.html#STGA" title="Global Attributes"><span class="headingNumber">1.3.1.1 </span>Global Attributes</a>) may be used to provide reference strings or labels for each division of a text, where appropriate. Such labels should be provided for each section which is regarded as significant for referencing purposes (on reference systems, see further section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#CORS" title="Reference Systems"><span class="headingNumber">3.10 </span>Reference Systems</a>).</p><div class="p">As indicated above, the <span class="att">type</span> and <span class="att">subtype</span> attributes provided by the <a class="link_odd" title="provides attributes which can be used to classify or subclassify elements in any way." href="ref-att.typed.html">att.typed</a> class may be used to provide a name or description for the division. Typical values might be ‘book’, ‘chapter’, ‘section’, ‘part’, or (for verse texts) ‘book’, ‘canto’, ‘stanza’, or (for dramatic texts) ‘act’, ‘scene’. The following extended example uses numbered divisions to indicate the structure of a novel, and illustrates the use of the attributes discussed above. It also uses some elements discussed in section <a class="link_ptr" href="DS.html#DSDTB" title="Elements Common to All Divisions"><span class="headingNumber">4.2 </span>Elements Common to All Divisions</a> and the <a class="gi" title="(paragraph) marks paragraphs in prose." href="ref-p.html">p</a> element discussed in section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#COPA" title="Paragraphs"><span class="headingNumber">3.1 </span>Paragraphs</a>. <div id="index-egXML-d52e52663" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><div1 <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">book</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">I</span>" <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">JA0100</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>Book I.<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><div2 <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">chapter</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>" <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">JA0101</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>Of writing lives in general, and particularly of Pamela, with a word<br /> by the bye of Colley Cibber and others.<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>It is a trite but true observation, that examples work more forcibly on<br /> the mind than precepts: ... <span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- remainder of chapter 1 here --></span><br /> <span class="element"></div2></span><br /> <span class="element"><div2 <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">chapter</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2</span>" <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">JA0102</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>Of Mr. Joseph Andrews, his birth, parentage, education, and great<br /> endowments; with a word or two concerning ancestors.<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Mr. Joseph Andrews, the hero of our ensuing history, was esteemed to<br /> be the only son of Gaffar and Gammar Andrews, and brother to the<br /> illustrious Pamela, whose virtue is at present so famous ... <span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- remainder of chapter 2 here --></span><br /> <span class="element"></div2></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- remaining chapters of Book 1 here --></span><br /> <span class="element"><trailer></span>The end of the first Book<span class="element"></trailer></span><br /><span class="element"></div1></span><br /><span class="element"><div1 <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">book</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">II</span>" <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">JA0200</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>Book II<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><div2 <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">chapter</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>" <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">JA0201</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>Of divisions in authors<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>There are certain mysteries or secrets in all trades, from the highest<br /> to the lowest, from that of <span class="element"><term></span>prime-ministering<span class="element"></term></span>, to this of<br /> <span class="element"><term></span>authoring<span class="element"></term></span>, which are seldom discovered unless to members of<br /> the same calling ... <span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>I will dismiss this chapter with the following observation: that it<br /> becomes an author generally to divide a book, as it does a butcher to<br /> joint his meat, for such assistance is of great help to both the reader<br /> and the carver. And now having indulged myself a little I will endeavour<br /> to indulge the curiosity of my reader, who is no doubt impatient to know<br /> what he will find in the subsequent chapters of this book.<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></div2></span><br /> <span class="element"><div2 <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">chapter</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2</span>" <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">JA0202</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>A surprising instance of Mr. Adams's short memory, with the<br /> unfortunate consequences which it brought on Joseph.<br /> <span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Mr. Adams and Joseph were now ready to depart different ways ... <span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></div2></span><br /><span class="element"></div1></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#DSDIV3-eg-22">bibliography</a> </div></div> </div><div class="p">As an alternative (or complement) to this use of the <span class="att">type</span> attribute to characterize neutrally named division elements, the modification mechanisms discussed in section <a class="link_ptr" href="USE.html#MD" title="Customization"><span class="headingNumber">23.3 </span>Customization</a> may be used to define new elements such as <span class="gi"><chapter></span>, <span class="gi"><part></span>, etc. To make this simpler, a single member model class is defined for each of the neutrally named division elements: <a class="link_odd" title="groups elements used to represent un-numbered generic structural divisions." href="ref-model.divLike.html">model.divLike</a> (containing <a class="gi" title="(text division) contains a subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div.html">div</a>), <a class="link_odd" title="groups top-level structural divisions." href="ref-model.div1Like.html">model.div1Like</a> (containing <a class="gi" title="(level-1 text division) contains a first-level subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div1.html">div1</a>), <a class="link_odd" title="groups second-level structural divisions." href="ref-model.div2Like.html">model.div2Like</a> (containing <a class="gi" title="(level-2 text division) contains a second-level subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div2.html">div2</a>), etc. For example, suppose that the body of a text consists of a series of diary entries, each of which is potentially divided into entries for the morning and the afternoon. This might be represented in any of the following ways. First, using the un-numbered style: <div id="index-egXML-d52e52738" class="pre egXML_feasible"><span class="element"><body></span><br /> <span class="element"><div <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">entry</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><div <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">morning</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1.1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>[...]<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></div></span><br /> <span class="element"><div <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">afternoon</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1.2</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>[...]<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></div></span><br /> <span class="element"></div></span><br /> <span class="element"><div <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">entry</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><div <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">morning</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2.1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>[...]<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></div></span><br /> <span class="element"><div <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">afternoon</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2.2</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>[...]<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></div></span><br /> <span class="element"></div></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ...--></span><br /><span class="element"></body></span></div> Equivalently, using the numbered style: <div id="index-egXML-d52e52757" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><body></span><br /> <span class="element"><div1 <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">entry</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><div2 <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">morning</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1.1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>[...]<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></div2></span><br /> <span class="element"><div2 <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">afternoon</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1.2</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>[...]<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></div2></span><br /> <span class="element"></div1></span><br /> <span class="element"><div1 <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">entry</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><div2 <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">morning</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2.1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>[...]<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></div2></span><br /> <span class="element"><div2 <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">afternoon</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2.2</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>[...]<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></div2></span><br /> <span class="element"></div1></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ...--></span><br /><span class="element"></body></span></div> Now, assuming a customization in which a new element <span class="gi"><diaryEntry></span> has been added to the <a class="link_odd" title="groups elements used to represent un-numbered generic structural divisions." href="ref-model.divLike.html">model.divLike</a> class: <div id="index-egXML-d52e52781" class="pre egXML_feasible"><span class="element"><body></span><br /> <span class="element"><my:diaryEntry <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">entry</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><my:diaryEntry <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">morning</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1.1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>[...]<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></my:diaryEntry></span><br /> <span class="element"><my:diaryEntry <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">afternoon</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1.2</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>[...]<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></my:diaryEntry></span><br /> <span class="element"></my:diaryEntry></span><br /> <span class="element"><my:diaryEntry <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">entry</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><my:diaryEntry <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">morning</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1.1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>[...]<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></my:diaryEntry></span><br /> <span class="element"><my:diaryEntry <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">afternoon</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1.2</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>[...]<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></my:diaryEntry></span><br /> <span class="element"></my:diaryEntry></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ...--></span><br /><span class="element"></body></span></div> And finally, assuming a customization in which three new elements have been added: <span class="gi"><diaryEntry></span> to the <a class="link_odd" title="groups top-level structural divisions." href="ref-model.div1Like.html">model.div1Like</a> class, and <span class="gi"><amEntry></span> and <span class="gi"><pmEntry></span> both to the <a class="link_odd" title="groups second-level structural divisions." href="ref-model.div2Like.html">model.div2Like</a> class: <div id="index-egXML-d52e52821" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><body></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"><my:diaryEntry <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">entry</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><my:amEntry <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">morning</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1.1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>[...]<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></my:amEntry></span><br /> <span class="element"><my:pmEntry <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">afternoon</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1.2</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>[...]<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></my:pmEntry></span><br /> <span class="element"></my:diaryEntry></span><br /> <span class="element"><my:diaryEntry <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">entry</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><my:amEntry <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">morning</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1.1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>[...]<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></my:amEntry></span><br /> <span class="element"><my:pmEntry <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">afternoon</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1.1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>[...]<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></my:pmEntry></span><br /> <span class="element"></my:diaryEntry></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /><span class="element"></body></span></div></div><p>More information about the customization techniques exemplified here is provided in <a class="link_ptr" href="USE.html#MD" title="Customization"><span class="headingNumber">23.3 </span>Customization</a>.</p></div><div class="div3" id="DSDIV3X"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="DS.html#DSDIV3"><span class="headingNumber">4.1.3 </span>Numbered or Un-numbered?</a></li><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DSDIV3X" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Partial and Composite Divisions</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">4.1.4 </span><span class="head">Partial and Composite Divisions</span></h4><p>In most situations, the textual subdivisions marked by <a class="gi" title="(text division) contains a subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div.html">div</a> or <a class="gi" title="(level-1 text division) contains a first-level subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div1.html">div1</a> (etc.) elements will be both complete and identically organized with reference to the original source. For some purposes however, in particular where dealing with unusually large or unusually small texts, encoders may find it convenient to present as textual divisions sequences of text which are incomplete with reference to the original text, or which are in fact an ad hoc agglomeration of tiny texts. Moreover, in some kinds of texts it is difficult or impossible to determine the order in which individual subdivisions should be combined to form the next higher level of subdivision, as noted below.</p><p>To overcome these problems, the following additional attributes are defined for all elements in the <a class="link_odd" title="provides attributes common to all elements which behave in the same way as divisions." href="ref-att.divLike.html">att.divLike</a> class: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-att.divLike.html">att.divLike</a></span> provides attributes common to all elements which behave in the same way as divisions.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">org</span></td><td>(organization) specifies how the content of the division is organized.</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">sample</span></td><td>indicates whether this division is a sample of the original source and if so, from which part.</td></tr></table></li><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-att.fragmentable.html">att.fragmentable</a></span> provides an attribute for representing fragmentation of a structural element, typically as a consequence of some overlapping hierarchy.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">part</span></td><td>specifies whether or not its parent element is fragmented in some way, typically by some other overlapping structure: for example a speech which is divided between two or more verse stanzas, a paragraph which is split across a page division, a verse line which is divided between two speakers.</td></tr></table></li></ul><div class="p">For example, an encoder might choose to transcribe only the first two thousand words of each chapter from a novel. In such a case, each chapter might conveniently be regarded as a partial division, and tagged with a <a class="gi" title="(text division) contains a subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div.html">div</a> element in the following form: <div id="index-egXML-d52e52876" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><div <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">xx</span>" <span class="attribute">sample</span>="<span class="attributevalue">initial</span>" <span class="attribute">part</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Y</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">chapter</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span> ... <span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"></div></span></div> where <span class="val">xx</span> represents a number for the chapter, and the <span class="att">part</span> attribute takes the value <span class="val">Y</span> to indicate that this division is incomplete in some respect. Other possible values for this attribute indicate whether material has been omitted initially (I), finally (F), or in the middle (M) of the division, while the <a class="gi" title="indicates a point where material has been omitted in a transcription, whether for editorial reasons described in the TEI header, as part of sampling practice, or because the material is illegible, invisible, or inaudible." href="ref-gap.html">gap</a> element (<a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#COEDADD" title="Additions Deletions and Omissions"><span class="headingNumber">3.4.3 </span>Additions, Deletions, and Omissions</a>) may be used to indicate exactly where material has been omitted: <div id="index-egXML-d52e52896" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><div <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">xx</span>" <span class="attribute">part</span>="<span class="attributevalue">M</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">chapter</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span> ... <span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"><gap <span class="attribute">extent</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2</span>" <span class="attribute">reason</span>="<span class="attributevalue">sampling</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span> ... <span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"></div></span></div> The <a class="gi" title="(sampling declaration) contains a prose description of the rationale and methods used in sampling texts in the creation of a corpus or collection." href="ref-samplingDecl.html">samplingDecl</a> element in the TEI header should also be used to record the principles underlying the selection of incomplete samples, as further described in section <a class="link_ptr" href="HD.html#HD52" title="The Sampling Declaration"><span class="headingNumber">2.3.2 </span>The Sampling Declaration</a>.