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--></script></head><body><div id="container"><div id="banner"><img src="Images/banner.jpg" alt="Text Encoding Initiative logo and banner" /></div></div><div class="mainhead"><h1>P5:
Guidelines for Electronic Text Encoding and Interchange</h1><p>Version 3.1.1a. Last updated on
10th May 2017, revision bd8dda3</p></div><div id="onecol" class="main-content"><h2><span class="headingNumber">13 </span>Names, Dates, People, and Places</h2><div class="div1" id="ND"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_left"><p><span class="subtochead">Table of contents</span></p><div class="subtoc"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><a class="subtoc" href="ND.html#NDATTS" title="Attribute Classes Defined by This Module">13.1 Attribute Classes Defined by This Module</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="subtoc" href="ND.html#NDNA" title="Names">13.2 Names</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="subtoc" href="ND.html#NDPERS" title="Biographical and Prosopographical Data">13.3 Biographical and Prosopographical Data</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="subtoc" href="ND.html#index-body.1_div.13_div.4">13.4 Module for Names and Dates</a></li></ul></div><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="TC.html"><span class="headingNumber">12 </span>Critical Apparatus</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="FT.html"><span class="headingNumber">14 </span>Tables, Formulæ, Graphics and Notated Music</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><p>This chapter describes a module which may be used for the encoding of names and other phrases descriptive of persons, places, or organizations, in a manner more detailed than that possible using the elements already provided for these purposes in the Core module. In section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#CONA" title="Names Numbers Dates Abbreviations and Addresses"><span class="headingNumber">3.5 </span>Names, Numbers, Dates, Abbreviations, and Addresses</a> it was noted that the elements provided in the core module allow an encoder to specify that a given text segment is a proper noun, or a <span class="term">referring string</span>, and to specify the kind of object named or referred to only by supplying a value for the <span class="att">type</span> attribute. The elements provided by the present module allow the encoder to supply a detailed sub-structure for such referring strings, and to distinguish explicitly between names of persons, places, and organizations.</p><p>This module also provides elements for the representation of information about the person, place, or organization to which a given name is understood to refer and to represent the name itself, independently of its application. In simple terms, where the core module allows one simply to represent that a given piece of text is a <span class="term">name</span>, this module allows one further to represent a <span class="term">personal name</span>, to represent the <span class="term">person</span> being named, and to represent the <span class="term">canonical name</span> being used. A similar range is provided for names of places and organizations. The main intended applications for this module are in biographical, historical, or geographical data systems such as gazetteers and biographical databases, where these are to be integrated with encoded texts.</p><p>The chapter begins by discussing attributes common to many of the elements discussed in the remaining parts of the chapter (<a class="link_ptr" href="ND.html#NDATTS" title="Attribute Classes Defined by This Module"><span class="headingNumber">13.1 </span>Attribute Classes Defined by This Module</a>) before discussing specifically the elements provided for the encoding of component parts of personal names (section <a class="link_ptr" href="ND.html#NDPER" title="Personal Names"><span class="headingNumber">13.2.1 </span>Personal Names</a>), place names (section <a class="link_ptr" href="ND.html#NDPLAC" title="Place Names"><span class="headingNumber">13.2.3 </span>Place Names</a>) and organizational names (section <a class="link_ptr" href="ND.html#NDORG" title="Organizational Names"><span class="headingNumber">13.2.2 </span>Organizational Names</a>). Elements for encoding personal and organizational data are discussed in section <a class="link_ptr" href="ND.html#NDPERS" title="Biographical and Prosopographical Data"><span class="headingNumber">13.3 </span>Biographical and Prosopographical Data</a>. Elements for the encoding of geographical data are discussed in section <a class="link_ptr" href="ND.html#NDGEOG" title="Places"><span class="headingNumber">13.3.4 </span>Places</a>. Finally, elements for encoding onomastic data are discussed in <a class="link_ptr" href="ND.html#NDNYM" title="Names and Nyms"><span class="headingNumber">13.3.5 </span>Names and Nyms</a>, and the detailed encoding of dates and times is described in section <a class="link_ptr" href="ND.html#NDDATE" title="Dates and Times"><span class="headingNumber">13.3.6 </span>Dates and Times</a>.</p><div class="teidiv1" id="NDATTS"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="ND.html#NDNA"><span class="headingNumber">13.2 </span>Names</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h3><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#NDATTS" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Attribute Classes Defined by This
Module</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">13.1 </span><span class="head">Attribute Classes Defined by This Module</span></h3><p>Most of the elements made available by this chapter share some important characteristics which are expressed by their membership in specific attribute classes. Members of the class <a class="link_odd" title="provides attributes common to elements which refer to named persons, places, organizations etc." href="ref-att.naming.html">att.naming</a> have specialized attributes which support linkage of a naming element with the entity (person, place, organization) being named; members of the class <a class="link_odd" title="provides attributes for normalization of elements that contain dates, times, or datable events." href="ref-att.datable.html">att.datable</a> have specialized attributes which support a number of ways of normalizing the date or time of the data encoded by the element concerned.</p><div class="teidiv2" id="NDATTSnr"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="ND.html#NDATTSda"><span class="headingNumber">13.1.2 </span>Dating Attributes</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#NDATTSnr" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Linking Names and Their Referents</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">13.1.1 </span><span class="head">Linking Names and Their Referents</span></h4><div class="p">The class <a class="link_odd" title="provides attributes common to elements which refer to named persons, places, organizations etc." href="ref-att.naming.html">att.naming</a> is a subclass of the class <a class="link_odd" title="provides attributes which can be used to associate a representation such as a name or title with canonical information about the object being named or referenced." href="ref-att.canonical.html">att.canonical</a>, from which it inherits the following attributes: <ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-att.canonical.html">att.canonical</a></span> provides attributes which can be used to associate a representation such as a name or title with canonical information about the object being named or referenced.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">key</span></td><td>provides an externally-defined means of identifying the entity (or entities) being named, using a coded value of some kind.</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">ref</span></td><td>(reference) provides an explicit means of locating a full definition or identity for the entity being named by means of one or more URIs.</td></tr></table></li></ul> As discussed in <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#CONARS" title="Referring Strings"><span class="headingNumber">3.5.1 </span>Referring Strings</a>, these attributes provide two different ways of associating any sort of name with its referent. For cases where all that is required is to provide some minimal information about the person name, for example their occupation or status, the <a class="link_odd" title="provides attributes common to elements which refer to named persons, places, organizations etc." href="ref-att.naming.html">att.naming</a> class also provides a simple <span class="att">role</span> attribute. It also provides an additional attribute, which allows the name itself to be associated with a base or canonical form: <ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-att.naming.html">att.naming</a></span> provides attributes common to elements which refer to named persons, places, organizations etc.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">role</span></td><td>may be used to specify further information about the entity referenced by this name in the form of a set of whitespace-separated values, for example the occupation of a person, or the status of a place.</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">nymRef</span></td><td>(reference to the canonical name) provides a means of locating the canonical form (<span class="term">nym</span>) of the names associated with the object named by the element bearing it.</td></tr></table></li></ul> The encoder may use these attributes in combination as appropriate. For example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e103673" class="pre egXML_valid">That silly man<br /><span class="element"><name <span class="attribute">role</span>="<span class="attributevalue">politician</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">person</span>"></span>David Paul Brown<span class="element"></name></span> has suffered ...</div> The <span class="att">ref</span> attribute should be used wherever it is possible to supply a direct link such as a URI to indicate the location of canonical information about the referent. <div id="index-egXML-d52e103682" class="pre egXML_valid">That silly man<br /><span class="element"><name <span class="attribute">ref</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#DPB1</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">person</span>"></span>David Paul Brown<span class="element"></name></span> has suffered ...</div> This encoding requires that there exist somewhere a <a class="gi" title="provides information about an identifiable individual, for example a participant in a language interaction, or a person referred to in a historical source." href="ref-person.html">person</a> element with the identifier <code>DPB1</code>, which will contain canonical information about this particular person, marked up using the elements discussed in <a class="link_ptr" href="ND.html#NDPERS" title="Biographical and Prosopographical Data"><span class="headingNumber">13.3 </span>Biographical and Prosopographical Data</a> below. The same element might alternatively be provided by some other document, of course, which the same attribute could refer to by means of a URI, as explained in <a class="link_ptr" href="SA.html#SAXP" title="Pointing Mechanisms"><span class="headingNumber">16.2 </span>Pointing Mechanisms</a>: <div id="index-egXML-d52e103699" class="pre egXML_valid">That silly man<br /><span class="element"><name <span class="attribute">ref</span>="<span class="attributevalue">http://www.example.com/personography.xml#DPB1</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">person</span>"></span>David Paul Brown<span class="element"></name></span> has suffered<br /> ...</div>More than one URI may be supplied if the name refers to more than one person. For example, assuming the existence of another <a class="gi" title="provides information about an identifiable individual, for example a participant in a language interaction, or a person referred to in a historical source." href="ref-person.html">person</a> element for Mrs Brown, with identifier <code>EBB1</code>, a reference to <span class="q">‘the Browns’</span> might be encoded <div id="index-egXML-d52e103715" class="pre egXML_valid">That wretched pair<br /><span class="element"><name <span class="attribute">ref</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#DPB1 #EBB1</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">person</span>"></span>the Browns<span class="element"></name></span> came to dine<br /> ...</div></div><div class="p">The <span class="att">key</span> attribute is provided for cases where no such direct link is required: for example because resolution of the reference is carried out by some local convention, or because the encoder judges that no such resolution is necessary. As an example of the first case, a project might maintain its own local database system containing canonical information about persons and places, each entry in which is accessed by means of some system-specific identifier constructed in a project-specific way from the value supplied for the <span class="att">key</span> attribute.<span id="Note85_return"><a class="notelink" title="In the module described by chapter a similar method is used to link element descriptions to the modules or classes to which they belong, for example." href="#Note85"><sup>48</sup></a></span> As an example of the second case, consider the use of well-established codifications such as country or airport codes, which it is probably unnecessary for an encoder to expand further: <div id="index-egXML-d52e103734" class="pre egXML_valid">I never fly from <span class="element"><name <span class="attribute">key</span>="<span class="attributevalue">LHR</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">place</span>"></span>Heathrow Airport<span class="element"></name></span><br /> to <br /><span class="element"><name <span class="attribute">key</span>="<span class="attributevalue">FR</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">place</span>"></span>France<span class="element"></name></span></div></div><p>However, as explained in <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#CONARS" title="Referring Strings"><span class="headingNumber">3.5.1 </span>Referring Strings</a>, interchange is improved by use of tag URIs in <span class="att">ref</span> instead of <span class="att">key</span>.</p><p>The <span class="att">nymRef</span> attribute has a more specialized use, where it is the name itself which is of interest rather than the person, place, or organization being named. See section <a class="link_ptr" href="ND.html#NDNYM" title="Names and Nyms"><span class="headingNumber">13.3.5 </span>Names and Nyms</a> for further discussion.</p><p>All members of the <a class="link_odd" title="provides attributes common to elements which refer to named persons, places, organizations etc." href="ref-att.naming.html">att.naming</a> class inherit the following attributes from the <a class="link_odd" title="provides attributes indicating the agent responsible for some aspect of the text, the markup or something asserted by the markup, and the degree of certainty associated with it." href="ref-att.global.responsibility.html">att.global.responsibility</a> class: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-att.global.responsibility.html">att.global.responsibility</a></span> provides attributes indicating the agent responsible for some aspect of the text, the markup or something asserted by the markup, and the degree of certainty associated with it.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">resp</span></td><td>(responsible party) indicates the agency responsible for the intervention or interpretation, for example an editor or transcriber.</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">cert</span></td><td>(certainty) signifies the degree of certainty associated with the intervention or interpretation.</td></tr></table></li></ul><p> This enables an encoder to record the agency responsible for a given assertion (for example, the name) and the confidence placed in that assertion by the encoder. Examples are given below.</p></div><div class="teidiv2" id="NDATTSda"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="ND.html#NDATTSnr"><span class="headingNumber">13.1.1 </span>Linking Names and Their Referents</a></li><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#NDATTSda" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Dating Attributes</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">13.1.2 </span><span class="head">Dating Attributes</span></h4><p>Members of the <a class="link_odd" title="provides attributes for normalization of elements that contain dates, times, or datable events." href="ref-att.datable.html">att.datable</a> class share the following attributes: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-att.datable.html">att.datable</a></span> provides attributes for normalization of elements that contain dates, times, or datable events.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">period</span></td><td>supplies a pointer to some location defining a named period of time within which the datable item is understood to have occurred.</td></tr></table></li><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-att.datable.w3c.html">att.datable.w3c</a></span> provides attributes for normalization of elements that contain datable events conforming to the W3C <span class="titlem">XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes Second Edition</span>.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">when</span></td><td>supplies the value of the date or time in a standard form, e.g. yyyy-mm-dd.</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">notBefore</span></td><td>specifies the earliest possible date for the event in standard form, e.g. yyyy-mm-dd.</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">notAfter</span></td><td>specifies the latest possible date for the event in standard form, e.g. yyyy-mm-dd.</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">from</span></td><td>indicates the starting point of the period in standard form, e.g. yyyy-mm-dd.</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">to</span></td><td>indicates the ending point of the period in standard form, e.g. yyyy-mm-dd.</td></tr></table></li></ul><div class="p">The <span class="att">when</span> attribute is used to specify a normalized form for any temporal expression, independently of how it is represented in the text, as in the following example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e103787" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><date <span class="attribute">when</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1807-06-09</span>"></span>June 9th<span class="element"></date></span> The<br /> period is approaching which will terminate my present<br /> copartnership. On the <span class="element"><date <span class="attribute">when</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1808-01-01</span>"></span>1st Jany.<span class="element"></date></span> next,<br /> it expires by its own limitation.<div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NDORG-eg-34">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">The <span class="att">period</span> attribute provides a convenient way of associating an event or date with a named period. Its value is a pointer which should indicate some other element where the period concerned is more precisely defined. A convenient location for such definitions is the <a class="gi" title="defines a typology either implicitly, by means of a bibliographic citation, or explicitly by a structured taxonomy." href="ref-taxonomy.html">taxonomy</a> element in the <a class="gi" title="(classification declarations) contains one or more taxonomies defining any classificatory codes used elsewhere in the text." href="ref-classDecl.html">classDecl</a> (classification declaration) in the <a class="gi" title="(encoding description) documents the relationship between an electronic text and the source or sources from which it was derived." href="ref-encodingDesc.html">encodingDesc</a> of a TEI Header. A <a class="gi" title="defines a typology either implicitly, by means of a bibliographic citation, or explicitly by a structured taxonomy." href="ref-taxonomy.html">taxonomy</a> may contain simply a bibliographic reference to an external definition for it. More usefully, it may also contain a series of <a class="gi" title="contains an individual descriptive category, possibly nested within a superordinate category, within a user-defined taxonomy." href="ref-category.html">category</a> elements, each with an identifier and a description. The identifier can then be used as the target for a <span class="att">period</span> attribute. For example, a taxonomy of named periods might be defined as follows: <div id="index-egXML-d52e103819" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><taxonomy <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">greekperiods</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><category <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">tyranny</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><catDesc></span>Before 510 BC<span class="element"></catDesc></span><br /> <span class="element"></category></span><br /> <span class="element"><category <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">classical</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><catDesc></span>Between 510 and 323 BC<span class="element"></catDesc></span><br /> <span class="element"></category></span><br /> <span class="element"><category <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">hellenistic</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><catDesc></span><br /> <span class="element"><ref <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">http://www.wikipedia.com/wiki/Hellenistic</span>"></span>Hellenistic<span class="element"></ref></span>. Commonly treated as<br /> <span class="element"><date <span class="attribute">notBefore</span>="<span class="attributevalue">-0323</span>" <span class="attribute">notAfter</span>="<span class="attributevalue">-0031</span>"></span>from<br /> the death of Alexander to the Roman conquest.<span class="element"></date></span><span class="element"></catDesc></span><br /> <span class="element"></category></span><br /> <span class="element"><category <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">roman</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><catDesc></span><br /> <span class="element"><ref <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">http://www.wikipedia.com/wiki/Roman_Empire</span>"></span>Roman<span class="element"></ref></span><br /> <span class="element"></catDesc></span><br /> <span class="element"></category></span><br /> <span class="element"><category <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">christian</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><catDesc></span> The Christian period technically starts at the<br /> birth of Jesus, but in<br /> practice is considered to date from the conversion of Constantine<br /> in <span class="element"><date <span class="attribute">when</span>="<span class="attributevalue">0312</span>"></span>312 AD<span class="element"></date></span>. <span class="element"></catDesc></span><br /> <span class="element"></category></span><br /><span class="element"></taxonomy></span></div></div><div class="p">With these definitions in place, any datable element may be associated with a specific period: <div id="index-egXML-d52e103847" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><placeName <span class="attribute">period</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#christian</span>"></span>Stauropolis<span class="element"></placeName></span></div></div><div class="p">The other dating attributes provided by this class support a wide range of methods of specifying temporal information in a normalized form. The <span class="att">from</span> and <span class="att">to</span> attributes may be used to express the begining and ending of a period of time, for example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e103858" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><event <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">eMBB</span>" <span class="attribute">from</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1955-12-01</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">to</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1956-12-20</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><label></span>Montgomery Bus Boycott<span class="element"></label></span><br /> <span class="element"><desc></span>A political and social protest campaign against the policy of<br /> racial segregation on the public transit system of the city of<br /> <span class="element"><placeName <span class="attribute">ref</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#MONT</span>"></span>Montgomery<span class="element"></placeName></span>.<span class="element"></desc></span><br /><span class="element"></event></span></div></div><div class="p">The <span class="att">notBefore</span> and <span class="att">notAfter</span> attributes may be used to express a range of possibilities for a particular date (or time). For example the following element, extracted from an imaginary prosopographic entry for Anne Calthorpe, indicates that although the exact date of her death is not known, it can be narrowed down to a particular range: from 22 August 1579 to 28 March 1582, inclusive. Ostensibly the encoder has evidence that Anne Calthorpe was alive on the 22nd of August 1579 and evidence that she was already dead on the 28th of March 1582. <div id="index-egXML-d52e103875" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><death <span class="attribute">notBefore</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1579-08-22</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">notAfter</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1582-03-28</span>"/></span></div></div><p>Since <span class="att">when</span> is used for a particular date or time, <span class="att">from</span> and <span class="att">to</span> for a duration, and <span class="att">notBefore</span> and <span class="att">notAfter</span> for a date or time within a range, it makes no sense to use <span class="att">when</span> in combination with one or more of the others. Thus these Guidelines at present recommend against the use of <span class="att">when</span> in combination with any of <span class="att">from</span>, <span class="att">to</span>, <span class="att">notBefore</span>, or <span class="att">notAfter</span>.</p><p>The <span class="att">from</span> or <span class="att">to</span> attributes imply that the temporal expression to which they are attached signifies a duration, so the use of either with <span class="att">notBefore</span> or <span class="att">notAfter</span> means a duration is indicated. </p><div class="table"><table style="border-collapse:separate; border-style:solid;"><tr class="label"><td style="border: thin solid black; padding: 1ex;"></td><td style="border: thin solid black; padding: 1ex;"><span class="att">notBefore</span></td><td style="border: thin solid black; padding: 1ex;"><span class="att">from</span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: thin solid black; padding: 1ex;" class="label"><span class="att">notAfter</span></td><td style="border: thin solid black; padding: 1ex;">range of possibilities, inclusive</td><td style="border: thin solid black; padding: 1ex;">duration from <span class="att">from</span> to sometime before <span class="att">notAfter</span>, inclusive</td></tr><tr><td style="border: thin solid black; padding: 1ex;" class="label"><span class="att">to</span></td><td style="border: thin solid black; padding: 1ex;">duration from sometime after <span class="att">notBefore</span> to <span class="att">to</span>, inclusive</td><td style="border: thin solid black; padding: 1ex;">duration from <span class="att">from</span> to <span class="att">to</span>, inclusive</td></tr></table></div><div class="p">Some further self-explanatory examples follow: <div id="index-egXML-d52e103976" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><birth <span class="attribute">when</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1857-03-15</span>"></span>15 March 1857.<span class="element"></birth></span></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e103980" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><birth <span class="attribute">notBefore</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1857-03-01</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">notAfter</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1857-04-30</span>"></span>Some time in<br /> March or April of 1857.<span class="element"></birth></span></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e103984" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><residence <span class="attribute">from</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1857-03-01</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">to</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1857-04-30</span>"></span>Lived in Amsterdam<br /> during March and April of 1857.<span class="element"></residence></span></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e103988" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><date <span class="attribute">from</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1857-03-01</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">notAfter</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1857-04-30</span>"></span>From the 1st of March to<br /> some time later in March or April of 1857.<span class="element"></date></span></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e103992" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><residence <span class="attribute">notBefore</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1857-03-01</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">to</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1857-04-30</span>"></span>From the 1st of<br /> March or sometime later to the end of April, 1857.<span class="element"></residence></span></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e103997" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><residence <span class="attribute">from</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1856-03</span>" <span class="attribute">to</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1858-04</span>"></span>From sometime in March of<br /> 1856 to sometime in April of 1858.<span class="element"></residence></span></div></div><p>Normalization of date and time values permits the efficient processing of data (for example, to determine whether one event precedes or follows another). These examples all use the W3C standard format for representation of dates and times. Further examples, and discussion of some alternative approaches to normalization are given in section <a class="link_ptr" href="ND.html#NDDATEISO" title="More Expressive Normalizations"><span class="headingNumber">13.3.6.3 </span>More Expressive Normalizations</a> below.</p></div></div><div class="teidiv1" id="NDNA"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="ND.html#NDATTS"><span class="headingNumber">13.1 </span>Attribute Classes Defined by This Module</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="ND.html#NDPERS"><span class="headingNumber">13.3 </span>Biographical and Prosopographical Data</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h3><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#NDNA" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Names</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">13.2 </span><span class="head">Names</span></h3><div class="div2" id="NDPER"><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#NDPER" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Personal Names</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">13.2.1 </span><span class="head">Personal Names</span></h4><p>The core <a class="gi" title="(referencing string) contains a general purpose name or referring string." href="ref-rs.html">rs</a> and <a class="gi" title="(name, proper noun) contains a proper noun or noun phrase." href="ref-name.html">name</a> elements can distinguish names in a text but are insufficiently powerful to mark their internal components or structure. To conduct nominal record linkage or even to create an alphabetically sorted list of personal names, it is important to distinguish between a family name, a forename and an honorary title. Similarly, when confronted with a string such as <span class="q">‘John, by the grace of God, king of England, lord of Ireland, duke of Normandy and Aquitaine, and count of Anjou’</span>, the analyst will often wish to distinguish amongst the various constituent elements present, since they provide additional information about the status, occupation, or residence of the person to whom the name belongs. The following elements are provided for these and related purposes: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-persName.html">persName</a></span> (personal name) contains a proper noun or proper-noun phrase referring to a person, possibly including one or more of the person's forenames, surnames, honorifics, added names, etc.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-surname.html">surname</a></span> contains a family (inherited) name, as opposed to a given, baptismal, or nick name.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-forename.html">forename</a></span> contains a forename, given or baptismal name.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-roleName.html">roleName</a></span> contains a name component which indicates that the referent has a particular role or position in society, such as an official title or rank.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-addName.html">addName</a></span> (additional name) contains an additional name component, such as a nickname, epithet, or alias, or any other descriptive phrase used within a personal name.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-nameLink.html">nameLink</a></span> (name link) contains a connecting phrase or link used within a name but not regarded as part of it, such as <span class="mentioned">van der</span> or <span class="mentioned">of</span>.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-genName.html">genName</a></span> (generational name component) contains a name component used to distinguish otherwise similar names on the basis of the relative ages or generations of the persons named.</li></ul><p>In addition to the <a class="link_odd" title="provides attributes common to elements which refer to named persons, places, organizations etc." href="ref-att.naming.html">att.naming</a> attributes mentioned above, all of the above elements are members of the class <a class="link_odd" title="(attributes for components of names usually, but not necessarily, personal names) common attributes for those elements which form part of a name usually, but not necessarily, a personal name." href="ref-att.personal.html">att.personal</a>, and thus share the following attributes: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-att.personal.html">att.personal</a></span> (attributes for components of names usually, but not necessarily, personal names) common attributes for those elements which form part of a name usually, but not necessarily, a personal name.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">full</span></td><td>indicates whether the name component is given in full, as an abbreviation or simply as an initial.</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">sort</span></td><td>specifies the sort order of the name component in relation to others within the name.</td></tr></table></li></ul><div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="(personal name) contains a proper noun or proper-noun phrase referring to a person, possibly including one or more of the person's forenames, surnames, honorifics, added names, etc." href="ref-persName.html">persName</a> element may be used in preference to the general <a class="gi" title="(name, proper noun) contains a proper noun or noun phrase." href="ref-name.html">name</a> element irrespective of whether or not the components of the personal name are also to be marked. The element <a class="gi" title="(personal name) contains a proper noun or proper-noun phrase referring to a person, possibly including one or more of the person's forenames, surnames, honorifics, added names, etc." href="ref-persName.html">persName</a> is synonymous with the element <span class="tag"><name type="person"></span>, except that its <span class="att">type</span> attribute allows for further subcategorization of the personal name itself, for example as a <span class="val">married</span>, <span class="val">birth</span>, <span class="val">pen</span>, <span class="val">pseudo</span>, or <span class="val">religious</span> name. Consequently the following examples are equivalent: <div id="index-egXML-d52e104079" class="pre egXML_valid">That silly man<br /><span class="element"><rs <span class="attribute">ref</span>="<span class="attributevalue">tag:projectname.org,2012:DPB1</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">person</span>"></span>David Paul Brown<span class="element"></rs></span> has suffered the<br /> furniture of his office to be seized<br /> the third time for rent.