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--></script></head><body><div id="container"><div id="banner"><img src="Images/banner.jpg" alt="Text Encoding Initiative logo and banner" /></div></div><div class="mainhead"><h1>P5:
Guidelines for Electronic Text Encoding and Interchange</h1><p>Version 3.1.1a. Last updated on
10th May 2017, revision bd8dda3</p></div><div id="onecol" class="main-content"><h2><span class="headingNumber">10 </span>Manuscript Description</h2><div class="div1" id="MS"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_left"><p><span class="subtochead">Table of contents</span></p><div class="subtoc"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><a class="subtoc" href="MS.html#msov" title="Overview">10.1 Overview</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="subtoc" href="MS.html#msdesc" title="The Manuscript Description Element">10.2 The Manuscript Description Element</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="subtoc" href="MS.html#msphrase" title="Phraselevel Elements">10.3 Phrase-level Elements</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="subtoc" href="MS.html#msid" title="The Manuscript Identifier">10.4 The Manuscript Identifier</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="subtoc" href="MS.html#msdo" title="The Manuscript Heading">10.5 The Manuscript Heading</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="subtoc" href="MS.html#msco" title="Intellectual Content">10.6 Intellectual Content</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="subtoc" href="MS.html#msph" title="Physical Description">10.7 Physical Description</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="subtoc" href="MS.html#mshy" title="History">10.8 History</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="subtoc" href="MS.html#msad" title="Additional Information">10.9 Additional Information</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="subtoc" href="MS.html#mspt" title="Manuscript Parts">10.10 Manuscript Parts</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="subtoc" href="MS.html#msfg" title="Manuscript Fragments">10.11 Manuscript Fragments</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="subtoc" href="MS.html#MSref" title="Module for Manuscript Description">10.12 Module for Manuscript Description</a></li></ul></div><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="DI.html"><span class="headingNumber">9 </span>Dictionaries</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="PH.html"><span class="headingNumber">11 </span>Representation of Primary Sources</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><div class="div2" id="msov"><h3><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#msov" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Overview</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">10.1 </span><span class="head">Overview</span></h3><p>The <span class="ident-module">msdescription</span> module<span id="Note77_return"><a class="notelink" title="This chapter is based on the work of the European MASTER (Manuscript Access through Standards for Electronic Records) project, funded by the European …" href="#Note77"><sup>40</sup></a></span> defines a special purpose element which can be used to provide detailed descriptive information about handwritten primary sources. Although originally developed to meet the needs of cataloguers and scholars working with medieval manuscripts in the European tradition, the scheme presented here is general enough that it can also be extended to other traditions and materials, and is potentially useful for any kind of inscribed artefact.</p><p>The scheme described here is also intended to accommodate the needs of many different classes of encoders. On the one hand, encoders may be engaged in <span class="term">retrospective conversion</span> of existing detailed descriptions and catalogues into machine tractable form; on the other, they may be engaged in cataloguing <span class="foreign">ex nihilo</span>, that is, creating new detailed descriptions for materials never before catalogued. Some may be primarily concerned to represent accurately the description itself, as opposed to the ideas and interpretations the description represents; others may have entirely opposite priorities. At one extreme, a project may simply wish to capture an existing catalogue in a form that can be displayed on the Web, and which can be searched for literal strings, or for such features such as titles, authors and dates; at the other, a project may wish to create, in highly structured and encoded form, a detailed database of information about the physical characteristics, history, interpretation, etc. of the material, able to support practitioners of <span class="term">quantitative codicology</span> as well as librarians.</p><p>To cater for this diversity, here as elsewhere, these Guidelines propose a flexible strategy, in which encoders must choose for themselves the approach appropriate to their needs, and are provided with a choice of encoding mechanisms to support those differing degrees.</p></div><div class="div2" id="msdesc"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#msov"><span class="headingNumber">10.1 </span>Overview</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#msphrase"><span class="headingNumber">10.3 </span>Phrase-level Elements</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h3><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#msdesc" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: The Manuscript Description Element</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">10.2 </span><span class="head">The Manuscript Description Element</span></h3><p>The <a class="gi" title="(manuscript description) contains a description of a single identifiable manuscript or other text-bearing object." href="ref-msDesc.html">msDesc</a> element will normally appear within the <a class="gi" title="(source description) describes the source from which an electronic text was derived or generated, typically a bibliographic description in the case of a digitized text, or a phrase such as "born digital" for a text which has no previous existence." href="ref-sourceDesc.html">sourceDesc</a> element of the header of a TEI-conformant document, where the document being encoded is a digital representation of some manuscript original, whether as an encoded transcription, as a collection of digital images (as described in <a class="link_ptr" href="PH.html#PHFAX" title="Digital Facsimiles"><span class="headingNumber">11.1 </span>Digital Facsimiles</a>), or as some combination of the two. However, in cases where the document being encoded is essentially a collection of manuscript descriptions, the <a class="gi" title="(manuscript description) contains a description of a single identifiable manuscript or other text-bearing object." href="ref-msDesc.html">msDesc</a> element may be used in the same way as the bibliographic elements (<a class="gi" title="(bibliographic citation) contains a loosely-structured bibliographic citation of which the sub-components may or may not be explicitly tagged." href="ref-bibl.html">bibl</a>, <a class="gi" title="(fully-structured bibliographic citation) contains a fully-structured bibliographic citation, in which all components of the TEI file description are present." href="ref-biblFull.html">biblFull</a>, and <a class="gi" title="(structured bibliographic citation) contains a structured bibliographic citation, in which only bibliographic sub-elements appear and in a specified order." href="ref-biblStruct.html">biblStruct</a>) making up the TEI element class <a class="link_odd" title="groups elements containing a bibliographic description." href="ref-model.biblLike.html">model.biblLike</a>. These typically appear within the <a class="gi" title="(citation list) contains a list of bibliographic citations of any kind." href="ref-listBibl.html">listBibl</a> element. </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-msDesc.html">msDesc</a></span> (manuscript description) contains a description of a single identifiable manuscript or other text-bearing object.</li></ul><p>The <a class="gi" title="(manuscript description) contains a description of a single identifiable manuscript or other text-bearing object." href="ref-msDesc.html">msDesc</a> element has the following components, which provide more detailed information under a number of headings. Each of these component elements is further described in the remainder of this chapter. </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-msIdentifier.html">msIdentifier</a></span> (manuscript identifier) contains the information required to identify the manuscript being described.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-head.html">head</a></span> (heading) contains any type of heading, for example the title of a section, or the heading of a list, glossary, manuscript description, etc.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-msContents.html">msContents</a></span> (manuscript contents) describes the intellectual content of a manuscript or manuscript part, either as a series of paragraphs or as a series of structured manuscript items.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-physDesc.html">physDesc</a></span> (physical description) contains a full physical description of a manuscript or manuscript part, optionally subdivided using more specialized elements from the <a class="link_odd" title="groups specialized elements forming part of the physical description of a manuscript or similar written source." href="ref-model.physDescPart.html">model.physDescPart</a> class.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-history.html">history</a></span> groups elements describing the full history of a manuscript or manuscript part.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-additional.html">additional</a></span> groups additional information, combining bibliographic information about a manuscript, or surrogate copies of it with curatorial or administrative information.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-msPart.html">msPart</a></span> (manuscript part) contains information about an originally distinct manuscript or part of a manuscript, which is now part of a composite manuscript.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-msFrag.html">msFrag</a></span> (manuscript fragment) contains information about a fragment of a scattered manuscript now held as a single unit or bound into a larger manuscript.</li></ul><p>The first of these components, <a class="gi" title="(manuscript identifier) contains the information required to identify the manuscript being described." href="ref-msIdentifier.html">msIdentifier</a>, is the only one which is mandatory; it is described in more detail in <a class="link_ptr" href="MS.html#msid" title="The Manuscript Identifier"><span class="headingNumber">10.4 </span>The Manuscript Identifier</a> below. It is followed optionally by one or more <a class="gi" title="(heading) contains any type of heading, for example the title of a section, or the heading of a list, glossary, manuscript description, etc." href="ref-head.html">head</a> elements, each holding a brief heading (see <a class="link_ptr" href="MS.html#msdo" title="The Manuscript Heading"><span class="headingNumber">10.5 </span>The Manuscript Heading</a>), and then either one or more paragraphs, marked up as a series of <a class="gi" title="(paragraph) marks paragraphs in prose." href="ref-p.html">p</a> elements, or one or more of the specialized elements <a class="gi" title="(manuscript contents) describes the intellectual content of a manuscript or manuscript part, either as a series of paragraphs or as a series of structured manuscript items." href="ref-msContents.html">msContents</a> (<a class="link_ptr" href="MS.html#msco" title="Intellectual Content"><span class="headingNumber">10.6 </span>Intellectual Content</a>), <a class="gi" title="(physical description) contains a full physical description of a manuscript or manuscript part, optionally subdivided using more specialized elements from the model.physDescPart class." href="ref-physDesc.html">physDesc</a> (<a class="link_ptr" href="MS.html#msph" title="Physical Description"><span class="headingNumber">10.7 </span>Physical Description</a>), <a class="gi" title="groups elements describing the full history of a manuscript or manuscript part." href="ref-history.html">history</a> (<a class="link_ptr" href="MS.html#mshy" title="History"><span class="headingNumber">10.8 </span>History</a>), and <a class="gi" title="groups additional information, combining bibliographic information about a manuscript, or surrogate copies of it with curatorial or administrative information." href="ref-additional.html">additional</a> (<a class="link_ptr" href="MS.html#msad" title="Additional Information"><span class="headingNumber">10.9 </span>Additional Information</a>). These elements are all optional, but if used they must appear in the order given here. Finally, in the case of a composite manuscript (a manuscript composed of several codicological units) or a fragmented manuscript (a manuscript whose parts are now dispersed and kept at different places), a full description may also contain one or more <a class="gi" title="(manuscript part) contains information about an originally distinct manuscript or part of a manuscript, which is now part of a composite manuscript." href="ref-msPart.html">msPart</a> (<a class="link_ptr" href="MS.html#mspt" title="Manuscript Parts"><span class="headingNumber">10.10 </span>Manuscript Parts</a>) elements and <a class="gi" title="(manuscript fragment) contains information about a fragment of a scattered manuscript now held as a single unit or bound into a larger manuscript." href="ref-msFrag.html">msFrag</a> (<a class="link_ptr" href="MS.html#msfg" title="Manuscript Fragments"><span class="headingNumber">10.11 </span>Manuscript Fragments</a>) elements, respectively.</p><p>To demonstrate the use of this module, consider the following sample manuscript description, chosen more or less at random from the Bodleian Library's <span class="titlem">Summary catalogue</span> (<a class="link_ptr" href="BIB.html#MS-eg-001" title="Madan Falconer et al A summary catalogue of western manuscripts in the Bodleian Library at Oxford which have not hitherto been ...">[178]</a>) </p><figure class="figure"><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#MS-eg-001">bibliography</a></div><img src="Images/MSadda61.png" alt="Entry for Bodleian MS. Add. A. 61 in Madan et al. 1895-1953" class="graphic" style=" width:450px;" /><figcaption class="caption">Figure 10.1. Entry for Bodleian MS. Add. A. 61 in Madan et al. 1895-1953</figcaption></figure><div class="p">The simplest way of digitizing this catalogue entry would simply be to key in the text, tagging the relevant parts of it which make up the mandatory <a class="gi" title="(manuscript identifier) contains the information required to identify the manuscript being described." href="ref-msIdentifier.html">msIdentifier</a> element, as follows: <div id="index-egXML-d52e81949" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><msDesc></span><br /> <span class="element"><msIdentifier></span><br /> <span class="element"><settlement></span>Oxford<span class="element"></settlement></span><br /> <span class="element"><repository></span>Bodleian Library<span class="element"></repository></span><br /> <span class="element"><idno></span>MS. Add. A. 61<span class="element"></idno></span><br /> <span class="element"><altIdentifier <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">SC</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><idno></span>28843<span class="element"></idno></span><br /> <span class="element"></altIdentifier></span><br /> <span class="element"></msIdentifier></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>In Latin, on parchment: written in more than one hand of the 13th cent. in<br /> England: 7¼ x 5⅜ in., i + 55 leaves, in double columns: with a few coloured<br /> capitals.<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>'Hic incipit Bruitus Anglie,' the De origine et gestis Regum Angliae of<br /> Geoffrey of Monmouth (Galfridus Monumetensis: beg. 'Cum mecum multa &amp; de<br /> multis.'<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>On fol. 54v very faint is 'Iste liber est fratris guillelmi de buria de ...<br /> Roberti ordinis fratrum Pred[icatorum],' 14th cent. (?): 'hanauilla' is written<br /> at the foot of the page (15th cent.). Bought from the rev. W. D. Macray on March<br /> 17, 1863, for £1 10s.<span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"></msDesc></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#MS-eg-001">bibliography</a> </div></div> With a suitable stylesheet, this encoding would be as readable as the original; it would not, however, be very useful for search purposes since only shelfmarks and other identifiers are distinguished. To improve on this, one might wrap the paragraphs in the appropriate special-purpose first-child-level elements of <a class="gi" title="(manuscript description) contains a description of a single identifiable manuscript or other text-bearing object." href="ref-msDesc.html">msDesc</a> and add some of the additional phrase-level elements available when this module is in use: <div id="index-egXML-d52e81971" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><msDesc></span><br /> <span class="element"><msIdentifier></span><br /> <span class="element"><settlement></span>Oxford<span class="element"></settlement></span><br /> <span class="element"><repository></span>Bodleian Library<span class="element"></repository></span><br /> <span class="element"><idno></span>MS. Add. A. 61<span class="element"></idno></span><br /> <span class="element"><altIdentifier <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">SC</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><idno></span>28843<span class="element"></idno></span><br /> <span class="element"></altIdentifier></span><br /> <span class="element"></msIdentifier></span><br /> <span class="element"><msContents></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span><br /> <span class="element"><quote></span>Hic incipit Bruitus Anglie,<span class="element"></quote></span> the <span class="element"><title></span>De origine et gestis<br /> Regum Angliae<span class="element"></title></span> of Geoffrey of Monmouth (Galfridus Monumetensis): beg.<br /> <span class="element"><quote></span>Cum mecum multa &amp; de multis.<span class="element"></quote></span> In Latin.<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></msContents></span><br /> <span class="element"><physDesc></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span><br /> <span class="element"><material></span>Parchment<span class="element"></material></span>: written in more than one hand: 7¼ x 5⅜ in., i<br /> + 55 leaves, in double columns: with a few coloured capitals.<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></physDesc></span><br /> <span class="element"><history></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Written in <span class="element"><origPlace></span>England<span class="element"></origPlace></span> in the <span class="element"><origDate></span>13th<br /> cent.<span class="element"></origDate></span> On fol. 54v very faint is <span class="element"><quote></span>Iste liber est fratris<br /> guillelmi de buria de ... Roberti ordinis fratrum Pred[icatorum],<span class="element"></quote></span> 14th<br /> cent. (?): <span class="element"><quote></span>hanauilla<span class="element"></quote></span> is written at the foot of the page (15th<br /> cent.). Bought from the rev. W. D. Macray on March 17, 1863, for £1 10s.<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></history></span><br /><span class="element"></msDesc></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#MS-eg-001">bibliography</a> </div></div> Note that in this version the text has been slightly reorganized, but no actual rewriting has been necessary. The encoding now allows the user to search for such features as title, material, and date and place of origin; it is also possible to distinguish quoted material from descriptive passages and to search within descriptions relating to a particular topic (for example, history as distinct from material).</div><div class="p">This process could be continued further, restructuring the whole entry so as to take full advantage of many more of the encoding possibilities provided by the module described in this chapter: <div id="index-egXML-d52e82017" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><msDesc></span><br /> <span class="element"><msIdentifier></span><br /> <span class="element"><settlement></span>Oxford<span class="element"></settlement></span><br /> <span class="element"><repository></span>Bodleian Library<span class="element"></repository></span><br /> <span class="element"><idno></span>MS. Add. A. 61<span class="element"></idno></span><br /> <span class="element"><altIdentifier <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">SC</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><idno></span>28843<span class="element"></idno></span><br /> <span class="element"></altIdentifier></span><br /> <span class="element"></msIdentifier></span><br /> <span class="element"><msContents></span><br /> <span class="element"><msItem></span><br /> <span class="element"><author <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">en</span>"></span>Geoffrey of Monmouth<span class="element"></author></span><br /> <span class="element"><author <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">la</span>"></span>Galfridus Monumetensis<span class="element"></author></span><br /> <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">uniform</span>" <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">la</span>"></span>De origine et gestis Regum Angliae<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"><rubric <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">la</span>"></span>Hic incipit Bruitus Anglie<span class="element"></rubric></span><br /> <span class="element"><incipit <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">la</span>"></span>Cum mecum multa &amp; de multis<span class="element"></incipit></span><br /> <span class="element"><textLang <span class="attribute">mainLang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">la</span>"></span>Latin<span class="element"></textLang></span><br /> <span class="element"></msItem></span><br /> <span class="element"></msContents></span><br /> <span class="element"><physDesc></span><br /> <span class="element"><objectDesc <span class="attribute">form</span>="<span class="attributevalue">codex</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><supportDesc <span class="attribute">material</span>="<span class="attributevalue">perg</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><support></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Parchment.<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></support></span><br /> <span class="element"><extent></span>i + 55 leaves <span class="element"><dimensions <span class="attribute">scope</span>="<span class="attributevalue">all</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">leaf</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">inch</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><height></span>7¼<span class="element"></height></span><br /> <span class="element"><width></span>5⅜<span class="element"></width></span><br /> <span class="element"></dimensions></span><span class="element"></extent></span><br /> <span class="element"></supportDesc></span><br /> <span class="element"><layoutDesc></span><br /> <span class="element"><layout <span class="attribute">columns</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>In double columns.<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></layout></span><br /> <span class="element"></layoutDesc></span><br /> <span class="element"></objectDesc></span><br /> <span class="element"><handDesc></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Written in more than one hand.<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></handDesc></span><br /> <span class="element"><decoDesc></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>With a few coloured capitals.<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></decoDesc></span><br /> <span class="element"></physDesc></span><br /> <span class="element"><history></span><br /> <span class="element"><origin></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Written in <span class="element"><origPlace></span>England<span class="element"></origPlace></span> in the <span class="element"><origDate <span class="attribute">notAfter</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1300</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">notBefore</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1200</span>"></span>13th cent.<span class="element"></origDate></span><span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></origin></span><br /> <span class="element"><provenance></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>On fol. 54v very faint is <span class="element"><quote <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">la</span>"></span>Iste liber est fratris<br /> guillelmi de buria de <span class="element"><gap/></span> Roberti ordinis fratrum<br /> Pred<span class="element"><ex></span>icatorum<span class="element"></ex></span><span class="element"></quote></span>, 14th cent. (?): <span class="element"><quote></span>hanauilla<span class="element"></quote></span> is<br /> written at the foot of the page (15th cent.).<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></provenance></span><br /> <span class="element"><acquisition></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Bought from the rev. <span class="element"><name <span class="attribute">key</span>="<span class="attributevalue">MCRAYWD</span>"></span>W. D. Macray<span class="element"></name></span> on <span class="element"><date <span class="attribute">when</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1863-03-17</span>"></span>March 17, 1863<span class="element"></date></span>, for £1 10s.<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></acquisition></span><br /> <span class="element"></history></span><br /><span class="element"></msDesc></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#MS-eg-001">bibliography</a> </div></div> In the remainder of this chapter we discuss all of the encoding features demonstrated above, together with many other related matters.</div></div><div class="div2" id="msphrase"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#msdesc"><span class="headingNumber">10.2 </span>The Manuscript Description Element</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#msid"><span class="headingNumber">10.4 </span>The Manuscript Identifier</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h3><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#msphrase" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Phrase-level Elements</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">10.3 </span><span class="head">Phrase-level Elements</span></h3><p>When the <span class="ident-module">msdescription</span> module is in use, several extra elements are added to the phrase level class, and thus become available within paragraphs and elsewhere in the document. These elements are listed below in alphabetical order: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-catchwords.html">catchwords</a></span> describes the system used to ensure correct ordering of the quires making up a codex or incunable, typically by means of annotations at the foot of the page.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-dimensions.html">dimensions</a></span> contains a dimensional specification.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-heraldry.html">heraldry</a></span> contains a heraldic formula or phrase, typically found as part of a blazon, coat of arms, etc. </li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-locus.html">locus</a></span> defines a location within a manuscript or manuscript part, usually as a (possibly discontinuous) sequence of folio references.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-locusGrp.html">locusGrp</a></span> groups a number of locations which together form a distinct but discontinuous item within a manuscript or manuscript part, according to a specific foliation.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-material.html">material</a></span> contains a word or phrase describing the material of which the object being described is composed.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-watermark.html">watermark</a></span> contains a word or phrase describing a watermark or similar device.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-objectType.html">objectType</a></span> contains a word or phrase describing the type of object being referred to.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-origDate.html">origDate</a></span> (origin date) contains any form of date, used to identify the date of origin for a manuscript or manuscript part.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-origPlace.html">origPlace</a></span> (origin place) contains any form of place name, used to identify the place of origin for a manuscript or manuscript part.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-secFol.html">secFol</a></span> (second folio) marks the word or words taken from a fixed point in a codex (typically the beginning of the second leaf) in order to provide a unique identifier for it. </li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-signatures.html">signatures</a></span> contains discussion of the leaf or quire signatures found within a codex.</li></ul><p>Within a manuscript description, many other standard TEI phrase level elements are available, notably those described in the Core module (<a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html" title="6"><span class="headingNumber">3 </span>Elements Available in All TEI Documents</a>). Additional elements of particular relevance to manuscript description, such as those for names and dates, may also be made available by including the relevant module in one's schema.</p><div class="div3" id="msdates"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#msmat"><span class="headingNumber">10.3.2 </span>Material and Object Type</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#msdates" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Origination</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">10.3.1 </span><span class="head">Origination</span></h4><p>The following elements may be used to provide information about the origins of any aspect of a manuscript: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-origDate.html">origDate</a></span> (origin date) contains any form of date, used to identify the date of origin for a manuscript or manuscript part.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-origPlace.html">origPlace</a></span> (origin place) contains any form of place name, used to identify the place of origin for a manuscript or manuscript part.</li></ul><p>The <a class="gi" title="(origin date) contains any form of date, used to identify the date of origin for a manuscript or manuscript part." href="ref-origDate.html">origDate</a> and <a class="gi" title="(origin place) contains any form of place name, used to identify the place of origin for a manuscript or manuscript part." href="ref-origPlace.html">origPlace</a> elements are specialized forms of the existing <a class="gi" title="contains a date in any format." href="ref-date.html">date</a> and <a class="gi" title="(name, proper noun) contains a proper noun or noun phrase." href="ref-name.html">name</a> elements respectively, used to indicate specifically the date and place of origin of a manuscript or manuscript part. Such information would normally be encoded within the <a class="gi" title="groups elements describing the full history of a manuscript or manuscript part." href="ref-history.html">history</a> element, discussed in section <a class="link_ptr" href="MS.html#mshy" title="History"><span class="headingNumber">10.8 </span>History</a>. <a class="gi" title="(origin date) contains any form of date, used to identify the date of origin for a manuscript or manuscript part." href="ref-origDate.html">origDate</a> and <a class="gi" title="(origin place) contains any form of place name, used to identify the place of origin for a manuscript or manuscript part." href="ref-origPlace.html">origPlace</a> can also be used to identify the place or date of origin of any aspect of the manuscript, such as its decoration or binding, when these are not of the same date or from the same location as rest of the manuscript. Both these elements are members of the <a class="link_odd" title="provides attributes describing the nature of an encoded scholarly intervention or interpretation of any kind." href="ref-att.editLike.html">att.editLike</a> class, from which they inherit many attributes. </p><p>The <a class="gi" title="(origin date) contains any form of date, used to identify the date of origin for a manuscript or manuscript part." href="ref-origDate.html">origDate</a> element is a member of the <a class="link_odd" title="provides attributes for normalization of elements that contain dates, times, or datable events." href="ref-att.datable.html">att.datable</a> class, and may thus also carry additional attributes giving normalized values for the associated dating. </p></div><div class="div3" id="msmat"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#msdates"><span class="headingNumber">10.3.1 </span>Origination</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#mswat"><span class="headingNumber">10.3.3 </span>Watermarks and Stamps</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#msmat" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Material and Object Type</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">10.3.2 </span><span class="head">Material and Object Type</span></h4><p>The <a class="gi" title="contains a word or phrase describing the material of which the object being described is composed." href="ref-material.html">material</a> element can be used to tag any specific term used for the physical material of which a manuscript (or binding, seal, etc.) is composed. The <a class="gi" title="contains a word or phrase describing the type of object being referred to." href="ref-objectType.html">objectType</a> element may be used to tag any term specifying the type of object or manuscript upon with the text is written. </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-material.html">material</a></span> contains a word or phrase describing the material of which the object being described is composed.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-objectType.html">objectType</a></span> contains a word or phrase describing the type of object being referred to.</li></ul><div class="p">These elements may appear wherever a term regarded as significant by the encoder occurs, as in the following examples: <div id="index-egXML-d52e82447" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><binding></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Brown <span class="element"><material></span>calfskin<span class="element"></material></span>, previously with two clasps.<span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"></binding></span></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e82455" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><support></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span><br /> <span class="element"><material></span>Parchment<span class="element"></material></span><br /> <span class="element"><objectType></span>codex<span class="element"></objectType></span> with half <span class="element"><material></span>goat-leather<span class="element"></material></span><br /> binding.<span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"></support></span></div></div></div><div class="div3" id="mswat"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#msmat"><span class="headingNumber">10.3.2 </span>Material and Object Type</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#msdim"><span class="headingNumber">10.3.4 </span>Dimensions</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#mswat" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Watermarks and Stamps</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">10.3.3 </span><span class="head">Watermarks and Stamps</span></h4><p>Two further elements are provided to mark up other decorative features characteristic of manuscript leaves and bindings: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-watermark.html">watermark</a></span> contains a word or phrase describing a watermark or similar device.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-stamp.html">stamp</a></span> contains a word or phrase describing a stamp or similar device.</li></ul><div class="p">These element may appear wherever a term regarded as significant by the encoder occurs. The <a class="gi" title="contains a word or phrase describing a watermark or similar device." href="ref-watermark.html">watermark</a> element is most likely to be of use within the <a class="gi" title="contains a description of the materials etc. which make up the physical support for the written part of a manuscript." href="ref-support.html">support</a> element discussed in <a class="link_ptr" href="MS.html#msph1sup" title="Support"><span class="headingNumber">10.7.1.1 </span>Support</a> below. We give a simple example here: <div id="index-egXML-d52e82485" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><support></span><br /> <span class="element"><material></span>Rag<br /> paper<span class="element"></material></span> with <span class="element"><watermark></span>anchor<span class="element"></watermark></span> watermark<span class="element"></support></span></div></div><div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="contains a word or phrase describing a stamp or similar device." href="ref-stamp.html">stamp</a> element will typically appear when text from the source is being transcribed, for example within a rubric in the following case: <div id="index-egXML-d52e82499" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><rubric></span><br /> <span class="element"><lb/></span>Apologyticu TTVLLIANI AC IGNORATIA IN XPO IHV<br /> <span class="element"><lb/></span>SI NON LICET<br /> <span class="element"><lb/></span>NOBIS RO<br /> <span class="element"><lb/></span>manii imperii <span class="element"><stamp></span>Bodleian stamp<span class="element"></stamp></span><br /> <span class="element"><lb/></span><span class="element"></rubric></span></div></div><div class="p">It may also appear as part of the detailed description of a binding: <div id="index-egXML-d52e82515" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><binding></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Modern calf recasing with original armorial stamp <span class="element"><stamp></span>with legend<br /> <span class="element"><mentioned <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">LA</span>"></span>Ex Bibliotheca J. Richard<br /> D.M.<span class="element"></mentioned></span><span class="element"></stamp></span><span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"></binding></span></div></div><p>If, as here, any text contained by a stamp is included in its description it should be clearly distinguished from that description. The element <a class="gi" title="() marks words or phrases mentioned, not used." href="ref-mentioned.html">mentioned</a> may be used for this purpose, as shown above.</p></div><div class="div3" id="msdim"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#mswat"><span class="headingNumber">10.3.3 </span>Watermarks and Stamps</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#msloc"><span class="headingNumber">10.3.5 </span>References to Locations within a Manuscript</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#msdim" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Dimensions</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">10.3.4 </span><span class="head">Dimensions</span></h4><p>The <a class="gi" title="contains a dimensional specification." href="ref-dimensions.html">dimensions</a> element can be used to specify the size of some aspect of the manuscript, and thus may be thought of as a specialized form of the existing TEI <a class="gi" title="contains a word or phrase referring to some quantity of an object or commodity, usually comprising a number, a unit, and a commodity name." href="ref-measure.html">measure</a> element. </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-dimensions.html">dimensions</a></span> contains a dimensional specification.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">type</span></td><td>indicates which aspect of the object is being measured.