</div><div class="p">The following example demonstrates how a newspaper column composed of very short unrelated snippets may be encoded using these attributes: <div id="index-egXML-d52e52911" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><div1 <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">storylist</span>" <span class="attribute">org</span>="<span class="attributevalue">composite</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>News in brief<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><div2 <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">story</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>Police deny <span class="element"><soCalled></span>losing<span class="element"></soCalled></span> bomb<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Scotland Yard yesterday denied claims in the Sunday<br /> Express that anti-terrorist officers trailing an IRA van<br /> loaded with explosives in north London had lost track of<br /> it 10 days ago.<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></div2></span><br /> <span class="element"><div2 <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">story</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>Hotel blaze<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Nearly 200 guests were evacuated before dawn<br /> yesterday after fire broke out at the Scandic<br /> Crown hotel in the Royal Mile, Edinburgh.<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></div2></span><br /> <span class="element"><div2 <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">story</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>Test match split<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Test Match Special next summer will be split<br /> between Radio 5 and Radio 3, after protests this<br /> year that it disrupted Radio 3's music schedule.<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></div2></span><br /><span class="element"></div1></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#DSDIV3X-eg-29">bibliography</a> </div></div> </div><p>The <span class="att">org</span> attribute on the <a class="gi" title="(level-1 text division) contains a first-level subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div1.html">div1</a> element is used here to indicate that individual stories in this group, marked here as <a class="gi" title="(level-2 text division) contains a second-level subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div2.html">div2</a>, are really quite independent of each other, although they are all marked as subdivisions of the whole group. They can be read in any order without affecting the sense of the piece; indeed, in some cases, divisions of this nature are printed in such a way as to make it impossible to determine the order in which they are intended to be read. Individual stories can be added or removed without affecting the existing components.</p><p>This method of encoding composite texts as composite divisions has some limitations compared with the more general and powerful mechanisms discussed in section <a class="link_ptr" href="DS.html#DSGRP" title="Grouped Texts"><span class="headingNumber">4.3.1 </span>Grouped Texts</a>. However, it may be preferable in some circumstances, notably where the individual texts are very small.</p></div></div><div class="div2" id="DSDTB"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="DS.html#DSDIV"><span class="headingNumber">4.1 </span>Divisions of the Body</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="DS.html#DSGRPF"><span class="headingNumber">4.3 </span>Grouped and Floating Texts</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h3><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DSDTB" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Elements Common to All Divisions</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">4.2 </span><span class="head">Elements Common to All Divisions</span></h3><p>The divisions of any kind of text may sometimes begin with a brief heading or descriptive title, with or without a byline, an epigraph or brief quotation, or a salutation such as one finds at the start of a letter. They may also conclude with a brief trailer, byline, postscript, or signature. Many of these (e.g. a byline) may appear either at the start or at the end of a text division proper.</p><p>To support this heterogeneity, the TEI architecture defines five classes, all of which are populated by this module: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-model.divTop.html">model.divTop</a></span> groups elements appearing at the beginning of a text division.<table class="classList"><tr><td class="odd_label"><a href="ref-model.divTopPart.html">model.divTopPart</a></td><td class="odd_value">groups elements which can occur only at the beginning of a text division.</td></tr><tr><td class="odd_label"><a href="ref-model.divWrapper.html">model.divWrapper</a></td><td class="odd_value">groups elements which can appear at either top or bottom of a textual division.</td></tr></table></li><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-model.divBottom.html">model.divBottom</a></span> groups elements appearing at the end of a text division.<table class="classList"><tr><td class="odd_label"><a href="ref-model.divBottomPart.html">model.divBottomPart</a></td><td class="odd_value">groups elements which can occur only at the end of a text division.</td></tr><tr><td class="odd_label"><a href="ref-model.divWrapper.html">model.divWrapper</a></td><td class="odd_value">groups elements which can appear at either top or bottom of a textual division.</td></tr></table></li><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-model.divTopPart.html">model.divTopPart</a></span> groups elements which can occur only at the beginning of a text division.<table class="classList"><tr><td class="odd_label"><a href="ref-model.headLike.html">model.headLike</a></td><td class="odd_value">groups elements used to provide a title or heading at the start of a text division.</td></tr></table><table class="elementList"><tr><td class="odd_label"><a href="ref-opener.html">opener</a></td><td class="odd_value">groups together dateline, byline, salutation, and similar phrases appearing as a preliminary group at the start of a division, especially of a letter.</td></tr><tr><td class="odd_label"><a href="ref-signed.html">signed</a></td><td class="odd_value">(signature) contains the closing salutation, etc., appended to a foreword, dedicatory epistle, or other division of a text.</td></tr></table></li><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-model.divBottomPart.html">model.divBottomPart</a></span> groups elements which can occur only at the end of a text division.<table class="elementList"><tr><td class="odd_label"><a href="ref-closer.html">closer</a></td><td class="odd_value">groups together salutations, datelines, and similar phrases appearing as a final group at the end of a division, especially of a letter.</td></tr><tr><td class="odd_label"><a href="ref-postscript.html">postscript</a></td><td class="odd_value">contains a postscript, e.g. to a letter.</td></tr><tr><td class="odd_label"><a href="ref-signed.html">signed</a></td><td class="odd_value">(signature) contains the closing salutation, etc., appended to a foreword, dedicatory epistle, or other division of a text.</td></tr><tr><td class="odd_label"><a href="ref-trailer.html">trailer</a></td><td class="odd_value">contains a closing title or footer appearing at the end of a division of a text.</td></tr></table></li><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-model.divWrapper.html">model.divWrapper</a></span> groups elements which can appear at either top or bottom of a textual division.<table class="elementList"><tr><td class="odd_label"><a href="ref-argument.html">argument</a></td><td class="odd_value">contains a formal list or prose description of the topics addressed by a subdivision of a text.</td></tr><tr><td class="odd_label"><a href="ref-byline.html">byline</a></td><td class="odd_value">contains the primary statement of responsibility given for a work on its title page or at the head or end of the work.</td></tr><tr><td class="odd_label"><a href="ref-dateline.html">dateline</a></td><td class="odd_value">contains a brief description of the place, date, time, etc. of production of a letter, newspaper story, or other work, prefixed or suffixed to it as a kind of heading or trailer.</td></tr><tr><td class="odd_label"><a href="ref-docAuthor.html">docAuthor</a></td><td class="odd_value">(document author) contains the name of the author of the document, as given on the title page (often but not always contained in a byline).</td></tr><tr><td class="odd_label"><a href="ref-docDate.html">docDate</a></td><td class="odd_value">(document date) contains the date of a document, as given on a title page or in a dateline.</td></tr><tr><td class="odd_label"><a href="ref-epigraph.html">epigraph</a></td><td class="odd_value">contains a quotation, anonymous or attributed, appearing at the start or end of a section or on a title page.</td></tr><tr><td class="odd_label"><a href="ref-meeting.html">meeting</a></td><td class="odd_value">contains the formalized descriptive title for a meeting or conference, for use in a bibliographic description for an item derived from such a meeting, or as a heading or preamble to publications emanating from it.</td></tr><tr><td class="odd_label"><a href="ref-salute.html">salute</a></td><td class="odd_value">(salutation) contains a salutation or greeting prefixed to a foreword, dedicatory epistle, or other division of a text, or the salutation in the closing of a letter, preface, etc.</td></tr></table></li></ul><div class="div3" id="DSHD"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="DS.html#DSOC"><span class="headingNumber">4.2.2 </span>Openers and Closers</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DSHD" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Headings and Trailers</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">4.2.1 </span><span class="head">Headings and Trailers</span></h4><div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="(heading) contains any type of heading, for example the title of a section, or the heading of a list, glossary, manuscript description, etc." href="ref-head.html">head</a> element is used to identify a heading prefixed to the start of any textual division, at any level. A given division may contain more than one such element, as in the following example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e52973" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><div1 <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Etym</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>Etymology<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>(Supplied by a late consumptive usher to a<br /> grammar school)<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>The pale Usher — threadbare in coat, heart,<br /> body and brain; I see him now. He was ever<br /> dusting his old lexicons and grammars, ...<span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"></div1></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#DSHD-eg-30">bibliography</a> </div></div> </div><p>Unlike some other markup schemes, the TEI scheme does <em>not</em> require that headings attached to textual subdivisions at different hierarchic levels have different identifiers. All kinds of heading are marked identically using the <a class="gi" title="(heading) contains any type of heading, for example the title of a section, or the heading of a list, glossary, manuscript description, etc." href="ref-head.html">head</a> tag; the type or level of heading intended is implied by the immediate parent of the <a class="gi" title="(heading) contains any type of heading, for example the title of a section, or the heading of a list, glossary, manuscript description, etc." href="ref-head.html">head</a> element, which may for example be a <a class="gi" title="(level-1 text division) contains a first-level subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div1.html">div1</a>, <a class="gi" title="(level-2 text division) contains a second-level subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div2.html">div2</a>, etc., an un-numbered <a class="gi" title="(text division) contains a subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div.html">div</a>, or any member of the <a class="link_odd" title="groups list-like elements." href="ref-model.listLike.html">model.listLike</a> class. However, as with <a class="gi" title="(text division) contains a subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div.html">div</a> elements, the encoder may choose to extend the <a class="link_odd" title="groups elements used to provide a title or heading at the start of a text division." href="ref-model.headLike.html">model.headLike</a> class of which <a class="gi" title="(heading) contains any type of heading, for example the title of a section, or the heading of a list, glossary, manuscript description, etc." href="ref-head.html">head</a> is the sole member to include other such elements if required.</p><p>In certain kinds of text (notably newspapers), there may be a need to categorize individual headings within the sequence at the start of a division, for example as ‘main’ headings, or ‘detail’ headings: this may readily be done using the <span class="att">type</span> or <span class="att">subtype</span> attribute. Specific elements are provided for certain kinds of heading-like features, (notably <a class="gi" title="contains the primary statement of responsibility given for a work on its title page or at the head or end of the work." href="ref-byline.html">byline</a>, <a class="gi" title="contains a brief description of the place, date, time, etc. of production of a letter, newspaper story, or other work, prefixed or suffixed to it as a kind of heading or trailer." href="ref-dateline.html">dateline</a>, and <a class="gi" title="(salutation) contains a salutation or greeting prefixed to a foreword, dedicatory epistle, or other division of a text, or the salutation in the closing of a letter, preface, etc." href="ref-salute.html">salute</a>; see further section <a class="link_ptr" href="DS.html#DSOC" title="Openers and Closers"><span class="headingNumber">4.2.2 </span>Openers and Closers</a>), but the <span class="att">type</span> or <span class="att">subtype</span> attributes must be used to discriminate among other forms of heading. These attributes are provided, as elsewhere, by the <a class="link_odd" title="provides attributes which can be used to classify or subclassify elements in any way." href="ref-att.typed.html">att.typed</a> attribute class of which the <a class="gi" title="(heading) contains any type of heading, for example the title of a section, or the heading of a list, glossary, manuscript description, etc." href="ref-head.html">head</a> element is a member.</p><div class="p">In the following example, taken from a British newspaper, the lead story and its associated headlines have been encoded as a <a class="gi" title="(text division) contains a subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div.html">div</a> element, with appropriate <a class="link_odd" title="groups elements appearing at the beginning of a text division." href="ref-model.divTop.html">model.divTop</a> elements attached: <div id="index-egXML-d52e53064" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><div <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">story</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><head <span class="attribute">rend</span>="<span class="attributevalue">underlined</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">sub</span>"></span>President pledges safeguards for 2,400 British<br /> troops in Bosnia<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><head <span class="attribute">rend</span>="<span class="attributevalue">scream</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">main</span>"></span>Major agrees to enforced no-fly zone<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><byline></span>By George Jones, Political Editor, in Washington<span class="element"></byline></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Greater Western intervention in the conflict in<br /> former Yugoslavia was pledged by President Bush ...<span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"></div></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#DSHD-eg-31">bibliography</a> </div></div> </div><p>In older writings, the headings or <span class="term">incipits</span> may be longer than in modern works. When heading-like material appears in the middle of a text, the encoder must decide whether or not to treat it as the start of a new division. If the phrase in question appears to be more closely connected with what follows than with what precedes it, then it may be regarded as a heading and tagged as the <a class="gi" title="(heading) contains any type of heading, for example the title of a section, or the heading of a list, glossary, manuscript description, etc." href="ref-head.html">head</a> of a new <a class="gi" title="(text division) contains a subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div.html">div</a> element. If it appears to be simply inserted or superimposed—as for example the kind of ‘pull quotes’ often found in newspapers or magazines, then the <a class="gi" title="(quotation) contains a phrase or passage attributed by the narrator or author to some agency external to the text." href="ref-quote.html">quote</a>, <a class="gi" title="(quoted) contains material which is distinguished from the surrounding text using quotation marks or a similar method, for any one of a variety of reasons including, but not limited to: direct speech or thought, technical terms or jargon, authorial distance, quotations from elsewhere, and passages that are mentioned but not used." href="ref-q.html">q</a>, or <a class="gi" title="(cited quotation) contains a quotation from some other document, together with a bibliographic reference to its source. In a dictionary it may contain an example text with at least one occurrence of the word form, used in the sense being described, or a translation of the headword, or an example." href="ref-cit.html">cit</a> element may be more appropriate.