</div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e104085" class="pre egXML_valid">That silly man<br /><span class="element"><rs <span class="attribute">ref</span>="<span class="attributevalue">tag:projectname.org,2012:DPB1</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">person</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><name></span>David Paul Brown<span class="element"></name></span><br /><span class="element"></rs></span> has suffered ...</div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e104092" class="pre egXML_valid">That silly man<br /><span class="element"><name <span class="attribute">ref</span>="<span class="attributevalue">tag:projectname.org,2012:DPB1</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">person</span>"></span>David Paul Brown<span class="element"></name></span> has suffered ...</div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e104098" class="pre egXML_valid">That silly man<br /><span class="element"><persName <span class="attribute">ref</span>="<span class="attributevalue">tag:projectname.org,2012:DPB1</span>"></span>David Paul Brown<span class="element"></persName></span> has suffered ...</div></div><p>The <a class="gi" title="(personal name) contains a proper noun or proper-noun phrase referring to a person, possibly including one or more of the person's forenames, surnames, honorifics, added names, etc." href="ref-persName.html">persName</a> element is more powerful than the <a class="gi" title="(referencing string) contains a general purpose name or referring string." href="ref-rs.html">rs</a> and <a class="gi" title="(name, proper noun) contains a proper noun or noun phrase." href="ref-name.html">name</a> elements because distinctive name components occurring within it can be marked as such.</p><div class="p">Many cultures distinguish between a family or inherited <span class="term">surname</span> and additional personal names, often known as <span class="term">given names</span>. These should be tagged using the <a class="gi" title="contains a family (inherited) name, as opposed to a given, baptismal, or nick name." href="ref-surname.html">surname</a> and <a class="gi" title="contains a forename, given or baptismal name." href="ref-forename.html">forename</a> elements respectively and may occur in any order: <div id="index-egXML-d52e104129" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><persName></span><br /> <span class="element"><surname></span>Roosevelt<span class="element"></surname></span>,<br /> <span class="element"><forename></span>Franklin<span class="element"></forename></span><br /> <span class="element"><forename></span>Delano<span class="element"></forename></span><span class="element"></persName></span><br /><span class="element"><persName></span><br /> <span class="element"><forename></span>Franklin<span class="element"></forename></span><br /> <span class="element"><forename></span>Delano<span class="element"></forename></span><br /> <span class="element"><surname></span>Roosevelt<span class="element"></surname></span><br /><span class="element"></persName></span></div></div><div class="p">The <span class="att">type</span> attribute may be used with both <a class="gi" title="contains a forename, given or baptismal name." href="ref-forename.html">forename</a> and <a class="gi" title="contains a family (inherited) name, as opposed to a given, baptismal, or nick name." href="ref-surname.html">surname</a> elements to provide further culture- or project-specific detail about the name component, for example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e104157" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><persName></span><br /> <span class="element"><forename <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">first</span>"></span>Franklin<span class="element"></forename></span><br /> <span class="element"><forename <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">middle</span>"></span>Delano<span class="element"></forename></span><br /> <span class="element"><surname></span>Roosevelt<span class="element"></surname></span><br /><span class="element"></persName></span><br /><span class="element"><persName></span><br /> <span class="element"><forename <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">given</span>"></span>Margaret<span class="element"></forename></span><br /> <span class="element"><forename <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">unused</span>"></span>Hilda<span class="element"></forename></span><br /> <span class="element"><surname <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">birth</span>"></span>Roberts<span class="element"></surname></span><br /> <span class="element"><surname <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">married</span>"></span>Thatcher<span class="element"></surname></span><br /><span class="element"></persName></span><br /><span class="element"><persName <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">religious</span>"></span>Muhammad Ali<span class="element"></persName></span><br /><span class="element"><persName></span><br /> <span class="element"><forename></span>Norman<span class="element"></forename></span><br /> <span class="element"><surname <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">complex</span>"></span>St John Stevas<span class="element"></surname></span><br /><span class="element"></persName></span></div> Values for the <span class="att">type</span> attribute are not constrained, and may be chosen as appropriate to the encoding needs of the project. They may be used to distinguish different kinds of forename or surname, as well as to indicate the function a name component fills within the whole. In this example, we indicate that a surname is toponymic, and also point to the specific place name from which it is derived: <div id="index-egXML-d52e104186" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><persName></span><br /> <span class="element"><forename></span>Johan<span class="element"></forename></span><br /> <span class="element"><surname <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">toponymic</span>" <span class="attribute">ref</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#dystvold</span>"></span>Dystvold<span class="element"></surname></span><br /><span class="element"></persName></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /><span class="element"><placeName <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">dystvold</span>"></span>Dystvold<span class="element"></placeName></span></div></div><div class="p">The value <span class="val">complex</span> was suggested above for the not uncommon case where the whole of a surname is composed of several other surname elements. These nested surnames may be individually tagged as well, together with appropriate type values: <div id="index-egXML-d52e104201" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><persName></span><br /> <span class="element"><forename></span>Kara<span class="element"></forename></span><br /> <span class="element"><surname <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">complex</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><surname <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">paternal</span>"></span>Hattersley<span class="element"></surname></span>-<br /> <span class="element"><surname <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">maternal</span>"></span>Smith<span class="element"></surname></span><span class="element"></surname></span><br /><span class="element"></persName></span></div></div><div class="p">The <span class="att">full</span> attribute may be used to indicate whether a name is an abbreviation, initials, or given in full: <div id="index-egXML-d52e104217" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><persName></span><br /> <span class="element"><forename <span class="attribute">full</span>="<span class="attributevalue">abb</span>"></span>Maggie<span class="element"></forename></span><br /> <span class="element"><surname></span>Thatcher<span class="element"></surname></span><br /><span class="element"></persName></span></div></div><div class="p">These elements may be applied as the encoder considers appropriate, including cases where phrases or expressions are used to stand for surnames or forenames, as in the following: <div id="index-egXML-d52e104226" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><s></span><br /> <span class="element"><persName></span><br /> <span class="element"><forename></span>Peter<span class="element"></forename></span><br /> <span class="element"><surname></span>son of Herbert<span class="element"></surname></span><br /> <span class="element"></persName></span> gives the king 40 m. for<br /> having custody of the land and heir of <span class="element"><persName></span><br /> <span class="element"><forename></span>John<span class="element"></forename></span><br /> <span class="element"><surname></span>son of Hugh<span class="element"></surname></span><br /> <span class="element"></persName></span>...<span class="element"></s></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NDPER-eg-17">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">Similarly, patronymics may be treated as forenames, thus: <div id="index-egXML-d52e104243" class="pre egXML_valid">... but it remained for<br /><span class="element"><persName></span><br /> <span class="element"><forename></span>Snorri<span class="element"></forename></span><br /> <span class="element"><forename></span>Sturluson<span class="element"></forename></span><br /><span class="element"></persName></span><br /> to combine the two traditions in cyclic form.<div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NDPER-eg-18">bibliography</a> </div></div> When a patronymic is used as a surname, however (e.g. by an individual who otherwise would have no surname, but lives in a culture which requires surnames), it may be tagged as such: <div id="index-egXML-d52e104252" class="pre egXML_valid">Even <span class="element"><persName></span><br /> <span class="element"><forename></span>Finnur<span class="element"></forename></span><br /> <span class="element"><surname></span>Jonsson<span class="element"></surname></span><br /><span class="element"></persName></span><br /> acknowledged the artificiality of the procedure...<div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NDPER-eg-18">bibliography</a> </div></div> Alternatively, it may be felt more appropriate to mark a patronymic as a distinct kind of name, neither a forename nor a surname, using the <a class="gi" title="(additional name) contains an additional name component, such as a nickname, epithet, or alias, or any other descriptive phrase used within a personal name." href="ref-addName.html">addName</a> element: <div id="index-egXML-d52e104264" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><persName></span><br /> <span class="element"><forename></span>Egill<span class="element"></forename></span><br /> <span class="element"><addName <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">patronym</span>"></span>Skallagrmsson<span class="element"></addName></span><br /><span class="element"></persName></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NDPER-eg-18">bibliography</a> </div></div> In the following example, the <span class="att">type</span> attribute is used to distinguish a patronymic from other forenames: <div id="index-egXML-d52e104275" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><persName <span class="attribute">ref</span>="<span class="attributevalue">tag:projectname.org,2012:pn9</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><forename <span class="attribute">sort</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2</span>"></span>Sergei<span class="element"></forename></span><br /> <span class="element"><forename <span class="attribute">sort</span>="<span class="attributevalue">3</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">patronym</span>"></span>Mikhailovic<span class="element"></forename></span><br /> <span class="element"><surname <span class="attribute">sort</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>"></span>Uspensky<span class="element"></surname></span><br /><span class="element"></persName></span></div></div><p>This example also demonstrates the use of the <span class="att">sort</span> attribute common to all members of the <a class="link_odd" title="groups elements which form part of a personal name." href="ref-model.persNamePart.html">model.persNamePart</a> class; its effect is to state the sequence in which <a class="gi" title="contains a forename, given or baptismal name." href="ref-forename.html">forename</a> and <a class="gi" title="contains a family (inherited) name, as opposed to a given, baptismal, or nick name." href="ref-surname.html">surname</a> elements should be combined when constructing a sort key for the name.</p><div class="p">Some names include generational or dynastic information, such as a number, or phrases such as <span class="q">‘Junior’</span>, or <span class="q">‘the Elder’</span>; these qualifications may also be used to distinguish similarly named but unrelated people. In either case, the <a class="gi" title="(generational name component) contains a name component used to distinguish otherwise similar names on the basis of the relative ages or generations of the persons named." href="ref-genName.html">genName</a> element may be used to distinguish such labels from other parts of the name, as in the following examples: <div id="index-egXML-d52e104310" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><persName <span class="attribute">ref</span>="<span class="attributevalue">tag:projectname.org,2012:HEMA1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><surname></span>Marques<span class="element"></surname></span><br /> <span class="element"><genName></span>Junior<span class="element"></genName></span>,<br /> <span class="element"><forename></span>Henrique<span class="element"></forename></span><span class="element"></persName></span></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e104320" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><persName></span><br /> <span class="element"><forename></span>Charles<span class="element"></forename></span><br /> <span class="element"><genName></span>II<span class="element"></genName></span><br /><span class="element"></persName></span></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e104328" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><persName></span><br /> <span class="element"><forename></span>Rudolf<span class="element"></forename></span><br /> <span class="element"><genName></span>II<span class="element"></genName></span><br /> <span class="element"><surname <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">dynasty</span>"></span>Hapsburg<span class="element"></surname></span><br /><span class="element"></persName></span></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e104337" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><persName></span><br /> <span class="element"><surname></span>Smith<span class="element"></surname></span><br /> <span class="element"><genName></span>Minor<span class="element"></genName></span><br /><span class="element"></persName></span></div></div><div class="p">It is also often convenient to distinguish phrases (historically similar to the generational labels mentioned above) used to link parts of a name together, such as <span class="q">‘von’</span>, <span class="q">‘of’</span>, <span class="q">‘de’</span> etc. It is often a matter of arbitrary choice whether such components are regarded as part of the surname or not; the <a class="gi" title="(name link) contains a connecting phrase or link used within a name but not regarded as part of it, such as “van der” or “of”." href="ref-nameLink.html">nameLink</a> element is provided as a means of making clear what the correct usage should be in a given case, as in the following examples: <div id="index-egXML-d52e104358" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><persName <span class="attribute">ref</span>="<span class="attributevalue">tag:projectname.org,2012:DUDO1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><roleName <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">honorific</span>" <span class="attribute">full</span>="<span class="attributevalue">abb</span>"></span>Mme<span class="element"></roleName></span><br /> <span class="element"><nameLink></span>de la<span class="element"></nameLink></span><br /> <span class="element"><surname></span>Rochefoucault<span class="element"></surname></span><br /><span class="element"></persName></span></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e104368" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><persName></span><br /> <span class="element"><forename></span>Walter<span class="element"></forename></span><br /> <span class="element"><surname></span>de la Mare<span class="element"></surname></span><br /><span class="element"></persName></span></div></div><p>Finally, the <a class="gi" title="(additional name) contains an additional name component, such as a nickname, epithet, or alias, or any other descriptive phrase used within a personal name." href="ref-addName.html">addName</a> and <a class="gi" title="contains a name component which indicates that the referent has a particular role or position in society, such as an official title or rank." href="ref-roleName.html">roleName</a> elements are used to mark all name components other than those already listed. The distinction between them is that a <a class="gi" title="contains a name component which indicates that the referent has a particular role or position in society, such as an official title or rank." href="ref-roleName.html">roleName</a> encloses an associated name component such as an aristocratic or official title which exists in some sense independently of its bearer. The distinction is not always a clear one. As elsewhere, the <span class="att">type</span> attribute may be used with either element to supply culture- or application- specific distinctions. Some typical values for this attribute for names in the Western European tradition follow: </p><dl><dt><span><span class="val">nobility</span></span></dt><dd>An inherited or life-time title of nobility such as <span class="mentioned">Lord</span>, <span class="mentioned">Viscount</span>, <span class="mentioned">Baron</span>, etc.</dd><dt><span><span class="val">honorific</span></span></dt><dd>An academic or other honorific prefixed to a name e.g. <span class="mentioned">Doctor</span>, <span class="mentioned">Professor</span>, <span class="mentioned">Mrs.</span>, etc.</dd><dt><span><span class="val">office</span></span></dt><dd>Membership of some elected or appointed organization such as <span class="mentioned">President</span>, <span class="mentioned">Governor</span>, etc.</dd><dt><span><span class="val">military</span></span></dt><dd>Military rank such as <span class="mentioned">Colonel</span>.</dd><dt><span><span class="val">epithet</span></span></dt><dd>A traditional descriptive phrase or nick-name such as <span class="mentioned">The Hammer</span>, <span class="mentioned">The Great</span>, etc.</dd></dl><p> Note, however, that the <span class="term">role</span> a person has in a given context (such as <span class="mentioned">witness</span>, <span class="mentioned">defendant</span>, etc. in a legal document) should not be encoded using the <a class="gi" title="contains a name component which indicates that the referent has a particular role or position in society, such as an official title or rank." href="ref-roleName.html">roleName</a> element, since this is intended to mark roles which function as part of a person's name, not the role of the person bearing the name in general. Information about roles, occupations, etc. of a person are encoded within the <a class="gi" title="provides information about an identifiable individual, for example a participant in a language interaction, or a person referred to in a historical source." href="ref-person.html">person</a> element discussed below in <a class="link_ptr" href="ND.html#NDPERS" title="Biographical and Prosopographical Data"><span class="headingNumber">13.3 </span>Biographical and Prosopographical Data</a>.</p><div class="p">Here are some further examples of the usage of these elements: <div id="index-egXML-d52e104469" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><persName <span class="attribute">ref</span>="<span class="attributevalue">tag:projectname.org,2012:PGK1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><roleName <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">nobility</span>"></span>Princess<span class="element"></roleName></span><br /> <span class="element"><forename></span>Grace<span class="element"></forename></span><br /><span class="element"></persName></span></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e104476" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><persName <span class="attribute">ref</span>="<span class="attributevalue">tag:projectname.org,2012:GRMO1</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">pseudo</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><addName <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">honorific</span>"></span>Grandma<span class="element"></addName></span><br /> <span class="element"><surname></span>Moses<span class="element"></surname></span><br /><span class="element"></persName></span></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e104483" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><persName <span class="attribute">ref</span>="<span class="attributevalue">tag:projectname.org,2012:SLWICL1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><roleName <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">office</span>"></span>President<span class="element"></roleName></span><br /> <span class="element"><forename></span>Bill<span class="element"></forename></span><br /> <span class="element"><surname></span>Clinton<span class="element"></surname></span><br /><span class="element"></persName></span></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e104492" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><persName <span class="attribute">ref</span>="<span class="attributevalue">tag:projectname.org,2012:MOGA1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><roleName <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">military</span>"></span>Colonel<span class="element"></roleName></span><br /> <span class="element"><surname></span>Gaddafi<span class="element"></surname></span><br /><span class="element"></persName></span></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e104499" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><persName <span class="attribute">ref</span>="<span class="attributevalue">tag:projectname.org,2012:FRTG1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><forename></span>Frederick<span class="element"></forename></span><br /> <span class="element"><addName <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">epithet</span>"></span>the Great<span class="element"></addName></span><br /><span class="element"></persName></span></div></div><div class="p">A name may have any combination of the above elements: <div id="index-egXML-d52e104508" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><persName <span class="attribute">ref</span>="<span class="attributevalue">tag:projectname.org,2012:EGBR1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><roleName <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">office</span>"></span>Governor<span class="element"></roleName></span><br /> <span class="element"><forename <span class="attribute">sort</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2</span>"></span>Edmund<span class="element"></forename></span><br /> <span class="element"><forename <span class="attribute">full</span>="<span class="attributevalue">init</span>" <span class="attribute">sort</span>="<span class="attributevalue">3</span>"></span>G.<span class="element"></forename></span><br /> <span class="element"><addName <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">nick</span>"></span>Jerry<span class="element"></addName></span><br /> <span class="element"><addName <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">epithet</span>"></span>Moonbeam<span class="element"></addName></span><br /> <span class="element"><surname <span class="attribute">sort</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>"></span>Brown<span class="element"></surname></span><br /> <span class="element"><genName <span class="attribute">full</span>="<span class="attributevalue">abb</span>"></span>Jr<span class="element"></genName></span>.<br /> <span class="element"></persName></span></div></div><p>Although highly flexible, these mechanisms for marking personal name components will not cater for every personal name, nor for every processing need. Where the internal structure of personal names is highly complex or where name components are particularly ambiguous, feature structures are recommended as the most appropriate mechanism to mark and analyze them, as further discussed in chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="FS.html" title="16"><span class="headingNumber">18 </span>Feature Structures</a>.</p><p>White space is allowed and therefore significant between elements within <a class="gi" title="(name, proper noun) contains a proper noun or noun phrase." href="ref-name.html">name</a>, <a class="gi" title="(personal name) contains a proper noun or proper-noun phrase referring to a person, possibly including one or more of the person's forenames, surnames, honorifics, added names, etc." href="ref-persName.html">persName</a>, <a class="gi" title="(organization name) contains an organizational name." href="ref-orgName.html">orgName</a>, and <a class="gi" title="contains an absolute or relative place name." href="ref-placeName.html">placeName</a>. Therefore </p><pre class="pre_eg cdata"><persName> <forename>Mary</forename> <forename>Ann</forename> <nameLink>De</nameLink><surname>Mint</surname> </persName></pre><p> encodes <span class="q">‘Mary Ann DeMint’</span> and </p><pre class="pre_eg cdata"><persName> <forename>Mary</forename><forename>Ann</forename> <nameLink>De</nameLink> <surname>Mint</surname> </persName></pre><p> encodes <span class="q">‘MaryAnn De Mint’</span>. See <a class="link_ptr" href="ST.html#STGAxs" title="XML Whitespace"><span class="headingNumber">1.3.1.1.6 </span>XML Whitespace</a> for more information on whitespace in XML.</p></div><div class="div2" id="NDORG"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="ND.html#NDPER"><span class="headingNumber">13.2.1 </span>Personal Names</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="ND.html#NDPLAC"><span class="headingNumber">13.2.3 </span>Place Names</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#NDORG" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Organizational Names</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">13.2.2 </span><span class="head">Organizational Names</span></h4><p>In these Guidelines, we use the term <span class="q">‘organization’</span> for any named collection of people regarded as a single unit. Typical examples include institutions such as ‘Harvard College’ or ‘the BBC’ and businesses such as ‘Apple’ or ‘Google’ but also racial or ethnic groupings or political factions where these are regarded as forming a single agency such as ‘the Scythians’ or ‘the Militant Tendency’. Giving a loosely-defined group of individuals a name often serves a particular political or social agenda and an analysis of the way such phrases are constructed and used may therefore be of considerable importance to the social historian, even where the objective existence of an <span class="q">‘organization’</span> in this sense is harder to demonstrate than that of (say) a named person. In the case of businesses or other formally constituted institutions, the component parts of an organizational name may help to characterize the organization in terms of its perceived geographical location, ownership, likely number of employees, management structure, etc.</p><p>Like names of persons or places, organizational names can be marked up as referring strings or as proper names with the <a class="gi" title="(referencing string) contains a general purpose name or referring string." href="ref-rs.html">rs</a> or <a class="gi" title="(name, proper noun) contains a proper noun or noun phrase." href="ref-name.html">name</a> elements respectively. The element <a class="gi" title="(organization name) contains an organizational name." href="ref-orgName.html">orgName</a> is provided for use where it is desired to distinguish organizational names more explicitly. </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-orgName.html">orgName</a></span> (organization name) contains an organizational name.</li></ul><p> This element is a member of the same attribute classes as <a class="gi" title="(personal name) contains a proper noun or proper-noun phrase referring to a person, possibly including one or more of the person's forenames, surnames, honorifics, added names, etc." href="ref-persName.html">persName</a>, as discussed above in <a class="link_ptr" href="ND.html#NDATTSnr" title="Linking Names and Their Referents"><span class="headingNumber">13.1.1 </span>Linking Names and Their Referents</a>.</p><div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="(organization name) contains an organizational name." href="ref-orgName.html">orgName</a> element may be used to mark up any form of organizational name: <div id="index-egXML-d52e104614" class="pre egXML_valid">About a year back, a question of considerable<br /> interest was agitated in the<br /><span class="element"><orgName <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">voluntary</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">ref</span>="<span class="attributevalue">tag:projectname.org,2012:PAS1</span>"></span>Pennsyla. Abolition Society<span class="element"></orgName></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NDORG-eg-34">bibliography</a> </div></div> This encoding is equivalent to, but more specific than, either of the following representations: <div id="index-egXML-d52e104619" class="pre egXML_valid">About a year back, a question of considerable<br /> interest was agitated in the <span class="element"><rs <span class="attribute">ref</span>="<span class="attributevalue">tag:projectname.org,2012:PAS1</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">org</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><name></span>Pennsyla. Abolition Society<span class="element"></name></span><br /><span class="element"></rs></span>.</div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e104626" class="pre egXML_valid">About a year back, a question of considerable<br /> interest was agitated in the<br /><span class="element"><name <span class="attribute">ref</span>="<span class="attributevalue">tag:projectname.org,2012:PAS1</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">org</span>"></span>Pennsyla. Abolition<br /> Society<span class="element"></name></span>.</div> As shown above, like the <a class="gi" title="(referencing string) contains a general purpose name or referring string." href="ref-rs.html">rs</a> and <a class="gi" title="(name, proper noun) contains a proper noun or noun phrase." href="ref-name.html">name</a> elements, the <a class="gi" title="(organization name) contains an organizational name." href="ref-orgName.html">orgName</a> element has a <span class="att">key</span> attribute with which an external identifier such as a database key can be assigned to the organization name, and also a <span class="att">ref</span> attribute which can be used to point directly to an <a class="gi" title="(organization) provides information about an identifiable organization such as a business, a tribe, or any other grouping of people." href="ref-org.html">org</a> element containing information about the organization itself (see further <a class="link_ptr" href="ND.html#ND-org" title="Organizational Data"><span class="headingNumber">13.3.3 </span>Organizational Data</a>). Its <span class="att">type</span> attribute should be used to characterize the name (rather than the organization), for example as an acronym: <div id="index-egXML-d52e104657" class="pre egXML_valid">Mr Frost will be able to earn an extra fee from<br /><span class="element"><orgName <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">acronym</span>"></span>BSkyB<span class="element"></orgName></span><br /> rather than the <br /><span class="element"><orgName <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">acronym</span>"></span>BBC<span class="element"></orgName></span></div> as a phrase: <div id="index-egXML-d52e104665" class="pre egXML_valid">The feeling in <span class="element"><country></span>Canada<span class="element"></country></span> is one of<br /> strong aversion to the <span class="element"><orgName <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">phrase</span>"></span>United<br /> States Government<span class="element"></orgName></span>, and of<br /> predilection for self-government under<br /> the <br /><span class="element"><orgName <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">phrase</span>"></span>English Crown<span class="element"></orgName></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NDORG-eg-38">bibliography</a> </div></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e104676" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><orgName></span>The Justified Ancients of Mu Mu<span class="element"></orgName></span></div> or as a composite of other kinds of name: <div id="index-egXML-d52e104680" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><orgName <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">partnerNames</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><surname></span>Ernst<span class="element"></surname></span> &amp; <span class="element"><surname></span>Young<span class="element"></surname></span><span class="element"></orgName></span></div></div><div class="p">The components of an organization's name may include place names as well as personal names: <div id="index-egXML-d52e104690" class="pre egXML_valid">A spokesman from<br /><span class="element"><orgName <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">regional</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><orgName></span>IBM<span class="element"></orgName></span><br /> <span class="element"><country></span>UK<span class="element"></country></span><br /><span class="element"></orgName></span> said ...<br /></div> or role names: <div id="index-egXML-d52e104699" class="pre egXML_valid">THE TICKET which you will receive herewith has been formed by<br /> the <span class="element"><orgName></span>Democratic Whig <span class="element"><name <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">role</span>"></span>party<span class="element"></name></span><span class="element"></orgName></span> after the most careful deliberation,<br /> with a reference to all the great objects of NATIONAL, STATE,<br /> COUNTY and CITY concern, and with a single eye to the <span class="element"><hi></span>Welfare and Best Interests of the Community<span class="element"></hi></span>.</div></div><div class="p">As indicated above, organizational names may also be specified hierarchically particularly where the named organization is itself a department or a branch of a larger organizational entity. <span class="q">‘The Department of Modern History, Glasgow University’</span> is an example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e104715" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><orgName></span><br /> <span class="element"><orgName></span>Department of Modern History<span class="element"></orgName></span><br /> <span class="element"><orgName></span><br /> <span class="element"><name <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">city</span>"></span>Glasgow<span class="element"></name></span><br /> <span class="element"><name <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">role</span>"></span>University<span class="element"></name></span><br /> <span class="element"></orgName></span><br /><span class="element"></orgName></span></div></div></div><div class="div2" id="NDPLAC"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="ND.html#NDORG"><span class="headingNumber">13.2.2 </span>Organizational Names</a></li><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#NDPLAC" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Place Names</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">13.2.3 </span><span class="head">Place Names</span></h4><p>Like other proper nouns or noun phrases used as names, place names can simply be marked up with the <a class="gi" title="(referencing string) contains a general purpose name or referring string." href="ref-rs.html">rs</a> element, or with the <a class="gi" title="(name, proper noun) contains a proper noun or noun phrase." href="ref-name.html">name</a> element. For cartographers and historical geographers, however, the component parts of a place name provide important information about the relation between the name and some spot in space and time. They also provide important evidence in historical linguistics.