Sample values include: 1] leaves; 2] ruled; 3] pricked; 4] written; 5] miniatures; 6] binding; 7] box</td></tr></table></li></ul><p>The <a class="gi" title="contains a dimensional specification." href="ref-dimensions.html">dimensions</a> element will normally occur within the element describing the particular feature or aspect of a manuscript whose dimensions are being given; thus the size of the leaves would be specified within the <a class="gi" title="contains a description of the materials etc. which make up the physical support for the written part of a manuscript." href="ref-support.html">support</a> or <a class="gi" title="describes the approximate size of a text stored on some carrier medium or of some other object, digital or non-digital, specified in any convenient units." href="ref-extent.html">extent</a> element (part of the <a class="gi" title="(physical description) contains a full physical description of a manuscript or manuscript part, optionally subdivided using more specialized elements from the model.physDescPart class." href="ref-physDesc.html">physDesc</a> element discussed in <a class="link_ptr" href="MS.html#msph1" title="Object Description"><span class="headingNumber">10.7.1 </span>Object Description</a>), while the dimensions of other specific parts of a manuscript, such as accompanying materials, binding, etc., would be given in other parts of the description, as appropriate.</p><p>The following elements are available within the <a class="gi" title="contains a dimensional specification." href="ref-dimensions.html">dimensions</a> element: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-height.html">height</a></span> contains a measurement measured along the axis at right angles to the bottom of the written surface, i.e. parallel to the spine for a codex or book.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-width.html">width</a></span> contains a measurement measured along the axis parallel to the bottom of the written surface, i.e. perpendicular to the spine of a book or codex.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-depth.html">depth</a></span> contains a measurement measured across the spine of a book or codex, or (for other text-bearing objects) perpendicular to the measurement given by the <a class="gi" title="contains a measurement measured along the axis parallel to the bottom of the written surface, i.e. perpendicular to the spine of a book or codex." href="ref-width.html">width</a> element.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-dim.html">dim</a></span> contains any single measurement forming part of a dimensional specification of some sort.</li></ul><p>These elements, as well as <a class="gi" title="contains a dimensional specification." href="ref-dimensions.html">dimensions</a> itself, are all members of the <a class="link_odd" title="provides attributes for describing the size of physical objects." href="ref-att.dimensions.html">att.dimensions</a> class, which also inherits attributes from the <a class="link_odd" title="provides attributes for describing numerical ranges." href="ref-att.ranging.html">att.ranging</a> class. They all thus carry the following attributes: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-att.dimensions.html">att.dimensions</a></span> provides attributes for describing the size of physical objects.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">scope</span></td><td>where the measurement summarizes more than one observation, specifies the applicability of this measurement.
Sample values include: 1] all; 2] most; 3] range</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">extent</span></td><td>indicates the size of the object concerned using a project-specific vocabulary combining quantity and units in a single string of words.</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">unit</span></td><td>names the unit used for the measurement
Suggested values include: 1] cm(centimetres) ; 2] mm(millimetres) ; 3] in(inches) ; 4] lines; 5] chars(characters) </td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">quantity</span></td><td>specifies the length in the units specified</td></tr></table></li><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-att.ranging.html">att.ranging</a></span> provides attributes for describing numerical ranges.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">atLeast</span></td><td>gives a minimum estimated value for the approximate measurement.</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">atMost</span></td><td>gives a maximum estimated value for the approximate measurement.</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">min</span></td><td>where the measurement summarizes more than one observation or a range, supplies the minimum value observed.</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">max</span></td><td>where the measurement summarizes more than one observation or a range, supplies the maximum value observed.</td></tr></table></li></ul><p>Attributes <span class="att">scope</span>, <span class="att">min</span>, and <span class="att">max</span> are used only when the measurement applies to several items, for example the size of all leaves in a manuscript; attributes <span class="att">atLeast</span> and <span class="att">atMost</span> are used when the measurement applies to a single item, for example the size of a specific codex, but has had to be estimated. Attribute <span class="att">quantity</span> is used when the measurement can be given exactly, and applies to a single item; this is the usual situation. In this case, the units in which dimensions are measured may be specified using the <span class="att">unit</span> attribute, the value of which will normally be taken from a closed set of values appropriate to the project, using standard units of measurement wherever possible, such as <span class="val">cm</span>, <span class="val">mm</span>, <span class="val">in</span>, <span class="val">line</span>, <span class="val">char</span>. If however the only data available for the measurement uses some other unit, or it is preferred to normalize it in some other way, then it may be supplied as a string value by means of the <span class="att">extent</span> attribute.</p><div class="p">In the simplest case, only the <span class="att">extent</span> attribute may be supplied: <div id="index-egXML-d52e82632" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><width <span class="attribute">extent</span>="<span class="attributevalue">6 cubit</span>"></span>six<br /> cubits<span class="element"></width></span></div> More usually, the measurement will be normalized into a value and an appropriate SI unit: <div id="index-egXML-d52e82636" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><width <span class="attribute">quantity</span>="<span class="attributevalue">270</span>" <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">cm</span>"></span>six cubits<span class="element"></width></span></div> Where the exact value is uncertain, the attributes <span class="att">atLeast</span> and <span class="att">atMost</span> may be used to indicate the upper and lower bounds of an estimated value: <div id="index-egXML-d52e82647" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><width <span class="attribute">atLeast</span>="<span class="attributevalue">250</span>" <span class="attribute">atMost</span>="<span class="attributevalue">300</span>" <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">cm</span>"></span>six cubits<span class="element"></width></span></div></div><div class="p">It is often convenient to supply a measurement which applies to a number of discrete observations: for example, the number of ruled lines on the pages of a manuscript (which may not all be the same), or the diameter of an object like a bell, which will differ depending where it is measured. In such cases, the <span class="att">scope</span> attribute may be used to specify the observations for which this measurement is applicable: <div id="index-egXML-d52e82656" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><height <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">line</span>" <span class="attribute">scope</span>="<span class="attributevalue">most</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">atLeast</span>="<span class="attributevalue">20</span>"/></span></div> This indicates that most pages have at least 20 lines. The attributes <span class="att">min</span> and <span class="att">max</span> can also be used to specify the possible range of values: for example, to show that all pages have between 12 and 30 lines: <div id="index-egXML-d52e82665" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><height <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">line</span>" <span class="attribute">scope</span>="<span class="attributevalue">all</span>" <span class="attribute">min</span>="<span class="attributevalue">12</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">max</span>="<span class="attributevalue">30</span>"/></span></div></div><div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="contains a dimensional specification." href="ref-dimensions.html">dimensions</a> element may be repeated as often as necessary, with appropriate attribute values to indicate the nature and scope of the measurement concerned. For example, in the following case the leaf size and ruled space of the leaves of the manuscript are specified: <div id="index-egXML-d52e82673" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><dimensions <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">ruled</span>" <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">mm</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><height <span class="attribute">scope</span>="<span class="attributevalue">most</span>" <span class="attribute">quantity</span>="<span class="attributevalue">90</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">mm</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"><width <span class="attribute">scope</span>="<span class="attributevalue">most</span>" <span class="attribute">quantity</span>="<span class="attributevalue">48</span>" <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">mm</span>"/></span><br /><span class="element"></dimensions></span><br /><span class="element"><dimensions <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">leaves</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><height <span class="attribute">min</span>="<span class="attributevalue">157</span>" <span class="attribute">max</span>="<span class="attributevalue">160</span>" <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">mm</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"><width <span class="attribute">quantity</span>="<span class="attributevalue">105</span>"/></span><br /><span class="element"></dimensions></span></div> This indicates that for most leaves of the manuscript being described the ruled space is 90 mm high and 48 mm wide, while the leaves throughout are between 157 and 160 mm in height and 105 mm in width.</div><div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="contains any single measurement forming part of a dimensional specification of some sort." href="ref-dim.html">dim</a> element is provided for cases where some measurement other than height, width, or depth is required. Its <span class="att">type</span> attribute is used to indicate the type of measurement involved: <div id="index-egXML-d52e82689" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><dimensions <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">cm</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><dim <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">circumference</span>" <span class="attribute">quantity</span>="<span class="attributevalue">48</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">mm</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"><height <span class="attribute">quantity</span>="<span class="attributevalue">90</span>" <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">mm</span>"/></span><br /><span class="element"></dimensions></span></div></div><p>The order in which components of the <a class="gi" title="contains a dimensional specification." href="ref-dimensions.html">dimensions</a> element may be supplied is not constrained. </p></div><div class="div3" id="msloc"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#msdim"><span class="headingNumber">10.3.4 </span>Dimensions</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#msnames"><span class="headingNumber">10.3.6 </span>Names of Persons, Places, and Organizations</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#msloc" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: References to Locations within a Manuscript</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">10.3.5 </span><span class="head">References to Locations within a Manuscript</span></h4><p>The <a class="gi" title="defines a location within a manuscript or manuscript part, usually as a (possibly discontinuous) sequence of folio references." href="ref-locus.html">locus</a> and its grouping element <a class="gi" title="groups a number of locations which together form a distinct but discontinuous item within a manuscript or manuscript part, according to a specific foliation." href="ref-locusGrp.html">locusGrp</a> element are specialized forms of the <a class="gi" title="(reference) defines a reference to another location, possibly modified by additional text or comment." href="ref-ref.html">ref</a> element, used to indicate a location, or sequence of locations, within a manuscript. </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-locus.html">locus</a></span> defines a location within a manuscript or manuscript part, usually as a (possibly discontinuous) sequence of folio references.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">from</span></td><td>specifies the starting point of the location in a normalized form, typically a page number.</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">to</span></td><td>specifies the end-point of the location in a normalized form, typically as a page number.</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">scheme</span></td><td>identifies the foliation scheme in terms of which the location is being specified by pointing to some <a class="gi" title="describes the numbering system or systems used to count the leaves or pages in a codex." href="ref-foliation.html">foliation</a> element defining it, or to some other equivalent resource.</td></tr></table></li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-locusGrp.html">locusGrp</a></span> groups a number of locations which together form a distinct but discontinuous item within a manuscript or manuscript part, according to a specific foliation.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">scheme</span></td><td>identifies the foliation scheme in terms of which all the locations contained by the group are specified by pointing to some <a class="gi" title="describes the numbering system or systems used to count the leaves or pages in a codex." href="ref-foliation.html">foliation</a> element defining it, or to some other equivalent resource.</td></tr></table></li></ul><p>The <a class="gi" title="defines a location within a manuscript or manuscript part, usually as a (possibly discontinuous) sequence of folio references." href="ref-locus.html">locus</a> element is used to reference a single location within a manuscript, typically to specify the location occupied by the element within which it appears. If, for example, it is used as the first component of a <a class="gi" title="(manuscript item) describes an individual work or item within the intellectual content of a manuscript or manuscript part." href="ref-msItem.html">msItem</a> or <a class="gi" title="(structured manuscript item) contains a structured description for an individual work or item within the intellectual content of a manuscript or manuscript part." href="ref-msItemStruct.html">msItemStruct</a> element, or of any of the more specific elements appearing within one (see further section <a class="link_ptr" href="MS.html#msco" title="Intellectual Content"><span class="headingNumber">10.6 </span>Intellectual Content</a> below) then it is understood to specify the location (or locations) of that item within the manuscript being described.</p><div class="teidiv3" id="index-body.1_div.10_div.3_div.5_div.1"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#index-body.1_div.10_div.3_div.5_div.2"><span class="headingNumber">10.3.5.2 </span>Linking a Location to a Transcription or an Image</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h5><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#index-body.1_div.10_div.3_div.5_div.1" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Identifying a Location</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">10.3.5.1 </span><span class="head">Identifying a Location</span></h5><div class="p">A <a class="gi" title="defines a location within a manuscript or manuscript part, usually as a (possibly discontinuous) sequence of folio references." href="ref-locus.html">locus</a> element can be used to identify any reference to one or more folios within a manuscript, wherever such a reference is appropriate. Locations are conventionally specified as a sequence of folio or page numbers, but may also be a discontinuous list, or a combination of the two. This specification should be given as the content of the <a class="gi" title="defines a location within a manuscript or manuscript part, usually as a (possibly discontinuous) sequence of folio references." href="ref-locus.html">locus</a> element, using the conventions appropriate to the individual scholar or holding institution, as in the following example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e82741" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><msItem <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><locus></span>ff. 1-24r<span class="element"></locus></span><br /> <span class="element"><title></span>Apocalypsis beati Ioannis Apostoli<span class="element"></title></span><br /><span class="element"></msItem></span></div></div><div class="p">A normalized form of the location can also be supplied, using special purpose attributes on the <a class="gi" title="defines a location within a manuscript or manuscript part, usually as a (possibly discontinuous) sequence of folio references." href="ref-locus.html">locus</a> element, as in the following revision of the above example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e82753" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><msItem <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><locus <span class="attribute">from</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1r</span>" <span class="attribute">to</span>="<span class="attributevalue">24r</span>"></span>ff. 1-24r<span class="element"></locus></span><br /> <span class="element"><title></span>Apocalypsis beati Ioannis Apostoli<span class="element"></title></span><br /><span class="element"></msItem></span></div></div><div class="p">When the item concerned occupies a discontinuous sequence of pages, this may simply be indicated in the body of the <a class="gi" title="defines a location within a manuscript or manuscript part, usually as a (possibly discontinuous) sequence of folio references." href="ref-locus.html">locus</a> element: <div id="index-egXML-d52e82765" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><msItem <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><locus></span>ff. 1-12v, 18-24r<span class="element"></locus></span><br /> <span class="element"><title></span>Apocalypsis beati Ioannis Apostoli<span class="element"></title></span><br /><span class="element"></msItem></span></div> Alternatively, if it is desired to indicate normalized values for each part of the sequence, a sequence of <a class="gi" title="defines a location within a manuscript or manuscript part, usually as a (possibly discontinuous) sequence of folio references." href="ref-locus.html">locus</a> elements can be supplied, grouped within the <a class="gi" title="groups a number of locations which together form a distinct but discontinuous item within a manuscript or manuscript part, according to a specific foliation." href="ref-locusGrp.html">locusGrp</a> element: <div id="index-egXML-d52e82778" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><msItem <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><locusGrp></span><br /> <span class="element"><locus <span class="attribute">from</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1r</span>" <span class="attribute">to</span>="<span class="attributevalue">12v</span>"></span>ff. 1-12v<span class="element"></locus></span><br /> <span class="element"><locus <span class="attribute">from</span>="<span class="attributevalue">18</span>" <span class="attribute">to</span>="<span class="attributevalue">24r</span>"></span>ff. 18-24r<span class="element"></locus></span><br /> <span class="element"></locusGrp></span><br /> <span class="element"><title></span>Apocalypsis beati Ioannis Apostoli<span class="element"></title></span><br /><span class="element"></msItem></span></div> Finally, the content of the <a class="gi" title="defines a location within a manuscript or manuscript part, usually as a (possibly discontinuous) sequence of folio references." href="ref-locus.html">locus</a> element may be omitted if a formatting application can construct it automatically from the values of the <span class="att">from</span> and <span class="att">to</span> attributes: <div id="index-egXML-d52e82798" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><msItem <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><locusGrp></span><br /> <span class="element"><locus <span class="attribute">from</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1r</span>" <span class="attribute">to</span>="<span class="attributevalue">12v</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"><locus <span class="attribute">from</span>="<span class="attributevalue">18</span>" <span class="attribute">to</span>="<span class="attributevalue">24r</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"></locusGrp></span><br /> <span class="element"><title></span>Apocalypsis beati Ioannis Apostoli<span class="element"></title></span><br /><span class="element"></msItem></span></div></div></div><div class="teidiv3" id="index-body.1_div.10_div.3_div.5_div.2"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#index-body.1_div.10_div.3_div.5_div.1"><span class="headingNumber">10.3.5.1 </span>Identifying a Location</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#index-body.1_div.10_div.3_div.5_div.3"><span class="headingNumber">10.3.5.3 </span>Using Multiple Location Schemes</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h5><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#index-body.1_div.10_div.3_div.5_div.2" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Linking a Location to a Transcription or an Image</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">10.3.5.2 </span><span class="head">Linking a Location to a Transcription or an Image</span></h5><p>The <a class="gi" title="defines a location within a manuscript or manuscript part, usually as a (possibly discontinuous) sequence of folio references." href="ref-locus.html">locus</a> attribute can also be used to associate a location within a manuscript with facsimile images of that location, using the <span class="att">facs</span> attribute, or with a transcription of the text occurring at that location. The former association is effected by means of the <span class="att">facs</span> attribute; the latter by means of the <span class="att">target</span> attribute.</p><div class="p">The <span class="att">facs</span> is available only when the <span class="ident-module">transcr</span> module described in chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="PH.html" title="18"><span class="headingNumber">11 </span>Representation of Primary Sources</a> is included in a schema. It associates a <a class="gi" title="defines a location within a manuscript or manuscript part, usually as a (possibly discontinuous) sequence of folio references." href="ref-locus.html">locus</a> element with one or more digitized images, as in the following example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e82836" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><msItem></span><br /> <span class="element"><locus <span class="attribute">facs</span>="<span class="attributevalue">images/08v.jpg images/09r.jpg images/09v.jpg images/10r.jpg images/10v.jpg</span>"></span>fols. 8v-10v<span class="element"></locus></span><br /> <span class="element"><title></span>Birds Praise of Love<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"><bibl></span><br /> <span class="element"><title></span>IMEV<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"><biblScope></span>1506<span class="element"></biblScope></span><br /> <span class="element"></bibl></span><br /><span class="element"></msItem></span></div> Here, the <span class="att">facs</span> attribute uses a URI reference to point directly to images of the relevant pages. This method may be found cumbersome when many images are to be associated with a single location. It is of most use when specific pages are referenced within a description, as in the following example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e82852" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><decoDesc></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Several of the miniatures in this section have been damaged and overpainted<br /> at a later date (e.g. the figure of Christ on <span class="element"><locus <span class="attribute">facs</span>="<span class="attributevalue">http://www.example.com/images.fr#F33R</span>"></span>fol. 33r<span class="element"></locus></span>; the face of the<br /> Shepherdess on <span class="element"><locus <span class="attribute">facs</span>="<span class="attributevalue">http://www.example.com/images.fr#F59V</span>"></span>fol.<br /> 59v<span class="element"></locus></span>, etc.).<span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"></decoDesc></span></div> For further discussion of the <span class="att">facs</span> attribute, see section <a class="link_ptr" href="PH.html#PHFAX" title="Digital Facsimiles"><span class="headingNumber">11.1 </span>Digital Facsimiles</a>.</div><div class="p">Where a transcription of the relevant pages is available, this may be associated with the <a class="gi" title="defines a location within a manuscript or manuscript part, usually as a (possibly discontinuous) sequence of folio references." href="ref-locus.html">locus</a> element using its <span class="att">target</span> attribute, as in the following example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e82876" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><msItem <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><locus <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#f1r #f1v #f2r</span>"></span>ff. 1r-2r<span class="element"></locus></span><br /> <span class="element"><author></span>Ben Jonson<span class="element"></author></span><br /> <span class="element"><title></span>Ode to himself<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"><rubric <span class="attribute">rend</span>="<span class="attributevalue">italics</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><lb/></span> An Ode<br /> <span class="element"><lb/></span> to him selfe.<span class="element"></rubric></span><br /> <span class="element"><incipit></span>Com leaue the loathed stage<span class="element"></incipit></span><br /> <span class="element"><explicit></span>And see his chariot triumph ore his wayne.<span class="element"></explicit></span><br /> <span class="element"><bibl></span><br /> <span class="element"><name></span>Beal<span class="element"></name></span>, <span class="element"><title></span>Index 1450-1625<span class="element"></title></span>, JnB 380<span class="element"></bibl></span><br /><span class="element"></msItem></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- within transcription ... --></span><br /><span class="element"><pb <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">f1r</span>"/></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /><span class="element"><pb <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">f1v</span>"/></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /><span class="element"><pb <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">f2r</span>"/></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span></div></div><p>When (as in this example) a sequence of elements is to be supplied as target value, it may be given explicitly as above, or using the xPointer range() syntax defined at <a class="link_ptr" href="SA.html#SATSRN" title="range()"><span class="headingNumber">16.2.4.6 </span>range()</a>. Note however that support for this pointer mechanism is not widespread in current XML processing systems.</p><p>The <span class="att">target</span> attribute should only be used to point to elements that contain or indicate a transcription of the locus being described. To associate a <a class="gi" title="defines a location within a manuscript or manuscript part, usually as a (possibly discontinuous) sequence of folio references." href="ref-locus.html">locus</a> element with a page image or other comparable representation, the global <span class="att">facs</span> attribute should be used instead.</p></div><div class="teidiv3" id="index-body.1_div.10_div.3_div.5_div.3"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#index-body.1_div.10_div.3_div.5_div.2"><span class="headingNumber">10.3.5.2 </span>Linking a Location to a Transcription or an Image</a></li><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h5><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#index-body.1_div.10_div.3_div.5_div.3" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Using Multiple Location Schemes</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">10.3.5.3 </span><span class="head">Using Multiple Location Schemes</span></h5><div class="p">Where a manuscript contains more than one foliation, the <span class="att">scheme</span> attribute may be used to distinguish them. For example, MS 65 Corpus Christi College, Cambridge contains two fly leaves bearing music. These leaves have modern foliation 135 and 136 respectively, but are also marked with an older foliation. This may be preserved in an encoding such as the following: <div id="index-egXML-d52e82931" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><locus <span class="attribute">scheme</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#original</span>"></span>XCIII<span class="element"></locus></span><br /><span class="element"><locus <span class="attribute">scheme</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#modern</span>"></span>135<span class="element"></locus></span></div> Here the <span class="att">scheme</span> attribute points to a <a class="gi" title="describes the numbering system or systems used to count the leaves or pages in a codex." href="ref-foliation.html">foliation</a> element providing more details about the scheme used, as further discussed in <a class="link_ptr" href="MS.html#msphfo" title="Foliation"><span class="headingNumber">10.7.1.4 </span>Foliation</a> below.</div><div class="p">Where discontinuous sequences are identified within two different foliations, the <span class="att">scheme</span> attribute should be supplied on the <a class="gi" title="groups a number of locations which together form a distinct but discontinuous item within a manuscript or manuscript part, according to a specific foliation." href="ref-locusGrp.html">locusGrp</a> element in preference, as in the following: <div id="index-egXML-d52e82953" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><locusGrp <span class="attribute">scheme</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#original</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><locus></span>XCIII<span class="element"></locus></span><br /> <span class="element"><locus></span>CC-CCII<span class="element"></locus></span><br /><span class="element"></locusGrp></span><br /><span class="element"><locusGrp <span class="attribute">scheme</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#modern</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><locus></span>135<span class="element"></locus></span><br /> <span class="element"><locus></span>197-204<span class="element"></locus></span><br /><span class="element"></locusGrp></span></div></div></div></div><div class="div3" id="msnames"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#msloc"><span class="headingNumber">10.3.5 </span>References to Locations within a Manuscript</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#msmisc"><span class="headingNumber">10.3.7 </span>Catchwords, Signatures, Secundo Folio</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#msnames" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Names of Persons, Places, and Organizations</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">10.3.6 </span><span class="head">Names of Persons, Places, and Organizations</span></h4><p>The standard TEI element <a class="gi" title="(name, proper noun) contains a proper noun or noun phrase." href="ref-name.html">name</a> may be used to identify names of any kind occurring within a description: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-name.html">name</a></span> (name, proper noun) contains a proper noun or noun phrase.</li></ul><p> As further discussed in <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#CONARS" title="Referring Strings"><span class="headingNumber">3.5.1 </span>Referring Strings</a>, this element is a member of the class <a class="link_odd" title="provides attributes which can be used to associate a representation such as a name or title with canonical information about the object being named or referenced." href="ref-att.canonical.html">att.canonical</a>, from which it inherits the following attributes: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-att.canonical.html">att.canonical</a></span> provides attributes which can be used to associate a representation such as a name or title with canonical information about the object being named or referenced.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">key</span></td><td>provides an externally-defined means of identifying the entity (or entities) being named, using a coded value of some kind.</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">ref</span></td><td>(reference) provides an explicit means of locating a full definition or identity for the entity being named by means of one or more URIs.</td></tr></table></li></ul><div class="p">Here are some examples of the use of the <a class="gi" title="(name, proper noun) contains a proper noun or noun phrase." href="ref-name.html">name</a> element: <div id="index-egXML-d52e82989" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><name <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">person</span>"></span>Thomas Hoccleve<span class="element"></name></span><br /><span class="element"><name <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">place</span>"></span>Villingaholt<span class="element"></name></span><br /><span class="element"><name <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">org</span>"></span>Vetus Latina Institut<span class="element"></name></span><br /><span class="element"><name <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">person</span>" <span class="attribute">ref</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#HOC001</span>"></span>Occleve<span class="element"></name></span></div></div><div class="p">Note that the <a class="gi" title="(name, proper noun) contains a proper noun or noun phrase." href="ref-name.html">name</a> element is defined as providing information about a <em>name</em>, not the person, place, or organization to which that name refers. In the last example above, the <span class="att">ref</span> attribute is used to associate the name with a more detailed description of the person named. This is provided by means of the <a class="gi" title="provides information about an identifiable individual, for example a participant in a language interaction, or a person referred to in a historical source." href="ref-person.html">person</a> element, which becomes available when the <span class="ident-module">namesdates</span> module described in chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="ND.html" title="20"><span class="headingNumber">13 </span>Names, Dates, People, and Places</a> is included in a schema. An element such as the following might then be used to provide detailed information about the person indicated by the name: <div id="index-egXML-d52e83019" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><person <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">HOC001</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><persName></span><br /> <span class="element"><surname></span>Hoccleve<span class="element"></surname></span><br /> <span class="element"><forename></span>Thomas<span class="element"></forename></span><br /> <span class="element"></persName></span><br /> <span class="element"><birth <span class="attribute">notBefore</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1368</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"><occupation></span>poet<span class="element"></occupation></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- other personal data --></span><br /><span class="element"></person></span></div> Note that an instance of the <a class="gi" title="provides information about an identifiable individual, for example a participant in a language interaction, or a person referred to in a historical source." href="ref-person.html">person</a> element must be provided for each distinct <span class="att">ref</span> value specified. For example, in the case above, the value <span class="val">HOC001</span> must be found as the <span class="att">xml:id</span> attribute of some <a class="gi" title="provides information about an identifiable individual, for example a participant in a language interaction, or a person referred to in a historical source." href="ref-person.html">person</a> element; the same value will be used as the <span class="att">ref</span> attribute of every reference to Hoccleve in the document (however spelled), but there will only be one <a class="gi" title="provides information about an identifiable individual, for example a participant in a language interaction, or a person referred to in a historical source." href="ref-person.html">person</a> element with this identifier.