</p><div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="contains a closing title or footer appearing at the end of a division of a text." href="ref-trailer.html">trailer</a> element, which can appear at the end of a division only, is used to mark any heading-like feature appearing in this position, as in this example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e53106" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><div <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">book</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">I</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>In the name of Christ here begins the<br /> first book of the ecclesiastical history of Georgius Florentinus,<br /> known as Gregory, Bishop of Tours.<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><div></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>Chapter Headings<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><list></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- chapter head --></span><br /> <span class="element"></item></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- further chapter heads omitted --></span><br /> <span class="element"></list></span><br /> <span class="element"></div></span><br /> <span class="element"><div></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>In the name of Christ here begins Book I of the history.<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Proposing as I do ...<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>From the Passion of our Lord until the death of Saint Martin four<br /> hundred and twelve years passed.<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"><trailer></span>Here ends the first Book, which covers five thousand, five<br /> hundred and ninety-six years from the beginning of the world down<br /> to the death of Saint Martin.<span class="element"></trailer></span><br /> <span class="element"></div></span><br /><span class="element"></div></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#DS-eg-01">bibliography</a> </div></div></div></div><div class="div3" id="DSOC"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="DS.html#DSHD"><span class="headingNumber">4.2.1 </span>Headings and Trailers</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="DS.html#DSAE"><span class="headingNumber">4.2.3 </span>Arguments, Epigraphs, and Postscripts</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DSOC" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Openers and Closers</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">4.2.2 </span><span class="head">Openers and Closers</span></h4><p>In addition to headings of various kinds, divisions sometimes include more or less formulaic opening or closing passages, typically conveying such information as the name and address of the person to whom the division is addressed, the place or time of its production, a salutation or exhortation to the reader, and so on. Divisions in epistolary form are particularly liable to include such features. Additional elements for the detailed encoding of personal names, dates, and places are provided in chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="ND.html" title="20"><span class="headingNumber">13 </span>Names, Dates, People, and Places</a>. For simple cases, the following elements should be adequate: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-byline.html">byline</a></span> contains the primary statement of responsibility given for a work on its title page or at the head or end of the work.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-dateline.html">dateline</a></span> contains a brief description of the place, date, time, etc. of production of a letter, newspaper story, or other work, prefixed or suffixed to it as a kind of heading or trailer.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-salute.html">salute</a></span> (salutation) contains a salutation or greeting prefixed to a foreword, dedicatory epistle, or other division of a text, or the salutation in the closing of a letter, preface, etc.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-signed.html">signed</a></span> (signature) contains the closing salutation, etc., appended to a foreword, dedicatory epistle, or other division of a text.</li></ul><div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="contains the primary statement of responsibility given for a work on its title page or at the head or end of the work." href="ref-byline.html">byline</a> and <a class="gi" title="contains a brief description of the place, date, time, etc. of production of a letter, newspaper story, or other work, prefixed or suffixed to it as a kind of heading or trailer." href="ref-dateline.html">dateline</a> elements are used to encode headings which identify the authorship and provenance of a division. Although the terminology derives from newspaper usage, there is no implication that <a class="gi" title="contains a brief description of the place, date, time, etc. of production of a letter, newspaper story, or other work, prefixed or suffixed to it as a kind of heading or trailer." href="ref-dateline.html">dateline</a> or <a class="gi" title="contains the primary statement of responsibility given for a work on its title page or at the head or end of the work." href="ref-byline.html">byline</a> elements apply only to newspaper texts. The following example illustrates use of the <a class="gi" title="contains a brief description of the place, date, time, etc. of production of a letter, newspaper story, or other work, prefixed or suffixed to it as a kind of heading or trailer." href="ref-dateline.html">dateline</a> and <a class="gi" title="(signature) contains the closing salutation, etc., appended to a foreword, dedicatory epistle, or other division of a text." href="ref-signed.html">signed</a> elements at the end of the preface to a novel: <div id="index-egXML-d52e53161" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><div <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">preface</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>To Henry Hope.<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>It is not because this volume was conceived and partly<br /> executed amid the glades and galleries of the Deepdene,<br /> that I have inscribed it with your name. ... I shall find a<br /> reflex to their efforts in your own generous spirit and<br /> enlightened mind.<br /> <span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"><closer></span><br /> <span class="element"><signed <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">el</span>"></span>D.<span class="element"></signed></span><br /> <span class="element"><dateline></span>Grosvenor Gate, May-Day, 1844<span class="element"></dateline></span><br /> <span class="element"></closer></span><br /><span class="element"></div></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#DSOC-eg-33">bibliography</a> </div></div> </div><div class="p">Where a sequence of such elements appear together, either at the beginning or end of an element, it may be convenient to group them together using one of the following elements: <ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-opener.html">opener</a></span> groups together dateline, byline, salutation, and similar phrases appearing as a preliminary group at the start of a division, especially of a letter.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-closer.html">closer</a></span> groups together salutations, datelines, and similar phrases appearing as a final group at the end of a division, especially of a letter.</li></ul> The following examples demonstrate the use of the <a class="gi" title="groups together dateline, byline, salutation, and similar phrases appearing as a preliminary group at the start of a division, especially of a letter." href="ref-opener.html">opener</a> and <a class="gi" title="groups together salutations, datelines, and similar phrases appearing as a final group at the end of a division, especially of a letter." href="ref-closer.html">closer</a> grouping elements: <div id="index-egXML-d52e53187" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><div <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">narrative</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">6</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>Sixth Narrative<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>contributed by Sergeant Cuff<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><div <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">fragment</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">6.1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><opener></span><br /> <span class="element"><dateline></span><br /> <span class="element"><name <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">place</span>"></span>Dorking, Surrey,<span class="element"></name></span><br /> <span class="element"><date></span>July 30th, 1849<span class="element"></date></span><br /> <span class="element"></dateline></span><br /> <span class="element"><salute></span>To <span class="element"><name></span>Franklin Blake, Esq.<span class="element"></name></span> Sir, —<span class="element"></salute></span><br /> <span class="element"></opener></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>I beg to apologize for the delay that has occurred in the<br /> production of the Report, with which I engaged to furnish you.<br /> I have waited to make it a complete Report ...<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"><closer></span><br /> <span class="element"><salute></span>I have the honour to remain, dear sir, your<br /> obedient servant <span class="element"></salute></span><br /> <span class="element"><signed></span><br /> <span class="element"><name></span>RICHARD CUFF<span class="element"></name></span> (late sergeant in the<br /> Detective Force, Scotland Yard, London). <span class="element"></signed></span><br /> <span class="element"></closer></span><br /> <span class="element"></div></span><br /><span class="element"></div></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#DSOC-eg-34">bibliography</a> </div></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e53218" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><div <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">letter</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">14</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>Letter XIV: Miss Clarissa Harlowe to Miss Howe<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><opener></span><br /> <span class="element"><dateline></span>Thursday evening, March 2.<span class="element"></dateline></span><br /> <span class="element"></opener></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>On Hannah's depositing my long letter ...<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>An interruption obliges me to conclude myself<br /> in some hurry, as well as fright, what I must ever be,<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"><closer></span><br /> <span class="element"><salute></span>Yours more than my own,<span class="element"></salute></span><br /> <span class="element"><signed></span>Clarissa Harlowe<span class="element"></signed></span><br /> <span class="element"></closer></span><br /><span class="element"></div></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#COHQHEG-eg-02">bibliography</a> </div></div> </div><p>For further discussion of the encoding of dates and of names of persons and places, see section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#CONADA" title="Dates and Times"><span class="headingNumber">3.5.4 </span>Dates and Times</a> and chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="ND.html" title="20"><span class="headingNumber">13 </span>Names, Dates, People, and Places</a>.</p></div><div class="div3" id="DSAE"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="DS.html#DSOC"><span class="headingNumber">4.2.2 </span>Openers and Closers</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="DS.html#DSCO"><span class="headingNumber">4.2.4 </span>Content of Textual Divisions</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DSAE" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Arguments, Epigraphs, and Postscripts</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">4.2.3 </span><span class="head">Arguments, Epigraphs, and Postscripts</span></h4><div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="contains a formal list or prose description of the topics addressed by a subdivision of a text." href="ref-argument.html">argument</a> element may be used to encode the prefatory list of topics sometimes found at the start of a chapter or other division. It is most conveniently encoded as a list, since this allows each item to be distinguished, but may also simply be presented as a paragraph. The following are thus both equally valid ways of encoding the same argument: <div id="index-egXML-d52e53251" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><div <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">chap</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">6</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><argument></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Kingston — Instructive remarks on early English history<br /> — Instructive observations on carved oak and life in general<br /> — Sad case of Stivvings, junior — Musings on antiquity<br /> — I forget that I am steering — Interesting result<br /> — Hampton Court Maze — Harris as a guide.<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></argument></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>It was a glorious morning, late spring or early summer, as you<br /> care to take it ...<span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"></div></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#DSAE-eg-36">bibliography</a> </div></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e53259" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><div <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">chap</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">6</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><argument></span><br /> <span class="element"><list <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">inline</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>Kingston<span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>Instructive remarks on early English history<span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>Instructive observations on carved oak and life in<br /> general<span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>Sad case of Stivvings, junior<span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>Musings on antiquity<span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>I forget that I am steering<span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>Interesting result<span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>Hampton Court Maze<span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>Harris as a guide.<span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"></list></span><br /> <span class="element"></argument></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>It was a glorious morning, late spring or early summer, as you<br /> care to take it ...<span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"></div></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#DSAE-eg-36">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">An <span class="term">epigraph</span> is a quotation from some other work, a saying, or a motto, appearing on a title page, or at the start of a division. It may be encoded using the special-purpose <a class="gi" title="contains a quotation, anonymous or attributed, appearing at the start or end of a section or on a title page." href="ref-epigraph.html">epigraph</a> element, as in the following example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e53292" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><titlePage></span><br /> <span class="element"><docAuthor></span>E. M. Forster<span class="element"></docAuthor></span><br /> <span class="element"><docTitle></span><br /> <span class="element"><titlePart></span>Howards End<span class="element"></titlePart></span><br /> <span class="element"></docTitle></span><br /> <span class="element"><epigraph></span><br /> <span class="element"><q></span>Only connect...<span class="element"></q></span><br /> <span class="element"></epigraph></span><br /><span class="element"></titlePage></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#DSAE-eg-38a">bibliography</a> </div></div> When an epigraph contains a quotation, this may often be associated with a bibliographic reference. In such cases, it is recommended additionally to group the quotation and its source together using the <a class="gi" title="(cited quotation) contains a quotation from some other document, together with a bibliographic reference to its source. In a dictionary it may contain an example text with at least one occurrence of the word form, used in the sense being described, or a translation of the headword, or an example." href="ref-cit.html">cit</a> element, as in the following example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e53306" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><div <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">19</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">chap</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>Chapter 19<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><epigraph></span><br /> <span class="element"><cit></span><br /> <span class="element"><quote></span>I pity the man who can travel<br /> from Dan to Beersheba, and say <span class="element"><q></span>'Tis all<br /> barren;<span class="element"></q></span> and so is all the world to him<br /> who will not cultivate the fruits it offers.<br /> <span class="element"></quote></span><br /> <span class="element"><bibl></span>Sterne: Sentimental Journey.<span class="element"></bibl></span><br /> <span class="element"></cit></span><br /> <span class="element"></epigraph></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>To say that Deronda was romantic would be to<br /> misrepresent him: but under his calm and somewhat<br /> self-repressed exterior ...<span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"></div></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#DSAE-eg-38">bibliography</a> </div></div> </div><p>For discussion of quotations appearing other than as epigraphs refer to section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#COHQQ" title="Quotation"><span class="headingNumber">3.3.3 </span>Quotation</a>.</p><div class="p">A <span class="term">postscript</span> is a passage added after the signature of a letter or, less frequently, the main portion of the body of a book, article, or essay. In English a postscript is often abbreviated as <span class="mentioned">P.S.</span> or <span class="mentioned">PS</span>, and postscripts are often introduced by labels with one of these abbreviations, as in the following example. <div id="index-egXML-d52e53339" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><div <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">letter</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><opener></span><br /> <span class="element"><dateline></span><br /> <span class="element"><placeName></span>Newport<span class="element"></placeName></span><br /> <span class="element"><date <span class="attribute">when</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1761-05-27</span>"></span>May ye 27th 1761<span class="element"></date></span><br /> <span class="element"></dateline></span><br /> <span class="element"><salute></span>Gentlemen<span class="element"></salute></span><br /> <span class="element"></opener></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Capt Stoddard's Business<br /> <span class="element"><lb/></span>calling him to Providence, have<br /> <span class="element"><lb/></span>got him to look at Hopkins brigantine<br /> <span class="element"><lb/></span>&amp; if can agree to Purchase her, shall<br /> <span class="element"><lb/></span>be much oblig'd for your further<br /> <span class="element"><lb/></span>assistance herein, &amp; will acquiesce with<br /> <span class="element"><lb/></span>whatever you &amp; he shall Contract<br /> <span class="element"><lb/></span>for — I Thank you for your<br /> <span class="element"><lb/></span><br /> <span class="element"><unclear></span>Line<span class="element"></unclear></span> respecting the brigantine &amp; Beg<br /> <span class="element"><lb/></span>leave to Recommend the Bearer<br /> <span class="element"><lb/></span>to you for your advice &amp; Friendship<br /> <span class="element"><lb/></span>in this matter<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"><closer></span><br /> <span class="element"><salute></span>I am your most humble servant<span class="element"></salute></span><br /> <span class="element"><signed></span>Joseph Wanton Jr<span class="element"></signed></span><br /> <span class="element"></closer></span><br /> <span class="element"><postscript></span><br /> <span class="element"><label></span>P.S.