</p><p>These Guidelines distinguish three ways of referring to places. A place name (represented using the <a class="gi" title="contains an absolute or relative place name." href="ref-placeName.html">placeName</a> element) may consist of one or more names for hierarchically-organized geo-political or administrative units (see section <a class="link_ptr" href="ND.html#NDPLGU" title="Geopolitical Place Names"><span class="headingNumber">13.2.3.1 </span>Geo-political Place Names</a>). A place named simply in terms of geographical features such as mountains or rivers is represented using the <a class="gi" title="(geographical name) identifies a name associated with some geographical feature such as Windrush Valley or Mount Sinai." href="ref-geogName.html">geogName</a> element (see section <a class="link_ptr" href="ND.html#NDPLGF" title="Geographic Names"><span class="headingNumber">13.2.3.2 </span>Geographic Names</a>). Finally, an expression consisting of phrases expressing spatial or other kinds of relationship between other kinds of named place may itself be regarded as a way of referring to a place, and hence as a kind of named place (see section <a class="link_ptr" href="ND.html#NDPLR" title="Relative Place Names"><span class="headingNumber">13.2.3.3 </span>Relative Place Names</a>). </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-placeName.html">placeName</a></span> contains an absolute or relative place name.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-geogName.html">geogName</a></span> (geographical name) identifies a name associated with some geographical feature such as Windrush Valley or Mount Sinai.</li></ul><p>As members of the <a class="link_odd" title="provides attributes common to elements which refer to named persons, places, organizations etc." href="ref-att.naming.html">att.naming</a> class, all of these elements bear the attributes <span class="att">key</span>, <span class="att">ref</span>, and <span class="att">nymRef</span> mentioned above. These attributes are primarily useful as a means of linking a place name with information about a specific place. Recommendations for the encoding of information about a place, as distinct from its name, are provided in <a class="link_ptr" href="ND.html#NDGEOG" title="Places"><span class="headingNumber">13.3.4 </span>Places</a> below.</p><div class="p">Like the <a class="gi" title="(personal name) contains a proper noun or proper-noun phrase referring to a person, possibly including one or more of the person's forenames, surnames, honorifics, added names, etc." href="ref-persName.html">persName</a> element discussed in section <a class="link_ptr" href="ND.html#NDPER" title="Personal Names"><span class="headingNumber">13.2.1 </span>Personal Names</a>, the <a class="gi" title="contains an absolute or relative place name." href="ref-placeName.html">placeName</a> element may be regarded simply as an abbreviation for the elements <span class="tag"><name type="place"></span> or <span class="tag"><rs type="place"></span>. The following encodings are thus equivalent:<span id="Note86_return"><a class="notelink" title="Strictly, a suitable value such as figurative should be added to the two place names which are presented periphrastically in the second version of thi…" href="#Note86"><sup>49</sup></a></span> <div id="index-egXML-d52e105381" class="pre egXML_valid">After<br /> spending some time in our <span class="element"><rs <span class="attribute">ref</span>="<span class="attributevalue">tag:projectname.org,2012:NY1</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">place</span>"></span>modern <span class="element"><name <span class="attribute">ref</span>="<span class="attributevalue">tag:projectname.org,2012:BA1</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">place</span>"></span>Babylon<span class="element"></name></span><span class="element"></rs></span>, <span class="element"><name <span class="attribute">ref</span>="<span class="attributevalue">tag:projectname.org,2012:NY1</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">place</span>"></span>New York<span class="element"></name></span>, I have proceeded to<br /> the <span class="element"><rs <span class="attribute">ref</span>="<span class="attributevalue">tag:projectname.org,2012:PH1</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">place</span>"></span>City of Brotherly Love<span class="element"></rs></span>.</div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e105395" class="pre egXML_valid">After spending some<br /> time in our <span class="element"><placeName <span class="attribute">ref</span>="<span class="attributevalue">tag:projectname.org,2012:NY1</span>"></span>modern<br /> <span class="element"><placeName <span class="attribute">ref</span>="<span class="attributevalue">tag:projectname.org,2012:BA1</span>"></span>Babylon<span class="element"></placeName></span><span class="element"></placeName></span>,<br /><span class="element"><placeName <span class="attribute">ref</span>="<span class="attributevalue">tag:projectname.org,2012:NY1</span>"></span>New<br /> York<span class="element"></placeName></span>, I have proceeded to the <span class="element"><placeName <span class="attribute">ref</span>="<span class="attributevalue">tag:projectname.org,2012:PH1</span>"></span>City of<br /> Brotherly Love<span class="element"></placeName></span>.<div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NDPLAC-eg-55">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="div3" id="NDPLGU"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="ND.html#NDPLGF"><span class="headingNumber">13.2.3.2 </span>Geographic Names</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h5><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#NDPLGU" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Geo-political Place Names</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">13.2.3.1 </span><span class="head">Geo-political Place Names</span></h5><div class="p">A place name may contain text with no indication of its internal structure: <div id="index-egXML-d52e105414" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><placeName></span>Rochester,<br /> NY<span class="element"></placeName></span></div> More usually however, a place name of this kind will be further analysed in terms of its constitutive geo-political or administrative units. These may be arranged in ascending sequence according to their size or administrative importance, for example: <span class="q">‘Rochester, New York’</span>, or as a single such unit, for example <span class="q">‘Belgium’</span>. These Guidelines provide a hierarchy of generic element names, each of which may be more exactly specified by means of a <span class="att">type</span> attribute: <ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-district.html">district</a></span> contains the name of any kind of subdivision of a settlement, such as a parish, ward, or other administrative or geographic unit.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-settlement.html">settlement</a></span> contains the name of a settlement such as a city, town, or village identified as a single geo-political or administrative unit.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-region.html">region</a></span> contains the name of an administrative unit such as a state, province, or county, larger than a settlement, but smaller than a country.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-country.html">country</a></span> contains the name of a geo-political unit, such as a nation, country, colony, or commonwealth, larger than or administratively superior to a region and smaller than a bloc.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-bloc.html">bloc</a></span> contains the name of a geo-political unit consisting of two or more nation states or countries.</li></ul></div><div class="p">These elements are all members of the <a class="link_odd" title="groups elements which form part of a place name." href="ref-model.placeNamePart.html">model.placeNamePart</a> class, members of which may be used anywhere that text is permitted, including within each other as in the following examples: <div id="index-egXML-d52e105438" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><placeName></span><br /> <span class="element"><settlement <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">city</span>"></span>Rochester<span class="element"></settlement></span>,<br /> <span class="element"><region <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">state</span>"></span>New York<span class="element"></region></span><span class="element"></placeName></span></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e105446" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><placeName <span class="attribute">ref</span>="<span class="attributevalue">tag:projectname.org,2012:LSEA1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><country <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">nation</span>"></span>Laos<span class="element"></country></span>,<br /> <span class="element"><bloc <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">sub-continent</span>"></span>Southeast Asia<span class="element"></bloc></span><span class="element"></placeName></span></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e105454" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><placeName></span><br /> <span class="element"><district <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">arondissement</span>"></span>6ème<span class="element"></district></span><br /> <span class="element"><settlement <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">city</span>"></span>Paris, <span class="element"></settlement></span><br /> <span class="element"><country></span>France<span class="element"></country></span><br /><span class="element"></placeName></span></div></div></div><div class="div3" id="NDPLGF"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="ND.html#NDPLGU"><span class="headingNumber">13.2.3.1 </span>Geo-political Place Names</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="ND.html#NDPLR"><span class="headingNumber">13.2.3.3 </span>Relative Place Names</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h5><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#NDPLGF" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Geographic Names</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">13.2.3.2 </span><span class="head">Geographic Names</span></h5><div class="p">Places may also be named in terms of geographic features such as mountains, lakes, or rivers, independently of geo-political units. The <a class="gi" title="(geographical name) identifies a name associated with some geographical feature such as Windrush Valley or Mount Sinai." href="ref-geogName.html">geogName</a> is provided to mark up such names, as an alternative to the <a class="gi" title="contains an absolute or relative place name." href="ref-placeName.html">placeName</a> element discussed above. For example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e105474" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><geogName <span class="attribute">ref</span>="<span class="attributevalue">tag:projectname.org,2012:MIRI1</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">river</span>"></span>Mississippi River<span class="element"></geogName></span></div></div><p>In addition to the usual phrase level elements, the <a class="gi" title="(geographical name) identifies a name associated with some geographical feature such as Windrush Valley or Mount Sinai." href="ref-geogName.html">geogName</a> element may contain the following specialized element: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-geogFeat.html">geogFeat</a></span> (geographical feature name) contains a common noun identifying some geographical feature contained within a geographic name, such as valley, mount, etc.</li></ul><div class="p">Where the <a class="gi" title="(geographical feature name) contains a common noun identifying some geographical feature contained within a geographic name, such as valley, mount, etc." href="ref-geogFeat.html">geogFeat</a> element is used to characterize the kind of geographic feature being named, the <a class="gi" title="(name, proper noun) contains a proper noun or noun phrase." href="ref-name.html">name</a> element will generally also be used to mark the associated proper noun or noun phrase: <div id="index-egXML-d52e105494" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><geogName <span class="attribute">ref</span>="<span class="attributevalue">tag:projectname.org,2012:MIRI1</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">river</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><name></span>Mississippi<span class="element"></name></span><br /> <span class="element"><geogFeat></span>River<span class="element"></geogFeat></span><br /><span class="element"></geogName></span></div> A more complex example, showing a variety of practices, follows: <div id="index-egXML-d52e105501" class="pre egXML_valid">The isolated ridge<br /> separates two great corridors which run from <span class="element"><name <span class="attribute">ref</span>="<span class="attributevalue">tag:projectname.org,2012:GLCO1</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">place</span>"></span>Glencoe<span class="element"></name></span> into<br /><span class="element"><geogName <span class="attribute">ref</span>="<span class="attributevalue">tag:projectname.org,2012:GLET1</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">glen</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><geogFeat></span>Glen<span class="element"></geogFeat></span><br /> <span class="element"><name></span>Etive<span class="element"></name></span><br /><span class="element"></geogName></span>, the<br /><span class="element"><geogName <span class="attribute">ref</span>="<span class="attributevalue">tag:projectname.org,2012:LAGA1</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">hill</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><geogFeat <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">gd</span>"></span>Lairig<span class="element"></geogFeat></span><br /> <span class="element"><name></span>Gartain<span class="element"></name></span><br /><span class="element"></geogName></span> and the<br /><br /><span class="element"><geogName <span class="attribute">ref</span>="<span class="attributevalue">tag:projectname.org,2012:LAEI1</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">hill</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><geogFeat <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">gd</span>"></span>Lairig<span class="element"></geogFeat></span><br /> <span class="element"><name></span>Eilde<span class="element"></name></span><br /><span class="element"></geogName></span></div></div><p>The Gaelic word <span class="mentioned">lairig</span> may be glossed as <span class="gloss">sloping hill face</span>. The most efficient way of including this information in the above encoding would be to create a separate <a class="gi" title="(canonical name) contains the definition for a canonical name or name component of any kind." href="ref-nym.html">nym</a> element for this component of the name and then point to it using the <span class="att">nymRef</span> attribute, as further discussed in <a class="link_ptr" href="ND.html#NDNYM" title="Names and Nyms"><span class="headingNumber">13.3.5 </span>Names and Nyms</a>.</p></div><div class="div3" id="NDPLR"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="ND.html#NDPLGF"><span class="headingNumber">13.2.3.2 </span>Geographic Names</a></li><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h5><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#NDPLR" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Relative Place Names</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">13.2.3.3 </span><span class="head">Relative Place Names</span></h5><p>All the place name specifications so far discussed are <span class="noindex">absolute</span>, in the sense that they define only one place. A place may however be specified in terms of its relationship to another place, for example <span class="q">‘10 miles northeast of Paris’</span> or <span class="q">‘near the top of Mount Sinai’</span>. These <span class="term">relative place names</span> will contain a place name which acts as a referent (e.g. <span class="q">‘Paris’</span> and <span class="q">‘Mount Sinai’</span>). They will also contain a word or phrase indicating the position of the place being named in relation to the referent (e.g. <span class="q">‘the top of’</span>, <span class="q">‘north of’</span>). A distance, possibly only vaguely specified, between the referent place and the place being indicated may also be present (e.g. <span class="q">‘10 miles’</span>, <span class="q">‘near’</span>).</p><div class="p">Relative place names may be encoded using the following elements in combination with either a <a class="gi" title="contains an absolute or relative place name." href="ref-placeName.html">placeName</a> or a <a class="gi" title="(geographical name) identifies a name associated with some geographical feature such as Windrush Valley or Mount Sinai." href="ref-geogName.html">geogName</a> element. <ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-offset.html">offset</a></span> marks that part of a relative temporal or spatial expression which indicates the direction of the offset between the two place names, dates, or times involved in the expression.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-measure.html">measure</a></span> contains a word or phrase referring to some quantity of an object or commodity, usually comprising a number, a unit, and a commodity name.</li></ul> Some examples of relative place names are: <div id="index-egXML-d52e105587" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><placeName <span class="attribute">ref</span>="<span class="attributevalue">tag:projectname.org,2012:NRPA1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><offset></span>near the top of<span class="element"></offset></span><br /> <span class="element"><geogName></span><br /> <span class="element"><geogFeat></span>Mount<span class="element"></geogFeat></span><br /> <span class="element"><name></span>Sinai<span class="element"></name></span><br /> <span class="element"></geogName></span><br /><span class="element"></placeName></span></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e105597" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><placeName></span><br /> <span class="element"><measure></span>20 km<span class="element"></measure></span><br /> <span class="element"><offset></span>north of<span class="element"></offset></span><br /> <span class="element"><settlement <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">city</span>"></span>Paris<span class="element"></settlement></span><br /><span class="element"></placeName></span></div> If desired, the distance specified may be normalized using the <span class="att">unit</span> and <span class="att">quantity</span> attributes of <a class="gi" title="contains a word or phrase referring to some quantity of an object or commodity, usually comprising a number, a unit, and a commodity name." href="ref-measure.html">measure</a>: <div id="index-egXML-d52e105616" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><placeName <span class="attribute">ref</span>="<span class="attributevalue">tag:projectname.org,2012:Duncan</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><measure <span class="attribute">unit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">km</span>" <span class="attribute">quantity</span>="<span class="attributevalue">17.7</span>"></span>11 miles<span class="element"></measure></span><br /> <span class="element"><offset></span>Northwest of<span class="element"></offset></span><br /> <span class="element"><settlement <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">city</span>"></span>Providence<span class="element"></settlement></span>, <span class="element"><region <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">state</span>"></span>RI<span class="element"></region></span><span class="element"></placeName></span></div></div><p>The internal structure of place names is like that of personal names—complex and subject to an enormous amount of variation across time and different cultures. The recommendations in this section should however be adequate for a majority of users and applications; they may be extended using the mechanisms described in chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="USE.html#MD" title="Customization"><span class="headingNumber">23.3 </span>Customization</a> to add new elements to the existing classes. When the focus of interest is on the name components themselves, as in place name studies for example, the elements discussed in <a class="link_ptr" href="ND.html#NDNYM" title="Names and Nyms"><span class="headingNumber">13.3.5 </span>Names and Nyms</a> may also be of use. Alternatively, the meaning structure itself may be represented using feature structures (<a class="link_ptr" href="FS.html" title="16"><span class="headingNumber">18 </span>Feature Structures</a>).</p></div></div></div><div class="div2" id="NDPERS"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="ND.html#NDNA"><span class="headingNumber">13.2 </span>Names</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="ND.html#index-body.1_div.13_div.4"><span class="headingNumber">13.4 </span>Module for Names and Dates</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h3><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#NDPERS" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Biographical and Prosopographical Data</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">13.3 </span><span class="head">Biographical and Prosopographical Data</span></h3><p>This module defines a number of special purpose elements which can be used to markup biographical, historical, and prosopographical data. We envisage a number of users and uses for these elements. For example, an encoder may be interested in creating or converting a set of biographical records, for example of the type found in a Dictionary of National Biography. Another use is the creation or conversion of a database-like collection of information about a group of people, such as the people referenced in a marked-up collection of documents, or persons who have served as informants in the creation of spoken corpora. It is also appropriate to use these elements to register information relating to those who have taken part in the creation of a TEI document.</p><p>To cater for this diversity, these Guidelines propose a flexible strategy, in which encoders may choose for themselves the approach appropriate to their needs. If one were interested, for example, in converting existing DNB-type records, and wanted to preserve the text as is, the <a class="gi" title="provides information about an identifiable individual, for example a participant in a language interaction, or a person referred to in a historical source." href="ref-person.html">person</a> element (see <a class="link_ptr" href="ND.html#NDPERSE" title="The Person Element"><span class="headingNumber">13.3.2 </span>The Person Element</a>) could simply contain the text of an article, placed within <a class="gi" title="(paragraph) marks paragraphs in prose." href="ref-p.html">p</a> elements, possibly using elements such as <a class="gi" title="(name, proper noun) contains a proper noun or noun phrase." href="ref-name.html">name</a> or <a class="gi" title="contains a date in any format." href="ref-date.html">date</a> to mark up features of that text. For a more structured entry, however, one would extract the data and place information contained in the text, and encode it directly using the more specific elements described in this section.</p><div class="div3" id="NDPERSbp"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="ND.html#NDPERSE"><span class="headingNumber">13.3.2 </span>The Person Element</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#NDPERSbp" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Basic Principles</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">13.3.1 </span><span class="head">Basic Principles</span></h4><p>Information about people, places, and organizations, of whatever type, essentially comprises a series of statements or assertions relating to: </p><ul class="bulleted"><li class="item">characteristics or <span class="term">traits</span> which do not, by and large, change over time</li><li class="item">characteristics or <span class="term">states</span> which hold true only at a specific time</li><li class="item"><span class="term">events</span> or incidents which may lead to a change of state or, less frequently, trait.</li></ul><p>‘Characteristics’ or ‘traits’ are typically independent of an individual's volition or action and can be either physical, such as sex or hair and eye colour, or cultural, such as ethnicity, caste, or faith. The distinction is not entirely straightforward, however: while sex is fairly obviously a physical trait, gender should rather be regarded as culturally determined, and the division of mankind into different ‘races’, proposed by early (white European) anthropologists on the basis of physical characteristics such as skin colour, hair type and skull measurements, is now considered to be more a social or mental construct. Furthermore, while some characteristics will obviously change over time, hair colour for example, none, in principle—not even sex—is immutable.</p><p>‘States’ include, for example, marital status, place of residence and position or occupation. Such states have a definite duration, that is, they have a beginning and an end and are typically a consequence of the individual's own action or that of others.</p><p>By ‘changes in state’ are meant the events in a person's life such as birth, marriage, or appointment to office; such events will normally be associated with a specific date or a fairly narrow date-range. Changes in states can also cause or be caused by changes in characteristics. Any statement or assertion on any of these aspects of a person's life will be based on some source, possibly multiple sources, possibly contradictory. Taking all this into account it follows that each such statement or assertion needs to be able to be documented, put into a time frame and be relatable to other statements or assertions of the same or any of the other types.</p><p>The elements defined by the module described in this chapter may, for the most part, all be regarded as specializations of one or other of the above three classes. Generic elements for state, trait, and event are also defined: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-state.html">state</a></span> contains a description of some status or quality attributed to a person, place, or organization often at some specific time or for a specific date range.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-trait.html">trait</a></span> contains a description of some status or quality attributed to a person, place, or organization typically, but not necessarily, independent of the volition or action of the holder and usually not at some specific time or for a specific date range.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-event.html">event</a></span> contains data relating to any kind of significant event associated with a person, place, or organization.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">where</span></td><td>indicates the location of an event by pointing to a <a class="gi" title="contains data about a geographic location" href="ref-place.html">place</a> element</td></tr></table></li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-listEvent.html">listEvent</a></span> (list of events) contains a list of descriptions, each of which provides information about an identifiable event.</li></ul></div><div class="div3" id="NDPERSE"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="ND.html#NDPERSbp"><span class="headingNumber">13.3.1 </span>Basic Principles</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="ND.html#ND-org"><span class="headingNumber">13.3.3 </span>Organizational Data</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#NDPERSE" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: The Person Element</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">13.3.2 </span><span class="head">The Person Element</span></h4><p>Information about a person, as distinct from references to a person, for example by name, is grouped together within a <a class="gi" title="provides information about an identifiable individual, for example a participant in a language interaction, or a person referred to in a historical source." href="ref-person.html">person</a> element. Information about a group of people regarded as a single entity (for example ‘the audience’ of a performance) may be encoded using the <a class="gi" title="(personal group) describes a group of individuals treated as a single person for analytic purposes." href="ref-personGrp.html">personGrp</a> element. Note however that information about a group of people with a distinct identity (for example a named theatrical troupe) should be recorded using the <a class="gi" title="(organization) provides information about an identifiable organization such as a business, a tribe, or any other grouping of people." href="ref-org.html">org</a> element described in section <a class="link_ptr" href="ND.html#ND-org" title="Organizational Data"><span class="headingNumber">13.3.3 </span>Organizational Data</a> below.</p><p>These elements may appear only within a <a class="gi" title="(list of persons) contains a list of descriptions, each of which provides information about an identifiable person or a group of people, for example the participants in a language interaction, or the people referred to in a historical source." href="ref-listPerson.html">listPerson</a> element, which groups such descriptions together, and optionally also describes relationships amongst the people listed. </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-listPerson.html">listPerson</a></span> (list of persons) contains a list of descriptions, each of which provides information about an identifiable person or a group of people, for example the participants in a language interaction, or the people referred to in a historical source.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-listRelation.html">listRelation</a></span> provides information about relationships identified amongst people, places, and organizations, either informally as prose or as formally expressed relation links.</li></ul><p>One or more <a class="gi" title="(list of persons) contains a list of descriptions, each of which provides information about an identifiable person or a group of people, for example the participants in a language interaction, or the people referred to in a historical source." href="ref-listPerson.html">listPerson</a> elements may be supplied within the <a class="gi" title="(participation description) describes the identifiable speakers, voices, or other participants in any kind of text or other persons named or otherwise referred to in a text, edition, or metadata." href="ref-particDesc.html">particDesc</a> (participant description) element in the <a class="gi" title="(text-profile description) provides a detailed description of non-bibliographic aspects of a text, specifically the languages and sublanguages used, the situation in which it was produced, the participants and their setting." href="ref-profileDesc.html">profileDesc</a> element of a TEI header (see <a class="link_ptr" href="HD.html#HD4" title="The Profile Description"><span class="headingNumber">2.4 </span>The Profile Description</a>). Like other forms of list, however, the <a class="gi" title="(list of persons) contains a list of descriptions, each of which provides information about an identifiable person or a group of people, for example the participants in a language interaction, or the people referred to in a historical source." href="ref-listPerson.html">listPerson</a> can also appear within the body of a text when the module defined by this chapter is included in a schema.</p><div class="p">The <span class="att">type</span> attribute may be used to distinguish lists of people of different kinds where this is considered convenient: <div id="index-egXML-d52e106296" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><profileDesc></span><br /> <span class="element"><particDesc></span><br /> <span class="element"><listPerson <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">historical</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><person <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">ART1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><persName></span>Arthur<span class="element"></persName></span><br /> <span class="element"></person></span><br /> <span class="element"><person <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">BERT1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><persName></span>Bertrand<span class="element"></persName></span><br /> <span class="element"></person></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"></listPerson></span><br /> <span class="element"><listPerson <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">mythological</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><person <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">ART2</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><persName></span>Arthur<span class="element"></persName></span><br /> <span class="element"></person></span><br /> <span class="element"><person <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">BERT2</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><persName></span>Bertrand<span class="element"></persName></span><br /> <span class="element"></person></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"></listPerson></span><br /> <span class="element"></particDesc></span><br /><span class="element"></profileDesc></span></div></div><p>The <a class="gi" title="provides information about an identifiable individual, for example a participant in a language interaction, or a person referred to in a historical source." href="ref-person.html">person</a> element carries several attributes. As a member of the classes <a class="link_odd" title="provides attributes indicating the agent responsible for some aspect of the text, the markup or something asserted by the markup, and the degree of certainty associated with it." href="ref-att.global.responsibility.html">att.global.responsibility</a>, <a class="link_odd" title="provides attributes describing the nature of an encoded scholarly intervention or interpretation of any kind." href="ref-att.editLike.html">att.editLike</a>, and <a class="link_odd" title="provides an attribute used by elements to point to an external source." href="ref-att.global.source.html">att.global.source</a> class, it carries the usual attributes for providing details about the information recorded for that person, such as its reliability or source: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-att.global.responsibility.html">att.global.responsibility</a></span> provides attributes indicating the agent responsible for some aspect of the text, the markup or something asserted by the markup, and the degree of certainty associated with it.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">cert</span></td><td>(certainty) signifies the degree of certainty associated with the intervention or interpretation.</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">resp</span></td><td>(responsible party) indicates the agency responsible for the intervention or interpretation, for example an editor or transcriber.</td></tr></table></li><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-att.editLike.html">att.editLike</a></span> provides attributes describing the nature of an encoded scholarly intervention or interpretation of any kind.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">evidence</span></td><td>indicates the nature of the evidence supporting the reliability or accuracy of the intervention or interpretation.