</div><p>Alternatively, the <span class="att">key</span> attribute may be used to supply a unique identifying code for the person referenced by the name independently of both the existence of a <a class="gi" title="provides information about an identifiable individual, for example a participant in a language interaction, or a person referred to in a historical source." href="ref-person.html">person</a> element and the use of the standard URI reference mechanism. If, for example, a project maintains as its authority file some non-digital resource, or uses a database which cannot readily be integrated with other digital resources for this purpose, the unique codes used by such ‘offline’ resources may be used as values for the <span class="att">key</span> attribute. Although such practices clearly reduce the interchangeability of the resulting encoded texts, they may be judged more convenient or practical in certain situations. As explained in <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#CONARS" title="Referring Strings"><span class="headingNumber">3.5.1 </span>Referring Strings</a>, interchange is improved by use of tag URIs in <span class="att">ref</span> instead of <span class="att">key</span>.</p><p>All the <a class="gi" title="provides information about an identifiable individual, for example a participant in a language interaction, or a person referred to in a historical source." href="ref-person.html">person</a> elements referenced by a particular document set should be collected together within a <a class="gi" title="(list of persons) contains a list of descriptions, each of which provides information about an identifiable person or a group of people, for example the participants in a language interaction, or the people referred to in a historical source." href="ref-listPerson.html">listPerson</a> element, located in the TEI header. This functions as a kind of prosopography for all the people referenced by the set of manuscripts being described, in much the same way as a <a class="gi" title="(citation list) contains a list of bibliographic citations of any kind." href="ref-listBibl.html">listBibl</a> element in the back matter may be used to hold bibliographic information for all the works referenced.</p><p>When the <span class="ident-module">namesdates</span> module described in chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="ND.html" title="20"><span class="headingNumber">13 </span>Names, Dates, People, and Places</a> is included in a schema, similar mechanisms are used to maintain and reference canonical lists of places or organizations, as further discussed in sections <a class="link_ptr" href="ND.html#NDPLAC" title="Place Names"><span class="headingNumber">13.2.3 </span>Place Names</a> and <a class="link_ptr" href="ND.html#NDORG" title="Organizational Names"><span class="headingNumber">13.2.2 </span>Organizational Names</a> respectively.</p></div><div class="div3" id="msmisc"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#msnames"><span class="headingNumber">10.3.6 </span>Names of Persons, Places, and Organizations</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#mshera"><span class="headingNumber">10.3.8 </span>Heraldry</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#msmisc" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Catchwords, Signatures, Secundo Folio</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">10.3.7 </span><span class="head">Catchwords, Signatures, Secundo Folio</span></h4><div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="describes the system used to ensure correct ordering of the quires making up a codex or incunable, typically by means of annotations at the foot of the page." href="ref-catchwords.html">catchwords</a> element is used to describe one method by which correct ordering of the quires of a codex is ensured. Typically, this takes the form of a word or phrase written in the lower margin of the last leaf verso of a gathering, which provides a preview of the first recto leaf of the successive gathering. This may be a simple phrase such as the following: <div id="index-egXML-d52e83110" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><catchwords></span>Quires signed on the<br /> last leaf verso in roman numerals.<span class="element"></catchwords></span></div> Alternatively, it may contain more details: <div id="index-egXML-d52e83114" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><catchwords></span>Vertical catchwords in the hand of the scribe placed along the inner<br /> bounding line, reading from top to bottom.<span class="element"></catchwords></span></div></div><div class="p">The ‘Signatures’ element is used, in a similar way, to describe a similar system in which quires or leaves are marked progressively in order to facilitate arrangement during binding. For example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e83123" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><signatures></span>At the bottom of the<br /> first four leaves of quires 1-14 are the remains of a series of quire signatures<br /> a-o plus roman figures in a cursive hand of the fourteenth century.<span class="element"></signatures></span></div></div><div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="contains discussion of the leaf or quire signatures found within a codex." href="ref-signatures.html">signatures</a> element can be used for either leaf signatures, or a combination of quire and leaf signatures, whether the marking is alphabetic, alphanumeric, or some ad hoc system, as in the following more complex example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e83132" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><signatures></span>Quire and leaf<br /> signatures in letters, [b]-v, and roman numerals; those in quires 10 (1) and 17<br /> (s) in red ink and different from others; every third quire also signed with red<br /> crayon in arabic numerals in the centre lower margin of the first leaf recto:<br /> "2" for quire 4 (f. 19), "3" for quire 7 (f. 43); "4", barely visible, for quire<br /> 10 (f. 65), "5", in a later hand, for quire 13 (f. 89), "6", in a later hand,<br /> for quire 16 (f. 113).<span class="element"></signatures></span></div></div><div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="(second folio) marks the word or words taken from a fixed point in a codex (typically the beginning of the second leaf) in order to provide a unique identifier for it." href="ref-secFol.html">secFol</a> element (for ‘secundo folio’) is used to record an identifying phrase (also called <span class="foreign">dictio probatoria</span>) taken from a specific known point in a codex (for example the first few words on the second leaf). Since these words will differ from one copy of a text to another, the practice originated in the middle ages of using them when cataloguing a manuscript in order to distinguish individual copies of a work in a way which its opening words could not. <div id="index-egXML-d52e83147" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><secFol></span>(ando-)ssene in una villa<span class="element"></secFol></span></div> </div></div><div class="div3" id="mshera"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#msmisc"><span class="headingNumber">10.3.7 </span>Catchwords, Signatures, Secundo Folio</a></li><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#mshera" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Heraldry</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">10.3.8 </span><span class="head">Heraldry</span></h4><div class="p">Descriptions of heraldic arms, supporters, devices, and mottos may appear at various points in the description of a manuscript, usually in the context of ownership information, binding descriptions, or detailed accounts of illustrations. A full description may also contain a detailed account of the heraldic components of a manuscript independently considered. Frequently, however, heraldic descriptions will be cited as short phrases within other parts of the record. The phrase level element <a class="gi" title="contains a heraldic formula or phrase, typically found as part of a blazon, coat of arms, etc." href="ref-heraldry.html">heraldry</a> is provided to allow such phrases to be marked for further analysis, as in the following examples: <div id="index-egXML-d52e83161" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><p></span>Ownership stamp (xvii cent.) on i recto with the arms <span class="element"><heraldry></span>A bull<br /> passant within a bordure bezanty, in chief a crescent for difference<span class="element"></heraldry></span><br /> [Cole], crest, and the legend <span class="element"><quote></span>Cole Deum<span class="element"></quote></span>.<span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /><span class="element"><p></span>A c. 8r fregio su due lati, <span class="element"><heraldry></span>stemma e imprese medicee<span class="element"></heraldry></span><br /> racchiudono l'inizio dell'epistolario di Paolino.<span class="element"></p></span></div></div></div></div><div class="div2" id="msid"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#msphrase"><span class="headingNumber">10.3 </span>Phrase-level Elements</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#msdo"><span class="headingNumber">10.5 </span>The Manuscript Heading</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h3><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#msid" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: The Manuscript Identifier</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">10.4 </span><span class="head">The Manuscript Identifier</span></h3><p>The <a class="gi" title="(manuscript identifier) contains the information required to identify the manuscript being described." href="ref-msIdentifier.html">msIdentifier</a> element is intended to provide an unambiguous means of uniquely identifying a particular manuscript. This may be done in a structured way, by providing information about the holding institution and the call number, shelfmark, or other identifier used to indicate its location within that institution. Alternatively, or in addition, a manuscript may be identified simply by a commonly used name. </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-msIdentifier.html">msIdentifier</a></span> (manuscript identifier) contains the information required to identify the manuscript being described.</li></ul><p>A manuscript's actual physical location may occasionally be different from its place of ownership; at Cambridge University, for example, manuscripts owned by various colleges are kept in the central University Library. Normally, it is the ownership of the manuscript which should be specified in the manuscript identifier, while additional or more precise information on the physical location of the manuscript can be given within the <a class="gi" title="(administrative information) contains information about the present custody and availability of the manuscript, and also about the record description itself." href="ref-adminInfo.html">adminInfo</a> element, discussed in section <a class="link_ptr" href="MS.html#msadad" title="Administrative Information"><span class="headingNumber">10.9.1 </span>Administrative Information</a> below.</p><p>The following elements are available within <a class="gi" title="(manuscript identifier) contains the information required to identify the manuscript being described." href="ref-msIdentifier.html">msIdentifier</a> to identify the holding institution: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-country.html">country</a></span> contains the name of a geo-political unit, such as a nation, country, colony, or commonwealth, larger than or administratively superior to a region and smaller than a bloc.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-region.html">region</a></span> contains the name of an administrative unit such as a state, province, or county, larger than a settlement, but smaller than a country.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-settlement.html">settlement</a></span> contains the name of a settlement such as a city, town, or village identified as a single geo-political or administrative unit.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-institution.html">institution</a></span> contains the name of an organization such as a university or library, with which a manuscript is identified, generally its holding institution.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-repository.html">repository</a></span> contains the name of a repository within which manuscripts are stored, possibly forming part of an institution.</li></ul><p>These elements are all structurally equivalent to the standard TEI <a class="gi" title="(name, proper noun) contains a proper noun or noun phrase." href="ref-name.html">name</a> element with an appropriate value for its <span class="att">type</span> attribute; however the use of this ‘syntactic sugar’ enables the model for <a class="gi" title="(manuscript identifier) contains the information required to identify the manuscript being described." href="ref-msIdentifier.html">msIdentifier</a> to be constrained rather more tightly than would otherwise be possible. Specifically, only one of each of the elements listed above may appear within the <a class="gi" title="(manuscript identifier) contains the information required to identify the manuscript being described." href="ref-msIdentifier.html">msIdentifier</a> and they must, if present, appear in the order given.</p><p>Like <a class="gi" title="(name, proper noun) contains a proper noun or noun phrase." href="ref-name.html">name</a>, these elements are all also members of the attribute class <a class="link_odd" title="provides attributes which can be used to associate a representation such as a name or title with canonical information about the object being named or referenced." href="ref-att.canonical.html">att.canonical</a>, and thus can use the attributes <span class="att">key</span> or <span class="att">ref</span> to reference a single standardized source of information about the entity named.</p><p>The following elements are used within <a class="gi" title="(manuscript identifier) contains the information required to identify the manuscript being described." href="ref-msIdentifier.html">msIdentifier</a> to provide different ways of identifying the manuscript within its holding institution: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-collection.html">collection</a></span> contains the name of a collection of manuscripts, not necessarily located within a single repository.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-idno.html">idno</a></span> (identifier) supplies any form of identifier used to identify some object, such as a bibliographic item, a person, a title, an organization, etc. in a standardized way.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-altIdentifier.html">altIdentifier</a></span> (alternative identifier) contains an alternative or former structured identifier used for a manuscript, such as a former catalogue number.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-msName.html">msName</a></span> (alternative name) contains any form of unstructured alternative name used for a manuscript, such as an ‘ocellus nominum’, or nickname.</li></ul><div class="p">Major manuscript repositories will usually have a preferred form of citation for manuscript shelfmarks, including rules about punctuation, spacing, abbreviation, etc., which should be adhered to. Where such a format also contains information which might additionally be supplied as a distinct subcomponent of the <a class="gi" title="(manuscript identifier) contains the information required to identify the manuscript being described." href="ref-msIdentifier.html">msIdentifier</a>, for example a collection name, a decision must be taken as to whether to use the more specific element, or to include such information within the <a class="gi" title="(identifier) supplies any form of identifier used to identify some object, such as a bibliographic item, a person, a title, an organization, etc. in a standardized way." href="ref-idno.html">idno</a> element. For example, the manuscript formally identified as <span class="q">‘El 26 C 9’</span> forms a part of the Ellesmere (<span class="q">‘El’</span>) collection. Either of the following encodings is therefore feasible: <div id="index-egXML-d52e84574" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><msIdentifier></span><br /> <span class="element"><country></span>USA<span class="element"></country></span><br /> <span class="element"><region></span>California<span class="element"></region></span><br /> <span class="element"><settlement></span>San Marino<span class="element"></settlement></span><br /> <span class="element"><repository></span>Huntington Library<span class="element"></repository></span><br /> <span class="element"><collection></span>El<span class="element"></collection></span><br /> <span class="element"><idno></span>26 C 9<span class="element"></idno></span><br /> <span class="element"><msName></span>The Ellesmere Chaucer<span class="element"></msName></span><br /><span class="element"></msIdentifier></span></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e84592" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><msIdentifier></span><br /> <span class="element"><country></span>USA<span class="element"></country></span><br /> <span class="element"><region></span>California<span class="element"></region></span><br /> <span class="element"><settlement></span>San Marino<span class="element"></settlement></span><br /> <span class="element"><repository></span>Huntington Library<span class="element"></repository></span><br /> <span class="element"><idno></span>El 26 C 9<span class="element"></idno></span><br /> <span class="element"><msName></span>The Ellesmere Chaucer<span class="element"></msName></span><br /><span class="element"></msIdentifier></span></div></div><div class="p">In the former example, the preferred form of the identifier can be retrieved by prefixing the content of the <a class="gi" title="(identifier) supplies any form of identifier used to identify some object, such as a bibliographic item, a person, a title, an organization, etc. in a standardized way." href="ref-idno.html">idno</a> element with that of the <a class="gi" title="contains the name of a collection of manuscripts, not necessarily located within a single repository." href="ref-collection.html">collection</a> element, while in the latter it is given explicitly. The advantage of the former is that it simplifies accurate retrieval of all manuscripts from a given collection; the disadvantage is that encoded abbreviations of this kind may not be as immediately comprehensible. Care should be taken to avoid redundancy: for example <div id="index-egXML-d52e84615" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><collection></span>El<span class="element"></collection></span><br /><span class="element"><idno></span>El 26 C 9<span class="element"></idno></span></div> would clearly be inappropriate. Equally clearly, <div id="index-egXML-d52e84621" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><collection></span>Ellesmere<span class="element"></collection></span><br /><span class="element"><idno></span>El 26 C 9<span class="element"></idno></span></div> might be considered helpful in some circumstances (if, for example, some of the items in the Ellesmere collection had shelfmarks which did not begin <span class="q">‘El’</span>).</div><div class="p">In some cases the shelfmark may contain no information about the collection; in other cases, the item may be regarded as belonging to more than one collection. The <a class="gi" title="contains the name of a collection of manuscripts, not necessarily located within a single repository." href="ref-collection.html">collection</a> element may be added, and repeated as often as necessary to cater for such situations: <div id="index-egXML-d52e84635" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><msIdentifier></span><br /> <span class="element"><country></span>Hungary<span class="element"></country></span><br /> <span class="element"><settlement></span>Budapest<span class="element"></settlement></span><br /> <span class="element"><repository <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">fr</span>"></span> Bibliothèque de l'Académie des Sciences de Hongrie <span class="element"></repository></span><br /> <span class="element"><collection></span>Oriental Collection<span class="element"></collection></span><br /> <span class="element"><collection></span>Sandor Kégl Bequest<span class="element"></collection></span><br /> <span class="element"><idno></span>MS 1265<span class="element"></idno></span><br /><span class="element"></msIdentifier></span></div></div><div class="p"><div id="index-egXML-d52e84652" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><msIdentifier></span><br /> <span class="element"><country></span>USA<span class="element"></country></span><br /> <span class="element"><region></span>New Jersey<span class="element"></region></span><br /> <span class="element"><settlement></span>Princeton<span class="element"></settlement></span><br /> <span class="element"><repository></span>Princeton University Library<span class="element"></repository></span><br /> <span class="element"><collection></span>Scheide Library<span class="element"></collection></span><br /> <span class="element"><idno></span>MS 71<span class="element"></idno></span><br /> <span class="element"><msName></span>Blickling Homiliary<span class="element"></msName></span><br /><span class="element"></msIdentifier></span></div></div><div class="p">Note in the latter case the use of the <a class="gi" title="(alternative name) contains any form of unstructured alternative name used for a manuscript, such as an ‘ocellus nominum’, or nickname." href="ref-msName.html">msName</a> element to provide a common name other than the shelfmark by which a manuscript is known. Where a manuscript has several such names, more than one of these elements may be used, as in the following example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e84675" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><msIdentifier></span><br /> <span class="element"><country></span>Danmark<span class="element"></country></span><br /> <span class="element"><settlement></span>København<span class="element"></settlement></span><br /> <span class="element"><repository></span>Det Arnamagnæanske Institut<span class="element"></repository></span><br /> <span class="element"><idno></span>AM 45 fol.<span class="element"></idno></span><br /> <span class="element"><msName <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">la</span>"></span>Codex Frisianus<span class="element"></msName></span><br /> <span class="element"><msName <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">is</span>"></span>Fríssbók<span class="element"></msName></span><br /><span class="element"></msIdentifier></span></div> Here the globally available <span class="att">xml:lang</span> attribute has been used to specify the language of the alternative names. </div><div class="p">In very rare cases a repository may have only one manuscript (or only one of any significance), which will have no shelfmark as such but will be known by a particular name or names. In such circumstances, the <a class="gi" title="(identifier) supplies any form of identifier used to identify some object, such as a bibliographic item, a person, a title, an organization, etc. in a standardized way." href="ref-idno.html">idno</a> element may be omitted, and the manuscript identified by the name or names used for it, using one or more <a class="gi" title="(alternative name) contains any form of unstructured alternative name used for a manuscript, such as an ‘ocellus nominum’, or nickname." href="ref-msName.html">msName</a> elements, as in the following example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e84703" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><msIdentifier></span><br /> <span class="element"><settlement></span>Rossano<span class="element"></settlement></span><br /> <span class="element"><repository <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">it</span>"></span>Biblioteca arcivescovile<span class="element"></repository></span><br /> <span class="element"><msName <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">la</span>"></span>Codex Rossanensis<span class="element"></msName></span><br /> <span class="element"><msName <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">la</span>"></span>Codex purpureus<span class="element"></msName></span><br /> <span class="element"><msName <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">en</span>"></span>The Rossano Gospels<span class="element"></msName></span><br /><span class="element"></msIdentifier></span></div></div><div class="p">Where manuscripts have moved from one institution to another, or even within the same institution, they may have identifiers additional to the ones currently used, such as former shelfmarks, which are sometimes retained even after they have been officially superseded. In such cases it may be useful to supply an alternative identifier, with a detailed structure similar to that of the <a class="gi" title="(manuscript identifier) contains the information required to identify the manuscript being described." href="ref-msIdentifier.html">msIdentifier</a> itself. The following example shows a manuscript which had shelfmark <code>II-M-5</code> in the collection of the Duque de Osuna, but which now has the shelfmark <code>MS 10237</code> in the National Library in Madrid: <div id="index-egXML-d52e84727" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><msIdentifier></span><br /> <span class="element"><settlement></span>Madrid<span class="element"></settlement></span><br /> <span class="element"><repository></span>Biblioteca Nacional<span class="element"></repository></span><br /> <span class="element"><idno></span>MS 10237<span class="element"></idno></span><br /> <span class="element"><altIdentifier></span><br /> <span class="element"><region></span>Andalucia<span class="element"></region></span><br /> <span class="element"><settlement></span>Osuna<span class="element"></settlement></span><br /> <span class="element"><repository></span>Duque de Osuna<span class="element"></repository></span><br /> <span class="element"><idno></span>II-M-5<span class="element"></idno></span><br /> <span class="element"></altIdentifier></span><br /><span class="element"></msIdentifier></span></div> Normally, such information would be dealt with under <a class="gi" title="groups elements describing the full history of a manuscript or manuscript part." href="ref-history.html">history</a>, except in cases where a manuscript is likely still to be referred to or known by its former identifier. For example, an institution may have changed its call number system but still wish to retain a record of the earlier number, perhaps because the manuscript concerned is frequently cited in print under its previous number: <div id="index-egXML-d52e84749" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><msIdentifier></span><br /> <span class="element"><settlement></span>Berkeley<span class="element"></settlement></span><br /> <span class="element"><institution></span>University of California<span class="element"></institution></span><br /> <span class="element"><repository></span>Bancroft Library<span class="element"></repository></span><br /> <span class="element"><idno></span>UCB 16<span class="element"></idno></span><br /> <span class="element"><altIdentifier></span><br /> <span class="element"><idno></span>2MS BS1145 I8<span class="element"></idno></span><br /> <span class="element"></altIdentifier></span><br /><span class="element"></msIdentifier></span></div> Where (as in this example) no repository is specified for the <a class="gi" title="(alternative identifier) contains an alternative or former structured identifier used for a manuscript, such as a former catalogue number." href="ref-altIdentifier.html">altIdentifier</a>, it is assumed to be the same as that of the parent <a class="gi" title="(manuscript identifier) contains the information required to identify the manuscript being described." href="ref-msIdentifier.html">msIdentifier</a>. Where the holding institution has only one preferred form of citation but wishes to retain the other for internal administrative purposes, the secondary could be given within <a class="gi" title="(alternative identifier) contains an alternative or former structured identifier used for a manuscript, such as a former catalogue number." href="ref-altIdentifier.html">altIdentifier</a> with an appropriate value on the <span class="att">type</span> attribute: <div id="index-egXML-d52e84775" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><msIdentifier></span><br /> <span class="element"><settlement></span>Oxford<span class="element"></settlement></span><br /> <span class="element"><repository></span>Bodleian Library<span class="element"></repository></span><br /> <span class="element"><idno></span>MS. Bodley 406<span class="element"></idno></span><br /> <span class="element"><altIdentifier <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">SC</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><idno></span>2297<span class="element"></idno></span><br /> <span class="element"></altIdentifier></span><br /><span class="element"></msIdentifier></span></div> It might, however, be preferable to include such information within the <a class="gi" title="(administrative information) contains information about the present custody and availability of the manuscript, and also about the record description itself." href="ref-adminInfo.html">adminInfo</a> element discussed in section <a class="link_ptr" href="MS.html#msadad" title="Administrative Information"><span class="headingNumber">10.9.1 </span>Administrative Information</a> below.</div><p>Cases of such changed or alternative identifiers should be clearly distinguished from cases of ‘fragmented’ (<a class="link_ptr" href="MS.html#msfg" title="Manuscript Fragments"><span class="headingNumber">10.11 </span>Manuscript Fragments</a>) manuscripts, that is to say manuscripts which although physically disjoint are nevertheless generally treated as single units.</p><p>As mentioned above, the smallest possible description is one that contains only the element <a class="gi" title="(manuscript identifier) contains the information required to identify the manuscript being described." href="ref-msIdentifier.html">msIdentifier</a>; good practice in all but exceptional circumstances requires the presence within it of the three sub-elements <a class="gi" title="contains the name of a settlement such as a city, town, or village identified as a single geo-political or administrative unit." href="ref-settlement.html">settlement</a>, <a class="gi" title="contains the name of a repository within which manuscripts are stored, possibly forming part of an institution." href="ref-repository.html">repository</a>, and <a class="gi" title="(identifier) supplies any form of identifier used to identify some object, such as a bibliographic item, a person, a title, an organization, etc. in a standardized way." href="ref-idno.html">idno</a>, since they provide what is, by common consent, the minimum amount of information necessary to identify a manuscript.</p></div><div class="div2" id="msdo"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#msid"><span class="headingNumber">10.4 </span>The Manuscript Identifier</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#msco"><span class="headingNumber">10.6 </span>Intellectual Content</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h3><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#msdo" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: The Manuscript Heading</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">10.5 </span><span class="head">The Manuscript Heading</span></h3><div class="p">Historically, the briefest possible meaningful description of a manuscript consists of no more than a title, e.g. <span class="mentioned">Polychronicon</span>. This will often have been enough to identify a manuscript in a small collection because the identity of the author is implicit. Where a title does not imply the author, and is thus insufficient to identify the main text of a manuscript, the author should be stated explicitly (e.g. <span class="mentioned">Augustinus, Sermones</span> or <span class="mentioned">Cicero, Letters</span>). Many inventories of manuscripts consist of no more than an author and title, with some form of copy-specific identifier, such as a shelfmark or ‘secundo folio’ reference (e.g. <span class="mentioned">Arch. B. 3. 2: Evangelium Matthei cum glossa</span>, <span class="mentioned">126. Isidori Originum libri octo</span>, <span class="mentioned">Biblia Hieronimi, 2o fo. opus est</span>); information on date and place of writing will sometimes also be included. The standard TEI element <a class="gi" title="(heading) contains any type of heading, for example the title of a section, or the heading of a list, glossary, manuscript description, etc." href="ref-head.html">head</a> element can be used to provide a brief description of this kind. <ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-head.html">head</a></span> (heading) contains any type of heading, for example the title of a section, or the heading of a list, glossary, manuscript description, etc.</li></ul> In this way the cataloguer or scholar can supply in one place a minimum of essential information, such as might be displayed or printed as the heading of a full description. For example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e85240" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><head></span>Marsilius de Inghen, Abbreviata phisicorum Aristotelis; Italy,<br /> 1463.<span class="element"></head></span></div> Any phrase-level elements, such as <a class="gi" title="contains a title for any kind of work." href="ref-title.html">title</a>, <a class="gi" title="(name, proper noun) contains a proper noun or noun phrase." href="ref-name.html">name</a>, <a class="gi" title="contains a date in any format." href="ref-date.html">date</a>, or the specialized elements <a class="gi" title="(origin place) contains any form of place name, used to identify the place of origin for a manuscript or manuscript part." href="ref-origPlace.html">origPlace</a> and <a class="gi" title="(origin date) contains any form of date, used to identify the date of origin for a manuscript or manuscript part." href="ref-origDate.html">origDate</a>, can also be used within a <a class="gi" title="(heading) contains any type of heading, for example the title of a section, or the heading of a list, glossary, manuscript description, etc." href="ref-head.html">head</a> element, but it should be remembered that the <a class="gi" title="(heading) contains any type of heading, for example the title of a section, or the heading of a list, glossary, manuscript description, etc." href="ref-head.html">head</a> element is intended principally to contain a heading. More structured information concerning the contents, physical form, or history of the manuscript should be given within the specialized elements described below, <a class="gi" title="(manuscript contents) describes the intellectual content of a manuscript or manuscript part, either as a series of paragraphs or as a series of structured manuscript items." href="ref-msContents.html">msContents</a>, <a class="gi" title="(physical description) contains a full physical description of a manuscript or manuscript part, optionally subdivided using more specialized elements from the model.physDescPart class." href="ref-physDesc.html">physDesc</a>, <a class="gi" title="groups elements describing the full history of a manuscript or manuscript part." href="ref-history.html">history</a>, etc. However, in simple cases, the <a class="gi" title="(paragraph) marks paragraphs in prose." href="ref-p.html">p</a> element may also be used to supply an unstructured collection of such information, as in the example given above (<a class="link_ptr" href="MS.html#msdesc" title="The Manuscript Description Element"><span class="headingNumber">10.2 </span>The Manuscript Description Element</a>).</div></div><div class="div2" id="msco"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#msdo"><span class="headingNumber">10.5 </span>The Manuscript Heading</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#msph"><span class="headingNumber">10.7 </span>Physical Description</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h3><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#msco" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Intellectual Content</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">10.6 </span><span class="head">Intellectual Content</span></h3><p>The <a class="gi" title="(manuscript contents) describes the intellectual content of a manuscript or manuscript part, either as a series of paragraphs or as a series of structured manuscript items." href="ref-msContents.html">msContents</a> element is used to describe the intellectual content of a manuscript or manuscript part. It comprises <em>either</em> a series of informal prose paragraphs <em>or</em> a series of <a class="gi" title="(manuscript item) describes an individual work or item within the intellectual content of a manuscript or manuscript part." href="ref-msItem.html">msItem</a> or <a class="gi" title="(structured manuscript item) contains a structured description for an individual work or item within the intellectual content of a manuscript or manuscript part." href="ref-msItemStruct.html">msItemStruct</a> elements, each of which provides a more detailed description of a single item contained within the manuscript. These may be prefaced, if desired, by a <a class="gi" title="contains an overview of the available information concerning some aspect of an item (for example, its intellectual content, history, layout, typography etc.) as a complement or alternative to the more detailed information carried by more specific elements." href="ref-summary.html">summary</a> element, which is especially useful where one wishes to provide an overview of a manuscript's contents and describe only some of the items in detail. </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-msContents.html">msContents</a></span> (manuscript contents) describes the intellectual content of a manuscript or manuscript part, either as a series of paragraphs or as a series of structured manuscript items.