<span class="element"></label></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>I have Mollases, Sugar,<br /> <span class="element"><lb/></span>Coffee &amp; Rum, which<br /> <span class="element"><lb/></span>will Exchange with you<br /> <span class="element"><lb/></span>for Candles or Oyl<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></postscript></span><br /><span class="element"></div></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#DSAE-eg-39">bibliography</a> </div></div> </div></div><div class="div3" id="DSCO"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="DS.html#DSAE"><span class="headingNumber">4.2.3 </span>Arguments, Epigraphs, and Postscripts</a></li><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DSCO" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Content of Textual Divisions</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">4.2.4 </span><span class="head">Content of Textual Divisions</span></h4><p>Other than elements from the <a class="link_odd" title="groups elements which can appear at either top or bottom of a textual division." href="ref-model.divWrapper.html">model.divWrapper</a>, <a class="link_odd" title="groups elements appearing at the beginning of a text division." href="ref-model.divTop.html">model.divTop</a>, or <a class="link_odd" title="groups elements appearing at the end of a text division." href="ref-model.divBottom.html">model.divBottom</a> classes, every textual division (numbered or un-numbered) consists of a sequence of ungrouped <span class="ident-macro">macro.component</span> elements (see <a class="link_ptr" href="ST.html#STEC" title="The TEI Class System"><span class="headingNumber">1.3 </span>The TEI Class System</a>). The actual elements available will depend on the modules in use; in all cases, at least the component-level structural elements defined in the core will be available (paragraphs, lists, dramatic speeches, verse lines and line groups etc.). If the drama module has been selected, then other component- or phrase- level items specialized for performance texts (for example, cast lists or camera angles) will be available, as defined in chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="DR.html" title="10"><span class="headingNumber">7 </span>Performance Texts</a>) will be available. If the dictionary module is in use, then dictionary entries, related entries, etc. (as defined in chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="DI.html" title="12"><span class="headingNumber">9 </span>Dictionaries</a>) will also be available; if the module for transcribed speech is in use, then utterances, pauses, vocals, kinesics, etc., as defined in chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="TS.html#TSBA" title="Elements Unique to Spoken Texts"><span class="headingNumber">8.3 </span>Elements Unique to Spoken Texts</a> will be available; and so on.</p><p>Where a text contains low-level elements from more than one module these may appear at any point; there is no requirement that elements from the same module be kept together.</p></div></div><div class="div2" id="DSGRPF"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="DS.html#DSDTB"><span class="headingNumber">4.2 </span>Elements Common to All Divisions</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="DS.html#DSVIRT"><span class="headingNumber">4.4 </span>Virtual Divisions</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h3><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DSGRPF" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Grouped and Floating Texts</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">4.3 </span><span class="head">Grouped and Floating Texts</span></h3><p>The <a class="gi" title="contains the body of a composite text, grouping together a sequence of distinct texts (or groups of such texts) which are regarded as a unit for some purpose, for example the collected works of an author, a sequence of prose essays, etc." href="ref-group.html">group</a> element discussed in <a class="link_ptr" href="DS.html#DSGRP" title="Grouped Texts"><span class="headingNumber">4.3.1 </span>Grouped Texts</a> should be used to represent a collection of independent texts which is to be regarded as a single unit for processing or other purposes. The <a class="gi" title="contains a single text of any kind, whether unitary or composite, which interrupts the text containing it at any point and after which the surrounding text resumes." href="ref-floatingText.html">floatingText</a> element discussed in <a class="link_ptr" href="DS.html#DSFLT" title="Floating Texts"><span class="headingNumber">4.3.2 </span>Floating Texts</a> should be used to represent an independent text which interrupts the text containing it at any point but after which the surrounding text resumes. </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-group.html">group</a></span> contains the body of a composite text, grouping together a sequence of distinct texts (or groups of such texts) which are regarded as a unit for some purpose, for example the collected works of an author, a sequence of prose essays, etc.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-floatingText.html">floatingText</a></span> contains a single text of any kind, whether unitary or composite, which interrupts the text containing it at any point and after which the surrounding text resumes.</li></ul><div class="div3" id="DSGRP"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="DS.html#DSFLT"><span class="headingNumber">4.3.2 </span>Floating Texts</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DSGRP" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Grouped Texts</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">4.3.1 </span><span class="head">Grouped Texts</span></h4><p>Examples of composite texts which should be represented using the <a class="gi" title="contains the body of a composite text, grouping together a sequence of distinct texts (or groups of such texts) which are regarded as a unit for some purpose, for example the collected works of an author, a sequence of prose essays, etc." href="ref-group.html">group</a> element include anthologies and other collections. The presence of common front matter referring to the whole collection, possibly in addition to front matter relating to each individual text, is a good indication that a given text might usefully be encoded in this way; this structure may be found useful in other circumstances too.</p><div class="p">For example, the overall structure of a collection of short stories might be encoded as follows: <div id="index-egXML-d52e54337" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><text></span><br /> <span class="element"><front></span><br /> <span class="element"><docTitle></span><br /> <span class="element"><titlePart></span> The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes<br /> <span class="element"></titlePart></span><br /> <span class="element"></docTitle></span><br /> <span class="element"><docImprint></span>First published in <span class="element"><title></span>The Strand<span class="element"></title></span><br /> between July 1891 and December 1892<span class="element"></docImprint></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- any other front matter specific to this collection --></span><br /> <span class="element"></front></span><br /> <span class="element"><group></span><br /> <span class="element"><text></span><br /> <span class="element"><front></span><br /> <span class="element"><head <span class="attribute">rend</span>="<span class="attributevalue">italic</span>"></span>Adventures of Sherlock<br /> Holmes<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><docTitle></span><br /> <span class="element"><titlePart></span>Adventure I. —<span class="element"></titlePart></span><br /> <span class="element"><titlePart></span>A Scandal in Bohemia<span class="element"></titlePart></span><br /> <span class="element"></docTitle></span><br /> <span class="element"><byline></span>By A. Conan Doyle.<span class="element"></byline></span><br /> <span class="element"></front></span><br /> <span class="element"><body></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>To Sherlock Holmes she is always<br /> <span class="element"><emph></span>the<span class="element"></emph></span> woman. ... <span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- remainder of A Scandal in Bohemia here --></span><br /> <span class="element"></body></span><br /> <span class="element"></text></span><br /> <span class="element"><text></span><br /> <span class="element"><front></span><br /> <span class="element"><head <span class="attribute">rend</span>="<span class="attributevalue">italic</span>"></span>Adventures of Sherlock Holmes<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><docTitle></span><br /> <span class="element"><titlePart></span>Adventure II. —<span class="element"></titlePart></span><br /> <span class="element"><titlePart></span>The Red-Headed League<span class="element"></titlePart></span><br /> <span class="element"></docTitle></span><br /> <span class="element"><byline></span>By A. Conan Doyle.<span class="element"></byline></span><br /> <span class="element"></front></span><br /> <span class="element"><body></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>I had called upon my friend, Mr. Sherlock Holmes, one day<br /> in the autumn of last year and found him in deep conversation<br /> with a very stout, florid-faced, elderly gentleman with fiery red hair …<br /> <span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- remainder of The Red Headed League here --></span><br /> <span class="element"></body></span><br /> <span class="element"></text></span><br /> <span class="element"><text></span><br /> <span class="element"><front></span><br /> <span class="element"><head <span class="attribute">rend</span>="<span class="attributevalue">italic</span>"></span>Adventures of Sherlock Holmes<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><docTitle></span><br /> <span class="element"><titlePart></span>Adventure XII. —<span class="element"></titlePart></span><br /> <span class="element"><titlePart></span>The Adventure of the Copper Beeches<span class="element"></titlePart></span><br /> <span class="element"></docTitle></span><br /> <span class="element"><byline></span>By A. Conan Doyle.<span class="element"></byline></span><br /> <span class="element"></front></span><br /> <span class="element"><body></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span><br /> <span class="element"><q></span>To the man who loves art for its<br /> own sake,<span class="element"></q></span> remarked Sherlock Holmes ...<br /> <br /> <br /><span class="comment"><!-- remainder of The Copper Beeches here --></span><br /> <br /> ... she is now the head of a private school<br /> at Walsall, where I believe that she has<br /> met with considerable success.<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></body></span><br /> <span class="element"></text></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- end of The Copper Beeches --></span><br /> <span class="element"></group></span><br /><span class="element"></text></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- end of the Adventures of Sherlock Holmes --></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#DSGRP-eg-57">bibliography</a> </div></div> </div><p>A text which is a member of a group may itself contain groups. This is quite common in collections of verse, but may happen in any kind of text. As an example, consider the overall structure of a typical collection, such as the <span class="titlem">Muses Library</span> edition of Crashaw's poetry. Following a critical introduction and table of contents, this work contains the following major sections: </p><ul class="bulleted"><li class="item"><span class="titlem">Steps to the Temple</span> (a collection of verse first published in 1648)</li><li class="item"><span class="titlem">Carmen deo Nostro</span> (a second collection, published in 1652)</li><li class="item"><span class="titlem">The Delights of the Muses</span> (a third collection, published in 1648)</li><li class="item"><span class="titlem">Posthumous Poems,</span> I (a collection of fragments all taken from a single manuscript)</li><li class="item"><span class="titlem">Posthumous Poems,</span> II (a further collection of fragments, taken from a different manuscript)</li></ul><p>Each of the three collections published in Crashaw's lifetime has a reasonable claim to be considered as a text in its own right, and may therefore be encoded as such. It is rather more arbitrary as to whether the two posthumous collections should be treated as two groups, following the practice of the <span class="titlem">Muses Library</span> edition. An encoder might elect to combine the two into a single group or simply to treat each fragment as an ungrouped unitary text.</p><div class="p">The <span class="titlem">Muses Library</span> edition reprints the whole of each of the three original collections, including their original front matter (title pages, dedications etc.). These should be encoded using the <a class="gi" title="(front matter) contains any prefatory matter (headers, abstracts, title page, prefaces, dedications, etc.) found at the start of a document, before the main body." href="ref-front.html">front</a> element and its constituents (on which see further section <a class="link_ptr" href="DS.html#DSFRONT" title="Front Matter"><span class="headingNumber">4.5 </span>Front Matter</a>), while the body of each collection should be encoded as a single <a class="gi" title="contains the body of a composite text, grouping together a sequence of distinct texts (or groups of such texts) which are regarded as a unit for some purpose, for example the collected works of an author, a sequence of prose essays, etc." href="ref-group.html">group</a> element. Each individual poem within the collections should be encoded as a distinct <a class="gi" title="contains a single text of any kind, whether unitary or composite, for example a poem or drama, a collection of essays, a novel, a dictionary, or a corpus sample." href="ref-text.html">text</a> element. The beginning of the whole collection would thus appear as follows (for further discussion of the use of the elements <a class="gi" title="(text division) contains a subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div.html">div</a> and <a class="gi" title="(line group) contains one or more verse lines functioning as a formal unit, e.g. a stanza, refrain, verse paragraph, etc." href="ref-lg.html">lg</a> for textual subdivision of verse, see section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#COVE" title="Core Tags for Verse"><span class="headingNumber">3.12.1 </span>Core Tags for Verse</a> and chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="VE.html" title="9"><span class="headingNumber">6 </span>Verse</a>): <div id="index-egXML-d52e54465" class="pre egXML_feasible"><span class="element"><text></span><br /> <span class="element"><front></span><br /> <span class="element"><titlePage></span><br /> <span class="element"><docTitle></span><br /> <span class="element"><titlePart></span>The poems of Richard Crashaw<span class="element"></titlePart></span><br /> <span class="element"></docTitle></span><br /> <span class="element"><byline></span>Edited by J.R. Tutin<span class="element"></byline></span><br /> <span class="element"></titlePage></span><br /> <span class="element"><div <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">preface</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>Editor's Note<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>A few words are necessary ... <span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></div></span><br /> <span class="element"></front></span><br /> <span class="element"><group></span><br /> <span class="element"><text></span><br /> <span class="element"><front></span><br /> <span class="element"><titlePage></span><br /> <span class="element"><docTitle></span><br /> <span class="element"><titlePart></span>Steps to the Temple, Sacred Poems<span class="element"></titlePart></span><br /> <span class="element"></docTitle></span><br /> <span class="element"></titlePage></span><br /> <span class="element"><div <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">address</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>The Preface to the Reader<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Learned Reader, The Author's friend will not usurp much<br /> upon thy eye ... <span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></div></span><br /> <span class="element"></front></span><br /> <span class="element"><group></span><br /> <span class="element"><text></span><br /> <span class="element"><front></span><br /> <span class="element"><docTitle></span><br /> <span class="element"><titlePart></span>Sospetto D'Herode<span class="element"></titlePart></span><br /> <span class="element"></docTitle></span><br /> <span class="element"></front></span><br /> <span class="element"><body></span><br /> <span class="element"><div1 <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">book</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Herod I</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>Libro Primo<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><epigraph></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Casting the times with their strong signs<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"></epigraph></span><br /> <span class="element"><lg <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">I.1</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">stanza</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Muse! now the servant of soft loves no more<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Hate is thy theme and Herod whose unblest<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Hand (O, what dares not jealous greatness?) tore<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>A thousand sweet babes from their mothers' breast,<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>The blooms of martyrdom ...<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"></lg></span><br /> <span class="element"></div1></span><br /> <span class="element"></body></span><br /> <span class="element"></text></span><br /> <span class="element"><text></span><br /> <span class="element"><front></span><br /> <span class="element"><docTitle></span><br /> <span class="element"><titlePart></span>The Tear<span class="element"></titlePart></span><br /> <span class="element"></docTitle></span><br /> <span class="element"></front></span><br /> <span class="element"><body></span><br /> <span class="element"><lg <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">I</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>What bright soft thing is this<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Sweet Mary, thy fair eyes' expense?<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"></lg></span><br /> <span class="element"></body></span><br /> <span class="element"></text></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- remaining poems of the Steps to the Temple appear