Suggested values include: 1] internal; 2] external; 3] conjecture</td></tr></table></li><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-att.global.source.html">att.global.source</a></span> provides an attribute used by elements to point to an external source.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">source</span></td><td>specifies the source from which some aspect of this element is drawn.</td></tr></table></li></ul><p> In addition, a small number of very commonly used personal properties may be recorded using attributes specific to <a class="gi" title="provides information about an identifiable individual, for example a participant in a language interaction, or a person referred to in a historical source." href="ref-person.html">person</a> and <a class="gi" title="(personal group) describes a group of individuals treated as a single person for analytic purposes." href="ref-personGrp.html">personGrp</a>: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-person.html">person</a></span> provides information about an identifiable individual, for example a participant in a language interaction, or a person referred to in a historical source.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">role</span></td><td>specifies a primary role or classification for the person.</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">sex</span></td><td>specifies the sex of the person.</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">age</span></td><td>specifies an age group for the person.</td></tr></table></li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-personGrp.html">personGrp</a></span> (personal group) describes a group of individuals treated as a single person for analytic purposes.</li></ul><p>These attributes are intended for use where only a small amount of data is to be encoded in a more or less normalized form, possibly for many person elements, for example when encoding basic facts about respondents to a questionnaire. When however a more detailed encoding is required for all kinds of information about a person, for example in a historical gazetteer, then it will be more appropriate to use the elements <a class="gi" title="specifies the age of a person." href="ref-age.html">age</a>, <a class="gi" title="specifies the sex of a person." href="ref-sex.html">sex</a> and others described elsewhere in this chapter.</p><div class="p">Note that the <span class="att">age</span> attribute is not intended to record the person's age expressed in years, months, or other temporal unit. Rather it is intended to record into which age bracket, for the purposes of some analysis, the person falls. A simple (perhaps too simple to be useful) binary classification of age brackets would be <span class="val">child</span> and <span class="val">adult</span>. The actual age brackets useful to various projects are likely to be varied and idiosyncratic, and thus these Guidelines make no particular recommendation as to possible values. Instead, individual projects are recommended to define the values they use in their own customization file, using a declaration like the following: <div id="index-egXML-d52e106364" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><elementSpec <span class="attribute">ident</span>="<span class="attributevalue">person</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">module</span>="<span class="attributevalue">namesdates</span>" <span class="attribute">mode</span>="<span class="attributevalue">change</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><attList></span><br /> <span class="element"><attDef <span class="attribute">mode</span>="<span class="attributevalue">replace</span>" <span class="attribute">ident</span>="<span class="attributevalue">age</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><datatype></span><br /> <span class="element"><dataRef <span class="attribute">key</span>="<span class="attributevalue">teidata.enumerated</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"></datatype></span><br /> <span class="element"><valList <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">closed</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><valItem <span class="attribute">ident</span>="<span class="attributevalue">child</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><desc></span>less than 18 years of age<span class="element"></desc></span><br /> <span class="element"></valItem></span><br /> <span class="element"><valItem <span class="attribute">ident</span>="<span class="attributevalue">adult</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><desc></span>18 to 65 years of age<span class="element"></desc></span><br /> <span class="element"></valItem></span><br /> <span class="element"><valItem <span class="attribute">ident</span>="<span class="attributevalue">retired</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><desc></span>over 65 years of age<span class="element"></desc></span><br /> <span class="element"></valItem></span><br /> <span class="element"></valList></span><br /> <span class="element"></attDef></span><br /> <span class="element"></attList></span><br /><span class="element"></elementSpec></span></div> The above declaration, were it properly placed in a customization file, establishes that the <span class="att">age</span> attribute of <a class="gi" title="provides information about an identifiable individual, for example a participant in a language interaction, or a person referred to in a historical source." href="ref-person.html">person</a> has only three possible values, <span class="val">child</span>, <span class="val">adult</span>, and <span class="val">retired</span>. For more information on customization see <a class="link_ptr" href="USE.html#MD" title="Customization"><span class="headingNumber">23.3 </span>Customization</a>.</div><p>The <a class="gi" title="provides information about an identifiable individual, for example a participant in a language interaction, or a person referred to in a historical source." href="ref-person.html">person</a> element may contain many sub-elements, each specifying a different property of the person being described. The remainder of this section describes these more specific elements. For convenience, these elements are grouped into three classes, corresponding with the tripartite division outlined above: one for traits, one for states and one for events. Each class may contain specific elements for common types of biographical information, and contains a generic element for other, user-defined, types of information.</p><p>All the elements in these three classes belong to the attribute class <a class="link_odd" title="provides attributes for normalization of elements that contain dates, times, or datable events." href="ref-att.datable.html">att.datable</a>, which provides the following attributes: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-att.datable.w3c.html">att.datable.w3c</a></span> provides attributes for normalization of elements that contain datable events conforming to the W3C <span class="titlem">XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes Second Edition</span>.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">when</span></td><td>supplies the value of the date or time in a standard form, e.g. yyyy-mm-dd.</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">notBefore</span></td><td>specifies the earliest possible date for the event in standard form, e.g. yyyy-mm-dd.</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">notAfter</span></td><td>specifies the latest possible date for the event in standard form, e.g. yyyy-mm-dd.</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">from</span></td><td>indicates the starting point of the period in standard form, e.g. yyyy-mm-dd.</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">to</span></td><td>indicates the ending point of the period in standard form, e.g. yyyy-mm-dd.</td></tr></table></li></ul><p> as discussed in <a class="link_ptr" href="ND.html#NDATTS" title="Attribute Classes Defined by This Module"><span class="headingNumber">13.1 </span>Attribute Classes Defined by This Module</a> above.</p><div class="div4" id="NDPERSEpc"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="ND.html#NDPERSEpe"><span class="headingNumber">13.3.2.2 </span>Personal Events</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h5><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#NDPERSEpc" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Personal Characteristics</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">13.3.2.1 </span><span class="head">Personal Characteristics</span></h5><div class="p">The <a class="link_odd" title="groups elements describing changeable characteristics of a person which have a definite duration, for example occupation, residence, or name." href="ref-model.persStateLike.html">model.persStateLike</a> class contains elements describing physical or socially-constructed characteristics, traits, or states of a person. Members of the class comprise the following specific elements: <ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-faith.html">faith</a></span> specifies the faith, religion, or belief set of a person.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-langKnowledge.html">langKnowledge</a></span> (language knowledge) summarizes the state of a person's linguistic knowledge, either as prose or by a list of <a class="gi" title="(language known) summarizes the state of a person's linguistic competence, i.e., knowledge of a single language." href="ref-langKnown.html">langKnown</a> elements.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-nationality.html">nationality</a></span> contains an informal description of a person's present or past nationality or citizenship.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-sex.html">sex</a></span> specifies the sex of a person.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-age.html">age</a></span> specifies the age of a person.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-socecStatus.html">socecStatus</a></span> (socio-economic status) contains an informal description of a person's perceived social or economic status.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-persName.html">persName</a></span> (personal name) contains a proper noun or proper-noun phrase referring to a person, possibly including one or more of the person's forenames, surnames, honorifics, added names, etc.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-occupation.html">occupation</a></span> contains an informal description of a person's trade, profession or occupation.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-residence.html">residence</a></span> describes a person's present or past places of residence.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-affiliation.html">affiliation</a></span> contains an informal description of a person's present or past affiliation with some organization, for example an employer or sponsor.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-education.html">education</a></span> contains a description of the educational experience of a person.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-floruit.html">floruit</a></span> contains information about a person's period of activity.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-state.html">state</a></span> contains a description of some status or quality attributed to a person, place, or organization often at some specific time or for a specific date range.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-trait.html">trait</a></span> contains a description of some status or quality attributed to a person, place, or organization typically, but not necessarily, independent of the volition or action of the holder and usually not at some specific time or for a specific date range.</li></ul> All, apart from <a class="gi" title="(language knowledge) summarizes the state of a person's linguistic knowledge, either as prose or by a list of <langKnown> elements." href="ref-langKnowledge.html">langKnowledge</a>, allow content of ordinary prose containing phrase-level elements. <div id="index-egXML-d52e106445" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><socecStatus <span class="attribute">ref</span>="<span class="attributevalue">tag:projectname.org,2012:AB1</span>"></span>Status AB1 in the RG Classification scheme<span class="element"></socecStatus></span></div> </div><p>The meanings of concepts such as sex, nationality, or age are highly culturally-dependent, and the encoder should take particular care to be explicit about any assumptions underlying their usage of them. For example, when recording personal age in different cultures, there may be different assumptions about the point from which age is reckoned. A statement of the practice adopted in a given encoding may usefully be provided in the <a class="gi" title="(editorial practice declaration) provides details of editorial principles and practices applied during the encoding of a text." href="ref-editorialDecl.html">editorialDecl</a> element discussed in <a class="link_ptr" href="HD.html#HD53" title="The Editorial Practices Declaration"><span class="headingNumber">2.3.3 </span>The Editorial Practices Declaration</a>.</p><p>The <a class="gi" title="(language knowledge) summarizes the state of a person's linguistic knowledge, either as prose or by a list of <langKnown> elements." href="ref-langKnowledge.html">langKnowledge</a> element contains either paragraphs or a number of <a class="gi" title="(language known) summarizes the state of a person's linguistic competence, i.e., knowledge of a single language." href="ref-langKnown.html">langKnown</a> elements; it may take a <span class="att">tags</span> attribute, which provides one or more standard codes or ‘tag’s for the languages. The <a class="gi" title="(language known) summarizes the state of a person's linguistic competence, i.e., knowledge of a single language." href="ref-langKnown.html">langKnown</a> element must have a <span class="att">tag</span> attribute, which indicates the language with the same kind of ‘language tag’. These ‘language tags’ are discussed in detail in <a class="link_ptr" href="CH.html#CHSH" title="Language Identification"><span class="headingNumber">vi.1. </span>Language Identification</a>.</p><div class="p">Furthermore, the <a class="gi" title="(language known) summarizes the state of a person's linguistic competence, i.e., knowledge of a single language." href="ref-langKnown.html">langKnown</a> element also has a <span class="att">level</span> attribute to indicate the level of the person's competence in the language. It is thus possible either to say: <div id="index-egXML-d52e106495" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><langKnowledge <span class="attribute">tags</span>="<span class="attributevalue">ff fr wo en</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Speaks fluent Fulani, Wolof, and French. Some knowledge of English.<span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"></langKnowledge></span></div> or <div id="index-egXML-d52e106500" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><langKnowledge></span><br /> <span class="element"><langKnown <span class="attribute">level</span>="<span class="attributevalue">fluent</span>" <span class="attribute">tag</span>="<span class="attributevalue">ff</span>"></span>Fulani<span class="element"></langKnown></span><br /> <span class="element"><langKnown <span class="attribute">level</span>="<span class="attributevalue">fluent</span>" <span class="attribute">tag</span>="<span class="attributevalue">wo</span>"></span>Wolof<span class="element"></langKnown></span><br /> <span class="element"><langKnown <span class="attribute">level</span>="<span class="attributevalue">fluent</span>" <span class="attribute">tag</span>="<span class="attributevalue">fr</span>"></span>French<span class="element"></langKnown></span><br /> <span class="element"><langKnown <span class="attribute">level</span>="<span class="attributevalue">basic</span>" <span class="attribute">tag</span>="<span class="attributevalue">en</span>"></span>English<span class="element"></langKnown></span><br /><span class="element"></langKnowledge></span></div></div><div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="specifies the sex of a person." href="ref-sex.html">sex</a> element carries a <span class="att">value</span> attribute to give values from a project-internal taxonomy, or an external standard, such as vCard's sex property <a class="link_ptr" href="http://microformats.org/wiki/gender-formats"><span>http://microformats.org/wiki/gender-formats</span></a> (in which <span class="val">M</span> indicates male, <span class="val">F</span> indicates female, <span class="val">O</span> indicates other, <span class="val">N</span> indicates none or not applicable, <span class="val">U</span> indicates unknown) or the often used ISO 5218:2004 <span class="titlem">Representation of Human Sexes</span> <a class="link_ptr" href="http://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/c036266_ISO_IEC_5218_2004(E_F).zip"><span>http://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/c036266_ISO_IEC_5218_2004(E_F).zip</span></a> (in which <span class="val">0</span> indicates unknown; <span class="val">1</span> indicates male; <span class="val">2</span> indicates female; and <span class="val">9</span> indicates not applicable, although the ISO standard is widely considered inadequate). <div id="index-egXML-d52e106555" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><sex <span class="attribute">value</span>="<span class="attributevalue">F</span>"></span>female<span class="element"></sex></span></div> As elsewhere, these coded values may be used as an alternative to or normalization of the actual descriptive text contained in the element. The previous example might equally well be given as <div id="index-egXML-d52e106559" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><sex <span class="attribute">value</span>="<span class="attributevalue">F</span>"/></span></div></div><div class="p">The generic <a class="gi" title="contains a description of some status or quality attributed to a person, place, or organization typically, but not necessarily, independent of the volition or action of the holder and usually not at some specific time or for a specific date range." href="ref-trait.html">trait</a> and <a class="gi" title="contains a description of some status or quality attributed to a person, place, or organization often at some specific time or for a specific date range." href="ref-state.html">state</a> elements are also a member of this class, <ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-trait.html">trait</a></span> contains a description of some status or quality attributed to a person, place, or organization typically, but not necessarily, independent of the volition or action of the holder and usually not at some specific time or for a specific date range.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-state.html">state</a></span> contains a description of some status or quality attributed to a person, place, or organization often at some specific time or for a specific date range.</li></ul> These element can be used to extend the range of information supplied about an individual's personal characteristics. Either may contain an optional <a class="gi" title="contains any label or heading used to identify part of a text, typically but not exclusively in a list or glossary." href="ref-label.html">label</a> element, used to provide a human-readable specification for the characteristic concerned and a description of the feature itself supplied within a <a class="gi" title="(description) contains a brief description of the object documented by its parent element, typically a documentation element or an entity." href="ref-desc.html">desc</a> element. These may be followed by or one or more <a class="gi" title="(paragraph) marks paragraphs in prose." href="ref-p.html">p</a> elements supplying more detailed information about the trait. In either case, these may be followed by one or more notes or bibliographical references. The <span class="att">type</span>, <span class="att">ref</span>, and <span class="att">key</span> attributes may be used to indicate a fuller definition of the combination of feature and value. <div id="index-egXML-d52e106593" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><trait <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">ethnicity</span>" <span class="attribute">key</span>="<span class="attributevalue">alb</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><label></span>Ethnicity<span class="element"></label></span><br /> <span class="element"><desc></span>Ethnic Albanian.<span class="element"></desc></span><br /><span class="element"></trait></span></div></div><div class="p">These elements are provided as a simple means of extending the set of descriptive features available in a standardized way. For example, there are no predefined elements for such features as eye or hair colour. If these are to be recorded, they may simply be added as new types of trait: <div id="index-egXML-d52e106604" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><trait <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">physical</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><label></span>eye colour<span class="element"></label></span><br /> <span class="element"><desc></span>blue<span class="element"></desc></span><br /><span class="element"></trait></span><br /><span class="element"><trait <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">physical</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><label></span>hair colour<span class="element"></label></span><br /> <span class="element"><desc></span>brown<span class="element"></desc></span><br /><span class="element"></trait></span></div></div><p>If none of the more specialized elements listed above is appropriate, then a choice must be made between the two generic elements <a class="gi" title="contains a description of some status or quality attributed to a person, place, or organization typically, but not necessarily, independent of the volition or action of the holder and usually not at some specific time or for a specific date range." href="ref-trait.html">trait</a> and <a class="gi" title="contains a description of some status or quality attributed to a person, place, or organization often at some specific time or for a specific date range." href="ref-state.html">state</a>. If you wish to distinguish between characteristics that are generally perceived to be transient and those which are generally considered unchanging, use <a class="gi" title="contains a description of some status or quality attributed to a person, place, or organization often at some specific time or for a specific date range." href="ref-state.html">state</a> for the former, and <a class="gi" title="contains a description of some status or quality attributed to a person, place, or organization typically, but not necessarily, independent of the volition or action of the holder and usually not at some specific time or for a specific date range." href="ref-trait.html">trait</a> for the latter. It may also be helpful to note that traits are typically, but not necessarily, independent of the volition or action of the holder. If the distinction between state and trait is not considered relevant or useful, use <a class="gi" title="contains a description of some status or quality attributed to a person, place, or organization often at some specific time or for a specific date range." href="ref-state.html">state</a>.</p><div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="(personal name) contains a proper noun or proper-noun phrase referring to a person, possibly including one or more of the person's forenames, surnames, honorifics, added names, etc." href="ref-persName.html">persName</a> element is repeatable and can, like all TEI elements, take the attribute <span class="att">xml:lang</span> to indicate the language of the content of the element, as well as a <span class="att">type</span> attribute to indicate the type of name, whether a nickname, maiden or birth name, alternative form, etc. This is useful in cases where, for example, a person is known by a Latin name and also by any number of vernacular names, many or all of which may have claims to ‘authenticity’. In order to ensure uniformity, the method generally employed in the library world has been to accept the form found in some authority file, for example that of the American Library of Congress, as the ‘base’ or ‘neutral’ form. Feelings can run high on this matter, however, and people are often reluctant to accept as ‘neutral’ an overtly foreign form of the name of their local saint or hero. Within the <a class="gi" title="provides information about an identifiable individual, for example a participant in a language interaction, or a person referred to in a historical source." href="ref-person.html">person</a> element any number of variant forms of a name can be given, with no prioritization, and hence less likelihood of offence. The Icelandic scholar and manuscript collector Árni Magnússon, to give his name in standard modern Icelandic spelling, is known in Danish as Arne Magnusson, the form which he himself, as a long term resident of Denmark, generally used; there is also a Latinized form, Arnas Magnæus, which he used in his scholarly writings. All three forms can be given, and in any order: <div id="index-egXML-d52e106661" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><person <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">ArnMag</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><persName <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">is</span>"></span>Árni Magnússon<span class="element"></persName></span><br /> <span class="element"><persName <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">da</span>"></span>Arne Magnusson<span class="element"></persName></span><br /> <span class="element"><persName <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">la</span>"></span>Arnas Magnæus<span class="element"></persName></span><br /><span class="element"></person></span></div></div><div class="p">At the other extreme, a person may be named periphrastically as in the following example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e106672" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><person <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">simon_son_of_richard2</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><persName></span>Simon, son of Richard<span class="element"></persName></span><br /> <span class="element"><residence></span><br /> <span class="element"><placeName></span><br /> <span class="element"><region></span>Essex<span class="element"></region></span><br /> <span class="element"></placeName></span><br /> <span class="element"></residence></span><br /> <span class="element"><floruit <span class="attribute">notBefore</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1219</span>" <span class="attribute">notAfter</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1223</span>"></span>1219-1223<span class="element"></floruit></span><br /><span class="element"></person></span></div></div><div class="p">Alternatively, the generic <a class="gi" title="(name, proper noun) contains a proper noun or noun phrase." href="ref-name.html">name</a> element may be used for all of the naming components in a description. For example, a description of the first living held by the Icelandic clergyman and poet Jón Oddsson Hjaltalín might be tagged as follows: <div id="index-egXML-d52e106688" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><state <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">office</span>" <span class="attribute">from</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1777-04-07</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">to</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1780-07-12</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Jón's first living — which he apparently accepted rather reluctantly — was at<br /> <span class="element"><name <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">place</span>"></span>Háls í Hamarsfirði<span class="element"></name></span>, <span class="element"><name <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">place</span>"></span>Múlasýsla<span class="element"></name></span>, to which<br /> he was presented on 7 April 1777. He was ordained the following<br /> month and spent three years at Háls, but was never happy there,<br /> due largely to the general penury in which he was forced to live —<br /> a recurrent theme throughout the early part of his life. In June<br /> of 1780 the bishop recommended that Jón<br /> should <span class="element"><q <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">da</span>"></span>promoveres til andet bedre kald, end det<br /> hand hidindtil har havt<span class="element"></q></span>, and on 12 July it was agreed that<br /> he should exchange livings with<br /> <span class="element"><name <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">person</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">ref</span>="<span class="attributevalue">tag:projectname.org,2012:ThorJon</span>"></span>sr. Þórður Jónsson<span class="element"></name></span> at<br /> <span class="element"><name <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">place</span>"></span>Kálfafell á Síðu<span class="element"></name></span>,<br /> <span class="element"><name <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">place</span>"></span>Skaftafellssýsla<span class="element"></name></span>.<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"><bibl></span>ÞÍ, Stms I.15, p. 733.<span class="element"></bibl></span><br /> <span class="element"><bibl></span>ÞÍ, Stms I.17, p. 102.<span class="element"></bibl></span><br /><span class="element"></state></span></div></div><div class="p">Similarly, the generic <a class="gi" title="contains a description of some status or quality attributed to a person, place, or organization often at some specific time or for a specific date range." href="ref-state.html">state</a> or <a class="gi" title="contains a description of some status or quality attributed to a person, place, or organization typically, but not necessarily, independent of the volition or action of the holder and usually not at some specific time or for a specific date range." href="ref-trait.html">trait</a> element may be used in preference to the more specific elements listed above: <div id="index-egXML-d52e106724" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><state <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">nationality</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">notBefore</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2002-01-15</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><label></span>Nationality<span class="element"></label></span><br /> <span class="element"><desc></span>American citizen from 15 January 2002.<span class="element"></desc></span><br /><span class="element"></state></span></div> is the same as: <div id="index-egXML-d52e106731" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><nationality <span class="attribute">notBefore</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2002-01-15</span>"></span>American citizen from 15 January 2002.<span class="element"></nationality></span></div> or even: <div id="index-egXML-d52e106735" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><nationality <span class="attribute">notBefore</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2002-01-15</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">key</span>="<span class="attributevalue">US</span>"/></span></div></div></div><div class="div4" id="NDPERSEpe"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="ND.html#NDPERSEpc"><span class="headingNumber">13.3.2.1 </span>Personal Characteristics</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="ND.html#NDPERSREL"><span class="headingNumber">13.3.2.3 </span>Personal Relationships</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h5><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#NDPERSEpe" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Personal Events</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">13.3.2.2 </span><span class="head">Personal Events</span></h5><p>Events in a person's history are not characteristics of an individual, but often cause an individual to gain such characteristics, or to enter a new state. Most such events, for example marriage, appointment, promotion, or a journey may be recorded using the generic element <a class="gi" title="contains data relating to any kind of significant event associated with a person, place, or organization." href="ref-event.html">event</a>, which may be grouped with <a class="gi" title="(list of events) contains a list of descriptions, each of which provides information about an identifiable event." href="ref-listEvent.html">listEvent</a>, and has a content model similar to that of <a class="gi" title="contains a description of some status or quality attributed to a person, place, or organization often at some specific time or for a specific date range." href="ref-state.html">state</a> and <a class="gi" title="contains a description of some status or quality attributed to a person, place, or organization typically, but not necessarily, independent of the volition or action of the holder and usually not at some specific time or for a specific date range." href="ref-trait.html">trait</a>. The chief difference is that <a class="gi" title="contains data relating to any kind of significant event associated with a person, place, or organization." href="ref-event.html">event</a> can include a <a class="gi" title="contains an absolute or relative place name." href="ref-placeName.html">placeName</a> element to identify the name of the place where the event occurred.</p><p>Two particular events in a persons life, namely birth and death, are both ubiquitous and usually considered particularly important, and thus may be represented by specialized elements for the purpose: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-birth.html">birth</a></span> contains information about a person's birth, such as its date and place.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-death.html">death</a></span> contains information about a person's death, such as its date and place.</li></ul><div class="p">In the following example, we give a brief summary of the wedding of Jane Burden to the English writer, designer, and socialist William Morris, encoded as an <a class="gi" title="contains data relating to any kind of significant event associated with a person, place, or organization." href="ref-event.html">event</a> element embedded within the <a class="gi" title="provides information about an identifiable individual, for example a participant in a language interaction, or a person referred to in a historical source." href="ref-person.html">person</a> element used to record data about Morris, though we could equally well have embedded the <a class="gi" title="contains data relating to any kind of significant event associated with a person, place, or organization." href="ref-event.html">event</a> element within the <a class="gi" title="provides information about an identifiable individual, for example a participant in a language interaction, or a person referred to in a historical source." href="ref-person.html">person</a> element for Burden, or have encoded it independently of either <a class="gi" title="provides information about an identifiable individual, for example a participant in a language interaction, or a person referred to in a historical source." href="ref-person.html">person</a> element: <div id="index-egXML-d52e106787" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><person <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">WM</span>"></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"><event <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">marriage</span>" <span class="attribute">when</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1859-04-26</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><label></span>Marriage<span class="element"></label></span><br /> <span class="element"><desc></span><br /> <span class="element"><name <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">person</span>" <span class="attribute">ref</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#WM</span>"></span>William Morris<span class="element"></name></span> and <span class="element"><name <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">person</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">ref</span>="<span class="attributevalue">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Burden</span>"></span>Jane Burden<span class="element"></name></span> were<br /> married at <span class="element"><name <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">place</span>"></span>St Michael's Church, Ship Street, Oxford<span class="element"></name></span> on<br /> <span class="element"><date <span class="attribute">when</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1859-04-26</span>"></span>26 April 1859<span class="element"></date></span>. The wedding was<br /> conducted by Morris's friend <span class="element"><name <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">person</span>" <span class="attribute">ref</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#RWD</span>"></span>R. W.<br /> Dixon<span class="element"></name></span> with <span class="element"><name <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">person</span>" <span class="attribute">ref</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#CBF</span>"></span>Charles<br /> Faulkner<span class="element"></name></span> as<br /> the best man. The bride was given away by her father,<br /> <span class="element"><name <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">person</span>" <span class="attribute">ref</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#RB</span>"></span>Robert Burden<span class="element"></name></span>.<br /> According to the account that <span class="element"><name <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">person</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">ref</span>="<span class="attributevalue">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Burne-Jones</span>"></span>Burne-Jones<span class="element"></name></span> <br /> gave <span class="element"><name <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">person</span>" <span class="attribute">ref</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#JWM</span>"></span>Mackail<span class="element"></name></span><br /> <span class="element"><quote></span>M. said to Dixon beforehand <span class="element"><said></span>Mind<br /> you don't call her Mary<span class="element"></said></span> but he did<span class="element"></quote></span>. The entry in the<br /> Register reads: <span class="element"><quote></span>William Morris, 25, Bachelor Gentleman, 13<br /> George Street, son of William Morris decd. Gentleman. Jane Burden,<br /> minor, spinster, 65 Holywell Street, d. of Robert Burden,<br /> Groom.<span class="element"></quote></span> The witnesses were Jane's parents and Faulkner. None of<br /> Morris's family attended the ceremony. Morris presented Jane with a<br /> plain gold ring bearing the London hallmark for 1858. She gave her<br /> husband a double-handled antique silver cup.