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-msItem.html">msItem</a></span> (manuscript item) describes an individual work or item within the intellectual content of a manuscript or manuscript part.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-msItemStruct.html">msItemStruct</a></span> (structured manuscript item) contains a structured description for an individual work or item within the intellectual content of a manuscript or manuscript part.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-summary.html">summary</a></span> contains an overview of the available information concerning some aspect of an item (for example, its intellectual content, history, layout, typography etc.) as a complement or alternative to the more detailed information carried by more specific elements.</li></ul><div class="p">In the simplest case, only a brief description may be provided, as in the following examples: <div id="index-egXML-d52e85312" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><msContents></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>A collection of Lollard sermons<span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"></msContents></span><br /><span class="element"><msContents></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Atlas of the world from Western Europe and Africa to Indochina, containing 27<br /> maps and 26 tables<span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"></msContents></span><br /><span class="element"><msContents></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Biblia sacra: Antiguo y Nuevo Testamento, con prefacios, prólogos y<br /> argumentos de san Jerónimo y de otros. Interpretaciones de los nombres<br /> hebreos.<span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"></msContents></span></div></div><div class="p">This description may of course be expanded to include any of the TEI elements generally available within a <a class="gi" title="(paragraph) marks paragraphs in prose." href="ref-p.html">p</a> element, such as <a class="gi" title="contains a title for any kind of work." href="ref-title.html">title</a>, <a class="gi" title="(bibliographic citation) contains a loosely-structured bibliographic citation of which the sub-components may or may not be explicitly tagged." href="ref-bibl.html">bibl</a>, or <a class="gi" title="contains any sequence of items organized as a list." href="ref-list.html">list</a>. More usually, however, each individual work within a manuscript will be given its own description, using the <a class="gi" title="(manuscript item) describes an individual work or item within the intellectual content of a manuscript or manuscript part." href="ref-msItem.html">msItem</a> or <a class="gi" title="(structured manuscript item) contains a structured description for an individual work or item within the intellectual content of a manuscript or manuscript part." href="ref-msItemStruct.html">msItemStruct</a> element described in the next section, as in the following example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e85344" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><msContents></span><br /> <span class="element"><msItem <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><locus></span>fols. 5r -7v<span class="element"></locus></span><br /> <span class="element"><title></span>An ABC<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"><bibl></span><br /> <span class="element"><title></span>IMEV<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"><biblScope></span>239<span class="element"></biblScope></span><br /> <span class="element"></bibl></span><br /> <span class="element"></msItem></span><br /> <span class="element"><msItem <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><locus></span>fols. 7v -8v<span class="element"></locus></span><br /> <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">fr</span>"></span>Lenvoy de Chaucer a Scogan<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"><bibl></span><br /> <span class="element"><title></span>IMEV<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"><biblScope></span>3747<span class="element"></biblScope></span><br /> <span class="element"></bibl></span><br /> <span class="element"></msItem></span><br /> <span class="element"><msItem <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">3</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><locus></span>fol. 8v<span class="element"></locus></span><br /> <span class="element"><title></span>Truth<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"><bibl></span><br /> <span class="element"><title></span>IMEV<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"><biblScope></span>809<span class="element"></biblScope></span><br /> <span class="element"></bibl></span><br /> <span class="element"></msItem></span><br /> <span class="element"><msItem <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">4</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><locus></span>fols. 8v-10v<span class="element"></locus></span><br /> <span class="element"><title></span>Birds Praise of Love<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"><bibl></span><br /> <span class="element"><title></span>IMEV<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"><biblScope></span>1506<span class="element"></biblScope></span><br /> <span class="element"></bibl></span><br /> <span class="element"></msItem></span><br /> <span class="element"><msItem <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">5</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><locus></span>fols. 10v -11v<span class="element"></locus></span><br /> <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">la</span>"></span>De amico ad amicam<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">la</span>"></span>Responcio<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"><bibl></span><br /> <span class="element"><title></span>IMEV<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"><biblScope></span>16 &amp; 19<span class="element"></biblScope></span><br /> <span class="element"></bibl></span><br /> <span class="element"></msItem></span><br /> <span class="element"><msItem <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">6</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><locus></span>fols. 14r-126v<span class="element"></locus></span><br /> <span class="element"><title></span>Troilus and Criseyde<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"><note></span>Bk. 1:71-Bk. 5:1701, with additional losses due to mutilation<br /> throughout<span class="element"></note></span><br /> <span class="element"></msItem></span><br /><span class="element"></msContents></span></div></div><p>The <a class="gi" title="contains an overview of the available information concerning some aspect of an item (for example, its intellectual content, history, layout, typography etc.) as a complement or alternative to the more detailed information carried by more specific elements." href="ref-summary.html">summary</a> element may be used in conjunction with one or more <a class="gi" title="(manuscript item) describes an individual work or item within the intellectual content of a manuscript or manuscript part." href="ref-msItem.html">msItem</a> elements if it is desired to provide both a general summary of the contents of a manuscript and more detail about some or all of the individual items within it. It may not however be used within an individual <a class="gi" title="(manuscript item) describes an individual work or item within the intellectual content of a manuscript or manuscript part." href="ref-msItem.html">msItem</a> element.</p><div id="index-egXML-d52e85417" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><msContents></span><br /> <span class="element"><summary></span>A collection of Lollard sermons<span class="element"></summary></span><br /> <span class="element"><msItem <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><locus></span>fol. 4r-8r<span class="element"></locus></span><br /> <span class="element"><title></span>3rd Sunday Before Lent<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"></msItem></span><br /> <span class="element"><msItem <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><locus></span>fol. 9r-16v<span class="element"></locus></span><br /> <span class="element"><title></span>Sexagesima<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"></msItem></span><br /><span class="element"></msContents></span></div><div class="div3" id="mscoit"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#msat"><span class="headingNumber">10.6.2 </span>Authors and Titles</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#mscoit" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: The msItem and msItemStruct Elements</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">10.6.1 </span><span class="head">The <span class="gi"><msItem></span> and <span class="gi"><msItemStruct></span> Elements</span></h4><p>Each discrete item in a manuscript or manuscript part can be described within a distinct <a class="gi" title="(manuscript item) describes an individual work or item within the intellectual content of a manuscript or manuscript part." href="ref-msItem.html">msItem</a> or <a class="gi" title="(structured manuscript item) contains a structured description for an individual work or item within the intellectual content of a manuscript or manuscript part." href="ref-msItemStruct.html">msItemStruct</a> element, and may be classified using the <span class="att">class</span> attribute.</p><p>These are the possible component elements of <a class="gi" title="(manuscript item) describes an individual work or item within the intellectual content of a manuscript or manuscript part." href="ref-msItem.html">msItem</a> and <a class="gi" title="(structured manuscript item) contains a structured description for an individual work or item within the intellectual content of a manuscript or manuscript part." href="ref-msItemStruct.html">msItemStruct</a>. </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-author.html">author</a></span> in a bibliographic reference, contains the name(s) of an author, personal or corporate, of a work; for example in the same form as that provided by a recognized bibliographic name authority.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-respStmt.html">respStmt</a></span> (statement of responsibility) supplies a statement of responsibility for the intellectual content of a text, edition, recording, or series, where the specialized elements for authors, editors, etc. do not suffice or do not apply. May also be used to encode information about individuals or organizations which have played a role in the production or distribution of a bibliographic work.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-title.html">title</a></span> contains a title for any kind of work.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">type</span></td><td>classifies the title according to some convenient typology.
Sample values include: 1] main; 2] sub(subordinate) ; 3] alt(alternate) ; 4] short; 5] desc(descriptive) </td></tr></table></li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-rubric.html">rubric</a></span> contains the text of any <span class="term">rubric</span> or heading attached to a particular manuscript item, that is, a string of words through which a manuscript signals the beginning of a text division, often with an assertion as to its author and title, which is in some way set off from the text itself, usually in red ink, or by use of different size or type of script, or some other such visual device.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-incipit.html">incipit</a></span> contains the <span class="term">incipit</span> of a manuscript item, that is the opening words of the text proper, exclusive of any <span class="term">rubric</span> which might precede it, of sufficient length to identify the work uniquely; such incipits were, in former times, frequently used a means of reference to a work, in place of a title.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-quote.html">quote</a></span> (quotation) contains a phrase or passage attributed by the narrator or author to some agency external to the text.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-explicit.html">explicit</a></span> contains the <span class="term">explicit</span> of a manuscript item, that is, the closing words of the text proper, exclusive of any rubric or colophon which might follow it.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-finalRubric.html">finalRubric</a></span> contains the string of words that denotes the end of a text division, often with an assertion as to its author and title, usually set off from the text itself by red ink, by a different size or type of script, or by some other such visual device.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-colophon.html">colophon</a></span> contains the <span class="term">colophon</span> of a manuscript item: that is, a statement providing information regarding the date, place, agency, or reason for production of the manuscript.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-decoNote.html">decoNote</a></span> (note on decoration) contains a note describing either a decorative component of a manuscript, or a fairly homogenous class of such components.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-listBibl.html">listBibl</a></span> (citation list) contains a list of bibliographic citations of any kind.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-bibl.html">bibl</a></span> (bibliographic citation) contains a loosely-structured bibliographic citation of which the sub-components may or may not be explicitly tagged.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-filiation.html">filiation</a></span> contains information concerning the manuscript's <span class="term">filiation</span>, i.e. its relationship to other surviving manuscripts of the same text, its <span class="term">protographs</span>, <span class="term">antigraphs</span> and <span class="term">apographs</span>.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-note.html">note</a></span> contains a note or annotation.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-textLang.html">textLang</a></span> (text language) describes the languages and writing systems identified within the bibliographic work being described, rather than its description.</li></ul><p>In addition, a <a class="gi" title="(structured manuscript item) contains a structured description for an individual work or item within the intellectual content of a manuscript or manuscript part." href="ref-msItemStruct.html">msItemStruct</a> may contain nested <a class="gi" title="(structured manuscript item) contains a structured description for an individual work or item within the intellectual content of a manuscript or manuscript part." href="ref-msItemStruct.html">msItemStruct</a> elements, just as an <a class="gi" title="(manuscript item) describes an individual work or item within the intellectual content of a manuscript or manuscript part." href="ref-msItem.html">msItem</a> may contain nested <a class="gi" title="(manuscript item) describes an individual work or item within the intellectual content of a manuscript or manuscript part." href="ref-msItem.html">msItem</a> elements.</p><p>The main difference between <a class="gi" title="(manuscript item) describes an individual work or item within the intellectual content of a manuscript or manuscript part." href="ref-msItem.html">msItem</a> and <a class="gi" title="(structured manuscript item) contains a structured description for an individual work or item within the intellectual content of a manuscript or manuscript part." href="ref-msItemStruct.html">msItemStruct</a> is that in the former, the order and number of child elements is not constrained; any element, in other words, may be given in any order, and repeated as often as is judged necessary. In the latter, however, the sub-elements, if used, must be given in the order specified above and only some of them may be repeated; specifically, <a class="gi" title="contains the text of any rubric or heading attached to a particular manuscript item, that is, a string of words through which a manuscript signals the beginning of a text division, often with an assertion as to its author and title, which is in some way set off from the text itself, usually in red ink, or by use of different size or type of script, or some other such visual device." href="ref-rubric.html">rubric</a>, <a class="gi" title="contains the string of words that denotes the end of a text division, often with an assertion as to its author and title, usually set off from the text itself by red ink, by a different size or type of script, or by some other such visual device." href="ref-finalRubric.html">finalRubric</a>. <a class="gi" title="contains the incipit of a manuscript item, that is the opening words of the text proper, exclusive of any rubric which might precede it, of sufficient length to identify the work uniquely; such incipits were, in former times, frequently used a means of reference to a work, in place of a title." href="ref-incipit.html">incipit</a>, <a class="gi" title="(text language) describes the languages and writing systems identified within the bibliographic work being described, rather than its description." href="ref-textLang.html">textLang</a> and <a class="gi" title="contains the explicit of a manuscript item, that is, the closing words of the text proper, exclusive of any rubric or colophon which might follow it." href="ref-explicit.html">explicit</a> can appear only once.</p><p>While neither <a class="gi" title="(manuscript item) describes an individual work or item within the intellectual content of a manuscript or manuscript part." href="ref-msItem.html">msItem</a> nor <a class="gi" title="(structured manuscript item) contains a structured description for an individual work or item within the intellectual content of a manuscript or manuscript part." href="ref-msItemStruct.html">msItemStruct</a> may contain untagged running text, both permit an unstructured description to be provided in the form of one or more paragraphs of text. They differ in this respect also: if paragraphs are supplied as the content of an <a class="gi" title="(manuscript item) describes an individual work or item within the intellectual content of a manuscript or manuscript part." href="ref-msItem.html">msItem</a>, then none of the other component elements listed above is permitted; in the <a class="gi" title="(structured manuscript item) contains a structured description for an individual work or item within the intellectual content of a manuscript or manuscript part." href="ref-msItemStruct.html">msItemStruct</a> case, however, paragraphs may appear anywhere as an alternative to any of the component elements listed above.</p><p>As noted above, both <a class="gi" title="(manuscript item) describes an individual work or item within the intellectual content of a manuscript or manuscript part." href="ref-msItem.html">msItem</a> and <a class="gi" title="(structured manuscript item) contains a structured description for an individual work or item within the intellectual content of a manuscript or manuscript part." href="ref-msItemStruct.html">msItemStruct</a> elements may also nest, where a number of separate items in a manuscript are grouped under a single title or rubric, as is the case, for example, with a work like <span class="titlem">The Canterbury Tales</span>.</p><div class="p">The elements <a class="gi" title="(manuscript contents) describes the intellectual content of a manuscript or manuscript part, either as a series of paragraphs or as a series of structured manuscript items." href="ref-msContents.html">msContents</a>, <a class="gi" title="(manuscript item) describes an individual work or item within the intellectual content of a manuscript or manuscript part." href="ref-msItem.html">msItem</a>, <a class="gi" title="(structured manuscript item) contains a structured description for an individual work or item within the intellectual content of a manuscript or manuscript part." href="ref-msItemStruct.html">msItemStruct</a>, <a class="gi" title="contains the incipit of a manuscript item, that is the opening words of the text proper, exclusive of any rubric which might precede it, of sufficient length to identify the work uniquely; such incipits were, in former times, frequently used a means of reference to a work, in place of a title." href="ref-incipit.html">incipit</a>, and <a class="gi" title="contains the explicit of a manuscript item, that is, the closing words of the text proper, exclusive of any rubric or colophon which might follow it." href="ref-explicit.html">explicit</a> are all members of the class <a class="link_odd" title="(manuscript excerpt) provides attributes used to describe excerpts from a manuscript placed in a description thereof." href="ref-att.msExcerpt.html">att.msExcerpt</a> from which they inherit the <span class="att">defective</span> attribute. <ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-att.msExcerpt.html">att.msExcerpt</a></span> (manuscript excerpt) provides attributes used to describe excerpts from a manuscript placed in a description thereof.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">defective</span></td><td>indicates whether the passage being quoted is defective, i.e. incomplete through loss or damage.</td></tr></table></li></ul> This attribute can be used for example with collections of fragments, where each fragment is given as a separate <a class="gi" title="(manuscript item) describes an individual work or item within the intellectual content of a manuscript or manuscript part." href="ref-msItem.html">msItem</a> and the first and last words of each fragment are transcribed as defective incipits and explicits, as in the following example, a manuscript containing four fragments of a single work: <div id="index-egXML-d52e85570" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><msContents></span><br /> <span class="element"><msItem <span class="attribute">defective</span>="<span class="attributevalue">true</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><locus <span class="attribute">from</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1r</span>" <span class="attribute">to</span>="<span class="attributevalue">9v</span>"></span>1r-9v<span class="element"></locus></span><br /> <span class="element"><title></span>Knýtlinga saga<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"><msItem <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1.1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><locus <span class="attribute">from</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1r:1</span>" <span class="attribute">to</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2v:30</span>"></span>1r:1-2v:30<span class="element"></locus></span><br /> <span class="element"><incipit <span class="attribute">defective</span>="<span class="attributevalue">true</span>"></span>dan<span class="element"><ex></span>n<span class="element"></ex></span>a a engl<span class="element"><ex></span>an<span class="element"></ex></span>di<span class="element"></incipit></span><br /> <span class="element"><explicit <span class="attribute">defective</span>="<span class="attributevalue">true</span>"></span>en meðan <span class="element"><expan></span>haraldr<span class="element"></expan></span> hein hafði<br /> k<span class="element"><ex></span>onung<span class="element"></ex></span>r v<span class="element"><am></span><br /> <span class="element"><g <span class="attribute">ref</span>="<span class="attributevalue">http://www.example.com/abbrevs.xml#er</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"></am></span>it<br /> yf<span class="element"><ex></span>ir<span class="element"></ex></span> danmork<span class="element"></explicit></span><br /> <span class="element"></msItem></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- msItems 1.2 to 1.4 --></span><br /> <span class="element"></msItem></span><br /><span class="element"></msContents></span></div></div><p>The elements <a class="gi" title="(editorial expansion) contains a sequence of letters added by an editor or transcriber when expanding an abbreviation." href="ref-ex.html">ex</a>, <a class="gi" title="(abbreviation marker) contains a sequence of letters or signs present in an abbreviation which are omitted or replaced in the expanded form of the abbreviation." href="ref-am.html">am</a>, and <a class="gi" title="(expansion) contains the expansion of an abbreviation." href="ref-expan.html">expan</a> used in the above example are further discussed in section <a class="link_ptr" href="PH.html#PHAB" title="Abbreviation and Expansion"><span class="headingNumber">11.3.1.2 </span>Abbreviation and Expansion</a>; they are available only when the <span class="ident-module">transcr</span> module defined by that chapter is selected. Similarly, the <a class="gi" title="(character or glyph) represents a glyph, or a non-standard character." href="ref-g.html">g</a> element used in this example to represent the abbreviation mark is defined by the <span class="ident-module">gaiji</span> module documented in chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="WD.html" title="25"><span class="headingNumber">5 </span>Characters, Glyphs, and Writing Modes</a>.</p></div><div class="div3" id="msat"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#mscoit"><span class="headingNumber">10.6.1 </span>The msItem and msItemStruct Elements</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#mscorie"><span class="headingNumber">10.6.3 </span>Rubrics, Incipits, Explicits, and Other Quotations from the Text</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#msat" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Authors and Titles</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">10.6.2 </span><span class="head">Authors and Titles</span></h4><p>When used within a manuscript description, the <a class="gi" title="contains a title for any kind of work." href="ref-title.html">title</a> element should be used to supply a regularized form of the item's title, as distinct from any rubric quoted from the manuscript. If the item concerned has a standardized distinctive title, e.g. <span class="mentioned">Roman de la Rose</span>, then this should be the form given as content of the <a class="gi" title="contains a title for any kind of work." href="ref-title.html">title</a> element, with the value of the <span class="att">type</span> attribute given as <code>uniform</code>. If no uniform title exists for an item, or none has been yet identified, or if one wishes to provide a general designation of the contents, then a ‘supplied’ title can be given, e.g. <span class="mentioned">missal</span>, in which case the <span class="att">type</span> attribute on the <a class="gi" title="contains a title for any kind of work." href="ref-title.html">title</a> should be given the value <code>supplied</code>.</p><p>Similarly, if used within a manuscript description, the <a class="gi" title="in a bibliographic reference, contains the name(s) of an author, personal or corporate, of a work; for example in the same form as that provided by a recognized bibliographic name authority." href="ref-author.html">author</a> element should always contain the normalized form of an author's name, irrespective of how (or whether) this form of the name is cited in the manuscript. If it is desired to retain the form of the author's name as given in the manuscript, this may be tagged as a distinct <a class="gi" title="(name, proper noun) contains a proper noun or noun phrase." href="ref-name.html">name</a> element, within the text at the point where it occurs.</p><p>Note that the <span class="att">key</span> attribute can also be used, as on names in general, to specify the identifier of a <a class="gi" title="provides information about an identifiable individual, for example a participant in a language interaction, or a person referred to in a historical source." href="ref-person.html">person</a> element carrying full details of the person concerned (see further <a class="link_ptr" href="MS.html#msnames" title="Names of Persons Places and Organizations"><span class="headingNumber">10.3.6 </span>Names of Persons, Places, and Organizations</a>).</p><div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="(statement of responsibility) supplies a statement of responsibility for the intellectual content of a text, edition, recording, or series, where the specialized elements for authors, editors, etc. do not suffice or do not apply. May also be used to encode information about individuals or organizations which have played a role in the production or distribution of a bibliographic work." href="ref-respStmt.html">respStmt</a> element can be used to supply the name and role of a person other than the author who is responsible for some aspect of the intellectual content of the manuscript: <div id="index-egXML-d52e85689" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><author></span>Diogenes Laertius<span class="element"></author></span><br /><span class="element"><respStmt></span><br /> <span class="element"><resp></span>in the translation of<span class="element"></resp></span><br /> <span class="element"><name></span>Ambrogio Traversari<span class="element"></name></span><br /><span class="element"></respStmt></span></div></div><div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="(statement of responsibility) supplies a statement of responsibility for the intellectual content of a text, edition, recording, or series, where the specialized elements for authors, editors, etc. do not suffice or do not apply. May also be used to encode information about individuals or organizations which have played a role in the production or distribution of a bibliographic work." href="ref-respStmt.html">respStmt</a> element can also be used where there is a discrepancy between the author of an item as given in the manuscript and the accepted scholarly view, as in the following example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e85703" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">supplied</span>"></span>Sermons on the Epistles and the Gospels<span class="element"></title></span><br /><span class="element"><respStmt></span><br /> <span class="element"><resp></span>here erroneously attributed to<span class="element"></resp></span><br /> <span class="element"><name></span>St. Bonaventura<span class="element"></name></span><br /><span class="element"></respStmt></span></div> Note that such attributions of authorship, both correct and incorrect, are frequently found in the rubric or final rubric (and occasionally also elsewhere in the text), and can therefore be transcribed and included in the description, if desired, using the <a class="gi" title="contains the text of any rubric or heading attached to a particular manuscript item, that is, a string of words through which a manuscript signals the beginning of a text division, often with an assertion as to its author and title, which is in some way set off from the text itself, usually in red ink, or by use of different size or type of script, or some other such visual device." href="ref-rubric.html">rubric</a>, <a class="gi" title="contains the string of words that denotes the end of a text division, often with an assertion as to its author and title, usually set off from the text itself by red ink, by a different size or type of script, or by some other such visual device." href="ref-finalRubric.html">finalRubric</a>, or <a class="gi" title="(quotation) contains a phrase or passage attributed by the narrator or author to some agency external to the text." href="ref-quote.html">quote</a> elements, as appropriate.</div></div><div class="div3" id="mscorie"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#msat"><span class="headingNumber">10.6.2 </span>Authors and Titles</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#msfil"><span class="headingNumber">10.6.4 </span>Filiation</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#mscorie" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Rubrics, Incipits, Explicits, and Other Quotations from the Text</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">10.6.3 </span><span class="head">Rubrics, Incipits, Explicits, and Other Quotations from the Text</span></h4><div class="p">It is customary in a manuscript description to record the opening and closing words of a text as well as any headings or colophons it might have, and the specialized elements <a class="gi" title="contains the text of any rubric or heading attached to a particular manuscript item, that is, a string of words through which a manuscript signals the beginning of a text division, often with an assertion as to its author and title, which is in some way set off from the text itself, usually in red ink, or by use of different size or type of script, or some other such visual device." href="ref-rubric.html">rubric</a>, <a class="gi" title="contains the incipit of a manuscript item, that is the opening words of the text proper, exclusive of any rubric which might precede it, of sufficient length to identify the work uniquely; such incipits were, in former times, frequently used a means of reference to a work, in place of a title." href="ref-incipit.html">incipit</a>, <a class="gi" title="contains the explicit of a manuscript item, that is, the closing words of the text proper, exclusive of any rubric or colophon which might follow it." href="ref-explicit.html">explicit</a>, <a class="gi" title="contains the string of words that denotes the end of a text division, often with an assertion as to its author and title, usually set off from the text itself by red ink, by a different size or type of script, or by some other such visual device." href="ref-finalRubric.html">finalRubric</a>, and <a class="gi" title="contains the colophon of a manuscript item: that is, a statement providing information regarding the date, place, agency, or reason for production of the manuscript." href="ref-colophon.html">colophon</a> are available within <a class="gi" title="(manuscript item) describes an individual work or item within the intellectual content of a manuscript or manuscript part." href="ref-msItem.html">msItem</a> for doing so, along with the more general <a class="gi" title="(quotation) contains a phrase or passage attributed by the narrator or author to some agency external to the text." href="ref-quote.html">quote</a>, for recording other bits of the text not covered by these elements. Each of these elements has the same substructure, containing a mixture of phrase-level elements and plain text. A <a class="gi" title="defines a location within a manuscript or manuscript part, usually as a (possibly discontinuous) sequence of folio references." href="ref-locus.html">locus</a> element can be included within each, in order to specify the location of the component, as in the following example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e85751" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><msContents></span><br /> <span class="element"><msItem></span><br /> <span class="element"><locus></span>f. 1-223<span class="element"></locus></span><br /> <span class="element"><author></span>Radulphus Flaviacensis<span class="element"></author></span><br /> <span class="element"><title></span>Expositio super Leviticum <span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"><incipit></span><br /> <span class="element"><locus></span>f. 1r<span class="element"></locus></span> Forte Hervei monachi<span class="element"></incipit></span><br /> <span class="element"><explicit></span><br /> <span class="element"><locus></span>f. 223v<span class="element"></locus></span> Benedictio salis et aquae<span class="element"></explicit></span><br /> <span class="element"></msItem></span><br /><span class="element"></msContents></span></div></div><div class="p">In the following example, standard TEI elements for the transcription of primary sources have been used to mark the expansion of abbreviations and other features present in the original: <div id="index-egXML-d52e85771" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><msItem <span class="attribute">defective</span>="<span class="attributevalue">true</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><locus></span>ff. 1r-24v<span class="element"></locus></span><br /> <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">uniform</span>"></span>Ágrip af Noregs konunga sǫgum<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"><incipit <span class="attribute">defective</span>="<span class="attributevalue">true</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><lb/></span>regi oc h<span class="element"><ex></span>ann<span class="element"></ex></span> seti ho<span class="element"><gap <span class="attribute">reason</span>="<span class="attributevalue">illegible</span>" <span class="attribute">quantity</span>="<span class="attributevalue">7</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">mm</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"><lb/></span>sc heim se<span class="element"><ex></span>m<span class="element"></ex></span> þio<span class="element"></incipit></span><br /> <span class="element"><explicit <span class="attribute">defective</span>="<span class="attributevalue">true</span>"></span>h<span class="element"><ex></span>on<span class="element"></ex></span> hev<span class="element"><ex></span>er<span class="element"></ex></span><br /> <span class="element"><ex></span>oc<span class="element"></ex></span> þa buit hesta .ij.<br /> <span class="element"><lb/></span>annan viþ fé en h<span class="element"><ex></span>on<span class="element"></ex></span>o<span class="element"><ex></span>m<span class="element"></ex></span> annan til<br /> reiþ<span class="element"><ex></span>ar<span class="element"></ex></span><span class="element"></explicit></span><br /><span class="element"></msItem></span></div> Note here also the use of the <span class="att">defective</span> attribute on <a class="gi" title="contains the incipit of a manuscript item, that is the opening words of the text proper, exclusive of any rubric which might precede it, of sufficient length to identify the work uniquely; such incipits were, in former times, frequently used a means of reference to a work, in place of a title." href="ref-incipit.html">incipit</a> and <a class="gi" title="contains the explicit of a manuscript item, that is, the closing words of the text proper, exclusive of any rubric or colophon which might follow it." href="ref-explicit.html">explicit</a> to indicate that the text begins and ends defectively.