here, each tagged as a distinct text element --></span><br /> <span class="element"></group></span><br /> <span class="element"><back></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- back matter for the Steps to the Temple --></span><br /> <span class="element"></back></span><br /> <span class="element"></text></span><br /> <span class="element"><text></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- start of Carmen deo Nostro --></span><br /> <span class="element"><front/></span><br /> <span class="element"><group></span><br /> <span class="element"><text/></span><br /> <span class="element"><text/></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- more texts here --></span><br /> <span class="element"></group></span><br /> <span class="element"></text></span><br /> <span class="element"><text></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- start of The Delights of the Muses --></span><br /> <span class="element"><group></span><br /> <span class="element"><text/></span><br /> <span class="element"><text/></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- more texts here --></span><br /> <span class="element"></group></span><br /> <span class="element"></text></span><br /> <span class="element"></group></span><br /> <span class="element"><back></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- back matter for the whole collection --></span><br /> <span class="element"></back></span><br /><span class="element"></text></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#DS-eg-02">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><p>The <a class="gi" title="contains the body of a composite text, grouping together a sequence of distinct texts (or groups of such texts) which are regarded as a unit for some purpose, for example the collected works of an author, a sequence of prose essays, etc." href="ref-group.html">group</a> element may be used in this way to encode any kind of collection of which the constituents are regarded by the encoder as texts in their own right. Examples include anthologies or collections of verse or prose by multiple authors, florilegia, or commonplace books, journals, day books, etc. As a fairly typical example, we consider <span class="titlem">The Norton Book of Travel</span>, an anthology edited by Paul Fussell and published in 1987 by W. W. Norton. This work comprises the following major sections: </p><ol class="numbered"><li class="item">Front matter (title page, acknowledgments, introductory essay)</li><li class="item">The Beginnings</li><li class="item">The Eighteenth Century and the Grand Tour</li><li class="item">The Heyday</li><li class="item">Touristic Tendencies</li><li class="item">Post Tourism</li><li class="item">Back matter (permissions list, index)</li></ol><p> Each titled section listed above comprises a group of extracts or complete texts from writers of a given historical period, preceded by an introductory essay. For example, the second group listed above contains, inter alia, the following: </p><ol class="numbered"><li class="item">Prefatory essay</li><li class="item">Five letters by Lady Mary Wortley Montagu</li><li class="item">An extract from Swift's <span class="titlem">Gulliver's Travels</span></li><li class="item">Two poems by Alexander Pope</li><li class="item">Two extracts from Boswell's Journal</li><li class="item">A poem by William Blake</li></ol><p> Each group of writings by a single author is preceded by a brief biographical notice. Some of the extracts are quite lengthy, containing several chapters or other divisions; others are quite short. As the above list indicates, the texts included range across all kinds of material: verse, prose, journals and letters.</p><div class="p">The easiest way of encoding such an anthology is to treat each individual extract as a text in its own right. A sequence of texts by a single author, together with the biographical note preceding it, can then be treated as a single <a class="gi" title="contains the body of a composite text, grouping together a sequence of distinct texts (or groups of such texts) which are regarded as a unit for some purpose, for example the collected works of an author, a sequence of prose essays, etc." href="ref-group.html">group</a> element within the larger <a class="gi" title="contains the body of a composite text, grouping together a sequence of distinct texts (or groups of such texts) which are regarded as a unit for some purpose, for example the collected works of an author, a sequence of prose essays, etc." href="ref-group.html">group</a> formed by the section. The sequence of single or composite texts making up a single section of the work is likewise treated, together with its prefatory essay, as a single <a class="gi" title="contains the body of a composite text, grouping together a sequence of distinct texts (or groups of such texts) which are regarded as a unit for some purpose, for example the collected works of an author, a sequence of prose essays, etc." href="ref-group.html">group</a> within the work. Schematically: <div id="index-egXML-d52e54596" class="pre egXML_feasible"><span class="element"><text></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- the whole anthology --></span><br /> <span class="element"><front></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- title page, acknowledgments, introductory essay --></span><br /> <span class="element"></front></span><br /> <span class="element"><group></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- body of anthology starts here --></span><br /> <span class="element"><group></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>The Beginnings<span class="element"></head></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- sequence of texts or groups --></span><br /> <span class="element"></group></span><br /> <span class="element"><group></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- The Eighteenth Century and the Grand Tour --></span><br /> <span class="element"><text></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- prefatory essay by editor --></span><br /> <span class="element"></text></span><br /> <span class="element"><group></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- Section on Lady Mary Wortley Montagu starts --></span><br /> <span class="element"><text></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- biographical notice by editor --></span><br /> <span class="element"></text></span><br /> <span class="element"><text></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- first letter --></span><br /> <span class="element"></text></span><br /> <span class="element"><text></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- second letter --></span><br /> <span class="element"></text></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"></group></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- end of Montagu section --></span><br /> <span class="element"><text></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- single text by Jonathan Swift starts --></span><br /> <span class="element"><front></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- biographical notice by editor --></span><br /> <span class="element"></front></span><br /> <span class="element"><body/></span><br /> <span class="element"></text></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- end of Swift section --></span><br /> <span class="element"><group></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- Section on Alexander Pope starts --></span><br /> <span class="element"><text></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- biographical notice by editor --></span><br /> <span class="element"></text></span><br /> <span class="element"><text></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- first poem --></span><br /> <span class="element"></text></span><br /> <span class="element"><text></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- second poem --></span><br /> <span class="element"></text></span><br /> <span class="element"></group></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- end of Pope section --></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"></group></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- end of 18th century section --></span><br /> <span class="element"><group></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>The Heyday<span class="element"></head></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- texts and subgroups --></span><br /> <span class="element"></group></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"></group></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- end of the anthology proper --></span><br /> <span class="element"><back></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- back matter for anthology --></span><br /> <span class="element"></back></span><br /><span class="element"></text></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#DS-eg-03">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">Note that the editor's introductory essays on each author may be treated as texts in their own right (as the essays on Lady Mary Wortley Montagu and Alexander Pope have been treated above), or as front matter to the embedded text, as the essay on Swift has been. The treatment in the example is intentionally inconsistent, to allow comparison of the two approaches. Consistency can be imposed either by treating the Swift section as a <a class="gi" title="contains the body of a composite text, grouping together a sequence of distinct texts (or groups of such texts) which are regarded as a unit for some purpose, for example the collected works of an author, a sequence of prose essays, etc." href="ref-group.html">group</a> containing one text by Swift and one by the editor, or by treating the Montagu and Pope sections as <a class="gi" title="contains a single text of any kind, whether unitary or composite, for example a poem or drama, a collection of essays, a novel, a dictionary, or a corpus sample." href="ref-text.html">text</a> elements containing the editor's essays as front matter. Marked in the second way, the Pope section of the book would look like this: <div id="index-egXML-d52e54655" class="pre egXML_feasible"><span class="element"><text></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- Section on Alexander Pope starts --></span><br /> <span class="element"><front></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- biographical notice by editor --></span><br /> <span class="element"></front></span><br /> <span class="element"><group></span><br /> <span class="element"><text></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- first poem --></span><br /> <span class="element"></text></span><br /> <span class="element"><text></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- second poem --></span><br /> <span class="element"></text></span><br /> <span class="element"></group></span><br /><span class="element"></text></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- end of Pope section--></span></div></div><p>The essays on <span class="q">‘The Eighteenth Century and the Grand Tour’</span> and other larger sections could also be tagged as ‘front’ matter in the same way, by treating the larger sections as <a class="gi" title="contains a single text of any kind, whether unitary or composite, for example a poem or drama, a collection of essays, a novel, a dictionary, or a corpus sample." href="ref-text.html">text</a> elements rather than <a class="gi" title="contains the body of a composite text, grouping together a sequence of distinct texts (or groups of such texts) which are regarded as a unit for some purpose, for example the collected works of an author, a sequence of prose essays, etc." href="ref-group.html">group</a> elements.</p><p>Where, as in this case, an anthology contains different kinds of text (for example, mixtures of prose and drama, or transcribed speech and dictionary entries, or letters and verse), the elements to be encoded will of course be drawn from more than one module. The elements provided by the core module described in chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html" title="6"><span class="headingNumber">3 </span>Elements Available in All TEI Documents</a> should however prove adequate for most simple purposes, where prose, drama, and verse are combined in a single collection.</p><div class="p">For anthologies of short extracts such as commonplace books, it may often be preferable to regard each extract not as a text in its own right but simply as a quotation or <a class="gi" title="(cited quotation) contains a quotation from some other document, together with a bibliographic reference to its source. In a dictionary it may contain an example text with at least one occurrence of the word form, used in the sense being described, or a translation of the headword, or an example." href="ref-cit.html">cit</a> element. The following component-level elements may be used to encode quotations of this kind: <ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-cit.html">cit</a></span> (cited quotation) contains a quotation from some other document, together with a bibliographic reference to its source. In a dictionary it may contain an example text with at least one occurrence of the word form, used in the sense being described, or a translation of the headword, or an example.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-quote.html">quote</a></span> (quotation) contains a phrase or passage attributed by the narrator or author to some agency external to the text.</li></ul> For example, the chapter of ‘extracts’ which appears in the front matter of Melville's <span class="titlem">Moby Dick</span> might be encoded as follows: <div id="index-egXML-d52e54701" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><div <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">chap</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>Extracts<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>(Supplied by a sub-sub-Librarian)<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>It will be seen that this mere painstaking burrower and<br /> grubworm of a poor devil of a Sub-Sub appears to have gone<br /> through the long Vaticans and street-stalls of the earth,<br /> picking up whatever random allusions to whales he could<br /> anyways find ...<br /> Here ye strike but splintered hearts together — there,<br /> ye shall strike unsplinterable glasses!<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span><br /> <span class="element"><cit></span><br /> <span class="element"><quote></span>And God created great whales.<span class="element"></quote></span><br /> <span class="element"><bibl></span>Genesis<span class="element"></bibl></span><br /> <span class="element"></cit></span><br /> <span class="element"><cit></span><br /> <span class="element"><quote></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Leviathan maketh a path to shine after him;<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>One would think the deep to be hoary.<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"></quote></span><br /> <span class="element"><bibl></span>Job<span class="element"></bibl></span><br /> <span class="element"></cit></span><br /> <span class="element"><cit></span><br /> <span class="element"><quote></span>By art is created that great Leviathan,<br /> called a Commonwealth or State — (in Latin,<br /> <span class="element"><mentioned <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">la</span>"></span>civitas<span class="element"></mentioned></span>), which<br /> is but an artificial man.<span class="element"></quote></span><br /> <span class="element"><bibl></span>Opening sentence of Hobbes's Leviathan<span class="element"></bibl></span><br /> <span class="element"></cit></span><br /> <span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"></div></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#DSHD-eg-30">bibliography</a> </div></div> For more information on the use of the <a class="gi" title="(quotation) contains a phrase or passage attributed by the narrator or author to some agency external to the text." href="ref-quote.html">quote</a> and <a class="gi" title="(bibliographic citation) contains a loosely-structured bibliographic citation of which the sub-components may or may not be explicitly tagged." href="ref-bibl.html">bibl</a> elements, see sections <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#COHQQ" title="Quotation"><span class="headingNumber">3.3.3 </span>Quotation</a> and <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#COBI" title="Bibliographic Citations and References"><span class="headingNumber">3.11 </span>Bibliographic Citations and References</a> respectively.</div></div><div class="teidiv2" id="DSFLT"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="DS.html#DSGRP"><span class="headingNumber">4.3.1 </span>Grouped Texts</a></li><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DSFLT" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Floating Texts</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">4.3.2 </span><span class="head">Floating Texts</span></h4><p>An important characteristic of the unitary or composite text structures discussed so far is that they can be regarded as forming what is mathematically known as a <span class="term">tesselation</span> covering the whole of the available text (or text division) at each hierarchic level. Just as an XML document has a single root element containing a single tree, each node of which forms a properly nested sub-tree, so it seems natural to think of the internal structure of a text as decomposable hierarchically into subparts, each of which is a properly nested subtree. While this is undoubtedly true of a large number of documents, it is not true of all. In particular, it is not true of texts which are only partly tesselated at a given level. For example, if a text A is contained by text B in such a way that part of B precedes A and part follows it, we cannot tesselate the whole of B. In such a case, we say that text A is a <span class="q">‘floating’</span> text.</p><p>The <a class="gi" title="contains a single text of any kind, whether unitary or composite, which interrupts the text containing it at any point and after which the surrounding text resumes." href="ref-floatingText.html">floatingText</a> element is a member of the <a class="link_odd" title="groups paragraph-level elements appearing directly within divisions." href="ref-model.divPart.html">model.divPart</a> class, and can thus appear within any division level element in the same way as a paragraph. For example, texts such as the <span class="titlem">Decameron</span> or the <span class="titlem">Arabian Nights</span> might be regarded as containing many floating texts embedded within another single text, the framing narrative, rather than as groups of discrete texts in which the fragments of framing narrative are regarded as front or back matter.</p><div class="p">As an example, we consider an 18th century text <span class="titlem">The Lining to the <span class="hi">Patch-Work Screen</span></span>, by Jane Barker (1726). This lengthy narrative contains nearly a hundred distinct <span class="q">‘tales’</span> embedded (as the title suggests) in a single patchwork. The work begins by introducing the central character, Galecia, but within a few pages launches into a distinct narrative, the story of Captain Manly: <div id="index-egXML-d52e54778" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><p></span>Galecia one Evening setting alone in her Chamber by a clear Fire,<br /> and a clean Hearth [...] reflected on the Providence of our<br /> All-wise and Gracious Creator [...] <span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"><p></span>She was thus ruminating, when a Gentleman enter'd the Room, the<br /> Door being a jar [...] calling for a Candle, she beg'd a thousand<br /> Pardons, engaged him to sit down, and let her know, what had so long<br /> conceal'd him from her Correspondence.