<span class="element"></desc></span><br /> <span class="element"><bibl></span>J. W. Mackail, <span class="element"><title></span>The Life of William Morris<span class="element"></title></span>, 1899.<span class="element"></bibl></span><br /> <span class="element"></event></span><br /><span class="element"></person></span><br /><span class="element"><person <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">RB</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><persName></span>Robert Burden<span class="element"></persName></span><br /><span class="element"></person></span><br /><span class="element"><person <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">RWD</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><persName></span>R.W. Dixon<span class="element"></persName></span><br /><span class="element"></person></span><br /><span class="element"><person <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">CBF</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><persName></span>Charles Faulkner<span class="element"></persName></span><br /><span class="element"></person></span><br /><span class="element"><person <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">EBJ</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><persName></span><br /> <span class="element"><forename></span>Edward<span class="element"></forename></span><br /> <span class="element"><surname></span>Burne-Jones<span class="element"></surname></span><br /> <span class="element"></persName></span><br /><span class="element"></person></span><br /><span class="element"><person <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">JWM</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><persName></span>J.W. Mackail<span class="element"></persName></span><br /><span class="element"></person></span></div> In this example the <span class="att">ref</span> attributes on the various <a class="gi" title="(name, proper noun) contains a proper noun or noun phrase." href="ref-name.html">name</a> elements point either to an external source or to a <a class="gi" title="provides information about an identifiable individual, for example a participant in a language interaction, or a person referred to in a historical source." href="ref-person.html">person</a> element within which other information about the person named may be found. As further discussed below (<a class="link_ptr" href="ND.html#NDPERSREL" title="Personal Relationships"><span class="headingNumber">13.3.2.3 </span>Personal Relationships</a>), a <a class="gi" title="(relationship) describes any kind of relationship or linkage amongst a specified group of places, events, persons, objects or other items." href="ref-relation.html">relation</a> element may then be used to link them in a more meaningful way: <div id="index-egXML-d52e106869" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><relation <span class="attribute">name</span>="<span class="attributevalue">spouse</span>" <span class="attribute">mutual</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#WM #JBM</span>"/></span><br /><span class="element"><relation <span class="attribute">name</span>="<span class="attributevalue">friend</span>" <span class="attribute">mutual</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#WM #RWD</span>"/></span><br /><span class="element"><relation <span class="attribute">name</span>="<span class="attributevalue">parent</span>" <span class="attribute">active</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#RB</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">passive</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#JBM</span>"/></span></div></div><div class="p">As mentioned above, all these elements, both the specific and the generic, are members of the <a class="link_odd" title="provides attributes for normalization of elements that contain dates, times, or datable events." href="ref-att.datable.html">att.datable</a> attribute class, which means they can be limited in terms of time. The following encoding, for example, demonstrates that the person named David Jones changed his name in 1966 to David Bowie: <div id="index-egXML-d52e106879" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><person <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">DB</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><persName <span class="attribute">notAfter</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1966</span>"></span>David Jones<span class="element"></persName></span><br /> <span class="element"><persName <span class="attribute">notBefore</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1966</span>"></span>David Bowie<span class="element"></persName></span><br /><span class="element"></person></span></div></div><div class="p">All the generic elements are also members of the <a class="link_odd" title="provides attributes indicating the agent responsible for some aspect of the text, the markup or something asserted by the markup, and the degree of certainty associated with it." href="ref-att.global.responsibility.html">att.global.responsibility</a> and <a class="link_odd" title="provides attributes describing the nature of an encoded scholarly intervention or interpretation of any kind." href="ref-att.editLike.html">att.editLike</a> classes. These classes make available the attributes <span class="att">cert</span>, to indicate the degree of certainty, <span class="att">resp</span>, the agency responsible, <span class="att">evidence</span>, the nature of the evidence used, and <span class="att">source</span>, a pointer to a resource from which the information derives. In this way it is possible, in the case of multiple and conflicting sources, to provide more than one view of what happened, as in the following example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e106907" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><event <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">birth</span>" <span class="attribute">resp</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#XYZ</span>" <span class="attribute">cert</span>="<span class="attributevalue">high</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Born in <span class="element"><name <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">place</span>"></span>Brixton<span class="element"></name></span> on 8 January 1947.<span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"></event></span><br /><span class="element"><event <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">birth</span>" <span class="attribute">resp</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#ABC</span>" <span class="attribute">cert</span>="<span class="attributevalue">low</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Born in <span class="element"><name <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">place</span>"></span>Berkhamsted<span class="element"></name></span> on 9 January 1947.<span class="element"></p></span><br /><span class="element"></event></span></div></div></div><div class="div4" id="NDPERSREL"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="ND.html#NDPERSEpe"><span class="headingNumber">13.3.2.2 </span>Personal Events</a></li><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h5><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#NDPERSREL" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Personal Relationships</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">13.3.2.3 </span><span class="head">Personal Relationships</span></h5><p>When the module defined by this chapter is included in a schema, the following two elements may be used to document relationships amongst the persons, places, or organizations identified: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-listRelation.html">listRelation</a></span> provides information about relationships identified amongst people, places, and organizations, either informally as prose or as formally expressed relation links.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-relation.html">relation</a></span> (relationship) describes any kind of relationship or linkage amongst a specified group of places, events, persons, objects or other items.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">name</span></td><td>supplies a name for the kind of relationship of which this is an instance.</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">active</span></td><td>identifies the ‘active’ participants in a non-mutual relationship, or all the participants in a mutual one.</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">mutual</span></td><td>supplies a list of participants amongst all of whom the relationship holds equally.</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">passive</span></td><td>identifies the ‘passive’ participants in a non-mutual relationship.</td></tr></table></li></ul><p> These elements are both members of the <a class="link_odd" title="provides attributes which can be used to classify or subclassify elements in any way." href="ref-att.typed.html">att.typed</a> class, from which they inherit the <span class="att">type</span> and <span class="att">subtype</span> attributes in the usual way. The value specified for either attribute on a <a class="gi" title="provides information about relationships identified amongst people, places, and organizations, either informally as prose or as formally expressed relation links." href="ref-listRelation.html">listRelation</a> element is implicitly applicable to all of its child <a class="gi" title="(relationship) describes any kind of relationship or linkage amongst a specified group of places, events, persons, objects or other items." href="ref-relation.html">relation</a> elements, unless overridden.</p><p>A <span class="term">relationship</span>, as defined here, may be any kind of describable link between specified participants. A participant (in this sense) might be a person, a place, or an organization. In the case of persons, therefore, a relationship might be a social relationship (such as employer/employee), a personal relationship (such as sibling, spouse, etc.) or something less precise such as <span class="q">‘possessing shared knowledge’</span>. A relationship may be <span class="term">mutual</span>, in that all the participants engage in it on an equal footing (for example the <span class="q">‘sibling’</span> relationship); or it may not be if participants are not identical with respect to their role in the relationship (for example, the <span class="q">‘employer’</span> relationship). For non-mutual relationships, only two kinds of role are currently supported; they are named <span class="term">active</span> and <span class="term">passive</span>. These names are chosen to reflect the fact that non-mutual relations are <span class="term">directed</span>, in the sense that they are most readily described by a transitive verb, or a verb phrase of the form <span class="mentioned">is X of</span> or <span class="mentioned">is X to</span>. The subject of the verb is classed as <span class="term">active</span>; the direct object of the verb, or the object of the concluding preposition, as <span class="term">passive</span>. Thus parents are <span class="q">‘active’</span> and children <span class="q">‘passive’</span> in the relationship <span class="q">‘parent’</span> (interpreted as <span class="mentioned">is parent of</span>); the employer is <span class="q">‘active’</span>, the employee <span class="q">‘passive’</span>, in the relationship <span class="mentioned">employs</span>. These relationships can be inverted: parents are <span class="q">‘passive’</span> and children <span class="q">‘active’</span> in the relationship <span class="mentioned">is child of</span>; similarly <span class="q">‘works for’</span> inverts the active and passive roles of <span class="q">‘employs’</span>.</p><div class="p">For example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e107026" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><listRelation></span><br /> <span class="element"><relation <span class="attribute">name</span>="<span class="attributevalue">parent</span>" <span class="attribute">active</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#P1 #P2</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">passive</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#P3 #P4</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"><relation <span class="attribute">name</span>="<span class="attributevalue">spouse</span>" <span class="attribute">mutual</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#P1 #P2</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"><relation <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">social</span>" <span class="attribute">name</span>="<span class="attributevalue">employer</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">active</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#P1</span>" <span class="attribute">passive</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#P3 #P4</span>"/></span><br /><span class="element"></listRelation></span></div> This example defines the relationships amongst a number of people not further described here; we assume however that each person has been allocated an identifier such as <span class="val">P1</span>, <span class="val">P2</span>, etc. which can be linked to using references such as <span class="val">#P1</span>, <span class="val">#P2</span>, etc. Then the above set of <a class="gi" title="(relationship) describes any kind of relationship or linkage amongst a specified group of places, events, persons, objects or other items." href="ref-relation.html">relation</a> elements describe the following three relationships amongst the people referenced: <ul class="bulleted"><li class="item">P1 and P2 are parents of P3 and P4.</li><li class="item">P1 and P2 are linked in a mutual relationship called <span class="bulleted">‘spouse’</span>—that is, P2 is the spouse of P1, and P1 is the spouse of P2.</li><li class="item">P1 has the social relationship <span class="bulleted">‘employer’</span> with respect to P3 and P4.</li></ul></div><p>Relationships within places and organizations are further discussed in the relevant sections below. Relationships between for example organizations and places, or places and persons, may be handled in exactly the same way. </p></div></div><div class="teidiv2" id="ND-org"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="ND.html#NDPERSE"><span class="headingNumber">13.3.2 </span>The Person Element</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="ND.html#NDGEOG"><span class="headingNumber">13.3.4 </span>Places</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#ND-org" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Organizational Data</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">13.3.3 </span><span class="head">Organizational Data</span></h4><p>The <a class="gi" title="(organization) provides information about an identifiable organization such as a business, a tribe, or any other grouping of people." href="ref-org.html">org</a> and <a class="gi" title="(list of organizations) contains a list of elements, each of which provides information about an identifiable organization." href="ref-listOrg.html">listOrg</a> elements are used to store data about an organization such as its preferred name, its locations, or key persons within it. </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-org.html">org</a></span> (organization) provides information about an identifiable organization such as a business, a tribe, or any other grouping of people.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-listOrg.html">listOrg</a></span> (list of organizations) contains a list of elements, each of which provides information about an identifiable organization.</li></ul><p> These elements are intended to be used in a way analogous to the <a class="gi" title="contains data about a geographic location" href="ref-place.html">place</a> and <a class="gi" title="provides information about an identifiable individual, for example a participant in a language interaction, or a person referred to in a historical source." href="ref-person.html">person</a> elements discussed elsewhere in this chapter, that is to provide a unique wrapper element for information about an entity, distinct from references to that entity which are typically encoded using a naming element such as <span class="tag"><name type="org"></span> or <a class="gi" title="(organization name) contains an organizational name." href="ref-orgName.html">orgName</a>. The content of a naming element will represent the way an organization is named in a given context; the content of an <a class="gi" title="(organization) provides information about an identifiable organization such as a business, a tribe, or any other grouping of people." href="ref-org.html">org</a> represents the information known to the encoder about that organization, gathered together in a single place, and independent of its textual realization.</p><p>An organization is not the same thing as a list or group of people because it has an identity of its own. That identity may be expressed solely in the existence of a name (for example <span class="q">‘The Scythians’</span>), but is likely to consist in the combination of that name with a number of events, traits, or states which are considered to apply to the organization itself, rather than any of its members. For example, a sports team might be described in terms of its membership (a <a class="gi" title="(list of persons) contains a list of descriptions, each of which provides information about an identifiable person or a group of people, for example the participants in a language interaction, or the people referred to in a historical source." href="ref-listPerson.html">listPerson</a>), its fixtures (a <a class="gi" title="(list of places) contains a list of places, optionally followed by a list of relationships (other than containment) defined amongst them." href="ref-listPlace.html">listPlace</a>), its geographical affiliation (a <a class="gi" title="contains an absolute or relative place name." href="ref-placeName.html">placeName</a>), or any combination of these. It will also have properties which may be used to categorize it in some way such as the kind of sport played, whether the team is amateur or professional, and so on: these are probably best dealt with by means of the <span class="att">type</span> attribute. However, it is the name of the sports team alone which identifies it.</p><p>The content model for <a class="gi" title="(organization) provides information about an identifiable organization such as a business, a tribe, or any other grouping of people." href="ref-org.html">org</a> permits any mixture of generic <a class="gi" title="contains a description of some status or quality attributed to a person, place, or organization often at some specific time or for a specific date range." href="ref-state.html">state</a>, <a class="gi" title="contains a description of some status or quality attributed to a person, place, or organization typically, but not necessarily, independent of the volition or action of the holder and usually not at some specific time or for a specific date range." href="ref-trait.html">trait</a>, or <a class="gi" title="contains data relating to any kind of significant event associated with a person, place, or organization." href="ref-event.html">event</a> elements: the presence of the <a class="gi" title="(organization name) contains an organizational name." href="ref-orgName.html">orgName</a> element described in <a class="link_ptr" href="ND.html#NDORG" title="Organizational Names"><span class="headingNumber">13.2.2 </span>Organizational Names</a> is however strongly recommended.</p><div class="p">In other respects, the <a class="gi" title="(organization) provides information about an identifiable organization such as a business, a tribe, or any other grouping of people." href="ref-org.html">org</a> element is used in much the same way as <a class="gi" title="contains data about a geographic location" href="ref-place.html">place</a> or <a class="gi" title="provides information about an identifiable individual, for example a participant in a language interaction, or a person referred to in a historical source." href="ref-person.html">person</a>. An organization may have different names at different times: <div id="index-egXML-d52e107144" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><org <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">fab4</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><orgName <span class="attribute">notAfter</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1960</span>"></span>The Silver Beetles<span class="element"></orgName></span><br /> <span class="element"><orgName <span class="attribute">from</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1960-08</span>"></span>The Beatles<span class="element"></orgName></span><br /><span class="element"></org></span></div></div><div class="p">The names of the people making up an organization can also change over time, (if they are known at all). For example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e107153" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><org <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">FAB4</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><orgName <span class="attribute">notAfter</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1960</span>"></span>The Silver Beetles<span class="element"></orgName></span><br /> <span class="element"><orgName <span class="attribute">notBefore</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1960</span>"></span>The Beatles<span class="element"></orgName></span><br /> <span class="element"><state <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">membership</span>" <span class="attribute">from</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1960-08</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">to</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1962-05</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><desc></span><br /> <span class="element"><persName></span>John Lennon<span class="element"></persName></span><br /> <span class="element"><persName></span>Paul McCartney<span class="element"></persName></span><br /> <span class="element"><persName></span>George Harrison<span class="element"></persName></span><br /> <span class="element"><persName></span>Stuart Sutcliffe<span class="element"></persName></span><br /> <span class="element"><persName></span>Pete Best<span class="element"></persName></span><br /> <span class="element"></desc></span><br /> <span class="element"></state></span><br /> <span class="element"><state <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">membership</span>" <span class="attribute">notBefore</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1963</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><desc></span><br /> <span class="element"><persName></span>John Lennon<span class="element"></persName></span><br /> <span class="element"><persName></span>Paul McCartney<span class="element"></persName></span><br /> <span class="element"><persName></span>George Harrison<span class="element"></persName></span><br /> <span class="element"><persName></span>Ringo Starr<span class="element"></persName></span><br /> <span class="element"></desc></span><br /> <span class="element"></state></span><br /><span class="element"></org></span></div></div><div class="p">An <a class="gi" title="(organization) provides information about an identifiable organization such as a business, a tribe, or any other grouping of people." href="ref-org.html">org</a> may contain subordinate <a class="gi" title="(organization) provides information about an identifiable organization such as a business, a tribe, or any other grouping of people." href="ref-org.html">org</a>s: <div id="index-egXML-d52e107190" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><org <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">OUCS</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><orgName></span>Oxford University Computing Services<span class="element"></orgName></span><br /> <span class="element"><org <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">OUCSisg</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><orgName></span>Information and Support Group<span class="element"></orgName></span><br /> <span class="element"></org></span><br /> <span class="element"><org <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">OUCSig</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><orgName></span>Infrastructure Group<span class="element"></orgName></span><br /> <span class="element"><org <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">OUCSig.nt</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><orgName></span>Networking Team<span class="element"></orgName></span><br /> <span class="element"></org></span><br /> <span class="element"><org <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">OUCSig.sdt</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><orgName></span>System Development Team<span class="element"></orgName></span><br /> <span class="element"></org></span><br /> <span class="element"></org></span><br /> <span class="element"><org <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">OUCSltg</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><orgName></span>Learning Technologies Group<span class="element"></orgName></span><br /> <span class="element"></org></span><br /><span class="element"></org></span></div></div><div class="p">The following example demonstrates the use of the <a class="gi" title="(list of organizations) contains a list of elements, each of which provides information about an identifiable organization." href="ref-listOrg.html">listOrg</a> element to group together a number of <a class="gi" title="(organization) provides information about an identifiable organization such as a business, a tribe, or any other grouping of people." href="ref-org.html">org</a> elements, each of which is defined solely by means of an informal description, itself containing other names. <div id="index-egXML-d52e107218" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><p></span>The TEI institutional hosts are: <span class="element"><listOrg></span><br /> <span class="element"><org <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">bu</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><orgName></span>Brown University<span class="element"></orgName></span><br /> <span class="element"><desc></span>The host contribution is made jointly by the <span class="element"><name <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">project</span>"></span>Brown University Women Writers Project<span class="element"></name></span> and the<br /> <span class="element"><orgName></span>Brown University Library's Center for Digital<br /> Initiatives<span class="element"></orgName></span>.<span class="element"></desc></span><br /> <span class="element"></org></span><br /> <span class="element"><org <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">na</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><orgName></span>Nancy<span class="element"></orgName></span><br /> <span class="element"><desc></span>Hosting is provided by a group of institutions located in<br /> Nancy, France, coordinated by <span class="element"><orgName></span>Loria<span class="element"></orgName></span> and also<br /> including <span class="element"><orgName></span>ATILF<span class="element"></orgName></span> and <span class="element"><orgName></span>INIST<span class="element"></orgName></span>.<span class="element"></desc></span><br /> <span class="element"></org></span><br /> <span class="element"><org <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">ou</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><orgName></span>Oxford University<span class="element"></orgName></span><br /> <span class="element"><desc></span>Hosting is provided by the <span class="element"><orgName></span>Research Technologies<br /> Service<span class="element"></orgName></span> at <span class="element"><orgName></span>Oxford University Computing<br /> Services<span class="element"></orgName></span>.<span class="element"></desc></span><br /> <span class="element"></org></span><br /> <span class="element"><org <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">uv</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><orgName></span>University of Virginia<span class="element"></orgName></span><br /> <span class="element"><desc></span>Virginia's host support comes jointly from the<br /> <span class="element"><orgName></span>Institute for Advanced Technology in the<br /> Humanities<span class="element"></orgName></span> and the <span class="element"><orgName></span>University of Virginia<br /> Library<span class="element"></orgName></span>.<span class="element"></desc></span><br /> <span class="element"></org></span><br /> <span class="element"></listOrg></span><span class="element"></p></span></div> In a more elaborated version of this example, the organizational names tagged using <a class="gi" title="(organization name) contains an organizational name." href="ref-orgName.html">orgName</a> might be linked using the <span class="att">key</span> or <span class="att">ref</span> attribute to a unique <a class="gi" title="(organization) provides information about an identifiable organization such as a business, a tribe, or any other grouping of people." href="ref-org.html">org</a> element elsewhere.</div></div><div class="div2" id="NDGEOG"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="ND.html#ND-org"><span class="headingNumber">13.3.3 </span>Organizational Data</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="ND.html#NDNYM"><span class="headingNumber">13.3.5 </span>Names and Nyms</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#NDGEOG" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Places</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">13.3.4 </span><span class="head">Places</span></h4><p>In <a class="link_ptr" href="ND.html#NDPLAC" title="Place Names"><span class="headingNumber">13.2.3 </span>Place Names</a> we discuss various ways of naming places such as towns, countries, etc. In much the same way as these Guidelines distinguish between the encoding of names for people and the encoding of other data about people, so they also distinguish between the encoding of names for places and the encoding of other data about places. In this section we present elements which may be used to record in a structured way data about places of any kind which might be named or referenced within a text. Such data may be useful as a way of normalizing or standardizing references to particular places, as the raw material for a gazetteer or similar reference document associated with a particular text or set of texts, or in conjunction with any form of geographical information system.</p><p>The following elements are provided for this purpose: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-listPlace.html">listPlace</a></span> (list of places) contains a list of places, optionally followed by a list of relationships (other than containment) defined amongst them.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-place.html">place</a></span> contains data about a geographic location</li></ul><p>The <a class="link_odd" title="groups elements which describe changing states of a place." href="ref-model.placeStateLike.html">model.placeStateLike</a> class contains elements describing characteristics of a place which have a definite duration, such as its name. Any member of the <a class="link_odd" title="groups elements which form part of a place name." href="ref-model.placeNamePart.html">model.placeNamePart</a> may be used for this purpose, since a <a class="gi" title="contains data about a geographic location" href="ref-place.html">place</a> element will usually contain at least one, and possibly several, <a class="gi" title="contains an absolute or relative place name." href="ref-placeName.html">placeName</a>-like elements indicating the names associated with it, by different people, in different languages, or at different times.</p><p>For example, the modern city of Lyon in France was in Roman times known as Lugdunum. Although the modern and the Roman city are not physically co-extensive, they have significant areas which overlap, and we may therefore wish to regard them as the same place, while supplying both names with an indication of the time period during which each was current. </p><p>A place is defined, however, by its physical location, which does not typically change over time. Locations may be specified in a number of ways: as a set of coordinates defining a point or an area on the surface of the earth, or by providing a description of how the place may be found, usually in terms of other place names. For example, we can identify the location of the Canadian city of London, either by specifying its latitude and longitude, or by specifying that we mean the city called London located in the province called Ontario within the country called Canada. </p><p>In addition we may wish to supply a brief characterization of the place identified, for example to state that it is a city, an administrative area such as a country, or a landmark of some kind such as a monument or a battlefield. If our typology of places is simple, the open ended <span class="att">type</span> attribute is the easiest way to represent it: so we might say <span class="tag"><place type="city"></span>, <span class="tag"><place type="battlefield"></span> etc.</p><p>Within the <a class="gi" title="contains data about a geographic location" href="ref-place.html">place</a> element, the following elements may be used to provide more information about specific aspects of the place in a structured form: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-placeName.html">placeName</a></span> contains an absolute or relative place name.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-location.html">location</a></span> defines the location of a place as a set of geographical coordinates, in terms of other named geo-political entities, or as an address.</li></ul><div class="teidiv3" id="NDGEOGva"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="ND.html#NDGEOGmp"><span class="headingNumber">13.3.4.2 </span>Multiple Places</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h5><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#NDGEOGva" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Varieties of Location</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">13.3.4.1 </span><span class="head">Varieties of Location</span></h5><p>A location may be specified in one or more of the following ways: </p><ol class="numbered"><li class="item">by supplying a string representing its coordinates in some standardized way within a <a class="gi" title="(geographical coordinates) contains any expression of a set of geographic coordinates, representing a point, line, or area on the surface of the earth in some notation." href="ref-geo.html">geo</a> element, as shown below</li><li class="item">by supplying one or more place name component elements (e.g. <a class="gi" title="contains the name of a geo-political unit, such as a nation, country, colony, or commonwealth, larger than or administratively superior to a region and smaller than a bloc." href="ref-country.html">country</a>, <a class="gi" title="contains the name of a settlement such as a city, town, or village identified as a single geo-political or administrative unit." href="ref-settlement.html">settlement</a> etc.) to place it within a geo-political context</li><li class="item">by supplying a postal address, e.g. using the <a class="gi" title="contains a postal address, for example of a publisher, an organization, or an individual." href="ref-address.html">address</a> element</li><li class="item">by supplying a brief textual description, e.g. using the <a class="gi" title="(description) contains a brief description of the object documented by its parent element, typically a documentation element or an entity." href="ref-desc.html">desc</a> element</li><li class="item">by using a non-TEI XML vocabulary such as the Geography Markup Language</li></ol><p> We give examples of all of these methods in the remainder of this section.</p><div class="p">The simplest method of specifying a location is by means of its geographic coordinates, supplied within the <a class="gi" title="(geographical coordinates) contains any expression of a set of geographic coordinates, representing a point, line, or area on the surface of the earth in some notation." href="ref-geo.html">geo</a> element. This may be used to supply any kind of positional information, using one of the many different geodetic systems available. Such systems vary in their format, in their scope or coverage, and more fundamentally in the reference frame (the ‘datum’) used for the coordinate system itself. The default recommended by these Guidelines is to supply a string containing two real numbers separated by whitespace, of which the first indicates latitude and the second longitude according to the 1984 World Geodetic System (WGS84); this is the system currently used by most GPS applications which TEI users are likely to encounter.