</div><p>The <span class="att">xml:lang</span> attribute for <a class="gi" title="contains the colophon of a manuscript item: that is, a statement providing information regarding the date, place, agency, or reason for production of the manuscript." href="ref-colophon.html">colophon</a>, <a class="gi" title="contains the explicit of a manuscript item, that is, the closing words of the text proper, exclusive of any rubric or colophon which might follow it." href="ref-explicit.html">explicit</a>, <a class="gi" title="contains the incipit of a manuscript item, that is the opening words of the text proper, exclusive of any rubric which might precede it, of sufficient length to identify the work uniquely; such incipits were, in former times, frequently used a means of reference to a work, in place of a title." href="ref-incipit.html">incipit</a>, <a class="gi" title="(quotation) contains a phrase or passage attributed by the narrator or author to some agency external to the text." href="ref-quote.html">quote</a>, and <a class="gi" title="contains the text of any rubric or heading attached to a particular manuscript item, that is, a string of words through which a manuscript signals the beginning of a text division, often with an assertion as to its author and title, which is in some way set off from the text itself, usually in red ink, or by use of different size or type of script, or some other such visual device." href="ref-rubric.html">rubric</a> may always be used to identify the language of the text quoted, if this is different from the default language specified by the <span class="att">mainLang</span> attribute on <a class="gi" title="(text language) describes the languages and writing systems identified within the bibliographic work being described, rather than its description." href="ref-textLang.html">textLang</a>.</p></div><div class="div3" id="msfil"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#mscorie"><span class="headingNumber">10.6.3 </span>Rubrics, Incipits, Explicits, and Other Quotations from the Text</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#msclass"><span class="headingNumber">10.6.5 </span>Text Classification</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#msfil" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Filiation</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">10.6.4 </span><span class="head">Filiation</span></h4><div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="contains information concerning the manuscript's filiation, i.e. its relationship to other surviving manuscripts of the same text, its protographs, antigraphs and apographs." href="ref-filiation.html">filiation</a> element can be used to provide information on the relationship between the manuscript and other surviving manuscripts of the same text, either specifically or in a general way, as in the following example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e85856" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><msItem></span><br /> <span class="element"><locus></span>118rb<span class="element"></locus></span><br /> <span class="element"><incipit></span>Ecce morior cum nichil horum ... <span class="element"><ref></span>[Dn 13, 43]<span class="element"></ref></span>. Verba ista<br /> dixit Susanna de illis<span class="element"></incipit></span><br /> <span class="element"><explicit></span>ut bonum comune conservatur.<span class="element"></explicit></span><br /> <span class="element"><bibl></span>Schneyer 3, 436 (Johannes Contractus OFM)<span class="element"></bibl></span><br /> <span class="element"><filiation></span>weitere Überl. Uppsala C 181, 35r.<span class="element"></filiation></span><br /><span class="element"></msItem></span></div></div></div><div class="div3" id="msclass"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#msfil"><span class="headingNumber">10.6.4 </span>Filiation</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#mslangs"><span class="headingNumber">10.6.6 </span>Languages and Writing Systems</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#msclass" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Text Classification</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">10.6.5 </span><span class="head">Text Classification</span></h4><div class="p">One or more text classification or text-type codes may be specified, either for the whole of the <a class="gi" title="(manuscript contents) describes the intellectual content of a manuscript or manuscript part, either as a series of paragraphs or as a series of structured manuscript items." href="ref-msContents.html">msContents</a> element, or for one or more of its constituent <a class="gi" title="(manuscript item) describes an individual work or item within the intellectual content of a manuscript or manuscript part." href="ref-msItem.html">msItem</a> elements, using the <span class="att">class</span> attribute as specified above: <div id="index-egXML-d52e85887" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><msContents></span><br /> <span class="element"><msItem <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>" <span class="attribute">defective</span>="<span class="attributevalue">false</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">class</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#law</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><locus <span class="attribute">from</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1v</span>" <span class="attribute">to</span>="<span class="attributevalue">71v</span>"></span>1v-71v<span class="element"></locus></span><br /> <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">uniform</span>"></span>Jónsbók<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"><incipit></span>Magnus m<span class="element"><ex></span>ed<span class="element"></ex></span> guds miskun Noregs k<span class="element"><ex></span>onungu<span class="element"></ex></span>r<span class="element"></incipit></span><br /> <span class="element"><explicit></span>en<span class="element"><ex></span>n<span class="element"></ex></span> u<span class="element"><ex></span>ir<span class="element"></ex></span>da þo t<span class="element"><ex></span>il<span class="element"></ex></span> fullra aura<span class="element"></explicit></span><br /> <span class="element"></msItem></span><br /><span class="element"></msContents></span></div> The value used for the <span class="att">class</span> attribute in this example points to a <a class="gi" title="contains an individual descriptive category, possibly nested within a superordinate category, within a user-defined taxonomy." href="ref-category.html">category</a> element with the identifier <code>law</code>, which defines the classification concerned. Such <a class="gi" title="contains an individual descriptive category, possibly nested within a superordinate category, within a user-defined taxonomy." href="ref-category.html">category</a> elements will typically appear within a <a class="gi" title="defines a typology either implicitly, by means of a bibliographic citation, or explicitly by a structured taxonomy." href="ref-taxonomy.html">taxonomy</a> element, within the <a class="gi" title="(classification declarations) contains one or more taxonomies defining any classificatory codes used elsewhere in the text." href="ref-classDecl.html">classDecl</a> element of the TEI header (<a class="link_ptr" href="HD.html#HD55" title="The Classification Declaration"><span class="headingNumber">2.3.7 </span>The Classification Declaration</a>) as in the following example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e85936" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><classDecl></span><br /> <span class="element"><taxonomy></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- --></span><br /> <span class="element"><category <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">law</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><catDesc></span>Legislation<span class="element"></catDesc></span><br /> <span class="element"></category></span><br /> <span class="element"><category <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">war</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><catDesc></span>Military topics<span class="element"></catDesc></span><br /> <span class="element"></category></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- --></span><br /> <span class="element"></taxonomy></span><br /><span class="element"></classDecl></span></div> More than one classification may apply to a single item. Another text, concerned with legislation about military topics might thus be specified as follows: <div id="index-egXML-d52e85948" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><msItem <span class="attribute">class</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#law #war</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>A treatise on Clausewitz<span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- details of the item here --></span><br /><span class="element"></msItem></span></div></div></div><div class="div3" id="mslangs"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#msclass"><span class="headingNumber">10.6.5 </span>Text Classification</a></li><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#mslangs" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Languages and Writing Systems</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">10.6.6 </span><span class="head">Languages and Writing Systems</span></h4><div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="(text language) describes the languages and writing systems identified within the bibliographic work being described, rather than its description." href="ref-textLang.html">textLang</a> element should be used to provide information about the languages used within a manuscript item. It may take the form of a simple note, as in the following example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e85962" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><textLang></span>Old Church Slavonic, written in Cyrillic script.<span class="element"></textLang></span></div></div><div class="p">Where, for validation and indexing purposes, it is thought convenient to add keywords identifying the particular languages used, the <span class="att">mainLang</span> attribute may be used. This attribute takes the same range of values as the global <span class="att">xml:lang</span> attribute, on which see further <a class="link_ptr" href="CH.html#CHSH" title="Language Identification"><span class="headingNumber">vi.1. </span>Language Identification</a>. In the following example a manuscript written chiefly in Old Church Slavonic is described: <div id="index-egXML-d52e85976" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><textLang <span class="attribute">mainLang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">chu</span>"></span>Old Church Slavonic<span class="element"></textLang></span></div></div><div class="p">A manuscript item will sometimes contain material in more than one language. The <span class="att">mainLang</span> attribute should be used only for the chief language. Other languages used may be specified using the <span class="att">otherLangs</span> attribute as in the following example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e85989" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><textLang <span class="attribute">mainLang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">chu</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">otherLangs</span>="<span class="attributevalue">RUS HEL</span>"></span>Mostly Old Church Slavonic, with<br /> some Russian and Greek material<span class="element"></textLang></span></div></div><div class="p">Since Old Church Slavonic may be written in either Cyrillic or Glagolitic scripts, and even occasionally in both within the same manuscript, it might be preferable to use a more explicit identifier: <div id="index-egXML-d52e85995" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><textLang <span class="attribute">mainLang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">chu-Cyrs</span>"></span>Old Church Slavonic in Cyrillic script<span class="element"></textLang></span></div></div><p>The form and scope of language identifiers recommended by these Guidelines is based on the IANA standard described at <a class="link_ptr" href="CH.html#CHSH" title="Language Identification"><span class="headingNumber">vi.1. </span>Language Identification</a> and should be followed throughout. Where additional detail is needed correctly to describe a language, or to discuss its deployment in a given text, this should be done using the <a class="gi" title="(language usage) describes the languages, sublanguages, registers, dialects, etc. represented within a text." href="ref-langUsage.html">langUsage</a> element in the TEI header, within which individual <a class="gi" title="characterizes a single language or sublanguage used within a text." href="ref-language.html">language</a> elements document the languages used: see <a class="link_ptr" href="HD.html#HD41" title="Language Usage"><span class="headingNumber">2.4.2 </span>Language Usage</a>.</p><div class="p">Note that the <a class="gi" title="characterizes a single language or sublanguage used within a text." href="ref-language.html">language</a> element defines a particular combination of human language and writing system. Only one <a class="gi" title="characterizes a single language or sublanguage used within a text." href="ref-language.html">language</a> element may be supplied for each such combination. Standard TEI practice also allows this element to be referenced by any element using the global <span class="att">xml:lang</span> attribute in order to specify the language applicable to the content of that element. For example, assuming that <a class="gi" title="characterizes a single language or sublanguage used within a text." href="ref-language.html">language</a> elements have been defined with the identifiers <span class="ident">fr</span> (for French), <span class="ident">la</span> (for Latin), and <span class="ident">de</span> (for German), a manuscript description written in French which specifies that a particular manuscript contains predominantly German but also some Latin material, might have a <a class="gi" title="(text language) describes the languages and writing systems identified within the bibliographic work being described, rather than its description." href="ref-textLang.html">textLang</a> element like the following: <div id="index-egXML-d52e86038" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><textLang <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">fr</span>" <span class="attribute">mainLang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">de</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">otherLangs</span>="<span class="attributevalue">la</span>"></span>allemand et<br /> latin<span class="element"></textLang></span></div></div></div></div><div class="div2" id="msph"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#msco"><span class="headingNumber">10.6 </span>Intellectual Content</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#mshy"><span class="headingNumber">10.8 </span>History</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h3><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#msph" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Physical Description</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">10.7 </span><span class="head">Physical Description</span></h3><p>Under the general heading ‘physical description’ we subsume a large number of different aspects generally regarded as useful in the description of a given manuscript. These include: </p><ul><li class="item">aspects of the form, support, extent, and quire structure of the manuscript object and of the way in which the text is laid out on the page (<a class="link_ptr" href="MS.html#msph1" title="Object Description"><span class="headingNumber">10.7.1 </span>Object Description</a>);</li><li class="item">the styles of writing, such as the way it is laid out on the page, the styles of writing, decorative features, any musical notation employed and any annotations or marginalia (<a class="link_ptr" href="MS.html#msph2" title="Writing Decoration and Other Notations"><span class="headingNumber">10.7.2 </span>Writing, Decoration, and Other Notations</a>);</li><li class="item">and discussion of its binding, seals, and any accompanying material (<a class="link_ptr" href="MS.html#msph3" title="Bindings Seals and Additional Material"><span class="headingNumber">10.7.3 </span>Bindings, Seals, and Additional Material</a>).</li></ul><p>Most manuscript descriptions touch on several of these categories of information though few include them all, and not all distinguish them as clearly as we propose here. In particular, it is often the case that an existing description will include information for which we propose distinct elements within a single paragraph, or even sentence. The encoder must then decide whether to rewrite the description using the structure proposed here, or to retain the existing prose, marked up simply as a series of <a class="gi" title="(paragraph) marks paragraphs in prose." href="ref-p.html">p</a> elements, directly within the <a class="gi" title="(physical description) contains a full physical description of a manuscript or manuscript part, optionally subdivided using more specialized elements from the model.physDescPart class." href="ref-physDesc.html">physDesc</a> element.</p><p>The <a class="gi" title="(physical description) contains a full physical description of a manuscript or manuscript part, optionally subdivided using more specialized elements from the model.physDescPart class." href="ref-physDesc.html">physDesc</a> element may thus be used in either of two distinct ways. It may contain a series of paragraphs addressing topics listed above and similar ones. Alternatively, it may act as a container for any choice of the more specialized elements described in the remainder of this section, each of which itself contains a series of paragraphs, and may also have more specific attributes. </p><p>In general, it is not recommended to combine unstructured prose description with usage of the more specialized elements, as such an approach complicates processing, and may lead to inconsistency within a single manuscript description. A single <a class="gi" title="(physical description) contains a full physical description of a manuscript or manuscript part, optionally subdivided using more specialized elements from the model.physDescPart class." href="ref-physDesc.html">physDesc</a> element will normally contain either a series of <a class="link_odd" title="groups paragraph-like elements." href="ref-model.pLike.html">model.pLike</a> elements, or a sequence of specialized elements from the <a class="link_odd" title="groups specialized elements forming part of the physical description of a manuscript or similar written source." href="ref-model.physDescPart.html">model.physDescPart</a> class. There are however circumstances in which this is not feasible, for example: </p><ul><li class="item">the description already exists in a prose form where some of the specialized topics are treated together in paragraphs of prose, but others are treated distinctly;</li><li class="item">although all parts of the description are clearly distinguished, some of them cannot be mapped to a pre-existing specialized element.</li></ul><div class="p">In such situations, both specialized and generic (<a class="link_odd" title="groups paragraph-like elements." href="ref-model.pLike.html">model.pLike</a>) elements may be combined in a single <a class="gi" title="(physical description) contains a full physical description of a manuscript or manuscript part, optionally subdivided using more specialized elements from the model.physDescPart class." href="ref-physDesc.html">physDesc</a>. Note however that all generic elements given must precede the first specialized element in the description. Thus the following is valid: <div id="index-egXML-d52e87579" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><physDesc></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Generic descriptive prose...<span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- other generic elements here --></span><br /> <span class="element"><objectDesc <span class="attribute">form</span>="<span class="attributevalue">codex</span>"></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"></objectDesc></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- other specific elements here --></span><br /><span class="element"></physDesc></span></div> but neither of the following is valid: <div id="index-egXML-d52e87588" class="pre cdata egXML_valid">
<physDesc>
<objectDesc form="codex">
<!-- ... -->
</objectDesc>
<p>Generic descriptive prose...</p>
</physDesc></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e87591" class="pre cdata egXML_valid">
<physDesc>
<objectDesc form="codex">
<!-- ... -->
</objectDesc>
<p>Generic descriptive prose...</p>
<!-- other specific elements here -->
</physDesc></div> The order in which specific elements may appear is also constrained by the content model; again this is for simplicity of processing. They may of course be processed or displayed in any desired order, but for ease of validation, they must be given in the order specified below.</div><div class="div3" id="msph1"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#msph2"><span class="headingNumber">10.7.2 </span>Writing, Decoration, and Other Notations</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#msph1" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Object Description</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">10.7.1 </span><span class="head">Object Description</span></h4><p>The <a class="gi" title="contains a description of the physical components making up the object which is being described." href="ref-objectDesc.html">objectDesc</a> element is used to group together those parts of the physical description which relate specifically to the text-bearing object, its format, constitution, layout, etc. The <span class="att">form</span> attribute is used to indicate the specific type of writing vehicle being described, for example, as a codex, roll, tablet, etc. If used it must appear first in the sequence of specialized elements. The <a class="gi" title="contains a description of the physical components making up the object which is being described." href="ref-objectDesc.html">objectDesc</a> element has two parts: a description of the <span class="term">support</span>, i.e. the physical carrier on which the text is inscribed; and a description of the <span class="term">layout</span>, i.e. the way text is organized on the carrier.</p><p>Taking these in turn, the description of the support is tagged using the following elements, each of which is discussed in more detail below: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-supportDesc.html">supportDesc</a></span> (support description) groups elements describing the physical support for the written part of a manuscript.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-support.html">support</a></span> contains a description of the materials etc. which make up the physical support for the written part of a manuscript.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-extent.html">extent</a></span> describes the approximate size of a text stored on some carrier medium or of some other object, digital or non-digital, specified in any convenient units.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-collation.html">collation</a></span> contains a description of how the leaves or bifolia are physically arranged.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-foliation.html">foliation</a></span> describes the numbering system or systems used to count the leaves or pages in a codex.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-condition.html">condition</a></span> contains a description of the physical condition of the manuscript.</li></ul><div class="p">Each of these elements contains paragraphs relating to the topic concerned. Within these paragraphs, phrase-level elements (in particular those discussed above at <a class="link_ptr" href="MS.html#msphrase" title="Phraselevel Elements"><span class="headingNumber">10.3 </span>Phrase-level Elements</a>), may be used to tag specific terms of interest if so desired. <div id="index-egXML-d52e87627" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><objectDesc <span class="attribute">form</span>="<span class="attributevalue">codex</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><supportDesc></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Mostly <span class="element"><material></span>paper<span class="element"></material></span>, with watermarks<br /> <span class="element"><watermark></span>unicorn<span class="element"></watermark></span> (<span class="element"><ref></span>Briquet 9993<span class="element"></ref></span>) and<br /> <span class="element"><watermark></span>ox<span class="element"></watermark></span> (close to <span class="element"><ref></span>Briquet 2785<span class="element"></ref></span>). The first and last<br /> leaf of each quire, with the exception of quires xvi and xviii, are constituted<br /> by bifolia of parchment, and all seven miniatures have been painted on inserted<br /> singletons of parchment.<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></supportDesc></span><br /><span class="element"></objectDesc></span></div></div><p>This example combines information which might alternatively be more precisely tagged using the more specific elements described in the following subsections.</p><div class="div4" id="msph1sup"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#msph1ext"><span class="headingNumber">10.7.1.2 </span>Extent</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h5><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#msph1sup" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Support</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">10.7.1.1 </span><span class="head">Support</span></h5><div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="contains a description of the materials etc. which make up the physical support for the written part of a manuscript." href="ref-support.html">support</a> element groups together information about the physical carrier. Typically, for western manuscripts, this will entail discussion of the material (parchment, paper, or a combination of the two) written on. For paper, a discussion of any watermarks present may also be useful. If this discussion makes reference to standard catalogues of such items, these may be tagged using the standard <a class="gi" title="(reference) defines a reference to another location, possibly modified by additional text or comment." href="ref-ref.html">ref</a> element as in the following example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e87661" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><support></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span><br /> <span class="element"><material></span>Paper<span class="element"></material></span> with watermark: <span class="element"><watermark></span>anchor in a circle with<br /> star on top<span class="element"></watermark></span>, <span class="element"><watermark></span>countermark B-B with trefoil<span class="element"></watermark></span><br /> similar to <span class="element"><ref></span>Moschin, Anchor N 1680<span class="element"></ref></span><br /> <span class="element"><date></span>1570-1585<span class="element"></date></span>.<span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"></support></span></div></div></div><div class="div4" id="msph1ext"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#msph1sup"><span class="headingNumber">10.7.1.1 </span>Support</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#msph1col"><span class="headingNumber">10.7.1.3 </span>Collation</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h5><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#msph1ext" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Extent</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">10.7.1.2 </span><span class="head">Extent</span></h5><div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="describes the approximate size of a text stored on some carrier medium or of some other object, digital or non-digital, specified in any convenient units." href="ref-extent.html">extent</a> element, defined in the TEI header, may also be used in a manuscript description to specify the number of leaves a manuscript contains, as in the following example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e87687" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><extent></span>ii + 97 + ii<span class="element"></extent></span></div> Information regarding the size of the leaves may be specifically marked using the phrase level <a class="gi" title="contains a dimensional specification." href="ref-dimensions.html">dimensions</a> element, as in the following example, or left as plain prose. <div id="index-egXML-d52e87694" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><extent></span>ii + 321 leaves <span class="element"><dimensions <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">cm</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><height></span>35<span class="element"></height></span><br /> <span class="element"><width></span>27<span class="element"></width></span><br /> <span class="element"></dimensions></span><span class="element"></extent></span></div></div><div class="p">Alternatively, the generic <a class="gi" title="contains a word or phrase referring to some quantity of an object or commodity, usually comprising a number, a unit, and a commodity name." href="ref-measure.html">measure</a> element might be used within <a class="gi" title="describes the approximate size of a text stored on some carrier medium or of some other object, digital or non-digital, specified in any convenient units." href="ref-extent.html">extent</a>, as in the following example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e87711" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><extent></span><br /> <span class="element"><measure <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">composition</span>" <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">leaf</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">quantity</span>="<span class="attributevalue">10</span>"></span>10 Bl.<span class="element"></measure></span><br /> <span class="element"><measure <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">height</span>" <span class="attribute">quantity</span>="<span class="attributevalue">37</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">cm</span>"></span>37<span class="element"></measure></span> x <span class="element"><measure <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">width</span>" <span class="attribute">quantity</span>="<span class="attributevalue">29</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">cm</span>"></span>29<span class="element"></measure></span> cm <span class="element"></extent></span></div></div></div><div class="div4" id="msph1col"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#msph1ext"><span class="headingNumber">10.7.1.2 </span>Extent</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#msphfo"><span class="headingNumber">10.7.1.4 </span>Foliation</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h5><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#msph1col" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Collation</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">10.7.1.3 </span><span class="head">Collation</span></h5><div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="contains a description of how the leaves or bifolia are physically arranged." href="ref-collation.html">collation</a> element should be used to provide a description of a book's current and original structure, that is, the arrangement of its leaves and quires. This information may be conveyed using informal prose, or any appropriate notational convention. Although no specific notation is defined here, an appropriate element to enclose such an expression would be the <a class="gi" title="contains a mathematical or other formula." href="ref-formula.html">formula</a> element, which is provided when the <span class="ident-module">figures</span> module is included in a schema. Here are some examples of different ways of treating collation: <div id="index-egXML-d52e87736" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><collation></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span><br /> <span class="element"><formula></span>1-3:8, 4:6, 5-13:8<span class="element"></formula></span><br /> <span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"></collation></span><br /><span class="element"><collation></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>There are now four gatherings, the first, second and fourth originally<br /> consisting of eight leaves, the third of seven. A fifth gathering thought to<br /> have followed has left no trace. <span class="element"><list></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>Gathering I consists of 7 leaves, a first leaf, originally conjoint with<br /> <span class="element"><locus></span>fol. 7<span class="element"></locus></span>, having been cut away leaving only a narrow strip along<br /> the gutter; the others, <span class="element"><locus></span>fols 1<span class="element"></locus></span> and <span class="element"><locus></span>6<span class="element"></locus></span>,<br /> <span class="element"><locus></span>2<span class="element"></locus></span> and <span class="element"><locus></span>5<span class="element"></locus></span>, and <span class="element"><locus></span>3<span class="element"></locus></span> and<br /> <span class="element"><locus></span>4<span class="element"></locus></span>, are bifolia.<span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>Gathering II consists of 8 leaves, 4 bifolia.<span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>Gathering III consists of 7 leaves; <span class="element"><locus></span>fols 16<span class="element"></locus></span> and<br /> <span class="element"><locus></span>22<span class="element"></locus></span> are conjoint, the others singletons.<span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>Gathering IV consists of 2 leaves, a bifolium.<span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"></list></span><span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"></collation></span><br /><span class="element"><collation></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>I (1, 2+9, 3+8, 4+7, 5+6, 10); II (11, 12+17, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18,<br /> 19).<span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"></collation></span><br /><span class="element"><collation></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span><br /> <span class="element"><formula></span>1-5.8 6.6 (catchword, f. 46, does not match following text) 7-8.8<br /> 9.10, 11.2 (through f. 82) 12-14.8 15.8(-7)<span class="element"></formula></span><br /> <span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"></collation></span></div></div></div><div class="div4" id="msphfo"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#msph1col"><span class="headingNumber">10.7.1.3 </span>Collation</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#msphco"><span class="headingNumber">10.7.1.5 </span>Condition</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h5><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#msphfo" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Foliation</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">10.7.1.4 </span><span class="head">Foliation</span></h5><div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="describes the numbering system or systems used to count the leaves or pages in a codex." href="ref-foliation.html">foliation</a> element may be used to indicate the scheme, medium or location of folio, page, column, or line numbers written in the manuscript, frequently including a statement about when and, if known, by whom, the numbering was done. <div id="index-egXML-d52e87797" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><foliation></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Neuere Foliierung, die auch das Vorsatzblatt mitgezählt<br /> hat.<span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"></foliation></span><br /><span class="element"><foliation></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Folio numbers were added in brown ink by Árni Magnússon ca.<br /> 1720-1730 in the upper right corner of all recto-pages.<span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"></foliation></span></div></div><div class="p">Where a manuscript contains traces of more than one foliation, each should be recorded as a distinct <a class="gi" title="describes the numbering system or systems used to count the leaves or pages in a codex." href="ref-foliation.html">foliation</a> element and optionally given a distinct value for its <span class="att">xml:id</span> attribute. The <a class="gi" title="defines a location within a manuscript or manuscript part, usually as a (possibly discontinuous) sequence of folio references." href="ref-locus.html">locus</a> element discussed in <a class="link_ptr" href="MS.html#msloc" title="References to Locations within a Manuscript"><span class="headingNumber">10.3.5 </span>References to Locations within a Manuscript</a> can then indicate which foliation scheme is being cited by means of its <span class="att">scheme</span> attribute, which points to this identifier: <div id="index-egXML-d52e87822" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><foliation <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">original</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Original foliation in red roman numerals in the<br /> middle of the outer margin of each recto<span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"></foliation></span><br /><span class="element"><foliation <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">modern</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Foliated in pencil in the top right corner of each<br /> recto page.