<br /> <span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"><pb <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">5</span>"/></span><br /><span class="element"><floatingText></span><br /> <span class="element"><body></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>The Story of <span class="element"><hi></span>Captain Manly<span class="element"></hi></span><span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Dear Galecia, said he, though you partly know the loose, or rather<br /> lewd Life that I led in my Youth; yet I can't forbear relating part of<br /> it to you by way of Abhorrence...<br /> <br /><span class="comment"><!-- Captain Manly's story here --></span><br /> I had lost and spent all I had in the World; in which I verified the<br /> Old Proverb, That a Rolling Stone never gathers Moss,<br /> <span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></body></span><br /><span class="element"></floatingText></span><br /><span class="element"><pb <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">37</span>"/></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#DS-eg-04">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">Following the conclusion of Captain Manly's tale, we are returned to Galecia, and almost immediately after that into two further stories. However, the Galecia narrative returns between each of the texts, which is why we choose to represent them as <a class="gi" title="contains a single text of any kind, whether unitary or composite, which interrupts the text containing it at any point and after which the surrounding text resumes." href="ref-floatingText.html">floatingText</a>s: <div id="index-egXML-d52e54803" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><p></span>The Gentleman having finish'd his Story, Galecia waited on him to<br /> the Stairs-head; and at her return, casting her Eyes on the Table, she<br /> saw lying there an old dirty rumpled Book, and found in it the<br /> following story: <span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"><floatingText></span><br /> <span class="element"><body></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span> IN the time of the Holy War when<br /> Christians from all parts went into the Holy Land to oppose the Turks;<br /> Amongst these there was a certain English Knight...<span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- rest of story here --></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>The King graciously pardoned the Knight; Richard was kindly receiv'd<br /> into his Convent, and all things went on in good order: But from hence<br /> came the Proverb, We must not strike <span class="element"><hi></span>Robert<span class="element"></hi></span> for<br /> <span class="element"><hi></span>Richard.<span class="element"></hi></span><span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></body></span><br /><span class="element"></floatingText></span><br /><span class="element"><pb <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">43</span>"/></span><br /><span class="element"><p></span>By this time Galecia's Maid brought up her Supper; after which she<br /> cast her Eyes again on the foresaid little Book, where she found the<br /> following Story, which she read through before she went to bed.<br /> <span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"><floatingText></span><br /> <span class="element"><body></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>The Cause of the Moors Overrunning<br /> <span class="element"><hi></span>Spain<span class="element"></hi></span><span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>King ———— of Spain at his Death, committed the Government of his<br /> Kingdom to his Brother Don ——— till his little Son should come of<br /> Age ...<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Thus the little Story ended, without telling what Misery<br /> befel the King and Kingdom, by the Moors, who over ran the Country for<br /> many Years after. To which, we may well apply the Proverb,<br /> <span class="element"><quote></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Who drives the Devil's Stages,<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Deserves the Devil's Wages<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"></quote></span><span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></body></span><br /><span class="element"></floatingText></span><br /><span class="element"><p></span>The reading this Trifle of a Story detained Galecia from her Rest<br /> beyond her usual Hour; for she slept so sound the next Morning, that<br /> she did not rise, till a Lady's Footman came to tell her, that his<br /> Lady and another or two were coming to breakfast with her...<br /> <span class="element"></p></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#DS-eg-04">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><p>In other multi-narrative texts, the individual nested tales may have greater significance than the framing narratives, and it may therefore be preferable to treat the fragments of framing narrative as front or back matter associated with each nested tale. This is commonly done, for example, in texts such as Chaucer's <span class="titlem">Canterbury Tales</span>, where each tale is typically presented with front matter in which the teller of the tale is introduced, and back matter in which the pilgrims comment on it.</p><p>It is important to distinguish between the uses of <a class="gi" title="contains a single text of any kind, whether unitary or composite, which interrupts the text containing it at any point and after which the surrounding text resumes." href="ref-floatingText.html">floatingText</a> and <a class="gi" title="(quotation) contains a phrase or passage attributed by the narrator or author to some agency external to the text." href="ref-quote.html">quote</a>. Whereas the semantics of <a class="gi" title="(quotation) contains a phrase or passage attributed by the narrator or author to some agency external to the text." href="ref-quote.html">quote</a> suggest that its content derives from a source external to the current text, <a class="gi" title="contains a single text of any kind, whether unitary or composite, which interrupts the text containing it at any point and after which the surrounding text resumes." href="ref-floatingText.html">floatingText</a> carries no such implication and is simply used whenever the richer content model that it provides is required to support the markup of a part of a text that is presented as a discrete ‘inclusion.’ In some cases, such inclusions could be considered external (e.g., enclosures, attachments, etc.); often however, as in the examples above, the included text bears no signs of emanating from outside.</p><p><a class="gi" title="contains a single text of any kind, whether unitary or composite, which interrupts the text containing it at any point and after which the surrounding text resumes." href="ref-floatingText.html">floatingText</a> and <a class="gi" title="(quotation) contains a phrase or passage attributed by the narrator or author to some agency external to the text." href="ref-quote.html">quote</a> may be used in combination. For a text with rich internal structure that is quoted at length, <a class="gi" title="contains a single text of any kind, whether unitary or composite, which interrupts the text containing it at any point and after which the surrounding text resumes." href="ref-floatingText.html">floatingText</a> might be used within <a class="gi" title="(quotation) contains a phrase or passage attributed by the narrator or author to some agency external to the text." href="ref-quote.html">quote</a>. Also, like a unitary text, <a class="gi" title="contains a single text of any kind, whether unitary or composite, which interrupts the text containing it at any point and after which the surrounding text resumes." href="ref-floatingText.html">floatingText</a> may include one or more quoted sections, each marked with a <a class="gi" title="(quotation) contains a phrase or passage attributed by the narrator or author to some agency external to the text." href="ref-quote.html">quote</a> element.</p></div></div><div class="teidiv1" id="DSVIRT"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="DS.html#DSGRPF"><span class="headingNumber">4.3 </span>Grouped and Floating Texts</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="DS.html#DSFRONT"><span class="headingNumber">4.5 </span>Front Matter</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h3><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DSVIRT" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Virtual Divisions</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">4.4 </span><span class="head">Virtual Divisions</span></h3><p>Where the whole of a division can be automatically generated, for example because it is derived from another part of this or another document, an encoder may prefer not to represent it explicitly but instead simply mark its location by means of a processing instruction, or by using the special purpose <a class="gi" title="(automatically generated text division) indicates the location at which a textual division generated automatically by a text-processing application is to appear." href="ref-divGen.html">divGen</a> element: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-divGen.html">divGen</a></span> (automatically generated text division) indicates the location at which a textual division generated automatically by a text-processing application is to appear.</li></ul><p>This element is made available by the <a class="link_odd" title="groups elements used to represent a structural division which is generated rather than explicitly present in the source." href="ref-model.divGenLike.html">model.divGenLike</a> class of which it is the sole element. The <a class="gi" title="(automatically generated text division) indicates the location at which a textual division generated automatically by a text-processing application is to appear." href="ref-divGen.html">divGen</a> element is a member of the <a class="link_odd" title="provides attributes which can be used to classify or subclassify elements in any way." href="ref-att.typed.html">att.typed</a> class, from which it inherits the <span class="att">type</span> and <span class="att">subtype</span> attributes. It may appear wherever a <a class="gi" title="(text division) contains a subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div.html">div</a> or <a class="gi" title="(level-1 text division) contains a first-level subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div1.html">div1</a> (<a class="gi" title="(level-2 text division) contains a second-level subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div2.html">div2</a>, etc.) element may appear.</p><div class="p">For example, if the table of contents (toc) for a given work is simply derived by copying the first <a class="gi" title="(heading) contains any type of heading, for example the title of a section, or the heading of a list, glossary, manuscript description, etc." href="ref-head.html">head</a> element from each <a class="gi" title="(text division) contains a subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div.html">div</a> element in a text, it might be more easily encoded as follows: <div id="index-egXML-d52e54926" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><divGen <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">toc</span>"/></span></div> Similarly, in a digital edition combining a transcribed version of some text with a translated version of it, it may be desired to represent the transcript, the translation, and an aligned version of the two as three distinct divisions. This could be achieved by an encoding like the following: <div id="index-egXML-d52e54929" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><div></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- transcript here--></span><br /><span class="element"></div></span><br /><span class="element"><div></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- translation here --></span><br /><span class="element"></div></span><br /><span class="element"><divGen <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">alignment</span>"/></span></div> The processing to be carried out when a <a class="gi" title="(automatically generated text division) indicates the location at which a textual division generated automatically by a text-processing application is to appear." href="ref-divGen.html">divGen</a> element is rendered will be determined by the application program or stylesheet in use: the function of the TEI markup is simply to identify the location at which the virtual division is to be generated, and also to provide some information about the kind of division to be generated. As such it may be regarded as a special kind of processing instruction, and could equally well be represented by one.</div></div><div class="div2" id="DSFRONT"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="DS.html#DSVIRT"><span class="headingNumber">4.4 </span>Virtual Divisions</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="DS.html#DSTITL"><span class="headingNumber">4.6 </span>Title Pages</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h3><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DSFRONT" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Front Matter</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">4.5 </span><span class="head">Front Matter</span></h3><p>By <span class="term">front matter</span> we mean distinct sections of a text (usually, but not necessarily, a printed one), prefixed to it by way of introduction or identification as a part of its production. Features such as title pages or prefaces are clear examples; a less definite case might be the prologue attached to a play. The front matter of an encoded text should not be confused with the TEI header described in chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="HD.html" title="5"><span class="headingNumber">2 </span>The TEI Header</a>, which serves as a kind of front matter for the computer file itself, not the text it encodes.</p><p>An encoder may choose simply to ignore the front matter in a text, if the original presentation of the work is of no interest, or for other reasons; alternatively some or all components of the front matter may be thought worth including with the text as components of the <a class="gi" title="(front matter) contains any prefatory matter (headers, abstracts, title page, prefaces, dedications, etc.) found at the start of a document, before the main body." href="ref-front.html">front</a> element.<span id="Note59_return"><a class="notelink" title="This decision should be recorded in the samplingDecl element of the header." href="#Note59"><sup>22</sup></a></span> With the exception of the title page, (on which see section <a class="link_ptr" href="DS.html#DSTITL" title="Title Pages"><span class="headingNumber">4.6 </span>Title Pages</a>), front matter should be encoded using the same elements as the rest of a text. As with the divisions of the text body, no other specific tags are proposed here for the various kinds of subdivision which may appear within front matter: instead either numbered or un-numbered <a class="gi" title="(text division) contains a subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div.html">div</a> elements may be used. The following suggested values<span id="Note60_return"><a class="notelink" title="As with all lists of suggested values for attributes, it is recommended that software written to handle TEI-conformant texts be prepared to recognize …" href="#Note60"><sup>23</sup></a></span> for the <span class="att">type</span> attribute may be used to distinguish various kinds of division characteristic of front matter: </p><dl><dt><span><span class="val">preface</span></span></dt><dd>A foreword or preface addressed to the reader in which the author or publisher explains the content, purpose, or origin of the text.</dd><dt><span><span class="val">ack</span></span></dt><dd>A formal declaration of acknowledgment by the author in which persons and institutions are thanked for their part in the creation of a text.</dd><dt><span><span class="val">dedication</span></span></dt><dd>A formal offering or dedication of a text to one or more persons or institutions by the author.</dd><dt><span><span class="val">abstract</span></span></dt><dd>A summary of the content of a text as continuous prose.</dd><dt><span><span class="val">contents</span></span></dt><dd>A table of contents, specifying the structure of a work and listing its constituents. The <a class="gi" title="contains any sequence of items organized as a list." href="ref-list.html">list</a> element should be used to mark its structure.</dd><dt><span><span class="val">frontispiece</span></span></dt><dd>A pictorial frontispiece, possibly including some text.</dd></dl><div class="p">The following extended example demonstrates how various parts of the front matter of a text may be encoded. The front part begins with a title page, which is presented in section <a class="link_ptr" href="DS.html#DSTITL" title="Title Pages"><span class="headingNumber">4.6 </span>Title Pages</a> below. This is followed by a dedication and a preface, each of which is encoded as a distinct <a class="gi" title="(text division) contains a subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div.html">div</a>: <div id="index-egXML-d52e55018" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><div <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">dedication</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>To my parents, Ida and Max Fish<span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"></div></span><br /><span class="element"><div <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">preface</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>Preface<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>The answer this book gives to its title question is <span class="element"><q></span>there is<br /> and there isn't<span class="element"></q></span>.<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Chapters 1–12 have been previously published in the<br /> following journals and collections:<br /> <span class="element"><list></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>chapters 1 and 3 in <span class="element"><title></span>New literary History<span class="element"></title></span><span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>chapter 10 in <span class="element"><title></span>Boundary II<span class="element"></title></span> (1980)<span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"></list></span>.<br /> I am grateful for permission to reprint.<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"><signed></span>S.F.