<span id="Note87_return"><a class="notelink" title="See . The most recent revision of this standard is known as the Earth Gravity Model 1996." href="#Note87"><sup>50</sup></a></span>We might therefore record the information about the place known as ‘Lyon’ as follows: <div id="index-egXML-d52e107382" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><place <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">LYON1</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">city</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><placeName <span class="attribute">notBefore</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1400</span>"></span>Lyon<span class="element"></placeName></span><br /> <span class="element"><placeName <span class="attribute">notAfter</span>="<span class="attributevalue">0056</span>"></span>Lugdunum<span class="element"></placeName></span><br /> <span class="element"><location></span><br /> <span class="element"><geo></span>45.769559 4.834843<span class="element"></geo></span><br /> <span class="element"></location></span><br /><span class="element"></place></span></div></div><div class="p">Identifying Lyon by its geo-political status as a settlement within a country forming part of a larger political entity, we might represent the same ‘place’ as follows: <div id="index-egXML-d52e107397" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><place <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">LYON2</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><placeName <span class="attribute">notBefore</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1400</span>"></span>Lyon<span class="element"></placeName></span><br /> <span class="element"><placeName <span class="attribute">notAfter</span>="<span class="attributevalue">0056</span>"></span>Lugdunum<span class="element"></placeName></span><br /> <span class="element"><location></span><br /> <span class="element"><bloc></span>EU<span class="element"></bloc></span><br /> <span class="element"><country></span>France<span class="element"></country></span><br /> <span class="element"></location></span><br /><span class="element"></place></span></div> Elements such as <a class="gi" title="contains the name of a geo-political unit consisting of two or more nation states or countries." href="ref-bloc.html">bloc</a> are specialized forms of <a class="gi" title="contains an absolute or relative place name." href="ref-placeName.html">placeName</a>, as discussed in <a class="link_ptr" href="ND.html#NDPLGU" title="Geopolitical Place Names"><span class="headingNumber">13.2.3.1 </span>Geo-political Place Names</a>.</div><div class="p">We may use the same procedure to represent the location of smaller places, such as a street or even an individual building: <div id="index-egXML-d52e107419" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><place <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">BGbldg</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">building</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><placeName></span>Brasserie Georges<span class="element"></placeName></span><br /> <span class="element"><location></span><br /> <span class="element"><country <span class="attribute">key</span>="<span class="attributevalue">FR</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"><settlement <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">city</span>"></span>Lyon<span class="element"></settlement></span><br /> <span class="element"><district <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">arrondissement</span>"></span>IIème<span class="element"></district></span><br /> <span class="element"><district <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">quartier</span>"></span>Perrache<span class="element"></district></span><br /> <span class="element"><placeName <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">street</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><num></span>30<span class="element"></num></span>, Cours de Verdun<span class="element"></placeName></span><br /> <span class="element"></location></span><br /><span class="element"></place></span></div> Note the use of the <span class="att">type</span> attribute to categorize more precisely both the kind of place concerned (a building) and the kind of name used to locate it, for example by characterizing the generic <a class="gi" title="contains the name of any kind of subdivision of a settlement, such as a parish, ward, or other administrative or geographic unit." href="ref-district.html">district</a> as an ‘arrondissement’, or a ‘quartier’.</div><div class="p">We may also treat imaginary places in the same way: <div id="index-egXML-d52e107450" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><place <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Atl</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">imaginary</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><placeName></span>Atlantis<span class="element"></placeName></span><br /> <span class="element"><location></span><br /> <span class="element"><offset></span>beyond<span class="element"></offset></span><br /> <span class="element"><placeName></span>The Pillars of <span class="element"><persName></span>Hercules<span class="element"></persName></span><span class="element"></placeName></span><br /> <span class="element"></location></span><br /><span class="element"></place></span></div></div><div class="p">A <a class="gi" title="defines the location of a place as a set of geographical coordinates, in terms of other named geo-political entities, or as an address." href="ref-location.html">location</a> sometimes resembles a set of instructions for finding a place, rather than a name: <div id="index-egXML-d52e107466" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><place <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">MYF</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><placeName <span class="attribute">notAfter</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1969</span>"></span>Yasgur's Farm<span class="element"></placeName></span><br /> <span class="element"><placeName <span class="attribute">notBefore</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1969</span>"></span>Woodstock Festival Site<span class="element"></placeName></span><br /> <span class="element"><location></span><br /> <span class="element"><measure></span>one mile<span class="element"></measure></span><br /> <span class="element"><offset></span>north west of<span class="element"></offset></span><br /> <span class="element"><settlement></span>Bethel<span class="element"></settlement></span><br /> <span class="element"><region></span>New York<span class="element"></region></span><br /> <span class="element"></location></span><br /><span class="element"></place></span></div></div><div class="p">The element <a class="gi" title="contains a postal address, for example of a publisher, an organization, or an individual." href="ref-address.html">address</a> may also be used to identify a location in terms of its postal or other address: <div id="index-egXML-d52e107487" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><place <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">locCA</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">cemetery</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><placeName></span>Protestant Cemetery<span class="element"></placeName></span><br /> <span class="element"><placeName <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">official</span>" <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">it</span>"></span>Cimitero Acattolico<span class="element"></placeName></span><br /> <span class="element"><location <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">geopolitical</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><country></span>Italy<span class="element"></country></span><br /> <span class="element"><settlement></span>Rome<span class="element"></settlement></span><br /> <span class="element"><district></span>Testaccio<span class="element"></district></span><br /> <span class="element"></location></span><br /> <span class="element"><location <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">address</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><address></span><br /> <span class="element"><addrLine></span>Via Caio Cestio, 6<span class="element"></addrLine></span><br /> <span class="element"><addrLine></span>00153 Roma<span class="element"></addrLine></span><br /> <span class="element"></address></span><br /> <span class="element"></location></span><br /><span class="element"></place></span></div> When, as here, the same place is given multiple locations, the <span class="att">type</span> attribute should be used to characterize the kind of location, as a means of indicating that these are alternative ways of identifying the same place, rather than that the place is spread across several locations.</div><p>The <a class="gi" title="defines the location of a place as a set of geographical coordinates, in terms of other named geo-political entities, or as an address." href="ref-location.html">location</a> element may thus identify a place to a greater or lesser degree of precision, using a variety of means: a name, a set of names, or a set of coordinates. The <a class="gi" title="(geographical coordinates) contains any expression of a set of geographic coordinates, representing a point, line, or area on the surface of the earth in some notation." href="ref-geo.html">geo</a> element introduced earlier is by default understood to supply a value expressed in a specific (and widely used) notation. If a <a class="gi" title="defines the location of a place as a set of geographical coordinates, in terms of other named geo-political entities, or as an address." href="ref-location.html">location</a> contains more than one <a class="gi" title="(geographical coordinates) contains any expression of a set of geographic coordinates, representing a point, line, or area on the surface of the earth in some notation." href="ref-geo.html">geo</a>, this is interpreted as being really the same place in the universe, but with different systems used to refer to it. If there is a lack of consensus about the location (of, for example, Camelot), more than one <a class="gi" title="defines the location of a place as a set of geographical coordinates, in terms of other named geo-political entities, or as an address." href="ref-location.html">location</a> should be used, each with its own <a class="gi" title="(geographical coordinates) contains any expression of a set of geographic coordinates, representing a point, line, or area on the surface of the earth in some notation." href="ref-geo.html">geo</a>.</p><p>By default, the content of <a class="gi" title="(geographical coordinates) contains any expression of a set of geographic coordinates, representing a point, line, or area on the surface of the earth in some notation." href="ref-geo.html">geo</a> is interpreted as following the standard known as the World Geodetic System (WGS). This may be modified, however, in two ways.</p><p>Firstly, the content of the <a class="gi" title="(geographical coordinates) contains any expression of a set of geographic coordinates, representing a point, line, or area on the surface of the earth in some notation." href="ref-geo.html">geo</a> element can be expressed some other way, that is, according to some different geodetic system. The <span class="att">decls</span> attribute is used point to a <a class="gi" title="(geographic coordinates declaration) documents the notation and the datum used for geographic coordinates expressed as content of the <geo> element elsewhere within the document." href="ref-geoDecl.html">geoDecl</a> element defined in the document header, which describes a different datum.</p><p>Secondly, the element <a class="gi" title="(geographical coordinates) contains any expression of a set of geographic coordinates, representing a point, line, or area on the surface of the earth in some notation." href="ref-geo.html">geo</a> may be redefined to contain markup from a different XML vocabulary which is specifically designed to represent this kind of information. This technique is used throughout these Guidelines where specialized markup is required, for example to embed mathematical expressions or vector graphics, and is further described and exemplified in <a class="link_ptr" href="USE.html#MDlite" title="Examples of Modification"><span class="headingNumber">23.3.4 </span>Examples of Modification </a>. For geographic information, suitable non-TEI vocabularies include: </p><ul class="bulleted"><li class="item">the OpenGIS Geography Markup Language (GML) being defined by the OGC<span id="Note88_return"><a class="notelink" title="The OGC is an international voluntary consensus standards organization whose members maintain the Geography Markup Language standard. The OGC coordina…" href="#Note88"><sup>51</sup></a></span></li><li class="item">the Keyhole Markup Language (KML) used by Google Maps<span id="Note89_return"><a class="notelink" title="See" href="#Note89"><sup>52</sup></a></span></li></ul><div class="p">In the following example, we have defined the location of the place ‘Lyon’ using GML and indicated the two names associated with it at different times: <div id="index-egXML-d52e107573" class="pre egXML_feasible"><span class="element"><place <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">locLyon</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">city</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><placeName <span class="attribute">notBefore</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1400</span>"></span>Lyon<span class="element"></placeName></span><br /> <span class="element"><placeName <span class="attribute">notAfter</span>="<span class="attributevalue">0056</span>"></span>Lugdunum<span class="element"></placeName></span><br /> <span class="element"><location></span><br /> <span class="element"><geo></span><br /> <span class="element"><gml:Polygon></span><br /> <span class="element"><gml:exterior></span><br /> <span class="element"><gml:LinearRing></span> 45.256 -110.45 46.46 -109.48 43.84 -109.86 45.8 -109.2<br /> 45.256 -110.45 <span class="element"></gml:LinearRing></span><br /> <span class="element"></gml:exterior></span><br /> <span class="element"></gml:Polygon></span><br /> <span class="element"></geo></span><br /> <span class="element"></location></span><br /><span class="element"></place></span></div></div><p>A <a class="gi" title="(bibliographic citation) contains a loosely-structured bibliographic citation of which the sub-components may or may not be explicitly tagged." href="ref-bibl.html">bibl</a> element may be used within <a class="gi" title="defines the location of a place as a set of geographical coordinates, in terms of other named geo-political entities, or as an address." href="ref-location.html">location</a> to indicate the source of the location information.</p><div id="index-egXML-d52e107598" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><location></span><br /> <span class="element"><geo></span>53.226658 -0.541254<span class="element"></geo></span><br /> <span class="element"><bibl></span><br /> <span class="element"><title></span>Roman Inscriptions of Britain<span class="element"></title></span>, <span class="element"><idno></span>262<span class="element"></idno></span><span class="element"></bibl></span><br /><span class="element"></location></span></div></div><div class="teidiv3" id="NDGEOGmp"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="ND.html#NDGEOGva"><span class="headingNumber">13.3.4.1 </span>Varieties of Location</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="ND.html#NDGEOGste"><span class="headingNumber">13.3.4.3 </span>States, Traits, and Events</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h5><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#NDGEOGmp" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Multiple Places</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">13.3.4.2 </span><span class="head">Multiple Places</span></h5><div class="p">A place may contain other places. This containment relation can be directly modelled in XML: thus we can say that the towns of Vilnius and Kaunas are both in a place called Lithuania (or Lietuva) as follows: <div id="index-egXML-d52e107613" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><place <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">locLith</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><country></span>Lithuania<span class="element"></country></span><br /> <span class="element"><country <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">lt</span>"></span>Lietuva<span class="element"></country></span><br /> <span class="element"><place></span><br /> <span class="element"><settlement></span>Vilnius<span class="element"></settlement></span><br /> <span class="element"></place></span><br /> <span class="element"><place></span><br /> <span class="element"><settlement></span>Kaunas<span class="element"></settlement></span><br /> <span class="element"></place></span><br /><span class="element"></place></span></div></div><p>This does not, of course, imply that Vilnius and Kaunas are the only places constituting Lithuania; only that they are within it. A separate <a class="gi" title="contains data about a geographic location" href="ref-place.html">place</a> element may indicate that it is a part of Lithuania by supplying a <a class="gi" title="(relationship) describes any kind of relationship or linkage amongst a specified group of places, events, persons, objects or other items." href="ref-relation.html">relation</a> element, as discussed below (<a class="link_ptr" href="ND.html#place-rel" title="Relations Between Places"><span class="headingNumber">13.3.4.4 </span>Relations Between Places</a>).</p><div class="p">As a further example, the islands of Mauritius, Réunion, and Rodrigues are collectively known as the Mascarene Islands. Grouped together with Mauritius there are also several smaller offshore islands, with rather picturesque French names. These offshore islands do not however constitute an identifiable place as a whole. One way of representing this is as follows: <div id="index-egXML-d52e107638" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><place <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">locMascarenes</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">islandGroup</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><placeName></span>Mascarene Islands<span class="element"></placeName></span><br /> <span class="element"><placeName></span>Mascarenhas Archipelago<span class="element"></placeName></span><br /> <span class="element"><place <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">island</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><placeName></span>Mauritius<span class="element"></placeName></span><br /> <span class="element"><listPlace <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">offshoreIslands</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><place></span><br /> <span class="element"><placeName></span>La roche qui pleure<span class="element"></placeName></span><br /> <span class="element"></place></span><br /> <span class="element"><place></span><br /> <span class="element"><placeName></span>Île aux cerfs<span class="element"></placeName></span><br /> <span class="element"></place></span><br /> <span class="element"></listPlace></span><br /> <span class="element"></place></span><br /> <span class="element"><place <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">island</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><placeName></span>Rodrigues<span class="element"></placeName></span><br /> <span class="element"></place></span><br /> <span class="element"><place <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">island</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><placeName></span>Réunion<span class="element"></placeName></span><br /> <span class="element"></place></span><br /><span class="element"></place></span></div></div><div class="p">Here is a more complex example, showing the variety of names associated at different times and in different languages with a set of hierarchically grouped places—the settlement of Carmarthen Castle, within the town of Carmarthen, within the administrative county of Carmarthenshire, Wales. <div id="index-egXML-d52e107663" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><place <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">wales</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">country</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><placeName <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">cy</span>"></span>Cymru<span class="element"></placeName></span><br /> <span class="element"><placeName <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">en</span>"></span>Wales<span class="element"></placeName></span><br /> <span class="element"><placeName <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">la</span>"></span>Wallie<span class="element"></placeName></span><br /> <span class="element"><placeName <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">la</span>"></span>Wallia<span class="element"></placeName></span><br /> <span class="element"><placeName <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">fro</span>"></span>Le Waleis<span class="element"></placeName></span><br /> <span class="element"><place <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">carmarthenshire</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">region</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><region <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">county</span>" <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">en</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">notBefore</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1284</span>"></span>Carmarthenshire<span class="element"></region></span><br /> <span class="element"><place <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">carmarthen</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">settlement</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><placeName <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">en</span>"></span>Carmarthen<span class="element"></placeName></span><br /> <span class="element"><placeName <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">la</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">notBefore</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1090</span>" <span class="attribute">notAfter</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1300</span>"></span>Kaermerdin<span class="element"></placeName></span><br /> <span class="element"><placeName <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">cy</span>"></span>Caerfyrddin<span class="element"></placeName></span><br /> <span class="element"><place <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">carmarthen_castle</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">castle</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><settlement></span>castle of Carmarthen<span class="element"></settlement></span><br /> <span class="element"></place></span><br /> <span class="element"></place></span><br /> <span class="element"></place></span><br /><span class="element"></place></span></div></div><p>As noted previously, <a class="gi" title="contains the name of a geo-political unit, such as a nation, country, colony, or commonwealth, larger than or administratively superior to a region and smaller than a bloc." href="ref-country.html">country</a>, <a class="gi" title="contains the name of an administrative unit such as a state, province, or county, larger than a settlement, but smaller than a country." href="ref-region.html">region</a>, and <a class="gi" title="contains the name of a settlement such as a city, town, or village identified as a single geo-political or administrative unit." href="ref-settlement.html">settlement</a> are all specializations of the generic <a class="gi" title="contains an absolute or relative place name." href="ref-placeName.html">placeName</a> element; they are not specializations of the <a class="gi" title="contains data about a geographic location" href="ref-place.html">place</a> element. If it is desired to distinguish amongst kinds of <em>place</em> this can only be done by means of the <span class="att">type</span> attribute as in the above example.</p><div class="p">This use of multiple <a class="gi" title="contains data about a geographic location" href="ref-place.html">place</a> elements should be distinguished from the (possibly simpler) case where a number of places with some property in common are being grouped together for convenience, for example, in a gazetteer. The <a class="gi" title="(list of places) contains a list of places, optionally followed by a list of relationships (other than containment) defined amongst them." href="ref-listPlace.html">listPlace</a> element is provided as a means of grouping places together where there is no implication that the grouped elements constitute a distinct place. For example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e107721" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><place <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">pl-c-H</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">county</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><placeName></span>Herefordshire<span class="element"></placeName></span><br /> <span class="element"><listPlace <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">villages</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><place <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">pl-v-AD</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><placeName></span>Abbey Dore<span class="element"></placeName></span><br /> <span class="element"><location></span><br /> <span class="element"><geo></span>51.969604 -2.893146<span class="element"></geo></span><br /> <span class="element"></location></span><br /> <span class="element"></place></span><br /> <span class="element"><place <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">pl-v-AB</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><placeName></span>Acton Beauchamp<span class="element"></placeName></span><br /> <span class="element"></place></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"></listPlace></span><br /> <span class="element"><listPlace <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">towns</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><place <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">pl-t-H</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><placeName></span>Hereford<span class="element"></placeName></span><br /> <span class="element"></place></span><br /> <span class="element"><place <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">pl-t-L</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><placeName></span>Leominster<span class="element"></placeName></span><br /> <span class="element"></place></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"></listPlace></span><br /><span class="element"></place></span></div></div></div><div class="teidiv3" id="NDGEOGste"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="ND.html#NDGEOGmp"><span class="headingNumber">13.3.4.2 </span>Multiple Places</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="ND.html#place-rel"><span class="headingNumber">13.3.4.4 </span>Relations Between Places</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h5><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#NDGEOGste" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: States, Traits, and Events</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">13.3.4.3 </span><span class="head">States, Traits, and Events</span></h5><p>There are many different kinds of information which it might be considered useful to record for a place in addition to its name and location, and the categories selected are likely to be very project-specific. As with persons therefore these Guidelines make no claim to comprehensiveness in this context. Instead, the generic <a class="gi" title="contains a description of some status or quality attributed to a person, place, or organization often at some specific time or for a specific date range." href="ref-state.html">state</a>, <a class="gi" title="contains a description of some status or quality attributed to a person, place, or organization typically, but not necessarily, independent of the volition or action of the holder and usually not at some specific time or for a specific date range." href="ref-trait.html">trait</a>, and <a class="gi" title="contains data relating to any kind of significant event associated with a person, place, or organization." href="ref-event.html">event</a> elements defined by this module should be used. Each of these may be customized for particular needs by means of their <span class="att">type</span> attribute. These are complemented by a small number of predefined elements of general utility: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-population.html">population</a></span> contains information about the population of a place.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-climate.html">climate</a></span> contains information about the physical climate of a place.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-terrain.html">terrain</a></span> contains information about the physical terrain of a place.</li></ul><p>These are all specializations of the generic <a class="gi" title="contains a description of some status or quality attributed to a person, place, or organization typically, but not necessarily, independent of the volition or action of the holder and usually not at some specific time or for a specific date range." href="ref-trait.html">trait</a> element. This element may be used for almost any kind of event in the life of a place; no specialized version of this element is proposed, nor do we attempt to enumerate the possible values which might be appropriate for the <span class="att">type</span> attribute on any of these generic elements.</p><div class="p">Here is an example, showing how the specific and generic elements may be combined: <div id="index-egXML-d52e107777" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><place <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">IS</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><placeName <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">en</span>"></span>Iceland<span class="element"></placeName></span><br /> <span class="element"><placeName <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">is</span>"></span>Ísland<span class="element"></placeName></span><br /> <span class="element"><location></span><br /> <span class="element"><geo></span>65.00 -18.00<span class="element"></geo></span><br /> <span class="element"></location></span><br /> <span class="element"><terrain></span><br /> <span class="element"><desc></span>Area: 103,000 sq km<span class="element"></desc></span><br /> <span class="element"></terrain></span><br /> <span class="element"><state <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">governance</span>" <span class="attribute">notBefore</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1944</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Constitutional republic<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></state></span><br /> <span class="element"><state <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">governance</span>" <span class="attribute">notAfter</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1944</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>Part of the kingdom of <span class="element"><placeName <span class="attribute">key</span>="<span class="attributevalue">DK</span>"></span>Denmark<span class="element"></placeName></span><span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></state></span><br /> <span class="element"><event <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">governance</span>" <span class="attribute">when</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1944-06-17</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><desc></span>Iceland became independent on 17 June 1944.<span class="element"></desc></span><br /> <span class="element"></event></span><br /> <span class="element"><state <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">governance</span>" <span class="attribute">from</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1944-06-17</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>An independent republic since June 1944<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></state></span><br /><span class="element"></place></span></div></div><div class="p">In the following example, the <a class="gi" title="contains information about the physical climate of a place." href="ref-climate.html">climate</a> example is used to provided a detailed discussion of this particular aspect of the information available about a particular place: <div id="index-egXML-d52e107809" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><place <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">greece</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><placeName></span>Greece<span class="element"></placeName></span><br /> <span class="element"><climate></span><br /> <span class="element"><desc></span>Greece's climate is divided into three well defined<br /> classes:<span class="element"></desc></span><br /> <span class="element"><climate></span><br /> <span class="element"><label></span>Mediterranean<span class="element"></label></span><br /> <span class="element"><desc></span>It features mild, wet winters and hot, dry<br /> summers. Temperatures rarely reach extremes, although snowfalls do<br /> occur occasionally even in <span class="element"><placeName></span>Athens<span class="element"></placeName></span>,<br /> <span class="element"><placeName></span>Cyclades<span class="element"></placeName></span> or <span class="element"><placeName></span>Crete<span class="element"></placeName></span><br /> during the winter.<span class="element"></desc></span><br /> <span class="element"></climate></span><br /> <span class="element"><climate></span><br /> <span class="element"><label></span>Alpine<span class="element"></label></span><br /> <span class="element"><desc></span>It is found primarily in <span class="element"><placeName></span><br /> <span class="element"><offset></span>Western<span class="element"></offset></span><br /> Greece<span class="element"></placeName></span> (<span class="element"><placeName></span>Epirus<span class="element"></placeName></span>,<br /> <span class="element"><placeName></span><br /> <span class="element"><offset></span>Central<span class="element"></offset></span> Greece<span class="element"></placeName></span>,<br /> <span class="element"><placeName></span>Thessaly<span class="element"></placeName></span>,<br /> <span class="element"><placeName></span><br /> <span class="element"><offset></span>Western<span class="element"></offset></span> Macedonia<span class="element"></placeName></span> as well<br /> as central parts of <span class="element"><placeName></span>Peloponnesus<span class="element"></placeName></span> like<br /> <span class="element"><placeName></span>Achaea<span class="element"></placeName></span>, <span class="element"><placeName></span>Arcadia<span class="element"></placeName></span> and<br /> parts of <span class="element"><placeName></span>Laconia<span class="element"></placeName></span> where the Alpine range pass<br /> by)<span class="element"></desc></span><br /> <span class="element"></climate></span><br /> <span class="element"><climate></span><br /> <span class="element"><label></span>Temperate<span class="element"></label></span><br /> <span class="element"><desc></span>It is found in <span class="element"><placeName></span><br /> <span class="element"><offset></span>Central<span class="element"></offset></span> and<br /> <span class="element"><offset></span>Eastern<span class="element"></offset></span> Macedonia<span class="element"></placeName></span> as well as in<br /> <span class="element"><placeName></span>Thrace<span class="element"></placeName></span> at places like<br /> <span class="element"><placeName></span>Komotini<span class="element"></placeName></span>, <span class="element"><placeName></span>Xanthi<span class="element"></placeName></span> and<br /> <span class="element"><placeName></span><br /> <span class="element"><offset></span>northern<span class="element"></offset></span> Evros<span class="element"></placeName></span>. It features<br /> cold, damp winters and hot, dry summers.