<span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"></foliation></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /><span class="element"><locus <span class="attribute">scheme</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#modern</span>"></span>ff 1-20<span class="element"></locus></span></div></div></div><div class="div4" id="msphco"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#msphfo"><span class="headingNumber">10.7.1.4 </span>Foliation</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#msphla"><span class="headingNumber">10.7.1.6 </span>Layout Description</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h5><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#msphco" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Condition</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">10.7.1.5 </span><span class="head">Condition</span></h5><p>The <a class="gi" title="contains a description of the physical condition of the manuscript." href="ref-condition.html">condition</a> element is used to summarize the overall physical state of a manuscript, in particular where such information is not recorded elsewhere in the description. It should not, however, be used to describe changes or repairs to a manuscript, as these are more appropriately described as a part of its custodial history (see <a class="link_ptr" href="MS.html#msadch" title="Availability and Custodial History"><span class="headingNumber">10.9.1.2 </span>Availability and Custodial History</a>). It should be supplied within the <a class="gi" title="(support description) groups elements describing the physical support for the written part of a manuscript." href="ref-supportDesc.html">supportDesc</a> element, if it discusses the condition of the physical support of the manuscript; within the <a class="gi" title="(binding description) describes the present and former bindings of a manuscript, either as a series of paragraphs or as a series of distinct <binding> elements, one for each binding of the manuscript." href="ref-bindingDesc.html">bindingDesc</a> or <a class="gi" title="contains a description of one binding, i.e. type of covering, boards, etc. applied to a manuscript." href="ref-binding.html">binding</a> elements (<a class="link_ptr" href="MS.html#msphbi" title="Binding Descriptions"><span class="headingNumber">10.7.3.1 </span>Binding Descriptions</a>) if it discusses only the condition of the binding or bindings concerned; or within the <a class="gi" title="(seal description) describes the seals or other external items attached to a manuscript, either as a series of paragraphs or as a series of distinct <seal> elements, possibly with additional <decoNote>s." href="ref-sealDesc.html">sealDesc</a> element if it discusses the condition of any seal attached to the manuscript.</p><div id="index-egXML-d52e87858" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><supportDesc></span><br /> <span class="element"><condition></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>The manuscript shows signs of damage from water and mould on its<br /> outermost leaves.<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></condition></span><br /><span class="element"></supportDesc></span></div><div id="index-egXML-d52e87863" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><condition></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Despite tears on many of the leaves the codex is reasonably well<br /> preserved. The top and the bottom of f. 1 is damaged, and only a thin slip is<br /> left of the original second leaf (now foliated as 1bis). The lower margin of f.<br /> 92 has been cut away. There is a lacuna of one leaf between ff. 193 and 194. The<br /> manuscript ends defectively (there are approximately six leaves<br /> missing).<span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"></condition></span></div></div><div class="div4" id="msphla"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#msphco"><span class="headingNumber">10.7.1.5 </span>Condition</a></li><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h5><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#msphla" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Layout Description</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">10.7.1.6 </span><span class="head">Layout Description</span></h5><p>The second part of the <a class="gi" title="contains a description of the physical components making up the object which is being described." href="ref-objectDesc.html">objectDesc</a> element is the <a class="gi" title="(layout description) collects the set of layout descriptions applicable to a manuscript." href="ref-layoutDesc.html">layoutDesc</a> element, which is used to describe and document the <span class="foreign">mise-en-page</span> of the manuscript, that is the way in which text and illumination are arranged on the page, specifying for example the number of written, ruled, or pricked lines and columns per page, size of margins, distinct blocks such as glosses, commentaries, etc. This may be given as a simple series of paragraphs. Alternatively, one or more different layouts may be identified within a single manuscript, each described by its own <a class="gi" title="describes how text is laid out on the page, including information about any ruling, pricking, or other evidence of page-preparation techniques." href="ref-layout.html">layout</a> element. </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-layoutDesc.html">layoutDesc</a></span> (layout description) collects the set of layout descriptions applicable to a manuscript.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-layout.html">layout</a></span> describes how text is laid out on the page, including information about any ruling, pricking, or other evidence of page-preparation techniques.</li></ul><p>Where the <a class="gi" title="describes how text is laid out on the page, including information about any ruling, pricking, or other evidence of page-preparation techniques." href="ref-layout.html">layout</a> element is used, the layout will often be sufficiently regular for the attributes on this element to convey all that is necessary; more usually however a more detailed treatment will be required. The attributes are provided as a convenient shorthand for commonly occurring cases, and should not be used except where the layout is regular. The value <code>NA</code> (not-applicable) should be used for cases where the layout is either very irregular, or where it cannot be characterized simply in terms of lines and columns, for example, where blocks of commentary and text are arranged in a regular but complex pattern on each page</p><div class="p">The following examples indicate the range of possibilities: <div id="index-egXML-d52e87898" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><layout <span class="attribute">ruledLines</span>="<span class="attributevalue">25 32</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Most pages have between 25 and 32 long lines ruled in lead.<span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"></layout></span><br /><span class="element"><layout <span class="attribute">columns</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>" <span class="attribute">writtenLines</span>="<span class="attributevalue">24</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Written in one column throughout; 24 lines per page.<span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"></layout></span><br /><span class="element"><layout></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Written in 3 columns, with 8 lines of text and interlinear glosses in<br /> the centre, and up to 26 lines of gloss in the outer two columns. Double<br /> vertical bounding lines ruled in hard point on hair side. Text lines ruled<br /> faintly in lead. Remains of prickings in upper, lower, and outer (for 8 lines of<br /> text only) margins.<span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"></layout></span></div></div><div class="p">Where multiple <a class="gi" title="describes how text is laid out on the page, including information about any ruling, pricking, or other evidence of page-preparation techniques." href="ref-layout.html">layout</a> elements are supplied, the scope for each specification can be indicated by means of <a class="gi" title="defines a location within a manuscript or manuscript part, usually as a (possibly discontinuous) sequence of folio references." href="ref-locus.html">locus</a> elements within the content of the element, as in the following example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e87917" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><layoutDesc></span><br /> <span class="element"><layout <span class="attribute">ruledLines</span>="<span class="attributevalue">25 32</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>On <span class="element"><locus <span class="attribute">from</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1r</span>" <span class="attribute">to</span>="<span class="attributevalue">202v</span>"></span>fols 1r-200v<span class="element"></locus></span> and <span class="element"><locus <span class="attribute">from</span>="<span class="attributevalue">210r</span>" <span class="attribute">to</span>="<span class="attributevalue">212v</span>"></span>fols 210r-212v<span class="element"></locus></span> there are between 25 and 32 ruled lines.<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></layout></span><br /> <span class="element"><layout <span class="attribute">ruledLines</span>="<span class="attributevalue">34 50</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>On <span class="element"><locus <span class="attribute">from</span>="<span class="attributevalue">203r</span>" <span class="attribute">to</span>="<span class="attributevalue">209v</span>"></span>fols 203r-209v<span class="element"></locus></span> there are between 34<br /> and 50 ruled lines.<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></layout></span><br /><span class="element"></layoutDesc></span></div></div></div></div><div class="div3" id="msph2"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#msph1"><span class="headingNumber">10.7.1 </span>Object Description</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#msph3"><span class="headingNumber">10.7.3 </span>Bindings, Seals, and Additional Material</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#msph2" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Writing, Decoration, and Other Notations</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">10.7.2 </span><span class="head">Writing, Decoration, and Other Notations</span></h4><p>The second group of elements within a structured physical description concerns aspects of the writing, illumination, or other notation (notably, music) found in a manuscript, including additions made in later hands—the ‘text’, as it were, as opposed to the carrier. </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-handDesc.html">handDesc</a></span> (description of hands) contains a description of all the different kinds of writing used in a manuscript.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-handNote.html">handNote</a></span> (note on hand) describes a particular style or hand distinguished within a manuscript.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-scriptDesc.html">scriptDesc</a></span> contains a description of the scripts used in a manuscript or similar source.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-scriptNote.html">scriptNote</a></span> describes a particular script distinguished within the description of a manuscript or similar resource.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-typeDesc.html">typeDesc</a></span> contains a description of the typefaces or other aspects of the printing of an incunable or other printed source.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-typeNote.html">typeNote</a></span> describes a particular font or other significant typographic feature distinguished within the description of a printed resource.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-decoDesc.html">decoDesc</a></span> (decoration description) contains a description of the decoration of a manuscript, either as a sequence of paragraphs, or as a sequence of topically organized <a class="gi" title="(note on decoration) contains a note describing either a decorative component of a manuscript, or a fairly homogenous class of such components." href="ref-decoNote.html">decoNote</a> elements.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-decoNote.html">decoNote</a></span> (note on decoration) contains a note describing either a decorative component of a manuscript, or a fairly homogenous class of such components.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-musicNotation.html">musicNotation</a></span> contains description of type of musical notation.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-additions.html">additions</a></span> contains a description of any significant additions found within a manuscript, such as marginalia or other annotations.</li></ul><div class="div4" id="msphwr"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#msphdec"><span class="headingNumber">10.7.2.2 </span>Decoration</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h5><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#msphwr" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Writing</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">10.7.2.1 </span><span class="head">Writing</span></h5><div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="(description of hands) contains a description of all the different kinds of writing used in a manuscript." href="ref-handDesc.html">handDesc</a> element can contain a short description of the general characteristics of the writing observed in a manuscript, as in the following example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e87962" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><handDesc></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Written in a <span class="element"><term></span>late Caroline minuscule<span class="element"></term></span>; versals in a form of<br /> <span class="element"><term></span>rustic capitals<span class="element"></term></span>; although the marginal and interlinear gloss is<br /> written in varying shades of ink that are not those of the main text, text and<br /> gloss appear to have been copied during approximately the same time span.<span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"></handDesc></span></div></div><p>Note the use of the <a class="gi" title="contains a single-word, multi-word, or symbolic designation which is regarded as a technical term." href="ref-term.html">term</a> element to mark specific technical terms within the context of the <a class="gi" title="(description of hands) contains a description of all the different kinds of writing used in a manuscript." href="ref-handDesc.html">handDesc</a> element.</p><div class="p">Where several distinct hands have been identified, this fact can be registered by using the <span class="att">hands</span> attribute, as in the following example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e87986" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><handDesc <span class="attribute">hands</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>The manuscript is written in two contemporary hands, otherwise unknown, but<br /> clearly those of practised scribes. Hand I writes ff. 1r-22v and hand II ff. 23<br /> and 24. Some scholars, notably Verner Dahlerup and Hreinn Benediktsson, have<br /> argued for a third hand on f. 24, but the evidence for this is<br /> insubstantial.<span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"></handDesc></span></div></div><div class="p">Alternatively, or in addition, where more specific information about one or more of the hands identified is to be recorded, the <a class="gi" title="(note on hand) describes a particular style or hand distinguished within a manuscript." href="ref-handNote.html">handNote</a> element should be used, as in the following example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e87996" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><handDesc <span class="attribute">hands</span>="<span class="attributevalue">3</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><handNote <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Eirsp-1</span>" <span class="attribute">scope</span>="<span class="attributevalue">minor</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>The first part of the manuscript, <span class="element"><locus <span class="attribute">from</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1v</span>" <span class="attribute">to</span>="<span class="attributevalue">72v:4</span>"></span>fols<br /> 1v-72v:4<span class="element"></locus></span>, is written in a practised Icelandic Gothic bookhand. This hand<br /> is not found elsewhere.<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></handNote></span><br /> <span class="element"><handNote <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Eirsp-2</span>" <span class="attribute">scope</span>="<span class="attributevalue">major</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>The second part of the manuscript, <span class="element"><locus <span class="attribute">from</span>="<span class="attributevalue">72v:4</span>" <span class="attribute">to</span>="<span class="attributevalue">194v</span>"></span>fols<br /> 72v:4-194<span class="element"></locus></span>, is written in a hand contemporary with the first; it can also<br /> be found in a fragment of <span class="element"><title></span>Knýtlinga saga<span class="element"></title></span>, <span class="element"><ref></span>AM 20b II<br /> fol.<span class="element"></ref></span>.<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></handNote></span><br /> <span class="element"><handNote <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Eirsp-3</span>" <span class="attribute">scope</span>="<span class="attributevalue">minor</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>The third hand has written the majority of the chapter headings. This hand<br /> has been identified as the one also found in <span class="element"><ref></span>AM 221<br /> fol.<span class="element"></ref></span>.<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></handNote></span><br /><span class="element"></handDesc></span></div> Note here the use of the <a class="gi" title="defines a location within a manuscript or manuscript part, usually as a (possibly discontinuous) sequence of folio references." href="ref-locus.html">locus</a> element, discussed in section <a class="link_ptr" href="MS.html#msloc" title="References to Locations within a Manuscript"><span class="headingNumber">10.3.5 </span>References to Locations within a Manuscript</a>, to specify exactly which parts of a manuscript are written by a given hand.</div><p>When a full or partial transcription of a manuscript is available in addition to the manuscript description, the <a class="gi" title="marks the beginning of a sequence of text written in a new hand, or the beginning of a scribal stint." href="ref-handShift.html">handShift</a> element described in <a class="link_ptr" href="PH.html#PHDH" title="Document Hands"><span class="headingNumber">11.3.2.1 </span>Document Hands</a> can be used to link the relevant parts of the transcription to the appropriate <a class="gi" title="(note on hand) describes a particular style or hand distinguished within a manuscript." href="ref-handNote.html">handNote</a> element in the description: for example, at the point in the transcript where the second hand listed above starts (i.e. at folio 72v:4), we might insert <span class="tag"><handShift new="#Eirsp-2"/></span>.</p><div class="p">The elements <a class="gi" title="contains a description of the typefaces or other aspects of the printing of an incunable or other printed source." href="ref-typeDesc.html">typeDesc</a>, and <a class="gi" title="describes a particular font or other significant typographic feature distinguished within the description of a printed resource." href="ref-typeNote.html">typeNote</a> are used to provide information about the printing of a source, in exactly the same way as the <a class="gi" title="(description of hands) contains a description of all the different kinds of writing used in a manuscript." href="ref-handDesc.html">handDesc</a> or <a class="gi" title="(note on hand) describes a particular style or hand distinguished within a manuscript." href="ref-handNote.html">handNote</a> elements provide information about its writing. They are provided for the convenience of those using this module to provide information about early printed sources and incunables. The <a class="gi" title="contains a description of the typefaces or other aspects of the printing of an incunable or other printed source." href="ref-typeDesc.html">typeDesc</a> element can simply provide a summary description: <div id="index-egXML-d52e88059" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><typeDesc></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Uses a mixture of Roman and Black Letter types.<span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"></typeDesc></span></div></div><div class="p">Where detailed information about individual typefaces is to be recorded, this may be done using the <a class="gi" title="describes a particular font or other significant typographic feature distinguished within the description of a printed resource." href="ref-typeNote.html">typeNote</a> element: <div id="index-egXML-d52e88069" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><typeDesc></span><br /> <span class="element"><summary></span>Uses a mixture of Roman and Black Letter types.<span class="element"></summary></span><br /> <span class="element"><typeNote></span>Antiqua typeface, showing influence of Jenson's Venetian<br /> fonts.<span class="element"></typeNote></span><br /> <span class="element"><typeNote></span>The black letter face is a variant of Schwabacher.<span class="element"></typeNote></span><br /><span class="element"></typeDesc></span></div></div><div class="p">Where information is required about both typography and written script, for example where a printed book contains extensive handwritten annotation, both <a class="gi" title="(description of hands) contains a description of all the different kinds of writing used in a manuscript." href="ref-handDesc.html">handDesc</a> and <a class="gi" title="contains a description of the typefaces or other aspects of the printing of an incunable or other printed source." href="ref-typeDesc.html">typeDesc</a> elements should be supplied. Similarly, in the following example, the source text is a typescript with extensive handwritten annotation: <div id="index-egXML-d52e88086" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><typeDesc></span><br /> <span class="element"><typeNote <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">TSET</span>"></span>Authorial typescript, probably produced on Eliot's own<br /> Remington. <span class="element"></typeNote></span><br /><span class="element"></typeDesc></span><br /><span class="element"><handDesc></span><br /> <span class="element"><handNote <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">EP</span>" <span class="attribute">medium</span>="<span class="attributevalue">red-ink</span>"></span>Ezra Pound's annotations.<span class="element"></handNote></span><br /> <span class="element"><handNote <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">TSE</span>" <span class="attribute">medium</span>="<span class="attributevalue">black-ink</span>"></span>Commentary in Eliot's hand.<span class="element"></handNote></span><br /><span class="element"></handDesc></span></div></div><p>The elements <a class="gi" title="describes a particular script distinguished within the description of a manuscript or similar resource." href="ref-scriptNote.html">scriptNote</a> and <a class="gi" title="contains a description of the scripts used in a manuscript or similar source." href="ref-scriptDesc.html">scriptDesc</a> may be used in exactly the same way to document a script used in this and other manuscripts, for example to record that this script was used mainly for the production of books or for charters; or that it is characteristic of some geographical area or scriptorium or date. Such information as the letter forms characteristic of this script may also be recorded. By contrast, the <a class="gi" title="(note on hand) describes a particular style or hand distinguished within a manuscript." href="ref-handNote.html">handNote</a> element would be used to document the way that a particular scribe uses a script, for example with long or short descenders, or using a pen which is cut in a different way, or an ink of a given colour, and so forth.</p><p>As with <a class="gi" title="describes a particular font or other significant typographic feature distinguished within the description of a printed resource." href="ref-typeNote.html">typeNote</a>, the <a class="gi" title="describes a particular script distinguished within the description of a manuscript or similar resource." href="ref-scriptNote.html">scriptNote</a> element can be used in combination with <a class="gi" title="(note on hand) describes a particular style or hand distinguished within a manuscript." href="ref-handNote.html">handNote</a>.</p></div><div class="div4" id="msphdec"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#msphwr"><span class="headingNumber">10.7.2.1 </span>Writing</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#msphmu"><span class="headingNumber">10.7.2.3 </span>Musical Notation</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h5><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#msphdec" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Decoration</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">10.7.2.2 </span><span class="head">Decoration</span></h5><p>It can be difficult to draw a clear distinction between aspects of a manuscript which are purely physical and those which form part of its intellectual content. This is particularly true of illuminations and other forms of decoration in a manuscript. We propose the following elements for the purpose of delimiting discussion of these aspects within a manuscript description, and for convenience locate them all within the physical description, despite the fact that the illustrative features of a manuscript will in many cases also be seen as constituting part of its intellectual content.</p><div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="(decoration description) contains a description of the decoration of a manuscript, either as a sequence of paragraphs, or as a sequence of topically organized <decoNote> elements." href="ref-decoDesc.html">decoDesc</a> element may contain simply one or more paragraphs summarizing the overall nature of the decorative features of the manuscript, as in the following example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e88128" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><decoDesc></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>The decoration comprises two full page miniatures, perhaps added by the<br /> original owner, or slightly later; the original major decoration consists of<br /> twenty-three large miniatures, illustrating the divisions of the Passion<br /> narrative and the start of the major texts, and the major divisions of the<br /> Hours; seventeen smaller miniatures, illustrating the suffrages to saints; and<br /> seven historiated initials, illustrating the pericopes and major prayers.<span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"></decoDesc></span></div> Alternatively, it may contain a series of more specific typed <a class="gi" title="(note on decoration) contains a note describing either a decorative component of a manuscript, or a fairly homogenous class of such components." href="ref-decoNote.html">decoNote</a> elements, each summarizing a particular aspect or individual instance of the decoration present, for example the use of miniatures, initials (historiated or otherwise), borders, diagrams, etc., as in the following example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e88136" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><decoDesc></span><br /> <span class="element"><decoNote <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">miniature</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>One full-page miniature, facing the beginning of the first Penitential<br /> Psalm.<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></decoNote></span><br /> <span class="element"><decoNote <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">initial</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>One seven-line historiated initial, commencing the first Penitential<br /> Psalm.<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></decoNote></span><br /> <span class="element"><decoNote <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">initial</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Six four-line decorated initials, commencing the second through the seventh<br /> Penitential Psalm.<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></decoNote></span><br /> <span class="element"><decoNote <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">initial</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Some three hundred two-line versal initials with pen-flourishes, commencing<br /> the psalm verses.<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></decoNote></span><br /> <span class="element"><decoNote <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">border</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Four-sided border decoration surrounding the miniatures and three-sided<br /> border decoration accompanying the historiated and decorated initials.<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></decoNote></span><br /><span class="element"></decoDesc></span></div></div><div class="p">Where more exact indexing of the decorative content of a manuscript is required, the standard TEI elements <a class="gi" title="contains a single-word, multi-word, or symbolic designation which is regarded as a technical term." href="ref-term.html">term</a> or <a class="gi" title="(index entry) marks a location to be indexed for whatever purpose." href="ref-index.html">index</a> may be used within the prose description to supply or delimit appropriate iconographic terms, as in the following example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e88162" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><decoDesc></span><br /> <span class="element"><decoNote <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">miniatures</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Fourteen large miniatures with arched tops, above five lines of text: <span class="element"><list></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span><br /> <span class="element"><locus></span>fol. 14r<span class="element"></locus></span>Pericopes. <span class="element"><term></span>St. John writing on Patmos<span class="element"></term></span>,<br /> with the Eagle holding his ink-pot and pen-case; some flaking of pigment,<br /> especially in the sky<span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span><br /> <span class="element"><locus></span>fol. 26r<span class="element"></locus></span>Hours of the Virgin, Matins.<br /> <span class="element"><term></span>Annunciation<span class="element"></term></span>; Gabriel and the Dove to the right<span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span><br /> <span class="element"><locus></span>fol. 60r<span class="element"></locus></span>Prime. <span class="element"><term></span>Nativity<span class="element"></term></span>; the <span class="element"><term></span>Virgin and<br /> Joseph adoring the Child<span class="element"></term></span><span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span><br /> <span class="element"><locus></span>fol. 66r<span class="element"></locus></span>Terce. <span class="element"><term></span>Annunciation to the Shepherds<span class="element"></term></span>,<br /> one with <span class="element"><term></span>bagpipes<span class="element"></term></span><span class="element"></item></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"></list></span><span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></decoNote></span><br /><span class="element"></decoDesc></span></div></div></div><div class="div4" id="msphmu"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#msphdec"><span class="headingNumber">10.7.2.2 </span>Decoration</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#mspham"><span class="headingNumber">10.7.2.4 </span>Additions and Marginalia</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h5><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#msphmu" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Musical Notation</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">10.7.2.3 </span><span class="head">Musical Notation</span></h5><div class="p">Where a manuscript contains music, the <a class="gi" title="contains description of type of musical notation." href="ref-musicNotation.html">musicNotation</a> element may be used to describe the form of notation employed, as in the following examples: <div id="index-egXML-d52e88210" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><musicNotation></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Square notation on 4-line red staves.<span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"></musicNotation></span></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e88215" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><musicNotation></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Neumes in campo aperto of the St. Gall type.<span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"></musicNotation></span></div></div><p>If a manuscript employs more than one notation, they must both be described within the same <a class="gi" title="contains description of type of musical notation." href="ref-musicNotation.html">musicNotation</a> element, for example as different list items. </p></div><div class="div4" id="mspham"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#msphmu"><span class="headingNumber">10.7.2.3 </span>Musical Notation</a></li><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h5><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#mspham" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Additions and Marginalia</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">10.7.2.4 </span><span class="head">Additions and Marginalia</span></h5><div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="contains a description of any significant additions found within a manuscript, such as marginalia or other annotations." href="ref-additions.html">additions</a> element can be used to list or describe any additions to the manuscript, such as marginalia, scribblings, doodles, etc., which are considered to be of interest or importance. Such topics may also be discussed or referenced elsewhere in a description, for example in the <a class="gi" title="groups elements describing the full history of a manuscript or manuscript part." href="ref-history.html">history</a> element, in cases where the marginalia provide evidence of ownership. Note that this element may not be repeated within a single manuscript description. If several different kinds of additional matter are discussed, the content may be structured as a labelled list or a series of paragraphs. Some examples follow: <div id="index-egXML-d52e88237" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><additions></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Doodles on most leaves, possibly by children, and often quite<br /> amusing.<span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"></additions></span></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e88242" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><additions></span><br /> <span class="element"><p <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">fr</span>"></span>Quelques annotations marginales des XVIe et XVIIe s.<span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"></additions></span></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e88247" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><additions></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>The text of this manuscript is not interpolated with sentences from Royal<br /> decrees promulgated in 1294, 1305 and 1314. In the margins, however, another<br /> somewhat later scribe has added the relevant paragraphs of these decrees, see<br /> pp. 8, 24, 44, 47 etc.<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>As a humorous gesture the scribe in one opening of the manuscript, pp. 36 and<br /> 37, has prolonged the lower stems of one letter f and five letters þ and has<br /> them drizzle down the margin.<span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"></additions></span></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e88255" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><additions></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Spaces for initials and chapter headings were left by the scribe but not<br /> filled in. A later, probably fifteenth-century, hand has added initials and<br /> chapter headings in greenish-coloured ink on fols <span class="element"><locus></span>8r<span class="element"></locus></span>,<br /> <span class="element"><locus></span>8v<span class="element"></locus></span>, <span class="element"><locus></span>9r<span class="element"></locus></span>, <span class="element"><locus></span>10r<span class="element"></locus></span> and <span class="element"><locus></span>11r<span class="element"></locus></span>.<br /> Although a few of these chapter headings are now rather difficult to read, most<br /> can be made out, e.g. fol. <span class="element"><locus></span>8rb<span class="element"></locus></span><br /> <span class="element"><quote <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">is</span>"></span>floti ast<span class="element"><ex></span>ri<span class="element"></ex></span>d<span class="element"><ex></span>ar<span class="element"></ex></span><span class="element"></quote></span>; fol.