<span class="element"></signed></span><br /><span class="element"></div></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#DS-eg-05">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">The front matter concludes with another <a class="gi" title="(text division) contains a subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div.html">div</a> element, shown in the next example, this time containing a table of contents, which contains a <a class="gi" title="contains any sequence of items organized as a list." href="ref-list.html">list</a> element (as described in section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#COLI" title="Lists"><span class="headingNumber">3.7 </span>Lists</a>). Note the use of the <a class="gi" title="(pointer) defines a pointer to another location." href="ref-ptr.html">ptr</a> element to provide page-references: the implication here is that the target identifiers supplied (fish1, fish2, etc.) will correspond with identifiers used for the <a class="gi" title="(text division) contains a subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div.html">div</a> elements containing chapters of the text itself. (For the <a class="gi" title="(pointer) defines a pointer to another location." href="ref-ptr.html">ptr</a> element, see <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#COXR" title="Simple Links and CrossReferences"><span class="headingNumber">3.6 </span>Simple Links and Cross-References</a>.) <div id="index-egXML-d52e55068" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><div <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">contents</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>Contents<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><list></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>Introduction, or How I stopped Worrying and Learned to Love<br /> Interpretation <span class="element"><ptr <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#fish1</span>"/></span><span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span><br /> <span class="element"><list></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>Part One: Literature in the Reader<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><item <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>"></span>Literature in the Reader: Affective Stylistics<br /> <span class="element"><ptr <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#fish2</span>"/></span><span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><item <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2</span>"></span>What is Stylistics and Why Are They Saying Such<br /> Terrible Things About It? <span class="element"><ptr <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#fish3</span>"/></span><span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"></list></span><br /> <span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"></list></span><br /><span class="element"></div></span><br /><span class="element"><div <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">fish1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>Introduction<span class="element"></head></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /><span class="element"></div></span><br /><span class="element"><div <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">fish2</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>Literature in the Reader<span class="element"></head></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /><span class="element"></div></span><br /><span class="element"><div <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">fish3</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>What is stylistics?<span class="element"></head></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /><span class="element"></div></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#DS-eg-05">bibliography</a> </div></div> Alternatively, the pointers in the index might link to the page breaks at which a chapter begins, assuming that these have been included in the markup: <div id="index-egXML-d52e55099" class="pre egXML_valid"><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><span class="element"><item <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>"></span>Literature in the Reader: Affective Stylistics<br /> <span class="element"><ref <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#fish-p24</span>"></span>24<span class="element"></ref></span><span class="element"></item></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /><span class="element"><div <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">chapter</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>Literature in the Reader<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><pb <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">fish-p24</span>"/></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /><span class="element"></div></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span></div></div><div class="p">The following example uses numbered divisions to mark up the front matter of a medieval text. Note that in this case no title page in the modern sense occurs; the title is simply given as a heading at the start of the front matter. Note also the use of the <span class="att">type</span> attribute on the <a class="gi" title="(text division) contains a subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div.html">div</a> elements to indicate document elements comparatively unusual in modern books such as the initial prayer: <div id="index-egXML-d52e55121" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><front></span><br /> <span class="element"><div1 <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">incipit</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Here bygynniþ a book of contemplacyon, þe whiche<br /> is clepyd <span class="element"><title></span>þE CLOWDE OF VNKNOWYNG<span class="element"></title></span>,<br /> in þe whiche a soule is onyd wiþ GOD.<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></div1></span><br /> <span class="element"><div1 <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">prayer</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>Here biginneþ þe preyer on þe prologe.<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>God, unto whom alle hertes ben open, &amp; unto whome alle wille<br /> spekiþ, &amp; unto whom no priue þing is hid: I beseche<br /> þee so for to clense þe entent of myn hert wiþ þe<br /> unspekable 3ift of þi grace, þat I may parfiteliche<br /> loue þee &amp; worþilich preise þee. Amen.<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></div1></span><br /> <span class="element"><div1 <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">preface</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>Here biginneþ þe prolog.<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>In þe name of þe Fader &amp; of þe Sone &amp;<br /> of þe Holy Goost.<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>I charge þee &amp; I beseeche þee, wiþ as moche<br /> power &amp; vertewe as þe bonde of charite is sufficient<br /> to suffre, what-so-euer þou be þat þis book schalt<br /> haue in possession ...<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></div1></span><br /> <span class="element"><div1 <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">contents</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>Here biginneþ a table of þe chapitres.<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><list></span><br /> <span class="element"><label></span>þe first chapitre <span class="element"></label></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>Of foure degrees of Cristen mens leuing; &amp; of þe<br /> cours of his cleping þat þis book was maad vnto.<span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><label></span>þe secound chapitre<span class="element"></label></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>A schort stering to meeknes &amp; to þe werk of þis<br /> book<span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><label></span>þe fiue and seuenti chapitre<span class="element"></label></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>Of somme certein tokenes bi þe whiche a man may proue<br /> wheþer he be clepid of God to worche in þis werk.<span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"></list></span><br /> <span class="element"><trailer></span>&amp; here eendeþ þe table of þe chapitres.<span class="element"></trailer></span><br /> <span class="element"></div1></span><br /><span class="element"></front></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#DSFRONT-eg-69">bibliography</a> </div></div> </div><p>If, however, the table of contents can be automatically generated from the remainder of the text, it may be preferable simply to mark its presence, either by means of an empty <a class="gi" title="(automatically generated text division) indicates the location at which a textual division generated automatically by a text-processing application is to appear." href="ref-divGen.html">divGen</a> element or by using an appropriate processing instruction.</p></div><div class="div2" id="DSTITL"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="DS.html#DSFRONT"><span class="headingNumber">4.5 </span>Front Matter</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="DS.html#DSBACK"><span class="headingNumber">4.7 </span>Back Matter</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h3><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DSTITL" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Title Pages</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">4.6 </span><span class="head">Title Pages</span></h3><p>Detailed analysis of the title page and other <span class="term">preliminaries</span> of older printed books and manuscripts is of major importance in descriptive bibliography and the cataloguing of printed books; such analysis may require a rather more detailed module than that proposed here. The following elements are suggested as a means of encoding the major features of most title pages: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-titlePage.html">titlePage</a></span> (title page) contains the title page of a text, appearing within the front or back matter.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-docTitle.html">docTitle</a></span> (document title) contains the title of a document, including all its constituents, as given on a title page.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-titlePart.html">titlePart</a></span> contains a subsection or division of the title of a work, as indicated on a title page.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">type</span></td><td>specifies the role of this subdivision of the title.
Suggested values include: 1] main; 2] sub(subordinate) ; 3] alt(alternate) ; 4] short; 5] desc(descriptive) </td></tr></table></li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-argument.html">argument</a></span> contains a formal list or prose description of the topics addressed by a subdivision of a text.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-byline.html">byline</a></span> contains the primary statement of responsibility given for a work on its title page or at the head or end of the work.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-docAuthor.html">docAuthor</a></span> (document author) contains the name of the author of the document, as given on the title page (often but not always contained in a byline).</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-epigraph.html">epigraph</a></span> contains a quotation, anonymous or attributed, appearing at the start or end of a section or on a title page.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-imprimatur.html">imprimatur</a></span> contains a formal statement authorizing the publication of a work, sometimes required to appear on a title page or its verso.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-docEdition.html">docEdition</a></span> (document edition) contains an edition statement as presented on a title page of a document.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-docImprint.html">docImprint</a></span> (document imprint) contains the imprint statement (place and date of publication, publisher name), as given (usually) at the foot of a title page.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-docDate.html">docDate</a></span> (document date) contains the date of a document, as given on a title page or in a dateline.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-graphic.html">graphic</a></span> indicates the location of a graphic or illustration, either forming part of a text, or providing an image of it.</li></ul><p>Together with the <a class="gi" title="groups elements representing or containing graphic information such as an illustration, formula, or figure." href="ref-figure.html">figure</a> element described in chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="FT.html" title="22"><span class="headingNumber">14 </span>Tables, Formulæ, Graphics and Notated Music</a>, these elements constitute the <a class="link_odd" title="groups elements which can occur as direct constituents of a title page, such as <docTitle>, <docAuthor>, <docImprint>, or <epigraph>." href="ref-model.titlepagePart.html">model.titlepagePart</a> class. Any number of elements from this class can appear grouped together within a <a class="gi" title="(title page) contains the title page of a text, appearing within the front or back matter." href="ref-titlePage.html">titlePage</a> element. The <a class="gi" title="groups elements representing or containing graphic information such as an illustration, formula, or figure." href="ref-figure.html">figure</a> element is included so as to enable encoders to record the presence of complex non-textual material on a title page. For simple cases such as printers' ornaments or illustrations the <a class="gi" title="indicates the location of a graphic or illustration, either forming part of a text, or providing an image of it." href="ref-graphic.html">graphic</a> element discussed in section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#COGR" title="Graphics and Other Nontextual Components"><span class="headingNumber">3.9 </span>Graphics and Other Non-textual Components</a> should be adequate.</p><p>The elements listed above, together with the <a class="gi" title="(heading) contains any type of heading, for example the title of a section, or the heading of a list, glossary, manuscript description, etc." href="ref-head.html">head</a> element, also constitute the class <a class="link_odd" title="groups paragraph-like elements which can occur as direct constituents of front matter." href="ref-model.pLike.front.html">model.pLike.front</a>. The elements in this class can appear within a minimal <a class="gi" title="(front matter) contains any prefatory matter (headers, abstracts, title page, prefaces, dedications, etc.) found at the start of a document, before the main body." href="ref-front.html">front</a> element without any need to group them together and encode a complete title page.</p><div class="p">Encoders wishing to add new elements to either class may do so using the methods described in section <a class="link_ptr" href="USE.html#MD" title="Customization"><span class="headingNumber">23.3 </span>Customization</a>. Two examples of the use of these elements follow. First, the title page of the work discussed earlier in this section: <div id="index-egXML-d52e55229" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><front></span><br /> <span class="element"><titlePage></span><br /> <span class="element"><docTitle></span><br /> <span class="element"><titlePart <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">main</span>"></span>Is There a Text in This Class?<span class="element"></titlePart></span><br /> <span class="element"><titlePart <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">sub</span>"></span>The Authority of Interpretive Communities<span class="element"></titlePart></span><br /> <span class="element"></docTitle></span><br /> <span class="element"><docAuthor></span>Stanley Fish<span class="element"></docAuthor></span><br /> <span class="element"><docImprint></span><br /> <span class="element"><publisher></span>Harvard University Press<span class="element"></publisher></span><br /> <span class="element"><pubPlace></span>Cambridge, Massachusetts<span class="element"></pubPlace></span><br /> <span class="element"><pubPlace></span>London, England<span class="element"></pubPlace></span><br /> <span class="element"></docImprint></span><br /> <span class="element"></titlePage></span><br /><span class="element"></front></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#DS-eg-05">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">Second, a characteristically verbose 17th century example. Note the use of the <a class="gi" title="(line break) marks the start of a new (typographic) line in some edition or version of a text." href="ref-lb.html">lb</a> tag to mark the line breaks of the original where necessary: <div id="index-egXML-d52e55251" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><titlePage></span><br /> <span class="element"><docTitle></span><br /> <span class="element"><titlePart <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">main</span>"></span>THE<br /> <span class="element"><lb/></span>Pilgrim's Progress<br /> <span class="element"><lb/></span>FROM<br /> <span class="element"><lb/></span>THIS WORLD,<br /> <span class="element"><lb/></span>TO<br /> <span class="element"><lb/></span>That which is to come:<span class="element"></titlePart></span><br /> <span class="element"><titlePart <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">sub</span>"></span>Delivered under the Similitude of a<br /> <span class="element"><lb/></span>DREAM<span class="element"></titlePart></span><br /> <span class="element"><titlePart <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">desc</span>"></span>Wherein is Discovered,<br /> <span class="element"><lb/></span>The manner of his setting out,<br /> <span class="element"><lb/></span>His Dangerous Journey; And safe<br /> <span class="element"><lb/></span>Arrival at the Desired Countrey.<span class="element"></titlePart></span><br /> <span class="element"></docTitle></span><br /> <span class="element"><epigraph></span><br /> <span class="element"><cit></span><br /> <span class="element"><quote></span>I have used Similitudes,<span class="element"></quote></span><br /> <span class="element"><bibl></span>Hos. 12.10<span class="element"></bibl></span><br /> <span class="element"></cit></span><br /> <span class="element"></epigraph></span><br /> <span class="element"><byline></span>By <span class="element"><docAuthor></span>John Bunyan<span class="element"></docAuthor></span>.<span class="element"></byline></span><br /> <span class="element"><imprimatur></span>Licensed and Entred according to Order.<span class="element"></imprimatur></span><br /> <span class="element"><docImprint></span><br /> <span class="element"><pubPlace></span>LONDON,<span class="element"></pubPlace></span><br /> Printed for <span class="element"><name></span>Nath. Ponder<span class="element"></name></span><br /> <span class="element"><lb/></span>at the <span class="element"><name></span>Peacock<span class="element"></name></span> in the <span class="element"><name></span>Poultrey<span class="element"></name></span><br /> <span class="element"><lb/></span>near <span class="element"><name></span>Cornhil<span class="element"></name></span>, <span class="element"><docDate></span>1678<span class="element"></docDate></span>.<br /> <span class="element"></docImprint></span><br /><span class="element"></titlePage></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#DS-eg-06">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><p>Where, as here, it is considered important to encode salient features of the way a title page was originally rendered, the techniques exemplified in <a class="link_ptr" href="HD.html#HD57" title="The Tagging Declaration"><span class="headingNumber">2.3.4 </span>The Tagging Declaration</a> may also be useful.</p><p>Where title pages are encoded, their physical rendition is often of considerable importance. One approach to this requirement would be to use the <a class="gi" title="(arbitrary segment) represents any segmentation of text below the ‘chunk’ level." href="ref-seg.html">seg</a> tag, described in chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="SA.html" title="14"><span class="headingNumber">16 </span>Linking, Segmentation, and Alignment</a>, to segment the typographic content of each part of the title page, and then use the global <span class="att">rend</span> attribute to specify its rendition. Another would be to use a module specialized for the description of typographic entities such as pages, lines, rules, etc., bearing special-purpose attributes to describe line-height, leading, degree of kerning, font, etc. Further discussion of these problems is provided in chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="PH.html" title="18"><span class="headingNumber">11 </span>Representation of Primary Sources</a>.