<span class="element"></desc></span><br /> <span class="element"></climate></span><br /> <span class="element"></climate></span><br /><span class="element"></place></span></div> </div><div class="p">As the above example shows, <a class="gi" title="contains a description of some status or quality attributed to a person, place, or organization often at some specific time or for a specific date range." href="ref-state.html">state</a> and <a class="gi" title="contains a description of some status or quality attributed to a person, place, or organization typically, but not necessarily, independent of the volition or action of the holder and usually not at some specific time or for a specific date range." href="ref-trait.html">trait</a> elements, and others of the same class, can be nested hierarchically within each other. When this is done, values for the <span class="att">type</span> attribute are to be understood as cumulatively inherited, as elsewhere in the TEI scheme (for example on <a class="gi" title="contains an individual descriptive category, possibly nested within a superordinate category, within a user-defined taxonomy." href="ref-category.html">category</a> or <a class="gi" title="(link group) defines a collection of associations or hypertextual links." href="ref-linkGrp.html">linkGrp</a>). In the following example, the outermost <a class="gi" title="contains information about the population of a place." href="ref-population.html">population</a> element concerns the squirrel population between the dates given. This is then broken down into red and gray squirrel populations, and within that into male and female: <div id="index-egXML-d52e107920" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><population <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">squirrel</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">notBefore</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1901</span>" <span class="attribute">notAfter</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1902-01-11</span>" <span class="attribute">resp</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#strabo</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><population <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">red</span>" <span class="attribute">when</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1901-01-10</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><population <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">female</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><desc></span>12<span class="element"></desc></span><br /> <span class="element"></population></span><br /> <span class="element"><population <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">male</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><desc></span>15<span class="element"></desc></span><br /> <span class="element"></population></span><br /> <span class="element"></population></span><br /> <span class="element"><population <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">gray</span>" <span class="attribute">when</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1902-01-10</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">cert</span>="<span class="attributevalue">high</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><population <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">female</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><desc></span>23<span class="element"></desc></span><br /> <span class="element"></population></span><br /> <span class="element"><population <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">male</span>" <span class="attribute">cert</span>="<span class="attributevalue">low</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">resp</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#biber</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><desc></span>45<span class="element"></desc></span><br /> <span class="element"></population></span><br /> <span class="element"></population></span><br /><span class="element"></population></span></div> The dating and responsibility attributes here behave slightly differently from the <span class="att">type</span> attribute: responsibility is not an additive property, and therefore an element either states it explicitly, or inherits it from its nearest ancestor. Dating is slightly different again, in that a child element may specify a date more precisely than its parent, as in the example above</div><div class="p">Events may also be subdivided into other events. For example, a two part meeting might be represented as follows: <div id="index-egXML-d52e107942" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><event <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">meeting</span>" <span class="attribute">when</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2007-05-29</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><desc></span>All day meeting to resolve content models<span class="element"></desc></span><br /> <span class="element"><event <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">preamble</span>" <span class="attribute">notAfter</span>="<span class="attributevalue">13:00:00</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><desc></span>first part<span class="element"></desc></span><br /> <span class="element"></event></span><br /> <span class="element"><event <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">conclusions</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">notBefore</span>="<span class="attributevalue">13:00:00</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><desc></span>second part<span class="element"></desc></span><br /> <span class="element"></event></span><br /><span class="element"></event></span></div></div><p>An <a class="gi" title="contains data relating to any kind of significant event associated with a person, place, or organization." href="ref-event.html">event</a> element is usually used to record information about a place, or a person; for this reason the element usually appears as content of a <a class="gi" title="contains data about a geographic location" href="ref-place.html">place</a> or <a class="gi" title="provides information about an identifiable individual, for example a participant in a language interaction, or a person referred to in a historical source." href="ref-person.html">person</a>. However, it is also possible to describe events independently of either a person or a place. This may be useful in such applications as chronologies, lists of significant events such as battles, legislation, etc.</p><p>The <a class="gi" title="(list of events) contains a list of descriptions, each of which provides information about an identifiable event." href="ref-listEvent.html">listEvent</a> element is a member of the <a class="link_odd" title="groups list-like elements." href="ref-model.listLike.html">model.listLike</a> class, and may therefore appear wherever lists are permitted, in the same way as the <a class="gi" title="(list of persons) contains a list of descriptions, each of which provides information about an identifiable person or a group of people, for example the participants in a language interaction, or the people referred to in a historical source." href="ref-listPerson.html">listPerson</a>, <a class="gi" title="(list of places) contains a list of places, optionally followed by a list of relationships (other than containment) defined amongst them." href="ref-listPlace.html">listPlace</a> etc. elements described elsewhere in this chapter.</p><div id="index-egXML-d52e107978" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><listEvent></span><br /> <span class="element"><event <span class="attribute">when</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1713</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">ref</span>="<span class="attributevalue">http://eco.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.9_01832</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><label></span>Treaty of Utrecht<span class="element"></label></span><br /> <span class="element"><desc></span>France ceded to Great Britain its claims to the <span class="element"><orgName></span>Hudson's Bay<br /> Company<span class="element"></orgName></span> territories in <span class="element"><placeName></span>Rupert's Land<span class="element"></placeName></span>,<br /> <span class="element"><placeName></span>Newfoundland<span class="element"></placeName></span>, and<br /> <span class="element"><placeName></span>Acadia<span class="element"></placeName></span> and recognized British suzerainty over <span class="element"><orgName <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">tribe</span>"></span>the Iroquois<span class="element"></orgName></span> but retained its other pre-war<br /> North American possessions, including<br /> <span class="element"><placeName <span class="attribute">key</span>="<span class="attributevalue">PEI</span>"></span>Île-Saint-Jean<span class="element"></placeName></span> (now <span class="element"><placeName <span class="attribute">key</span>="<span class="attributevalue">PEI</span>"></span>Prince Edward<br /> Island<span class="element"></placeName></span>)...<span class="element"></desc></span><br /> <span class="element"></event></span><br /> <span class="element"><event <span class="attribute">when</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1774</span>" <span class="attribute">key</span>="<span class="attributevalue">14-GeoIII-c83</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><label></span>Quebec Act<span class="element"></label></span><br /> <span class="element"><desc></span>This act of the British Parliament guaranteed free practice of<br /> the Catholic faith and restored use of the French Civil Code for<br /> private matters throughout the Province of Quebec, which had been<br /> expanded in territory following the <span class="element"><ref></span>Treaty of Paris<span class="element"></ref></span>.<span class="element"></desc></span><br /> <span class="element"></event></span><br /> <span class="element"><event <span class="attribute">when</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1778</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">ref</span>="<span class="attributevalue">http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/del1778.asp</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><label></span>Treaty of Fort Pitt<span class="element"></label></span><br /> <span class="element"><desc></span>Also known as the <span class="element"><name <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">event</span>"></span>Treaty with the<br /> Delawares<span class="element"></name></span>, this was the first written treaty between the newly<br /> formed <span class="element"><orgName></span>United States<span class="element"></orgName></span> and any Native American people, in this<br /> case, the <span class="element"><orgName <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">tribe</span>"></span>Lenape<span class="element"></orgName></span> or Delawares.<span class="element"></desc></span><br /> <span class="element"></event></span><br /><span class="element"></listEvent></span></div></div><div class="teidiv3" id="place-rel"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="ND.html#NDGEOGste"><span class="headingNumber">13.3.4.3 </span>States, Traits, and Events</a></li><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h5><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#place-rel" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Relations Between Places</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">13.3.4.4 </span><span class="head">Relations Between Places</span></h5><div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="(relationship) describes any kind of relationship or linkage amongst a specified group of places, events, persons, objects or other items." href="ref-relation.html">relation</a> element may also be used to express relationships of various kinds between places, or between places and persons, in much the same way as it is used to express relationships between persons alone. Returning to the Mascarene Islands example cited above, we might define the island group and its constituents separately, but indicate the relationship by means of a <a class="gi" title="(relationship) describes any kind of relationship or linkage amongst a specified group of places, events, persons, objects or other items." href="ref-relation.html">relation</a> element: <div id="index-egXML-d52e108041" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><listPlace></span><br /> <span class="element"><place <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">MASC</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><placeName></span>Mascarene islands<span class="element"></placeName></span><br /> <span class="element"><placeName></span>Mascarenhas Archipelago<span class="element"></placeName></span><br /> <span class="element"></place></span><br /> <span class="element"><place <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">MRU</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><placeName></span>Mauritius<span class="element"></placeName></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"></place></span><br /> <span class="element"><place <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">ROD</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><placeName></span>Rodrigues<span class="element"></placeName></span><br /> <span class="element"></place></span><br /> <span class="element"><place <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">REN</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><placeName></span>Réunion<span class="element"></placeName></span><br /> <span class="element"></place></span><br /> <span class="element"><relation <span class="attribute">name</span>="<span class="attributevalue">contains</span>" <span class="attribute">active</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#MASC</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">passive</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#ROD #MRU #REN</span>"/></span><br /><span class="element"></listPlace></span></div></div><div class="p">This ‘stand-off’ style of representation has the advantage that we can now also represent the fact that a place may be a <span class="q">‘part of’</span> more than one other place; for example, Réunion is part of France, as well as part of the Mascarenes. If we add a declaration for France to the list above: <div id="index-egXML-d52e108068" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><place <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">country</span>" <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">FRA</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><placeName></span>France<span class="element"></placeName></span><br /><span class="element"></place></span></div> we can now model this dual allegiance by means of a <a class="gi" title="(relationship) describes any kind of relationship or linkage amongst a specified group of places, events, persons, objects or other items." href="ref-relation.html">relation</a> element: <div id="index-egXML-d52e108076" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><relation <span class="attribute">name</span>="<span class="attributevalue">partOf</span>" <span class="attribute">active</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#REN</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">passive</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#FRA #MASC</span>"/></span></div></div></div></div><div class="teidiv2" id="NDNYM"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="ND.html#NDGEOG"><span class="headingNumber">13.3.4 </span>Places</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="ND.html#NDDATE"><span class="headingNumber">13.3.6 </span>Dates and Times</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#NDNYM" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Names and Nyms</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">13.3.5 </span><span class="head">Names and Nyms</span></h4><p>So far we have discussed ways in which a name or referring string encountered in running text may be resolved by considering the object that the name refers to: in the case of a personal name, the name refers to a person; in the case of a place name, to a place, for example. The resolution of this reference is effected by means of the <span class="att">key</span> or <span class="att">ref</span> attributes available to all elements which are members of the <a class="link_odd" title="provides attributes common to elements which refer to named persons, places, organizations etc." href="ref-att.naming.html">att.naming</a> class, such as <a class="gi" title="(personal name) contains a proper noun or proper-noun phrase referring to a person, possibly including one or more of the person's forenames, surnames, honorifics, added names, etc." href="ref-persName.html">persName</a> or <a class="gi" title="contains an absolute or relative place name." href="ref-placeName.html">placeName</a> and their more specialized variants such as <a class="gi" title="contains a forename, given or baptismal name." href="ref-forename.html">forename</a> or <a class="gi" title="contains the name of a geo-political unit, such as a nation, country, colony, or commonwealth, larger than or administratively superior to a region and smaller than a bloc." href="ref-country.html">country</a>. However, <em>names</em> can also be regarded as objects in their own right, irrespective of the objects to which they are attached, notably in onomastic studies. From this point of view, the names <span class="mentioned">John</span> in English, <span class="mentioned">Jean</span> in French, and <span class="mentioned">Ivan</span> in Russian might all be regarded as existing independently of any person to which they are attached, and also independently of any variant forms that might be attested in different sources (such as Jon or Johnny in English, or Jehan or Jojo in French). We use the term <span class="term">nym</span> to refer to the canonical or normalized form of a name regarded in such a way, and provide the following elements to encode it: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-listNym.html">listNym</a></span> (list of canonical names) contains a list of nyms, that is, standardized names for any thing.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-nym.html">nym</a></span> (canonical name) contains the definition for a canonical name or name component of any kind.</li></ul><div class="p">Any element which is a member of the <a class="link_odd" title="provides attributes common to elements which refer to named persons, places, organizations etc." href="ref-att.naming.html">att.naming</a> class may use the attribute <span class="att">nymRef</span> to indicate the nym with which it corresponds. Thus, given the following <a class="gi" title="(canonical name) contains the definition for a canonical name or name component of any kind." href="ref-nym.html">nym</a> for the name <span class="mentioned">Antony</span>: <div id="index-egXML-d52e111462" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><listNym></span><br /> <span class="element"><nym <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">N123</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><form></span>Antony<span class="element"></form></span><br /> <span class="element"></nym></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- other nym definitions here --></span><br /><span class="element"></listNym></span></div> an occurrence of this name in running text might be encoded as follows: <div id="index-egXML-d52e111470" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><forename <span class="attribute">nymRef</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#N123</span>"></span>Tony<span class="element"></forename></span> Blair<br /></div> Note that this association (between "Tony" and "Antony") has nothing to do with any individual who might use the name.</div><div class="p">The person identified by this particular Tony may however be indicated independently using the <span class="att">ref</span> attribute, either on the forename or on the whole name component: <div id="index-egXML-d52e111480" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><forename <span class="attribute">nymRef</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#N123</span>" <span class="attribute">ref</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#BLT</span>"></span>Tony<span class="element"></forename></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /><span class="element"><person <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">BLT</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><persName></span>Tony Blair<span class="element"></persName></span><br /> <span class="element"><occupation></span>politician<span class="element"></occupation></span><br /><span class="element"></person></span></div></div><div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="(canonical name) contains the definition for a canonical name or name component of any kind." href="ref-nym.html">nym</a> element may be thought of as providing a specialized kind of dictionary entry. Like a dictionary entry, it may contain any element from the <a class="link_odd" title="groups non-morphological elements appearing within a dictionary entry." href="ref-model.entryPart.html">model.entryPart</a> class, such as <a class="gi" title="(form information group) groups all the information on the written and spoken forms of one headword." href="ref-form.html">form</a>, <a class="gi" title="(etymology) encloses the etymological information in a dictionary entry." href="ref-etym.html">etym</a>, etc. For example, we may show that the canonical form for a given nym has two orthographic variants in this way: <div id="index-egXML-d52e111504" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><nym <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">J451</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><form></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">en-US</span>"></span>Ian<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"><orth <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">en-x-Scots</span>"></span>Iain<span class="element"></orth></span><br /> <span class="element"></form></span><br /><span class="element"></nym></span></div></div><div class="p">Because a schema intending to make use of the <a class="gi" title="(canonical name) contains the definition for a canonical name or name component of any kind." href="ref-nym.html">nym</a> or <a class="gi" title="(list of canonical names) contains a list of nyms, that is, standardized names for any thing." href="ref-listNym.html">listNym</a> element must include the <span class="ident-module">dictionaries</span> module as well as the <span class="ident-module">namesdates</span> module, many other elements are available in addition to <a class="gi" title="(form information group) groups all the information on the written and spoken forms of one headword." href="ref-form.html">form</a>. For example, to provide a more complex etymological decomposition of a name, we might use the existing <a class="gi" title="(etymology) encloses the etymological information in a dictionary entry." href="ref-etym.html">etym</a> element, as follows: <div id="index-egXML-d52e111533" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><nym <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">XYZ</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><form></span>Bogomil<span class="element"></form></span><br /> <span class="element"><etym></span>Means <span class="element"><gloss></span>favoured by God<span class="element"></gloss></span> from the<br /> <span class="element"><lang></span>Slavic<span class="element"></lang></span> elements <span class="element"><mentioned <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">ru</span>"></span>bog<span class="element"></mentioned></span><br /> <span class="element"><gloss></span>God<span class="element"></gloss></span> and <span class="element"><mentioned <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">ru</span>"></span>mil<span class="element"></mentioned></span><br /> <span class="element"><gloss></span>favour<span class="element"></gloss></span><span class="element"></etym></span><br /><span class="element"></nym></span></div></div><div class="p">Where it is necessary to mark the substructure of nyms, this may be done by <a class="gi" title="(arbitrary segment) represents any segmentation of text below the ‘chunk’ level." href="ref-seg.html">seg</a> elements within the <a class="gi" title="(form information group) groups all the information on the written and spoken forms of one headword." href="ref-form.html">form</a>:<div id="index-egXML-d52e111563" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><nym <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">ABC</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><form></span><br /> <span class="element"><choice></span><br /> <span class="element"><seg <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">morph</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><seg></span>Bog<span class="element"></seg></span><br /> <span class="element"><seg></span>o<span class="element"></seg></span><br /> <span class="element"><seg></span>mil<span class="element"></seg></span><br /> <span class="element"></seg></span><br /> <span class="element"><seg <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">morph</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><seg></span>Bogo<span class="element"></seg></span><br /> <span class="element"><seg></span>mil<span class="element"></seg></span><br /> <span class="element"></seg></span><br /> <span class="element"></choice></span><br /> <span class="element"></form></span><br /><span class="element"></nym></span></div> The <a class="gi" title="(arbitrary segment) represents any segmentation of text below the ‘chunk’ level." href="ref-seg.html">seg</a> element used here is provided by the TEI <span class="ident-module">linking</span> module, which would therefore also need to be included in a schema built to validate such markup. Other possibilities for more detailed linguistic analysis are provided by elements included in that and the <span class="ident-module">analysis</span> (see <a class="link_ptr" href="AI.html" title="15"><span class="headingNumber">17 </span>Simple Analytic Mechanisms</a>) or <span class="ident-module">iso-fs</span> modules (see <a class="link_ptr" href="FS.html" title="16"><span class="headingNumber">18 </span>Feature Structures</a>).</div><div class="p">Alternatively, each of the constituents of <span class="mentioned">Bogomil</span> might be regarded as a nym in its own right: <div id="index-egXML-d52e111604" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><nym <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">B1</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">part</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><form></span>bog<span class="element"></form></span><br /><span class="element"></nym></span><br /><span class="element"><nym <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">M1</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">part</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><form></span>mil<span class="element"></form></span><br /><span class="element"></nym></span></div> Within running text, a name can specify all the nyms associated with it: <div id="index-egXML-d52e111612" class="pre egXML_valid">...<span class="element"><name <span class="attribute">nymRef</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#B1 #M1</span>"></span>Bogomil<span class="element"></name></span>...<br /></div> Similarly, within a nym, the attribute <span class="att">parts</span> is used to indicate its constituent parts, where these have been identified as distinct nyms: <div id="index-egXML-d52e111621" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><nym <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">BM1</span>" <span class="attribute">parts</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#B1 #M1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><form></span>Bogomil<span class="element"></form></span><br /><span class="element"></nym></span></div></div><div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="(canonical name) contains the definition for a canonical name or name component of any kind." href="ref-nym.html">nym</a> element may also combine a number of other <a class="gi" title="(canonical name) contains the definition for a canonical name or name component of any kind." href="ref-nym.html">nym</a> elements together, where it is intended to show that they are all regarded as variations on the same root. Thus the different forms of the name John, all being derived from the same root, may be represented as a hierarchic structure like this: <div id="index-egXML-d52e111634" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><nym <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">J45</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><form <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">la</span>"></span>Iohannes<span class="element"></form></span><br /> <span class="element"><nym <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">J450</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><form <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">en</span>"></span>John<span class="element"></form></span><br /> <span class="element"><nym <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">J4501</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><form></span>Johnny<span class="element"></form></span><br /> <span class="element"></nym></span><br /> <span class="element"><nym <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">J4502</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><form></span>Jon<span class="element"></form></span><br /> <span class="element"></nym></span><br /> <span class="element"></nym></span><br /> <span class="element"><nym <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">J455</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><form <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">ru</span>"></span>Ivan<span class="element"></form></span><br /> <span class="element"></nym></span><br /> <span class="element"><nym <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">J453</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><form <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">fr</span>"></span>Jean<span class="element"></form></span><br /> <span class="element"></nym></span><br /><span class="element"></nym></span></div></div><div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="(canonical name) contains the definition for a canonical name or name component of any kind." href="ref-nym.html">nym</a> element may be used for components of geographical or organizational names as well. For example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e111659" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><geogName <span class="attribute">ref</span>="<span class="attributevalue">tag:projectname.org,2012:LAEI1</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">hill</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><geogFeat <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">gd</span>" <span class="attribute">nymRef</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#LAIRG</span>"></span>Lairig<span class="element"></geogFeat></span><br /> <span class="element"><name></span>Eilde<span class="element"></name></span><br /><span class="element"></geogName></span><br /> ...<br /> <br /><span class="element"><nym <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">LAIRG</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><form <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">gd</span>"></span>lairig<span class="element"></form></span><br /> <span class="element"><def></span>sloping hill face<span class="element"></def></span><br /><span class="element"></nym></span><br /> ...<br /> <br /></div></div><p> As noted above, use of these elements implies that both the <span class="ident-module">dictionaries</span> and the <span class="ident-module">namesdates</span> modules are included in a schema.</p></div><div class="div2" id="NDDATE"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="ND.html#NDNYM"><span class="headingNumber">13.3.5 </span>Names and Nyms</a></li><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#NDDATE" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Dates and Times</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">13.3.6 </span><span class="head">Dates and Times</span></h4><p>The following elements for the encoding of dates and times were introduced in section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#CONADA" title="Dates and Times"><span class="headingNumber">3.5.4 </span>Dates and Times</a>: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-date.html">date</a></span> contains a date in any format.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-time.html">time</a></span> contains a phrase defining a time of day in any format.</li></ul><p>The current module <span class="ident-module">namesdates</span> provides a mechanism for more detailed encoding of relative dates and times. A <span class="term">relative temporal expression</span> describes a date or time with reference to some other (absolute) temporal expression, and thus may contain an <a class="gi" title="marks that part of a relative temporal or spatial expression which indicates the direction of the offset between the two place names, dates, or times involved in the expression." href="ref-offset.html">offset</a> element in addition to one or more <a class="gi" title="contains a date in any format." href="ref-date.html">date</a> or <a class="gi" title="contains a phrase defining a time of day in any format." href="ref-time.html">time</a> elements: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-offset.html">offset</a></span> marks that part of a relative temporal or spatial expression which indicates the direction of the offset between the two place names, dates, or times involved in the expression.</li></ul><p>As members of the <a class="link_odd" title="provides attributes for normalization of elements that contain dates, times, or datable events." href="ref-att.datable.html">att.datable</a> and <a class="link_odd" title="provides attributes for normalization of elements that contain datable events." href="ref-att.duration.html">att.duration</a> classes, which in turn are members of <a class="link_odd" title="provides attributes for normalization of elements that contain datable events conforming to the W3C _XML_Schema_Part_2:_Datatypes_Second_Edition_." href="ref-att.datable.w3c.html">att.datable.w3c</a> and <a class="link_odd" title="provides attributes for recording normalized temporal durations." href="ref-att.duration.w3c.html">att.duration.w3c</a> respectively, the <a class="gi" title="contains a date in any format." href="ref-date.html">date</a> and <a class="gi" title="contains a phrase defining a time of day in any format." href="ref-time.html">time</a> elements share the following attributes: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-att.datable.w3c.html">att.datable.w3c</a></span> provides attributes for normalization of elements that contain datable events conforming to the W3C <span class="titlem">XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes Second Edition</span>.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">when</span></td><td>supplies the value of the date or time in a standard form, e.g. yyyy-mm-dd.</td></tr></table></li><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-att.duration.w3c.html">att.duration.w3c</a></span> provides attributes for recording normalized temporal durations.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">dur</span></td><td>(duration) indicates the length of this element in time.</td></tr></table></li></ul><div class="div3" id="NDDATER"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="ND.html#NDDATEA"><span class="headingNumber">13.3.6.2 </span>Absolute Dates and Times</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h5><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#NDDATER" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Relative Dates and Times