<br /> <span class="element"><locus></span>9rb<span class="element"></locus></span><br /> <span class="element"><quote <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">is</span>"></span>v<span class="element"><ex></span>m<span class="element"></ex></span> olaf conung<span class="element"></quote></span>, and fol.<br /> <span class="element"><locus></span>10ra<span class="element"></locus></span><br /> <span class="element"><quote <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">is</span>"></span>Gipti<span class="element"><ex></span>n<span class="element"></ex></span>g ol<span class="element"><ex></span>a<span class="element"></ex></span>fs<br /> k<span class="element"><ex></span>onun<span class="element"></ex></span>gs<span class="element"></quote></span>.<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>The manuscript contains the following marginalia: <span class="element"><list></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>Fol. <span class="element"><locus></span>4v<span class="element"></locus></span>, left margin: <span class="element"><quote <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">is</span>"></span>hialmadr<br /> <span class="element"><ex></span>ok<span class="element"></ex></span><br /> <span class="element"><lb/></span>brynjadr<span class="element"></quote></span>, in a fifteenth-century hand, imitating an addition made<br /> to the text by the scribe at this point.<span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>Fol. <span class="element"><locus></span>5r<span class="element"></locus></span>, lower margin: <span class="element"><quote <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">is</span>"></span>þ<span class="element"><ex></span>e<span class="element"></ex></span>tta<br /> þiki m<span class="element"><ex></span>er<span class="element"></ex></span> v<span class="element"><ex></span>er<span class="element"></ex></span>a gott blek en<span class="element"><ex></span>n<span class="element"></ex></span>da kan<span class="element"><ex></span>n<span class="element"></ex></span> ek icki<br /> betr sia<span class="element"></quote></span>, in a fifteenth-century hand, probably the same as that on the<br /> previous page.<span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"><item></span>Fol. <span class="element"><locus></span>9v<span class="element"></locus></span>, bottom margin: <span class="element"><quote <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">is</span>"></span>þessa bok<br /> uilda eg <span class="element"><sic></span>gæt<span class="element"></sic></span> lært med<br /> <span class="element"><lb/></span>an Gud gefe myer Gott ad<br /> <span class="element"><lb/></span>læra<span class="element"></quote></span>; seventeenth-century hand.<span class="element"></item></span><br /> <span class="element"></list></span><span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>There are in addition a number of illegible scribbles in a later hand (or<br /> hands) on fols <span class="element"><locus></span>2r<span class="element"></locus></span>, <span class="element"><locus></span>3r<span class="element"></locus></span>, <span class="element"><locus></span>5v<span class="element"></locus></span> and<br /> <span class="element"><locus></span>19r<span class="element"></locus></span>.<span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"></additions></span></div></div></div></div><div class="div3" id="msph3"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#msph2"><span class="headingNumber">10.7.2 </span>Writing, Decoration, and Other Notations</a></li><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#msph3" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Bindings, Seals, and Additional Material</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">10.7.3 </span><span class="head">Bindings, Seals, and Additional Material</span></h4><p>The third major component of the physical description relates to supporting but distinct physical components, such as bindings, seals and accompanying material. These may be described using the following specialist elements: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-bindingDesc.html">bindingDesc</a></span> (binding description) describes the present and former bindings of a manuscript, either as a series of paragraphs or as a series of distinct <a class="gi" title="contains a description of one binding, i.e. type of covering, boards, etc. applied to a manuscript." href="ref-binding.html">binding</a> elements, one for each binding of the manuscript.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-binding.html">binding</a></span> contains a description of one binding, i.e. type of covering, boards, etc. applied to a manuscript.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-sealDesc.html">sealDesc</a></span> (seal description) describes the seals or other external items attached to a manuscript, either as a series of paragraphs or as a series of distinct <a class="gi" title="contains a description of one seal or similar attachment applied to a manuscript." href="ref-seal.html">seal</a> elements, possibly with additional <a class="gi" title="(note on decoration) contains a note describing either a decorative component of a manuscript, or a fairly homogenous class of such components." href="ref-decoNote.html">decoNote</a>s.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-seal.html">seal</a></span> contains a description of one seal or similar attachment applied to a manuscript.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-accMat.html">accMat</a></span> (accompanying material) contains details of any significant additional material which may be closely associated with the manuscript being described, such as non-contemporaneous documents or fragments bound in with the manuscript at some earlier historical period.</li></ul><div class="div4" id="msphbi"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#msphse"><span class="headingNumber">10.7.3.2 </span>Seals</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h5><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#msphbi" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Binding Descriptions</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">10.7.3.1 </span><span class="head">Binding Descriptions</span></h5><div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="(binding description) describes the present and former bindings of a manuscript, either as a series of paragraphs or as a series of distinct <binding> elements, one for each binding of the manuscript." href="ref-bindingDesc.html">bindingDesc</a> element contains a description of the state of the present and former bindings of a manuscript, including information about its material, any distinctive marks, and provenance information. This may be given as a series of paragraphs if only one binding is being described, or as a series of distinct <a class="gi" title="contains a description of one binding, i.e. type of covering, boards, etc. applied to a manuscript." href="ref-binding.html">binding</a> elements, each describing a distinct binding where these are separately described. For example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e88397" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><bindingDesc></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Sewing not visible; tightly rebound over 19th-century pasteboards, reusing<br /> panels of 16th-century brown leather with gilt tooling à la fanfare, Paris c.<br /> 1580-90, the centre of each cover inlaid with a 17th-century oval medallion of<br /> red morocco tooled in gilt (perhaps replacing the identifying mark of a previous<br /> owner); the spine similarly tooled, without raised bands or title-piece;<br /> coloured endbands; the edges of the leaves and boards gilt. Boxed.<span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"></bindingDesc></span></div></div><div class="p">Within a binding description, the elements <a class="gi" title="(note on decoration) contains a note describing either a decorative component of a manuscript, or a fairly homogenous class of such components." href="ref-decoNote.html">decoNote</a> and <a class="gi" title="contains a description of the physical condition of the manuscript." href="ref-condition.html">condition</a> are available, as alternatives to <a class="gi" title="(paragraph) marks paragraphs in prose." href="ref-p.html">p</a>, for paragraphs dealing exclusively with information about decorative features of a binding, or about its condition, respectively. <div id="index-egXML-d52e88413" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><binding></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Bound, s. XVIII (?), in <span class="element"><material></span>diced russia leather<span class="element"></material></span><br /> retaining most of the original 15th century metal ornaments (but with some<br /> replacements) as well as the heavy wooden boards.<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"><decoNote></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>On each cover: alternating circular stamps of the Holy Monogram, a<br /> sunburst, and a flower.<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></decoNote></span><br /> <span class="element"><decoNote></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>On the cornerpieces, one of which is missing, a rectangular stamp<br /> of the Agnus Dei.<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></decoNote></span><br /> <span class="element"><condition></span>Front and back leather inlaid panels very badly worn.<span class="element"></condition></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Rebacked during the 19th century.<span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"></binding></span></div></div><p>As noted above, (<a class="link_ptr" href="MS.html#msphco" title="Condition"><span class="headingNumber">10.7.1.5 </span>Condition</a>) the element <a class="gi" title="contains a description of the physical condition of the manuscript." href="ref-condition.html">condition</a> may also be used as an alternative to <a class="gi" title="(paragraph) marks paragraphs in prose." href="ref-p.html">p</a> for paragraphs concerned exclusively with the condition of a binding, where this has not been supplied as part of the physical description.</p></div><div class="div4" id="msphse"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#msphbi"><span class="headingNumber">10.7.3.1 </span>Binding Descriptions</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#msadac"><span class="headingNumber">10.7.3.3 </span>Accompanying Material</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h5><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#msphse" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Seals</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">10.7.3.2 </span><span class="head">Seals</span></h5><div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="(seal description) describes the seals or other external items attached to a manuscript, either as a series of paragraphs or as a series of distinct <seal> elements, possibly with additional <decoNote>s." href="ref-sealDesc.html">sealDesc</a> element supplies information about the seal(s) attached to documents to guarantee their integrity, or to show authentication of the issuer or consent of the participants. It may contain one or more paragraphs summarizing the overall nature of the seals, or may contain one or more <a class="gi" title="contains a description of one seal or similar attachment applied to a manuscript." href="ref-seal.html">seal</a> elements. <div id="index-egXML-d52e88452" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><sealDesc></span><br /> <span class="element"><seal <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">pendant</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">subtype</span>="<span class="attributevalue">cauda_duplex</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Round seal of <span class="element"><name></span>Anders Olufsen<span class="element"></name></span> in black wax: <span class="element"><bibl></span><br /> <span class="element"><ref></span>DAS<br /> 930<span class="element"></ref></span><br /> <span class="element"></bibl></span>. Parchment tag, on which is written: <span class="element"><quote></span>pertinere nos<br /> predictorum placiti nostri iusticarii precessorum dif<span class="element"></quote></span>.<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></seal></span><br /> <span class="element"><seal <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">pendant</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">subtype</span>="<span class="attributevalue">cauda_duplex</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>The seal of <span class="element"><name></span>Jens Olufsen<span class="element"></name></span> in black wax: <span class="element"><bibl></span><br /> <span class="element"><ref></span>DAS<br /> 1061<span class="element"></ref></span><br /> <span class="element"></bibl></span>. Legend: <span class="element"><quote></span>S IOHANNES OLAVI<span class="element"></quote></span>. Parchment tag on<br /> which is written: <span class="element"><quote></span>Woldorp Iohanne G<span class="element"></quote></span>.<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></seal></span><br /><span class="element"></sealDesc></span></div></div></div><div class="div4" id="msadac"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#msphse"><span class="headingNumber">10.7.3.2 </span>Seals</a></li><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h5><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#msadac" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Accompanying Material</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">10.7.3.3 </span><span class="head">Accompanying Material</span></h5><p>The circumstance may arise where material not originally part of a manuscript is bound into or otherwise kept with a manuscript. In some cases this material would best be treated in a separate <a class="gi" title="(manuscript part) contains information about an originally distinct manuscript or part of a manuscript, which is now part of a composite manuscript." href="ref-msPart.html">msPart</a> element (see <a class="link_ptr" href="MS.html#mspt" title="Manuscript Parts"><span class="headingNumber">10.10 </span>Manuscript Parts</a> below). There are, however, cases where the additional matter is not self-evidently a distinct manuscript: it might, for example, be a set of notes by a later scholar, or a file of correspondence relating to the manuscript. The <a class="gi" title="(accompanying material) contains details of any significant additional material which may be closely associated with the manuscript being described, such as non-contemporaneous documents or fragments bound in with the manuscript at some earlier historical period." href="ref-accMat.html">accMat</a> element is provided as a holder for this kind of information. </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-accMat.html">accMat</a></span> (accompanying material) contains details of any significant additional material which may be closely associated with the manuscript being described, such as non-contemporaneous documents or fragments bound in with the manuscript at some earlier historical period.</li></ul><div class="p">Here is an example of the use of this element, describing a note by the Icelandic manuscript collector Árni Magnússon which has been bound with the manuscript: <div id="index-egXML-d52e88501" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><accMat></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>A slip in Árni Magnússon's hand has been stuck to the pastedown on the inside<br /> front cover; the text reads: <span class="element"><quote <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">is</span>"></span>Þidreks Søgu þessa hefi eg<br /> feiged af Sekreterer Wielandt Anno 1715 i Kaupmanna høfn. Hun er, sem eg sie,<br /> Copia af Austfirda bókinni (Eidagás) en<span class="element"><ex></span>n<span class="element"></ex></span> ecki progenies Brædratungu<br /> bokarinnar. Og er þar fyrer eigi i allan<span class="element"><ex></span>n<span class="element"></ex></span> máta samhlioda<br /> þ<span class="element"><ex></span>eir<span class="element"></ex></span>re er Sr Jon Erlendz son hefer ritad fyrer Mag. Bryniolf. Þesse<br /> Þidreks Saga mun vera komin fra Sr Vigfuse á Helgafelle.<span class="element"></quote></span><span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"></accMat></span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="div2" id="mshy"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#msph"><span class="headingNumber">10.7 </span>Physical Description</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#msad"><span class="headingNumber">10.9 </span>Additional Information</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h3><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#mshy" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: History</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">10.8 </span><span class="head">History</span></h3><p>The following elements are used to record information about the history of a manuscript: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-history.html">history</a></span> groups elements describing the full history of a manuscript or manuscript part.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-origin.html">origin</a></span> contains any descriptive or other information concerning the origin of a manuscript or manuscript part.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-provenance.html">provenance</a></span> contains any descriptive or other information concerning a single identifiable episode during the history of a manuscript or manuscript part, after its creation but before its acquisition.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-acquisition.html">acquisition</a></span> contains any descriptive or other information concerning the process by which a manuscript or manuscript part entered the holding institution.</li></ul><p>The three components of the <a class="gi" title="groups elements describing the full history of a manuscript or manuscript part." href="ref-history.html">history</a> element all have the same substructure, consisting of one or more paragraphs marked as <a class="gi" title="(paragraph) marks paragraphs in prose." href="ref-p.html">p</a> elements. Each of these three elements is also a member of the <a class="link_odd" title="provides attributes for normalization of elements that contain dates, times, or datable events." href="ref-att.datable.html">att.datable</a> attribute class, itself a member of the <a class="link_odd" title="provides attributes for normalization of elements that contain datable events conforming to the W3C _XML_Schema_Part_2:_Datatypes_Second_Edition_." href="ref-att.datable.w3c.html">att.datable.w3c</a> class, and thus also carries the following optional attributes: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-att.datable.w3c.html">att.datable.w3c</a></span> provides attributes for normalization of elements that contain datable events conforming to the W3C <span class="titlem">XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes Second Edition</span>.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">notBefore</span></td><td>specifies the earliest possible date for the event in standard form, e.g. yyyy-mm-dd.</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">notAfter</span></td><td>specifies the latest possible date for the event in standard form, e.g. yyyy-mm-dd.</td></tr></table></li></ul><p>Information about the origins of the manuscript, its place and date of writing, should be given as one or more paragraphs contained by a single <a class="gi" title="contains any descriptive or other information concerning the origin of a manuscript or manuscript part." href="ref-origin.html">origin</a> element; following this, any available information on distinct stages in the history of the manuscript before its acquisition by its current holding institution should be included as paragraphs within one or more <a class="gi" title="contains any descriptive or other information concerning a single identifiable episode during the history of a manuscript or manuscript part, after its creation but before its acquisition." href="ref-provenance.html">provenance</a> elements. Finally, any information specific to the means by which the manuscript was acquired by its present owners should be given as paragraphs within the <a class="gi" title="contains any descriptive or other information concerning the process by which a manuscript or manuscript part entered the holding institution." href="ref-acquisition.html">acquisition</a> element.</p><div class="p">Here is a fairly simple example of the use of this element: <div id="index-egXML-d52e90403" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><history></span><br /> <span class="element"><origin></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Written in <span class="element"><origPlace></span>Durham<span class="element"></origPlace></span> during <span class="element"><origDate <span class="attribute">notBefore</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1125</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">notAfter</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1175</span>"></span>the mid-twelfth<br /> century<span class="element"></origDate></span>.<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></origin></span><br /> <span class="element"><provenance></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Recorded in two medieval catalogues of the books belonging to<br /> <span class="element"><name <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">org</span>"></span>Durham Priory<span class="element"></name></span>, made in <span class="element"><date></span>1391<span class="element"></date></span> and<br /> <span class="element"><date></span>1405<span class="element"></date></span>.<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></provenance></span><br /> <span class="element"><provenance></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Given to <span class="element"><name <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">person</span>"></span>W. Olleyf<span class="element"></name></span> by <span class="element"><name <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">person</span>"></span>William Ebchester, Prior (1446-56)<span class="element"></name></span> and later belonged to<br /> <span class="element"><name <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">person</span>"></span>Henry Dalton<span class="element"></name></span>, Prior of Holy Island (<span class="element"><name <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">place</span>"></span>Lindisfarne<span class="element"></name></span>) according to inscriptions on ff. 4v and 5.<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></provenance></span><br /> <span class="element"><acquisition></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Presented to <span class="element"><name <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">org</span>"></span>Trinity College<span class="element"></name></span> in<br /> <span class="element"><date></span>1738<span class="element"></date></span> by <span class="element"><name <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">person</span>"></span>Thomas Gale<span class="element"></name></span> and his son <span class="element"><name <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">person</span>"></span>Roger<span class="element"></name></span>.<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></acquisition></span><br /><span class="element"></history></span></div></div><div class="p">Here is a fuller example, demonstrating the use of multiple <a class="gi" title="contains any descriptive or other information concerning a single identifiable episode during the history of a manuscript or manuscript part, after its creation but before its acquisition." href="ref-provenance.html">provenance</a> elements where distinct periods of ownership for the manuscript have been identified: <div id="index-egXML-d52e90462" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><history></span><br /> <span class="element"><origin <span class="attribute">notBefore</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1225</span>" <span class="attribute">notAfter</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1275</span>"></span> Written in Spain or Portugal in the<br /> middle of the 13th century (the date 1042, given in a marginal note on f. 97v,<br /> cannot be correct.)<span class="element"></origin></span><br /> <span class="element"><provenance></span>The Spanish scholar <span class="element"><name <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">person</span>"></span>Benito Arias Montano<span class="element"></name></span><br /> (1527-1598) has written his name on f. 97r, and may be presumed to have owned<br /> the manuscript. <span class="element"></provenance></span><br /> <span class="element"><provenance></span>It came somehow into the possession of <span class="element"><foreign <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">da</span>"></span>etatsråd<span class="element"></foreign></span><br /> <span class="element"><name <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">person</span>"></span>Holger Parsberg<span class="element"></name></span> (1636-1692), who has written his name<br /> twice, once on the front pastedown and once on f. 1r, the former dated<br /> <span class="element"><date></span>1680<span class="element"></date></span> and the latter <span class="element"><date></span>1682<span class="element"></date></span>.<span class="element"></provenance></span><br /> <span class="element"><provenance></span>Following Parsberg's death the manuscript was bought by<br /> <span class="element"><foreign></span>etatsråd<span class="element"></foreign></span><br /> <span class="element"><name <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">person</span>"></span>Jens Rosenkrantz<span class="element"></name></span> (1640-1695) when Parsberg's library<br /> was auctioned off (23 October 1693).<span class="element"></provenance></span><br /> <span class="element"><acquisition <span class="attribute">notBefore</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1696</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">notAfter</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1697</span>"></span>The manuscript was acquired by<br /> Árni Magnússon from the estate of Jens Rosenkrantz, presumably at auction (the<br /> auction lot number 468 is written in red chalk on the flyleaf), either in 1696<br /> or 97.<span class="element"></acquisition></span><br /><span class="element"></history></span></div></div></div><div class="div2" id="msad"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#mshy"><span class="headingNumber">10.8 </span>History</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#mspt"><span class="headingNumber">10.10 </span>Manuscript Parts</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h3><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#msad" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Additional Information</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">10.9 </span><span class="head">Additional Information</span></h3><p>Three categories of additional information are provided for by the scheme described here, grouped together within the <a class="gi" title="groups additional information, combining bibliographic information about a manuscript, or surrogate copies of it with curatorial or administrative information." href="ref-additional.html">additional</a> element described in this section. </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-additional.html">additional</a></span> groups additional information, combining bibliographic information about a manuscript, or surrogate copies of it with curatorial or administrative information.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-adminInfo.html">adminInfo</a></span> (administrative information) contains information about the present custody and availability of the manuscript, and also about the record description itself.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-surrogates.html">surrogates</a></span> contains information about any representations of the manuscript being described which may exist in the holding institution or elsewhere.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-listBibl.html">listBibl</a></span> (citation list) contains a list of bibliographic citations of any kind.</li></ul><p>None of the constituent elements of <a class="gi" title="groups additional information, combining bibliographic information about a manuscript, or surrogate copies of it with curatorial or administrative information." href="ref-additional.html">additional</a> is required. If any is supplied, it may appear once only; furthermore, the order in which elements are supplied should be as specified above.</p><div class="div3" id="msadad"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#msadsu"><span class="headingNumber">10.9.2 </span>Surrogates</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#msadad" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Administrative Information</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">10.9.1 </span><span class="head">Administrative Information</span></h4><p>The <a class="gi" title="(administrative information) contains information about the present custody and availability of the manuscript, and also about the record description itself." href="ref-adminInfo.html">adminInfo</a> element is used to hold information relating to the curation and management of a manuscript. This may be supplied as a note using the global <a class="gi" title="contains a note or annotation." href="ref-note.html">note</a> element. Alternatively, different aspects of this information may be presented grouped within one of the following specialized elements: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-recordHist.html">recordHist</a></span> (recorded history) provides information about the source and revision status of the parent manuscript description itself.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-availability.html">availability</a></span> supplies information about the availability of a text, for example any restrictions on its use or distribution, its copyright status, any licence applying to it, etc.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-custodialHist.html">custodialHist</a></span> (custodial history) contains a description of a manuscript's custodial history, either as running prose or as a series of dated custodial events.</li></ul><div class="div4" id="msrh"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#msadch"><span class="headingNumber">10.9.1.2 </span>Availability and Custodial History</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h5><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#msrh" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Record History</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">10.9.1.1 </span><span class="head">Record History</span></h5><p>The <a class="gi" title="(recorded history) provides information about the source and revision status of the parent manuscript description itself." href="ref-recordHist.html">recordHist</a> element may contain simply a series of paragraphs. Alternatively it may contain a <a class="gi" title="describes the original source for the information contained with a manuscript description." href="ref-source.html">source</a> element, followed by an optional series of <a class="gi" title="documents a change or set of changes made during the production of a source document, or during the revision of an electronic file." href="ref-change.html">change</a> elements. </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-source.html">source</a></span> describes the original source for the information contained with a manuscript description.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-change.html">change</a></span> documents a change or set of changes made during the production of a source document, or during the revision of an electronic file.</li></ul><div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="describes the original source for the information contained with a manuscript description." href="ref-source.html">source</a> element is used to document the primary source of information for the record containing it, in a similar way to the standard TEI <a class="gi" title="(source description) describes the source from which an electronic text was derived or generated, typically a bibliographic description in the case of a digitized text, or a phrase such as "born digital" for a text which has no previous existence." href="ref-sourceDesc.html">sourceDesc</a> element within a TEI Header. If the record is a new one, made without reference to anything other than the manuscript itself, then it may simply contain a <a class="gi" title="(paragraph) marks paragraphs in prose." href="ref-p.html">p</a> element, as in the following example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e90883" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><source></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Directly catalogued from the original manuscript.<span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"></source></span></div></div><div class="p">Frequently, however, the record will be derived from some previously existing description, which may be specified using the standard TEI <a class="gi" title="(bibliographic citation) contains a loosely-structured bibliographic citation of which the sub-components may or may not be explicitly tagged." href="ref-bibl.html">bibl</a> element, as in the following example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e90893" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><recordHist></span><br /> <span class="element"><source></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Information transcribed from <span class="element"><bibl></span><br /> <span class="element"><title></span>The index of Middle English<br /> verse<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"><biblScope></span>123<span class="element"></biblScope></span><br /> <span class="element"></bibl></span>.<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></source></span><br /><span class="element"></recordHist></span></div></div><div class="p">If, as is likely, a full bibliographic description of the source from which cataloguing information was taken is included within the <a class="gi" title="(citation list) contains a list of bibliographic citations of any kind." href="ref-listBibl.html">listBibl</a> element contained by the current <a class="gi" title="groups additional information, combining bibliographic information about a manuscript, or surrogate copies of it with curatorial or administrative information." href="ref-additional.html">additional</a> element, or elsewhere in the current document, then it need not be repeated here. Instead, it should be referenced using the standard TEI <a class="gi" title="(reference) defines a reference to another location, possibly modified by additional text or comment." href="ref-ref.html">ref</a> element, as in the following example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e90916" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><additional></span><br /> <span class="element"><adminInfo></span><br /> <span class="element"><recordHist></span><br /> <span class="element"><source></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Information transcribed from <span class="element"><bibl></span><br /> <span class="element"><ref <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#IMEV</span>"></span>IMEV<span class="element"></ref></span><br /> 123<span class="element"></bibl></span>.<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></source></span><br /> <span class="element"></recordHist></span><br /> <span class="element"></adminInfo></span><br /> <span class="element"><listBibl></span><br /> <span class="element"><bibl <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">IMEV</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><author></span>Carleton Brown<span class="element"></author></span> and <span class="element"><author></span>Rossell Hope Robbins<span class="element"></author></span><br /> <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">level</span>="<span class="attributevalue">m</span>"></span>The index of Middle English verse<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"><pubPlace></span>New York<span class="element"></pubPlace></span><br /> <span class="element"><date></span>1943<span class="element"></date></span><span class="element"></bibl></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- other bibliographic records relating to this manuscript here --></span><br /> <span class="element"></listBibl></span><br /><span class="element"></additional></span></div></div><div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="documents a change or set of changes made during the production of a source document, or during the revision of an electronic file." href="ref-change.html">change</a> element may also appear within the <a class="gi" title="(revision description) summarizes the revision history for a file." href="ref-revisionDesc.html">revisionDesc</a> element of the standard TEI header; its use here is intended to signal the similarity of function between the two container elements. Where the TEI header should be used to document the revision history of the whole electronic file to which it is prefixed, the <a class="gi" title="(recorded history) provides information about the source and revision status of the parent manuscript description itself." href="ref-recordHist.html">recordHist</a> element may be used to document changes at a lower level, relating to the individual description, as in the following example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e90954" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><change <span class="attribute">when</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2005-03-10</span>"></span>On 10 March 2005 <span class="element"><name></span>MJD<span class="element"></name></span> added provenance<br /> information<span class="element"></change></span></div></div></div><div class="div4" id="msadch"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#msrh"><span class="headingNumber">10.9.1.1 </span>Record History</a></li><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h5><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#msadch" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Availability and Custodial History</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">10.9.1.2 </span><span class="head">Availability and Custodial History</span></h5><div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="supplies information about the availability of a text, for example any restrictions on its use or distribution, its copyright status, any licence applying to it, etc." href="ref-availability.html">availability</a> element is another element also available in the TEI header, which should be used here to supply any information concerning access to the current manuscript, such as its physical location (where this is not implicit in its identifier), any restrictions on access, information about copyright, etc. <div id="index-egXML-d52e90969" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><availability></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Viewed by appointment only, to be arranged with curator.