</p></div><div class="div2" id="DSBACK"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="DS.html#DSTITL"><span class="headingNumber">4.6 </span>Title Pages</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="DS.html#DSSTRUC"><span class="headingNumber">4.8 </span>Module for Default Text Structure</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h3><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DSBACK" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Back Matter</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">4.7 </span><span class="head">Back Matter</span></h3><p>Conventions vary as to which elements are grouped as back matter and which as front. For example, some books place the table of contents at the front, and others at the back. Even title pages may appear at the back of a book as well as at the front. The content model for <a class="gi" title="(back matter) contains any appendixes, etc. following the main part of a text." href="ref-back.html">back</a> and <a class="gi" title="(front matter) contains any prefatory matter (headers, abstracts, title page, prefaces, dedications, etc.) found at the start of a document, before the main body." href="ref-front.html">front</a> elements are therefore identical.</p><p>The following suggested values may be used for the <span class="att">type</span> attribute on all division elements, in order to distinguish various kinds of division characteristic of back matter: </p><dl><dt><span><span class="val">appendix</span></span></dt><dd>An ancillary self-contained section of a work, often providing additional but in some sense extra-canonical text.</dd><dt><span><span class="val">glossary</span></span></dt><dd>A list of terms associated with definition texts (‘glosses’): this should be encoded as a <span class="tag"><list type="gloss"></span> (see section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#COLI" title="Lists"><span class="headingNumber">3.7 </span>Lists</a>).</dd><dt><span><span class="val">notes</span></span></dt><dd>A section in which textual or other kinds of notes are gathered together.</dd><dt><span><span class="val">bibliogr</span></span></dt><dd>A list of bibliographic citations: this should be encoded as a <a class="gi" title="(citation list) contains a list of bibliographic citations of any kind." href="ref-listBibl.html">listBibl</a> (see section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#COBI" title="Bibliographic Citations and References"><span class="headingNumber">3.11 </span>Bibliographic Citations and References</a>).</dd><dt><span><span class="val">index</span></span></dt><dd>Any form of index to the work.</dd><dt><span><span class="val">colophon</span></span></dt><dd>A statement appearing at the end of a book describing the conditions of its physical production.</dd></dl><div class="p">No additional elements are proposed for the encoding of back matter at present. Some characteristic examples follow; first, an index (for the case in which a printed index is of sufficient interest to merit transcription): <div id="index-egXML-d52e56611" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><back></span><br /> <span class="element"><div <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">index</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>Index<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><list <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">index</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>Actors, public, paid for the contempt attending<br /> their profession, <span class="element"><ref></span>263<span class="element"></ref></span><span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>Africa, cause assigned for the barbarous state of<br /> the interior parts of that continent, <span class="element"><ref></span>125<span class="element"></ref></span><span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>Agriculture<br /> <span class="element"><list <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">indexentry</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>ancient policy of Europe unfavourable to, <span class="element"><ref></span>371<span class="element"></ref></span><span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>artificers necessary to carry it on, <span class="element"><ref></span>481<span class="element"></ref></span><span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>cattle and tillage mutually improve each other, <span class="element"><ref></span>325<span class="element"></ref></span><span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>wealth arising from more solid than that which proceeds<br /> from commerce <span class="element"><ref></span>520<span class="element"></ref></span><span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"></list></span><span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>Alehouses, the number of, not the efficient cause of drunkenness, <span class="element"><ref></span>461<span class="element"></ref></span><span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"></list></span><br /> <span class="element"></div></span><br /><span class="element"></back></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#DSBACK-eg-83">bibliography</a> </div></div> Note that if the page breaks in the original source have also been explicitly encoded, and given identifiers, the references to them in the above index can more usefully be recorded as links. For example, assuming that the encoding of page 461 of the original source starts like this: <div id="index-egXML-d52e56651" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><pb <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">P461</span>"/></span></div> then the last item above might be encoded more usefully in either of the following forms: <div id="index-egXML-d52e56654" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><item></span>Alehouses, the number of, not<br /> the efficient cause of drunkenness, <span class="element"><ref <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#P461</span>"></span>461<span class="element"></ref></span><span class="element"></item></span><br /><span class="element"><item></span>Alehouses, the number of, not the efficient cause of drunkenness, <span class="element"><ptr <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#P461</span>"/></span><span class="element"></item></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#DSBACK-eg-83">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">Next, a back-matter division in epistolary form: <div id="index-egXML-d52e56664" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><back></span><br /> <span class="element"><div <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">letter</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>A letter written to his wife, founde with this booke<br /> after his death.<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>The remembrance of the many wrongs offred thee, and thy<br /> unreproued vertues, adde greater sorrow to my miserable state,<br /> than I can utter or thou conceiue. ...<br /> ... yet trust I in the world to come to find mercie, by the<br /> merites of my Saiuour to whom I commend thee, and commit<br /> my soule.<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"><signed></span>Thy repentant husband for his disloyaltie,<br /> <span class="element"><name></span>Robert Greene.<span class="element"></name></span><span class="element"></signed></span><br /> <span class="element"><epigraph <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">la</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Faelicem fuisse infaustum<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></epigraph></span><br /> <span class="element"><trailer></span>FINIS<span class="element"></trailer></span><br /> <span class="element"></div></span><br /><span class="element"></back></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#DSBACK-eg-86">bibliography</a> </div></div> </div><div class="p">And finally, a list of corrigenda and addenda with pseudo-epistolary features: <div id="index-egXML-d52e56684" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><back></span><br /> <span class="element"><div <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">corrigenda</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>Addenda<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><salute <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">la</span>"></span>M. Scriblerus Lectori<span class="element"></salute></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Once more, gentle reader I appeal unto thee, from the shameful<br /> ignorance of the Editor, by whom Our own Specimen of<br /> <span class="element"><name></span>Virgil<span class="element"></name></span> hath been mangled in such miserable manner, that<br /> scarce without tears can we behold it. At the very entrance, Instead<br /> of <span class="element"><q <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">grc</span>"></span>προλεγομενα<span class="element"></q></span>, lo!<br /> <span class="element"><q <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">grc</span>"></span>προλεγωμενα<span class="element"></q></span> with an Omega!<br /> and in the same line <span class="element"><q <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">la</span>"></span>consulâs<span class="element"></q></span> with a circumflex!<br /> In the next page thou findest <span class="element"><q <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">la</span>"></span>leviter perlabere<span class="element"></q></span>,<br /> which his ignorance took to be the infinitive mood of<br /> <span class="element"><q <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">la</span>"></span>perlabor<span class="element"></q></span> but ought to be<br /> <span class="element"><q <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">la</span>"></span>perlabi<span class="element"></q></span> ... Wipe away all these<br /> monsters, Reader, with thy quill.<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></div></span><br /><span class="element"></back></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#SAPTEG-eg-3">bibliography</a> </div></div> </div></div><div class="div2" id="DSSTRUC"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="DS.html#DSBACK"><span class="headingNumber">4.7 </span>Back Matter</a></li><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h3><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DSSTRUC" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Module for Default Text Structure</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">4.8 </span><span class="head">Module for Default Text Structure</span></h3><p>The module described by the present chapter has the following components: </p><dl class="moduleSpec"><dt class="moduleSpecHead"><span lang="en">Module</span> textstructure: Default text structure</dt><dd><ul><li><span lang="en">Elements defined</span>: <a class="link_odd" title="(TEI document) contains a single TEI-conformant document, combining a single TEI header with one or more members of the model.resourceLike class. Multiple <TEI> elements may be combined to form a <teiCorpus> element." href="ref-TEI.html">TEI</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains a formal list or prose description of the topics addressed by a subdivision of a text." href="ref-argument.html">argument</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(back matter) contains any appendixes, etc. following the main part of a text." href="ref-back.html">back</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(text body) contains the whole body of a single unitary text, excluding any front or back matter." href="ref-body.html">body</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains the primary statement of responsibility given for a work on its title page or at the head or end of the work." href="ref-byline.html">byline</a> <a class="link_odd" title="groups together salutations, datelines, and similar phrases appearing as a final group at the end of a division, especially of a letter." href="ref-closer.html">closer</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains a brief description of the place, date, time, etc. of production of a letter, newspaper story, or other work, prefixed or suffixed to it as a kind of heading or trailer." href="ref-dateline.html">dateline</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(text division) contains a subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div.html">div</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(level-1 text division) contains a first-level subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div1.html">div1</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(level-2 text division) contains a second-level subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div2.html">div2</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(level-3 text division) contains a third-level subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div3.html">div3</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(level-4 text division) contains a fourth-level subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div4.html">div4</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(level-5 text division) contains a fifth-level subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div5.html">div5</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(level-6 text division) contains a sixth-level subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div6.html">div6</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(level-7 text division) contains the smallest possible subdivision of the front, body or back of a text, larger than a paragraph." href="ref-div7.html">div7</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(document author) contains the name of the author of the document, as given on the title page (often but not always contained in a byline)." href="ref-docAuthor.html">docAuthor</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(document date) contains the date of a document, as given on a title page or in a dateline." href="ref-docDate.html">docDate</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(document edition) contains an edition statement as presented on a title page of a document." href="ref-docEdition.html">docEdition</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(document imprint) contains the imprint statement (place and date of publication, publisher name), as given (usually) at the foot of a title page." href="ref-docImprint.html">docImprint</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(document title) contains the title of a document, including all its constituents, as given on a title page." href="ref-docTitle.html">docTitle</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains a quotation, anonymous or attributed, appearing at the start or end of a section or on a title page." href="ref-epigraph.html">epigraph</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains a single text of any kind, whether unitary or composite, which interrupts the text containing it at any point and after which the surrounding text resumes." href="ref-floatingText.html">floatingText</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(front matter) contains any prefatory matter (headers, abstracts, title page, prefaces, dedications, etc.) found at the start of a document, before the main body." href="ref-front.html">front</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains the body of a composite text, grouping together a sequence of distinct texts (or groups of such texts) which are regarded as a unit for some purpose, for example the collected works of an author, a sequence of prose essays, etc." href="ref-group.html">group</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains a formal statement authorizing the publication of a work, sometimes required to appear on a title page or its verso." href="ref-imprimatur.html">imprimatur</a> <a class="link_odd" title="groups together dateline, byline, salutation, and similar phrases appearing as a preliminary group at the start of a division, especially of a letter." href="ref-opener.html">opener</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains a postscript, e.g. to a letter." href="ref-postscript.html">postscript</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(salutation) contains a salutation or greeting prefixed to a foreword, dedicatory epistle, or other division of a text, or the salutation in the closing of a letter, preface, etc." href="ref-salute.html">salute</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(signature) contains the closing salutation, etc., appended to a foreword, dedicatory epistle, or other division of a text." href="ref-signed.html">signed</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains a single text of any kind, whether unitary or composite, for example a poem or drama, a collection of essays, a novel, a dictionary, or a corpus sample." href="ref-text.html">text</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(title page) contains the title page of a text, appearing within the front or back matter." href="ref-titlePage.html">titlePage</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains a subsection or division of the title of a work, as indicated on a title page." href="ref-titlePart.html">titlePart</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains a closing title or footer appearing at the end of a division of a text." href="ref-trailer.html">trailer</a></li></ul></dd></dl><p> The selection and combination of modules to form a TEI schema is described in <a class="link_ptr" href="ST.html#STIN" title="Defining a TEI Schema"><span class="headingNumber">1.2 </span>Defining a TEI Schema</a></p></div></div><nav class="left"><span class="upLink"> ↑ </span><a class="navigation" href="index.html">TEI P5 Guidelines</a><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="CO.html"><span class="headingNumber">3 </span>Elements Available in All TEI Documents</a><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="WD.html"><span class="headingNumber">5 </span>Characters, Glyphs, and Writing Modes</a></nav><!--Notes in [div]--><div class="notes"><div class="noteHeading">Notes</div><div class="note" id="Note59"><span class="noteLabel">22 </span><div class="noteBody">This decision should be recorded in the <a class="gi" title="(sampling declaration) contains a prose description of the rationale and methods used in sampling texts in the creation of a corpus or collection." href="ref-samplingDecl.html">samplingDecl</a> element of the header.</div> <a class="link_return" title="Go back to text" href="#Note59_return">↵</a></div><div class="note" id="Note60"><span class="noteLabel">23 </span><div class="noteBody">As with all lists of ‘suggested values’ for attributes, it is recommended that software written to handle TEI-conformant texts be prepared to recognize and handle these values when they occur, without limiting the user to the values in this list.</div> <a class="link_return" title="Go back to text" href="#Note60_return">↵</a></div></div><div class="stdfooter autogenerated"><p>
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</p><hr /><div class="footer"><a class="plain" href="http://www.tei-c.org/About/">TEI Consortium</a> | <a class="plain" href="http://www.tei-c.org/About/contact.xml">Feedback</a></div><hr /><address><br />TEI Guidelines <a class="link_ref" href="AB.html#ABTEI4">Version</a> <a class="link_ref" href="../../readme-3.1.1.html">3.1.1a</a>. Last updated on <span class="date">10th May 2017</span>, revision <a class="link_ref" href="https://github.com/TEIC/TEI/commit/bd8dda3">bd8dda3</a>. This page generated on 2017-05-12T12:30:09Z.</address></div></div></body></html>