<span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"></availability></span><br /><span class="element"><availability></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>In conservation, Jan. - Mar., 2002. On loan to the Bayerische<br /> Staatsbibliothek, April - July, 2002.<span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"></availability></span><br /><span class="element"><availability></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>The manuscript is in poor condition, due to many of the leaves being brittle<br /> and fragile and the poor quality of a number of earlier repairs; it should<br /> therefore not be used or lent out until it has been conserved.<span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"></availability></span></div></div><p>The <a class="gi" title="(custodial history) contains a description of a manuscript's custodial history, either as running prose or as a series of dated custodial events." href="ref-custodialHist.html">custodialHist</a> record is used to describe the custodial history of a manuscript, recording any significant events noted during the period that it has been located within its holding institution. It may contain either a series of <a class="gi" title="(paragraph) marks paragraphs in prose." href="ref-p.html">p</a> elements, or a series of <a class="gi" title="(custodial event) describes a single event during the custodial history of a manuscript." href="ref-custEvent.html">custEvent</a> elements, each describing a distinct incident or event, further specified by a <span class="att">type</span> attribute, and carrying dating information by virtue of its membership in the <a class="link_odd" title="provides attributes for normalization of elements that contain dates, times, or datable events." href="ref-att.datable.html">att.datable</a> class, as noted above. </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-custEvent.html">custEvent</a></span> (custodial event) describes a single event during the custodial history of a manuscript.</li></ul><div class="p">Here is an example of the use of this element: <div id="index-egXML-d52e91002" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><custodialHist></span><br /> <span class="element"><custEvent <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">conservation</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">notBefore</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1961-03-01</span>" <span class="attribute">notAfter</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1963-02-28</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Conserved between March 1961 and February 1963 at Birgitte Dalls<br /> Konserveringsværksted.<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></custEvent></span><br /> <span class="element"><custEvent <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">photography</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">notBefore</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1988-05-01</span>" <span class="attribute">notAfter</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1988-05-30</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Photographed in May 1988 by AMI/FA.<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></custEvent></span><br /> <span class="element"><custEvent <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">transfer</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">notBefore</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1989-11-13</span>" <span class="attribute">notAfter</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1989-11-13</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Dispatched to Iceland 13 November 1989.<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></custEvent></span><br /><span class="element"></custodialHist></span></div></div></div></div><div class="div3" id="msadsu"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#msadad"><span class="headingNumber">10.9.1 </span>Administrative Information</a></li><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#msadsu" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Surrogates</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">10.9.2 </span><span class="head">Surrogates</span></h4><p>The <a class="gi" title="contains information about any representations of the manuscript being described which may exist in the holding institution or elsewhere." href="ref-surrogates.html">surrogates</a> element is used to provide information about representations such as photographs or other representations of the manuscript which may exist within the holding institution or elsewhere. </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-surrogates.html">surrogates</a></span> contains information about any representations of the manuscript being described which may exist in the holding institution or elsewhere.</li></ul><div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="contains information about any representations of the manuscript being described which may exist in the holding institution or elsewhere." href="ref-surrogates.html">surrogates</a> element should not be used to repeat information about representations of the manuscript available within published works; this should normally be documented within the <a class="gi" title="(citation list) contains a list of bibliographic citations of any kind." href="ref-listBibl.html">listBibl</a> element within the <a class="gi" title="groups additional information, combining bibliographic information about a manuscript, or surrogate copies of it with curatorial or administrative information." href="ref-additional.html">additional</a> element. However, it is often also convenient to record information such as negative numbers or digital identifiers for unpublished collections of manuscript images maintained within the holding institution, as well as to provide more detailed descriptive information about the surrogate itself. Such information may be provided as prose paragraphs, within which identifying information about particular surrogates may be presented using the standard TEI <a class="gi" title="(bibliographic citation) contains a loosely-structured bibliographic citation of which the sub-components may or may not be explicitly tagged." href="ref-bibl.html">bibl</a> element, as in the following example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e91396" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><surrogates></span><br /> <span class="element"><bibl></span><br /> <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">gmd</span>"></span>microfilm (master)<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"><idno></span>G.neg. 160<span class="element"></idno></span><br /> n.d.<span class="element"></bibl></span><br /> <span class="element"><bibl></span><br /> <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">gmd</span>"></span>microfilm (archive)<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"><idno></span>G.pos. 186<span class="element"></idno></span><br /> n.d.<span class="element"></bibl></span><br /> <span class="element"><bibl></span><br /> <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">gmd</span>"></span>b/w prints<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"><idno></span>AM 795 4to<span class="element"></idno></span><br /> <span class="element"><date <span class="attribute">when</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1999-01-27</span>"></span>27 January 1999<span class="element"></date></span><br /> <span class="element"><note></span>copy of G.pos.<br /> 186<span class="element"></note></span><br /> <span class="element"></bibl></span><br /> <span class="element"><bibl></span><br /> <span class="element"><title <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">gmd</span>"></span>b/w prints<span class="element"></title></span><br /> <span class="element"><idno></span>reg.nr. 75<span class="element"></idno></span><br /> <span class="element"><date <span class="attribute">when</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1999-01-25</span>"></span>25 January 1999<span class="element"></date></span><br /> <span class="element"><note></span>photographs of the spine, outside covers, stitching etc.<span class="element"></note></span><br /> <span class="element"></bibl></span><br /><span class="element"></surrogates></span></div> Note the use of the specialized form of title (<span class="term">general material designation</span>) to specify the kind of surrogate being documented.</div><p>At a later revision, the content of the <a class="gi" title="contains information about any representations of the manuscript being described which may exist in the holding institution or elsewhere." href="ref-surrogates.html">surrogates</a> element is likely to be expanded to include elements more specifically intended to provide detailed information such as technical details of the process by which a digital or photographic image was made. For information about the inclusion of digital facsimile images within a TEI document, refer also to <a class="link_ptr" href="PH.html#PHFAX" title="Digital Facsimiles"><span class="headingNumber">11.1 </span>Digital Facsimiles</a>.</p></div></div><div class="div2" id="mspt"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#msad"><span class="headingNumber">10.9 </span>Additional Information</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#msfg"><span class="headingNumber">10.11 </span>Manuscript Fragments</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h3><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#mspt" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Manuscript Parts</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">10.10 </span><span class="head">Manuscript Parts</span></h3><p>The <a class="gi" title="(manuscript part) contains information about an originally distinct manuscript or part of a manuscript, which is now part of a composite manuscript." href="ref-msPart.html">msPart</a> element may be used in cases where manuscripts or parts of manuscripts that were originally physically separate have been bound together and/or share the same call number. </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-msPart.html">msPart</a></span> (manuscript part) contains information about an originally distinct manuscript or part of a manuscript, which is now part of a composite manuscript.</li></ul><div class="p">Since each component of such a composite manuscript will in all likelihood have its own content, physical description, history, and so on, the structure of <a class="gi" title="(manuscript part) contains information about an originally distinct manuscript or part of a manuscript, which is now part of a composite manuscript." href="ref-msPart.html">msPart</a> is in the main identical to that of <a class="gi" title="(manuscript description) contains a description of a single identifiable manuscript or other text-bearing object." href="ref-msDesc.html">msDesc</a>, allowing one to retain the top level of identity (<a class="gi" title="(manuscript identifier) contains the information required to identify the manuscript being described." href="ref-msIdentifier.html">msIdentifier</a>), but to branch out thereafter into as many parts, or even subparts, as necessary. <div id="index-egXML-d52e91554" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><msDesc <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">KBR_ms_10066-77</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">eng</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">composite</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><msIdentifier></span><br /> <span class="element"><settlement <span class="attribute">key</span>="<span class="attributevalue">tgn_7007868</span>"></span>Brussels<span class="element"></settlement></span><br /> <span class="element"><repository></span>Koninklijke Bibliotheek van België / Bibliothèque royale de<br /> Belgique<span class="element"></repository></span><br /> <span class="element"><idno></span>ms. 10066-77<span class="element"></idno></span><br /> <span class="element"></msIdentifier></span><br /> <span class="element"><msContents></span><br /> <span class="element"><summary <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">lat</span>"></span>Miscellany of various texts; Prudentius,<br /> Psychomachia; Physiologus de natura animantium<span class="element"></summary></span><br /> <span class="element"><textLang <span class="attribute">mainLang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">lat</span>"></span>Latin<span class="element"></textLang></span><br /> <span class="element"></msContents></span><br /> <span class="element"><physDesc></span><br /> <span class="element"><objectDesc <span class="attribute">form</span>="<span class="attributevalue">composite_manuscript</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"></physDesc></span><br /> <span class="element"><msPart></span><br /> <span class="element"><msIdentifier></span><br /> <span class="element"><idno></span>ms. 10066-77 ff. 140r-156v<span class="element"></idno></span><br /> <span class="element"></msIdentifier></span><br /> <span class="element"><msContents></span><br /> <span class="element"><summary <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">lat</span>"></span>Physiologus<span class="element"></summary></span><br /> <span class="element"><textLang <span class="attribute">mainLang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">lat</span>"></span>Latin<span class="element"></textLang></span><br /> <span class="element"></msContents></span><br /> <span class="element"></msPart></span><br /> <span class="element"><msPart></span><br /> <span class="element"><msIdentifier></span><br /> <span class="element"><idno></span>ms. 10066-77 ff. 112r-139r<span class="element"></idno></span><br /> <span class="element"></msIdentifier></span><br /> <span class="element"><msContents></span><br /> <span class="element"><summary <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">lat</span>"></span>Prudentius, Psychomachia<span class="element"></summary></span><br /> <span class="element"><textLang <span class="attribute">mainLang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">lat</span>"></span>Latin<span class="element"></textLang></span><br /> <span class="element"></msContents></span><br /> <span class="element"></msPart></span><br /><span class="element"></msDesc></span></div></div></div><div class="div2" id="msfg"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#mspt"><span class="headingNumber">10.10 </span>Manuscript Parts</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#MSref"><span class="headingNumber">10.12 </span>Module for Manuscript Description</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h3><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#msfg" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Manuscript Fragments</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">10.11 </span><span class="head">Manuscript Fragments</span></h3><p>The <a class="gi" title="(manuscript fragment) contains information about a fragment of a scattered manuscript now held as a single unit or bound into a larger manuscript." href="ref-msFrag.html">msFrag</a> element may be used inside <a class="gi" title="(manuscript description) contains a description of a single identifiable manuscript or other text-bearing object." href="ref-msDesc.html">msDesc</a> when encoding one or more fragments of a scattered or fragmented manuscript. The fragment(s) described in a single <a class="gi" title="(manuscript description) contains a description of a single identifiable manuscript or other text-bearing object." href="ref-msDesc.html">msDesc</a> element may be held either at several institutions or at a single institution, so different call numbers may be attached to the fragments. Inside the <a class="gi" title="(manuscript fragment) contains information about a fragment of a scattered manuscript now held as a single unit or bound into a larger manuscript." href="ref-msFrag.html">msFrag</a> element, information about the single fragment or each dispersed part is provided: e.g. the current shelfmark or call number, the labels of the range of folios concerned if the fragment currently forms part of a larger manuscript, dimensions, extent, title, author, annotations, illuminations and so on. </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-msFrag.html">msFrag</a></span> (manuscript fragment) contains information about a fragment of a scattered manuscript now held as a single unit or bound into a larger manuscript.</li></ul><div class="p">One well-known example of fragmentation is the Old Church Slavonic manuscript known as <span class="titlem">Codex Suprasliensis</span>, substantial parts of which are to be found in three separate repositories, in Ljubljana, Warsaw, and St. Petersburg. This manuscript should be represented using one single <a class="gi" title="(manuscript description) contains a description of a single identifiable manuscript or other text-bearing object." href="ref-msDesc.html">msDesc</a> element in which <a class="gi" title="(alternative name) contains any form of unstructured alternative name used for a manuscript, such as an ‘ocellus nominum’, or nickname." href="ref-msName.html">msName</a> is used to identify the fragmented manuscript, along with three distinct <a class="gi" title="(manuscript fragment) contains information about a fragment of a scattered manuscript now held as a single unit or bound into a larger manuscript." href="ref-msFrag.html">msFrag</a> elements, each of which contains the current identifier of one of the fragments, a physical description, and other related information: <div id="index-egXML-d52e91754" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><msDesc></span><br /> <span class="element"><msIdentifier></span><br /> <span class="element"><msName <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">la</span>"></span>Codex Suprasliensis<span class="element"></msName></span><br /> <span class="element"></msIdentifier></span><br /> <span class="element"><msFrag></span><br /> <span class="element"><msIdentifier></span><br /> <span class="element"><settlement></span>Ljubljana<span class="element"></settlement></span><br /> <span class="element"><repository></span>Narodna in univerzitetna knjiznica<span class="element"></repository></span><br /> <span class="element"><idno></span>MS Kopitar 2<span class="element"></idno></span><br /> <span class="element"></msIdentifier></span><br /> <span class="element"><msContents></span><br /> <span class="element"><summary></span>Contains ff. 10 to 42 only<span class="element"></summary></span><br /> <span class="element"></msContents></span><br /> <span class="element"></msFrag></span><br /> <span class="element"><msFrag></span><br /> <span class="element"><msIdentifier></span><br /> <span class="element"><settlement></span>Warszawa<span class="element"></settlement></span><br /> <span class="element"><repository></span>Biblioteka Narodowa<span class="element"></repository></span><br /> <span class="element"><idno></span>BO 3.201<span class="element"></idno></span><br /> <span class="element"></msIdentifier></span><br /> <span class="element"></msFrag></span><br /> <span class="element"><msFrag></span><br /> <span class="element"><msIdentifier></span><br /> <span class="element"><settlement></span>Sankt-Peterburg<span class="element"></settlement></span><br /> <span class="element"><repository></span>Rossiiskaia natsional'naia biblioteka<span class="element"></repository></span><br /> <span class="element"><idno></span>Q.p.I.72<span class="element"></idno></span><br /> <span class="element"></msIdentifier></span><br /> <span class="element"></msFrag></span><br /><span class="element"></msDesc></span></div></div></div><div class="div2" id="MSref"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="MS.html#msfg"><span class="headingNumber">10.11 </span>Manuscript Fragments</a></li><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h3><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#MSref" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Module for Manuscript Description</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">10.12 </span><span class="head">Module for Manuscript Description</span></h3><p>The module described in this chapter makes available the following components: </p><dl class="moduleSpec"><dt class="moduleSpecHead"><span lang="en">Module</span> msdescription: Manuscript Description</dt><dd><ul><li><span lang="en">Elements defined</span>: <a class="link_odd" title="(accompanying material) contains details of any significant additional material which may be closely associated with the manuscript being described, such as non-contemporaneous documents or fragments bound in with the manuscript at some earlier historical period." href="ref-accMat.html">accMat</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains any descriptive or other information concerning the process by which a manuscript or manuscript part entered the holding institution." href="ref-acquisition.html">acquisition</a> <a class="link_odd" title="groups additional information, combining bibliographic information about a manuscript, or surrogate copies of it with curatorial or administrative information." href="ref-additional.html">additional</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains a description of any significant additions found within a manuscript, such as marginalia or other annotations." href="ref-additions.html">additions</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(administrative information) contains information about the present custody and availability of the manuscript, and also about the record description itself." href="ref-adminInfo.html">adminInfo</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(alternative identifier) contains an alternative or former structured identifier used for a manuscript, such as a former catalogue number." href="ref-altIdentifier.html">altIdentifier</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains a description of one binding, i.e. type of covering, boards, etc. applied to a manuscript." href="ref-binding.html">binding</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(binding description) describes the present and former bindings of a manuscript, either as a series of paragraphs or as a series of distinct <binding> elements, one for each binding of the manuscript." href="ref-bindingDesc.html">bindingDesc</a> <a class="link_odd" title="describes the system used to ensure correct ordering of the quires making up a codex or incunable, typically by means of annotations at the foot of the page." href="ref-catchwords.html">catchwords</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains a description of how the leaves or bifolia are physically arranged." href="ref-collation.html">collation</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains the name of a collection of manuscripts, not necessarily located within a single repository." href="ref-collection.html">collection</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains the colophon of a manuscript item: that is, a statement providing information regarding the date, place, agency, or reason for production of the manuscript." href="ref-colophon.html">colophon</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains a description of the physical condition of the manuscript." href="ref-condition.html">condition</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(custodial event) describes a single event during the custodial history of a manuscript." href="ref-custEvent.html">custEvent</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(custodial history) contains a description of a manuscript's custodial history, either as running prose or as a series of dated custodial events." href="ref-custodialHist.html">custodialHist</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(decoration description) contains a description of the decoration of a manuscript, either as a sequence of paragraphs, or as a sequence of topically organized <decoNote> elements." href="ref-decoDesc.html">decoDesc</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(note on decoration) contains a note describing either a decorative component of a manuscript, or a fairly homogenous class of such components." href="ref-decoNote.html">decoNote</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains a measurement measured across the spine of a book or codex, or (for other text-bearing objects) perpendicular to the measurement given by the <width> element." href="ref-depth.html">depth</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains any single measurement forming part of a dimensional specification of some sort." href="ref-dim.html">dim</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains a dimensional specification." href="ref-dimensions.html">dimensions</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains the explicit of a manuscript item, that is, the closing words of the text proper, exclusive of any rubric or colophon which might follow it." href="ref-explicit.html">explicit</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains information concerning the manuscript's filiation, i.e. its relationship to other surviving manuscripts of the same text, its protographs, antigraphs and apographs." href="ref-filiation.html">filiation</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains the string of words that denotes the end of a text division, often with an assertion as to its author and title, usually set off from the text itself by red ink, by a different size or type of script, or by some other such visual device." href="ref-finalRubric.html">finalRubric</a> <a class="link_odd" title="describes the numbering system or systems used to count the leaves or pages in a codex." href="ref-foliation.html">foliation</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(description of hands) contains a description of all the different kinds of writing used in a manuscript." href="ref-handDesc.html">handDesc</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains a measurement measured along the axis at right angles to the bottom of the written surface, i.e. parallel to the spine for a codex or book." href="ref-height.html">height</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains a heraldic formula or phrase, typically found as part of a blazon, coat of arms, etc." href="ref-heraldry.html">heraldry</a> <a class="link_odd" title="groups elements describing the full history of a manuscript or manuscript part." href="ref-history.html">history</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains the incipit of a manuscript item, that is the opening words of the text proper, exclusive of any rubric which might precede it, of sufficient length to identify the work uniquely; such incipits were, in former times, frequently used a means of reference to a work, in place of a title." href="ref-incipit.html">incipit</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains the name of an organization such as a university or library, with which a manuscript is identified, generally its holding institution." href="ref-institution.html">institution</a> <a class="link_odd" title="describes how text is laid out on the page, including information about any ruling, pricking, or other evidence of page-preparation techniques." href="ref-layout.html">layout</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(layout description) collects the set of layout descriptions applicable to a manuscript." href="ref-layoutDesc.html">layoutDesc</a> <a class="link_odd" title="defines a location within a manuscript or manuscript part, usually as a (possibly discontinuous) sequence of folio references." href="ref-locus.html">locus</a> <a class="link_odd" title="groups a number of locations which together form a distinct but discontinuous item within a manuscript or manuscript part, according to a specific foliation." href="ref-locusGrp.html">locusGrp</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains a word or phrase describing the material of which the object being described is composed." href="ref-material.html">material</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(manuscript contents) describes the intellectual content of a manuscript or manuscript part, either as a series of paragraphs or as a series of structured manuscript items." href="ref-msContents.html">msContents</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(manuscript description) contains a description of a single identifiable manuscript or other text-bearing object." href="ref-msDesc.html">msDesc</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(manuscript fragment) contains information about a fragment of a scattered manuscript now held as a single unit or bound into a larger manuscript." href="ref-msFrag.html">msFrag</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(manuscript identifier) contains the information required to identify the manuscript being described." href="ref-msIdentifier.html">msIdentifier</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(manuscript item) describes an individual work or item within the intellectual content of a manuscript or manuscript part." href="ref-msItem.html">msItem</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(structured manuscript item) contains a structured description for an individual work or item within the intellectual content of a manuscript or manuscript part." href="ref-msItemStruct.html">msItemStruct</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(alternative name) contains any form of unstructured alternative name used for a manuscript, such as an ‘ocellus nominum’, or nickname." href="ref-msName.html">msName</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(manuscript part) contains information about an originally distinct manuscript or part of a manuscript, which is now part of a composite manuscript." href="ref-msPart.html">msPart</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains description of type of musical notation." href="ref-musicNotation.html">musicNotation</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains a description of the physical components making up the object which is being described." href="ref-objectDesc.html">objectDesc</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains a word or phrase describing the type of object being referred to." href="ref-objectType.html">objectType</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(origin date) contains any form of date, used to identify the date of origin for a manuscript or manuscript part." href="ref-origDate.html">origDate</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(origin place) contains any form of place name, used to identify the place of origin for a manuscript or manuscript part." href="ref-origPlace.html">origPlace</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains any descriptive or other information concerning the origin of a manuscript or manuscript part." href="ref-origin.html">origin</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(physical description) contains a full physical description of a manuscript or manuscript part, optionally subdivided using more specialized elements from the model.physDescPart class." href="ref-physDesc.html">physDesc</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains any descriptive or other information concerning a single identifiable episode during the history of a manuscript or manuscript part, after its creation but before its acquisition." href="ref-provenance.html">provenance</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(recorded history) provides information about the source and revision status of the parent manuscript description itself." href="ref-recordHist.html">recordHist</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains the name of a repository within which manuscripts are stored, possibly forming part of an institution." href="ref-repository.html">repository</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains the text of any rubric or heading attached to a particular manuscript item, that is, a string of words through which a manuscript signals the beginning of a text division, often with an assertion as to its author and title, which is in some way set off from the text itself, usually in red ink, or by use of different size or type of script, or some other such visual device." href="ref-rubric.html">rubric</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains a description of the scripts used in a manuscript or similar source." href="ref-scriptDesc.html">scriptDesc</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains a description of one seal or similar attachment applied to a manuscript." href="ref-seal.html">seal</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(seal description) describes the seals or other external items attached to a manuscript, either as a series of paragraphs or as a series of distinct <seal> elements, possibly with additional <decoNote>s." href="ref-sealDesc.html">sealDesc</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(second folio) marks the word or words taken from a fixed point in a codex (typically the beginning of the second leaf) in order to provide a unique identifier for it." href="ref-secFol.html">secFol</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains discussion of the leaf or quire signatures found within a codex." href="ref-signatures.html">signatures</a> <a class="link_odd" title="describes the original source for the information contained with a manuscript description." href="ref-source.html">source</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains a word or phrase describing a stamp or similar device." href="ref-stamp.html">stamp</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains an overview of the available information concerning some aspect of an item (for example, its intellectual content, history, layout, typography etc.) as a complement or alternative to the more detailed information carried by more specific elements." href="ref-summary.html">summary</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains a description of the materials etc. which make up the physical support for the written part of a manuscript." href="ref-support.html">support</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(support description) groups elements describing the physical support for the written part of a manuscript." href="ref-supportDesc.html">supportDesc</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains information about any representations of the manuscript being described which may exist in the holding institution or elsewhere." href="ref-surrogates.html">surrogates</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains a description of the typefaces or other aspects of the printing of an incunable or other printed source." href="ref-typeDesc.html">typeDesc</a> <a class="link_odd" title="describes a particular font or other significant typographic feature distinguished within the description of a printed resource." href="ref-typeNote.html">typeNote</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains a word or phrase describing a watermark or similar device." href="ref-watermark.html">watermark</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains a measurement measured along the axis parallel to the bottom of the written surface, i.e. perpendicular to the spine of a book or codex." href="ref-width.html">width</a></li><li><span lang="en">Classes defined</span>: <a class="link_odd" title="(manuscript excerpt) provides attributes used to describe excerpts from a manuscript placed in a description thereof." href="ref-att.msExcerpt.html">att.msExcerpt</a></li></ul></dd></dl><p> The selection and combination of modules to form a TEI schema is described in <a class="link_ptr" href="ST.html#STIN" title="Defining a TEI Schema"><span class="headingNumber">1.2 </span>Defining a TEI Schema</a>.</p></div></div><nav class="left"><span class="upLink"> ↑ </span><a class="navigation" href="index.html">TEI P5 Guidelines</a><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="DI.html"><span class="headingNumber">9 </span>Dictionaries</a><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="PH.html"><span class="headingNumber">11 </span>Representation of Primary Sources</a></nav><!--Notes in [div]--><div class="notes"><div class="noteHeading">Notes</div><div class="note" id="Note77"><span class="noteLabel">40 </span><div class="noteBody">This chapter is based on the work of the European MASTER (Manuscript Access through Standards for Electronic Records) project, funded by the European Union from January 1999 to June 2001, and led by Peter Robinson, then at the Centre for Technology and the Arts at De Montfort University, Leicester (UK). Significant input also came from a TEI Workgroup headed by Consuelo W. Dutschke of the Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University (USA) and Ambrogio Piazzoni of the Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana (IT) during 1998-2000.</div> <a class="link_return" title="Go back to text" href="#Note77_return">↵</a></div></div><div class="stdfooter autogenerated"><p>
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