</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">13.3.6.1 </span><span class="head">Relative Dates and Times </span></h5><p>As noted above, relative dates and times such as <span class="q">‘in the Two Hundredth and First Year of the Republic’</span>, <span class="q">‘twenty minutes before noon’</span>, and, more ambiguously, <span class="q">‘after the lamented death of the Doctor’</span> or <span class="q">‘an hour after the game’</span> have two distinct components. As well as the absolute temporal expression or event to which reference is made (e.g. <span class="q">‘noon’</span>, <span class="q">‘the game’</span>, <span class="q">‘the death of the Doctor’</span>, <span class="q">‘[the foundation of] the Republic’</span>), they also contain a description of the ‘distance’ between the time or date which is indicated and the referent expression (e.g. <span class="q">‘the Two Hundredth and First Year’</span>, <span class="q">‘twenty minutes’</span>, <span class="q">‘an hour’</span>); and (optionally) an ‘offset’ describing the direction of the distance between the time or date indicated and the referent expression (e.g. <span class="q">‘of’</span> implying after, <span class="q">‘before’</span>, <span class="q">‘after’</span>).</p><p>The ‘distance’ component of a relative temporal expression may be encoded as a temporal element in its own right using either <a class="gi" title="contains a date in any format." href="ref-date.html">date</a> or <a class="gi" title="contains a phrase defining a time of day in any format." href="ref-time.html">time</a>, or with the more generic <a class="gi" title="contains a word or phrase referring to some quantity of an object or commodity, usually comprising a number, a unit, and a commodity name." href="ref-measure.html">measure</a> element. A special element, <a class="gi" title="marks that part of a relative temporal or spatial expression which indicates the direction of the offset between the two place names, dates, or times involved in the expression." href="ref-offset.html">offset</a>, is provided by this module for encoding the ‘offset’ component of a relative temporal expression. The absolute temporal expression contained within the relative expression may be encoded with a <a class="gi" title="contains a date in any format." href="ref-date.html">date</a> or <a class="gi" title="contains a phrase defining a time of day in any format." href="ref-time.html">time</a> element; in turn, those elements may of course be relative, and thus contain <a class="gi" title="contains a date in any format." href="ref-date.html">date</a> or <a class="gi" title="contains a phrase defining a time of day in any format." href="ref-time.html">time</a> elements within themselves. This allows for deeply nested structures such as <span class="q">‘the third Sunday after the first Monday before Lammastide in the fifth year of the King's second marriage ... ’</span> but so does natural language.</p><div class="p">In the following examples, the <span class="att">when</span> and <span class="att">dur</span> attributes have been used to simplify processing of variant forms of expression: <div id="index-egXML-d52e112035" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><date <span class="attribute">when</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1786-12-11</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><date <span class="attribute">dur</span>="<span class="attributevalue">P14D</span>"></span>A fortnight<span class="element"></date></span><br /> <span class="element"><offset></span>before<span class="element"></offset></span><br /> <span class="element"><date <span class="attribute">when</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1786-12-25</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">holiday</span>"></span>Christmas 1786<span class="element"></date></span><br /><span class="element"></date></span></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e112044" class="pre egXML_valid">I reached the station <span class="element"><time <span class="attribute">when</span>="<span class="attributevalue">14:15:00</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><time <span class="attribute">dur</span>="<span class="attributevalue">PT30M0S</span>"></span>precisely half an hour<span class="element"></time></span><br /> <span class="element"><offset></span>after<span class="element"></offset></span><br /> <span class="element"><time <span class="attribute">when</span>="<span class="attributevalue">13:45:00</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">occasion</span>"></span>the departure of the afternoon train to Boston<span class="element"></time></span><br /><span class="element"></time></span></div></div><div class="p">In the following example, a nested <a class="gi" title="contains a date in any format." href="ref-date.html">date</a> element is used to show that <span class="q">‘my birthday’</span> and the cited date are parts of the same temporal expression, and hence to disambiguate the phrase <span class="q">‘A week before my birthday on 9th December’</span>: <div id="index-egXML-d52e112064" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><date <span class="attribute">when</span>="<span class="attributevalue">--12-02</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><date></span>A week<span class="element"></date></span><br /> <span class="element"><offset></span>before<span class="element"></offset></span><br /> <span class="element"><date <span class="attribute">when</span>="<span class="attributevalue">--12-09</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><date <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">occasion</span>"></span>my birthday<span class="element"></date></span><br /> on <span class="element"><date></span>9th December<span class="element"></date></span><span class="element"></date></span><br /><span class="element"></date></span></div> The alternative reading of this phrase could be encoded as follows: <div id="index-egXML-d52e112077" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><date <span class="attribute">when</span>="<span class="attributevalue">--12-09</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><date></span>A week<span class="element"></date></span><br /> <span class="element"><offset></span>before<span class="element"></offset></span><br /> <span class="element"><date <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">occasion</span>" <span class="attribute">when</span>="<span class="attributevalue">--12-16</span>"></span>my birthday<span class="element"></date></span><br /> on <span class="element"><date></span>9th December<span class="element"></date></span><span class="element"></date></span></div></div><div class="p">Where more complex or ambiguous expressions are involved, and where it is desirable to make more explicit the interpretive processes required, the feature structure notation described in chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="FS.html" title="16"><span class="headingNumber">18 </span>Feature Structures</a> may be used. Consider, for example, the following temporal expression which occurs in the <span class="titlem">Scottish Temperance Review</span> of August 1850, referring to the summer holiday known in Glasgow simply as <span class="q">‘the Fair’</span>: <div id="index-egXML-d52e112099" class="pre egXML_valid">Not only is the city, <span class="element"><date <span class="attribute">ana</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#gf50</span>"></span>during the Fair<span class="element"></date></span>, a horrible nucleus of immorality<br /> and wickedness; it sends our multitudes to pollute and demoralize the<br /> country.</div></div><div class="p">For the definition of the <span class="att">ana</span> attribute, see chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="AI.html" title="15"><span class="headingNumber">17 </span>Simple Analytic Mechanisms</a> (in particular <a class="link_ptr" href="AI.html#AIATTS" title="Global Attributes for Simple Analyses"><span class="headingNumber">17.2 </span>Global Attributes for Simple Analyses</a>). It is used here to link the temporal phrase with an interpretation of it. Like most traditional fairs and market days, the Glasgow Fair was established by local custom and could vary from year to year. Consequently, in order to provide such an interpretation, it is necessary to draw upon additional information which may or may not be located in the particular text in question. In this case, it is necessary at least to know the spatial and temporal context (year and place) of the fair referred to. These and other features required for the analysis of this particular temporal expression may be combined together as one feature structure of type <span class="val">date-analysis</span>: <div id="index-egXML-d52e112117" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><fs <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">gf50</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">date-analysis</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><f <span class="attribute">name</span>="<span class="attributevalue">event</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><string></span>the Fair<span class="element"></string></span><br /> <span class="element"></f></span><br /> <span class="element"><f <span class="attribute">name</span>="<span class="attributevalue">place</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><string></span>Glasgow<span class="element"></string></span><br /> <span class="element"></f></span><br /> <span class="element"><f <span class="attribute">name</span>="<span class="attributevalue">year</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><numeric <span class="attribute">value</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1850</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"></f></span><br /> <span class="element"><f <span class="attribute">name</span>="<span class="attributevalue">from-value</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><string></span>1850-08-08<span class="element"></string></span><br /> <span class="element"></f></span><br /> <span class="element"><f <span class="attribute">name</span>="<span class="attributevalue">to-value</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><string></span>1850-09-19<span class="element"></string></span><br /> <span class="element"></f></span><br /><span class="element"></fs></span></div> For further discussion of feature structure representation see chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="FS.html" title="16"><span class="headingNumber">18 </span>Feature Structures</a>.</div></div><div class="div3" id="NDDATEA"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="ND.html#NDDATER"><span class="headingNumber">13.3.6.1 </span>Relative Dates and Times </a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="ND.html#NDDATEISO"><span class="headingNumber">13.3.6.3 </span>More Expressive Normalizations</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h5><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#NDDATEA" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Absolute Dates and Times</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">13.3.6.2 </span><span class="head">Absolute Dates and Times</span></h5><p>The following are examples of absolute temporal expressions.</p><div class="p"><div id="index-egXML-d52e112144" class="pre egXML_valid">The university's view<br /> of American affairs produced a stinging attack by Edmund Burke in the<br /> Commons debate of <span class="element"><date <span class="attribute">when</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1775-10-26</span>"></span>26 October 1775<span class="element"></date></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NDDATEA-eg-169">bibliography</a> </div></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e112149" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><date <span class="attribute">when</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1993-05-14</span>"></span>Friday, 14 May 1993<span class="element"></date></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#NDDATEA-eg-170">bibliography</a> </div></div></div><div class="p">It may be useful to categorize a temporal expression which is given in terms of a named event, such as a public holiday, or a named time such as <span class="q">‘tea time’</span> or <span class="q">‘matins’</span>: <div id="index-egXML-d52e112161" class="pre egXML_valid">In New York, <span class="element"><date <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">occasion</span>" <span class="attribute">when</span>="<span class="attributevalue">--01-01</span>"></span>New Year's Day<span class="element"></date></span> is the quietest of<br /> holidays, <span class="element"><date <span class="attribute">when</span>="<span class="attributevalue">--07-04</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">occasion</span>"></span>Independence Day<span class="element"></date></span><br /> the most turbulent.</div></div><div class="p">Absolute temporal expressions denoting times which are given in terms of seconds, minutes, hours, or of well-defined events (e.g. <span class="q">‘noon’</span>, <span class="q">‘sunset’</span>) may similarly be represented using the <a class="gi" title="contains a phrase defining a time of day in any format." href="ref-time.html">time</a> element. <div id="index-egXML-d52e112191" class="pre egXML_valid">The train leaves for Boston at<br /><span class="element"><time <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">twentyfourHour</span>" <span class="attribute">when</span>="<span class="attributevalue">13:45:00</span>"></span>13:45<span class="element"></time></span></div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e112196" class="pre egXML_valid">At <span class="element"><time <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">occasion</span>"></span>sunset<span class="element"></time></span> we walked to the beach.</div> <div id="index-egXML-d52e112203" class="pre egXML_valid">The train leaves for Boston at<br /><span class="element"><time <span class="attribute">xml:lang</span>="<span class="attributevalue">en-US</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">descriptive</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">when</span>="<span class="attributevalue">13:45:00-05:00</span>"></span> a quarter of two<br /> <span class="element"></time></span></div></div></div><div class="div3" id="NDDATEISO"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="ND.html#NDDATEA"><span class="headingNumber">13.3.6.2 </span>Absolute Dates and Times</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="ND.html#NDDATECUSTOM"><span class="headingNumber">13.3.6.4 </span>Using Non-Gregorian Calendars</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h5><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#NDDATEISO" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: More Expressive Normalizations</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">13.3.6.3 </span><span class="head">More Expressive Normalizations</span></h5><p>The attributes for normalization of dates and times so far described use a standard format defined by <span class="titlem">XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes Second Edition</span>. This format is widely accepted and has significant software support. It is essentially a profile of ISO 8601 <span class="titlem">Data elements and interchange formats — Information interchange — Representation of dates and times</span>. The full ISO standard provides formats not available in the W3C recommendation, for example, the capability to refer to a date by its ordinal date or week date, or to refer to a century. It also provides ways of indicating duration and range.</p><div class="p">When this module is included in a schema, the following additional attributes are provided: <ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-att.datable.iso.html">att.datable.iso</a></span> provides attributes for normalization of elements that contain datable events using the ISO 8601 standard.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">when-iso</span></td><td>supplies the value of a date or time in a standard form.</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">notBefore-iso</span></td><td>specifies the earliest possible date for the event in standard form, e.g. yyyy-mm-dd.</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">notAfter-iso</span></td><td>specifies the latest possible date for the event in standard form, e.g. yyyy-mm-dd.</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">from-iso</span></td><td>indicates the starting point of the period in standard form.</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">to-iso</span></td><td>indicates the ending point of the period in standard form.</td></tr></table></li><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-att.duration.iso.html">att.duration.iso</a></span> provides attributes for recording normalized temporal durations.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">dur-iso</span></td><td>(duration) indicates the length of this element in time.</td></tr></table></li></ul> These attributes may be used in preference to their W3C equivalent when it is necessary to provide a normalized value in some form not supported by the W3C attributes. For example, a century date in the W3C format must be expressed as a range, using the <span class="att">from</span> attribute together with either the <span class="att">to</span> attribute or the <span class="att">dur</span> (duration) attribute: <div id="index-egXML-d52e112234" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><date <span class="attribute">from</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1301</span>" <span class="attribute">to</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1400</span>"></span>fourteenth century<span class="element"></date></span><br /><span class="element"><date <span class="attribute">from</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1301</span>" <span class="attribute">dur</span>="<span class="attributevalue">P100Y</span>"></span>fourteenth century<span class="element"></date></span></div> With the attribute <span class="att">when-iso</span>, however, it is possible to express the same normalized value in any of the following additional ways: <div id="index-egXML-d52e112244" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><date <span class="attribute">when-iso</span>="<span class="attributevalue">13</span>"></span>fourteenth century<span class="element"></date></span><br /><span class="element"><date <span class="attribute">when-iso</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1301/1400</span>"></span>fourteenth century<span class="element"></date></span><br /><span class="element"><date <span class="attribute">when-iso</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1301/P100Y</span>"></span>fourteenth century<span class="element"></date></span></div></div></div><div class="div3" id="NDDATECUSTOM"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="ND.html#NDDATEISO"><span class="headingNumber">13.3.6.3 </span>More Expressive Normalizations</a></li><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h5><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#NDDATECUSTOM" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Using Non-Gregorian Calendars</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">13.3.6.4 </span><span class="head">Using Non-Gregorian Calendars</span></h5><p>All date-related encoding described above makes use of the Gregorian calendar, on which both the ISO and W3C datetime formats are based. However, historical texts often pre-date the invention of the Gregorian calendar in the 16th century, or its adoption in Europe over the following centuries, and many other calendars are used in texts from other cultures and contexts. Non-Gregorian dates can be encoded using methods described below.</p><p>First, a Calendar Description element needs to be supplied in the <a class="gi" title="(TEI header) supplies descriptive and declarative metadata associated with a digital resource or set of resources." href="ref-teiHeader.html">teiHeader</a> as described in <a class="link_ptr" href="HD.html#HD44" title="Calendar Description"><span class="headingNumber">2.4.5 </span>Calendar Description</a>:</p><div id="index-egXML-d52e112979" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><calendarDesc></span><br /> <span class="element"><calendar <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Julian_England</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><p></span>The Julian calendar, as used in late 16th-century England.<span class="element"></p></span><br /> <span class="element"></calendar></span><br /><span class="element"></calendarDesc></span></div><div class="p">The following attributes can now be used to encode dates using this calendar: <ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-att.datable.html">att.datable</a></span> provides attributes for normalization of elements that contain dates, times, or datable events.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">calendar</span></td><td>indicates the system or calendar to which the date represented by the content of this element belongs.</td></tr></table></li><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-att.datable.custom.html">att.datable.custom</a></span> provides attributes for normalization of elements that contain datable events to a custom dating system (i.e. other than the Gregorian used by W3 and ISO).<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">when-custom</span></td><td>supplies the value of a date or time in some custom standard form.</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">notBefore-custom</span></td><td>specifies the earliest possible date for the event in some custom standard form.</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">notAfter-custom</span></td><td>specifies the latest possible date for the event in some custom standard form.</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">from-custom</span></td><td>indicates the starting point of the period in some custom standard form.</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">to-custom</span></td><td>indicates the ending point of the period in some custom standard form.</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">datingMethod</span></td><td>supplies a pointer to a <a class="gi" title="describes a calendar or dating system used in a dating formula in the text." href="ref-calendar.html">calendar</a> element or other means of interpreting the values of the custom dating attributes.</td></tr></table></li></ul> <div id="index-egXML-d52e112990" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><p></span>The Poole by S. <span class="element"><hi></span>Giles<span class="element"></hi></span> Churchyarde was a<br /> large water in the yeare <span class="element"><date <span class="attribute">calendar</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#julianEngland</span>"></span>1244<span class="element"></date></span>.<br /> <span class="element"></p></span></div> Here, the <span class="att">calendar</span> attribute points to the <a class="gi" title="describes a calendar or dating system used in a dating formula in the text." href="ref-calendar.html">calendar</a> element in the header which defines and describes the calendar used.</div><div class="p">The <span class="att">calendar</span> attribute is used to specify the calendar used in the <em>text content</em> of the dating element which bears it. However, just as we use, for instance, <span class="att">when</span>, <span class="att">notBefore</span>, <span class="att">notAfter</span> etc. to provide more precise expressions of dates and times in a constrained and computable form, it is often necessary to express a date or a date-range from a non-Gregorian calendar in a more precise manner. The attributes whose names end in <span class="q">‘-custom’</span> are provided for this purpose, and the <span class="att">datingMethod</span> is used to identify the calendar used in the content of these attributes: <div id="index-egXML-d52e113030" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><head></span> The Tryumphs of Peace.<span class="element"><lb/></span><br /> That Celebrated the Solemnity of the right Honorable<br /> Sr Francis Iones Knight, at his Inauguration into the<br /> Maioraltie of London, on Monday being the<br /> <span class="element"><date <span class="attribute">when-custom</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1620-10-30</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">datingMethod</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#julianEngland</span>" <span class="attribute">calendar</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#julianEngland</span>"></span> 30. of October, 1620.<br /> <span class="element"></date></span><span class="element"></head></span></div> Here, the <span class="att">calendar</span> attribute specifies the calendar used in the text content of the <a class="gi" title="contains a date in any format." href="ref-date.html">date</a> element, as before, whereas the <span class="att">datingMethod</span> attribute signifies that the calendar used in the <span class="att">when-custom</span> attribute is also Julian. The schema could be customized in order to constrain the content of custom attributes in a manner similar to the constraints provided on regular Gregorian dating attributes such as <span class="att">when</span>, to enforce consistency in the use of non-Gregorian dates.</div><div class="p">Custom dating attributes can be combined with any of the standard dating attributes in order to provide a standardized Gregorian version of a non-Gregorian date. We might enhance the preceding example with the addition of <span class="att">when</span>, providing the Gregorian calendar equivalent of the Julian date: <div id="index-egXML-d52e113059" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><date <span class="attribute">when-custom</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1620-10-30</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">when</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1620-11-09</span>" <span class="attribute">datingMethod</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#julianEngland</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">calendar</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#julianEngland</span>"></span> 30. of October, 1620.<br /> <span class="element"></date></span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="teidiv1" id="index-body.1_div.13_div.4"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="ND.html#NDPERS"><span class="headingNumber">13.3 </span>Biographical and Prosopographical Data</a></li><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h3><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#index-body.1_div.13_div.4" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Module for Names and Dates</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">13.4 </span><span class="head">Module for Names and Dates</span></h3><p>The module described in this chapter makes available the following components: </p><dl class="moduleSpec"><dt class="moduleSpecHead"><span lang="en">Module</span> namesdates: Names and dates</dt><dd><ul><li><span lang="en">Elements defined</span>: <a class="link_odd" title="(additional name) contains an additional name component, such as a nickname, epithet, or alias, or any other descriptive phrase used within a personal name." href="ref-addName.html">addName</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains an informal description of a person's present or past affiliation with some organization, for example an employer or sponsor." href="ref-affiliation.html">affiliation</a> <a class="link_odd" title="specifies the age of a person." href="ref-age.html">age</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains information about a person's birth, such as its date and place." href="ref-birth.html">birth</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains the name of a geo-political unit consisting of two or more nation states or countries." href="ref-bloc.html">bloc</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains information about the physical climate of a place." href="ref-climate.html">climate</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains the name of a geo-political unit, such as a nation, country, colony, or commonwealth, larger than or administratively superior to a region and smaller than a bloc." href="ref-country.html">country</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains information about a person's death, such as its date and place." href="ref-death.html">death</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains the name of any kind of subdivision of a settlement, such as a parish, ward, or other administrative or geographic unit." href="ref-district.html">district</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains a description of the educational experience of a person." href="ref-education.html">education</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains data relating to any kind of significant event associated with a person, place, or organization." href="ref-event.html">event</a> <a class="link_odd" title="specifies the faith, religion, or belief set of a person." href="ref-faith.html">faith</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains information about a person's period of activity." href="ref-floruit.html">floruit</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains a forename, given or baptismal name." href="ref-forename.html">forename</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(generational name component) contains a name component used to distinguish otherwise similar names on the basis of the relative ages or generations of the persons named." href="ref-genName.html">genName</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(geographical coordinates) contains any expression of a set of geographic coordinates, representing a point, line, or area on the surface of the earth in some notation." href="ref-geo.html">geo</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(geographical feature name) contains a common noun identifying some geographical feature contained within a geographic name, such as valley, mount, etc." href="ref-geogFeat.html">geogFeat</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(geographical name) identifies a name associated with some geographical feature such as Windrush Valley or Mount Sinai." href="ref-geogName.html">geogName</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(language knowledge) summarizes the state of a person's linguistic knowledge, either as prose or by a list of <langKnown> elements." href="ref-langKnowledge.html">langKnowledge</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(language known) summarizes the state of a person's linguistic competence, i.e., knowledge of a single language." href="ref-langKnown.html">langKnown</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(list of events) contains a list of descriptions, each of which provides information about an identifiable event." href="ref-listEvent.html">listEvent</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(list of canonical names) contains a list of nyms, that is, standardized names for any thing." href="ref-listNym.html">listNym</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(list of organizations) contains a list of elements, each of which provides information about an identifiable organization." href="ref-listOrg.html">listOrg</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(list of persons) contains a list of descriptions, each of which provides information about an identifiable person or a group of people, for example the participants in a language interaction, or the people referred to in a historical source." href="ref-listPerson.html">listPerson</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(list of places) contains a list of places, optionally followed by a list of relationships (other than containment) defined amongst them." href="ref-listPlace.html">listPlace</a> <a class="link_odd" title="provides information about relationships identified amongst people, places, and organizations, either informally as prose or as formally expressed relation links." href="ref-listRelation.html">listRelation</a> <a class="link_odd" title="defines the location of a place as a set of geographical coordinates, in terms of other named geo-political entities, or as an address." href="ref-location.html">location</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(name link) contains a connecting phrase or link used within a name but not regarded as part of it, such as “van der” or “of”." href="ref-nameLink.html">nameLink</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains an informal description of a person's present or past nationality or citizenship." href="ref-nationality.html">nationality</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(canonical name) contains the definition for a canonical name or name component of any kind." href="ref-nym.html">nym</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains an informal description of a person's trade, profession or occupation." href="ref-occupation.html">occupation</a> <a class="link_odd" title="marks that part of a relative temporal or spatial expression which indicates the direction of the offset between the two place names, dates, or times involved in the expression." href="ref-offset.html">offset</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(organization) provides information about an identifiable organization such as a business, a tribe, or any other grouping of people." href="ref-org.html">org</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(organization name) contains an organizational name." href="ref-orgName.html">orgName</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(personal name) contains a proper noun or proper-noun phrase referring to a person, possibly including one or more of the person's forenames, surnames, honorifics, added names, etc." href="ref-persName.html">persName</a> <a class="link_odd" title="provides information about an identifiable individual, for example a participant in a language interaction, or a person referred to in a historical source." href="ref-person.html">person</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(personal group) describes a group of individuals treated as a single person for analytic purposes." href="ref-personGrp.html">personGrp</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains data about a geographic location" href="ref-place.html">place</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains an absolute or relative place name." href="ref-placeName.html">placeName</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains information about the population of a place." href="ref-population.html">population</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains the name of an administrative unit such as a state, province, or county, larger than a settlement, but smaller than a country." href="ref-region.html">region</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(relationship) describes any kind of relationship or linkage amongst a specified group of places, events, persons, objects or other items." href="ref-relation.html">relation</a> <a class="link_odd" title="describes a person's present or past places of residence." href="ref-residence.html">residence</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains a name component which indicates that the referent has a particular role or position in society, such as an official title or rank." href="ref-roleName.html">roleName</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains the name of a settlement such as a city, town, or village identified as a single geo-political or administrative unit." href="ref-settlement.html">settlement</a> <a class="link_odd" title="specifies the sex of a person." href="ref-sex.html">sex</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(socio-economic status) contains an informal description of a person's perceived social or economic status." href="ref-socecStatus.html">socecStatus</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains a description of some status or quality attributed to a person, place, or organization often at some specific time or for a specific date range." href="ref-state.html">state</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains a family (inherited) name, as opposed to a given, baptismal, or nick name." href="ref-surname.html">surname</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains information about the physical terrain of a place." href="ref-terrain.html">terrain</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains a description of some status or quality attributed to a person, place, or organization typically, but not necessarily, independent of the volition or action of the holder and usually not at some specific time or for a specific date range." href="ref-trait.html">trait</a></li><li><span lang="en">Classes defined</span>: <a class="link_odd" title="provides attributes for normalization of elements that contain datable events to a custom dating system (i.e. other than the Gregorian used by W3 and ISO)." href="ref-att.datable.custom.html">att.datable.custom</a> <a class="link_odd" title="provides attributes for normalization of elements that contain datable events using the ISO 8601 standard." href="ref-att.datable.iso.html">att.datable.iso</a> <a class="link_odd" title="groups elements which form part of a personal name." href="ref-model.persNamePart.html">model.persNamePart</a></li></ul></dd></dl><p> The selection and combination of modules to form a TEI schema is described in <a class="link_ptr" href="ST.html#STIN" title="Defining a TEI Schema"><span class="headingNumber">1.2 </span>Defining a TEI Schema</a>.</p></div></div><nav class="left"><span class="upLink"> ↑ </span><a class="navigation" href="index.html">TEI P5 Guidelines</a><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="TC.html"><span class="headingNumber">12 </span>Critical Apparatus</a><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="FT.html"><span class="headingNumber">14 </span>Tables, Formulæ, Graphics and Notated Music</a></nav><!--Notes in [div]--><div class="notes"><div class="noteHeading">Notes</div><div class="note" id="Note85"><span class="noteLabel">48 </span><div class="noteBody">In the module described by chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="TD.html" title="27"><span class="headingNumber">22 </span>Documentation Elements</a> a similar method is used to link element descriptions to the modules or classes to which they belong, for example.</div> <a class="link_return" title="Go back to text" href="#Note85_return">↵</a></div><div class="note" id="Note86"><span class="noteLabel">49 </span><div class="noteBody">Strictly, a suitable value such as <span class="val">figurative</span> should be added to the two place names which are presented periphrastically in the second version of this example. This would preserve the distinction indicated by the choice of <a class="gi" title="(referencing string) contains a general purpose name or referring string." href="ref-rs.html">rs</a> rather than <a class="gi" title="(name, proper noun) contains a proper noun or noun phrase." href="ref-name.html">name</a> to encode them in the first version of this example.</div> <a class="link_return" title="Go back to text" href="#Note86_return">↵</a></div><div class="note" id="Note87"><span class="noteLabel">50 </span><div class="noteBody">See <a class="link_ptr" href="http://earth-info.nga.mil/GandG/wgs84/index.html"><span>http://earth-info.nga.mil/GandG/wgs84/index.html</span></a>. The most recent revision of this standard is known as the Earth Gravity Model 1996.</div> <a class="link_return" title="Go back to text" href="#Note87_return">↵</a></div><div class="note" id="Note88"><span class="noteLabel">51 </span><div class="noteBody">The OGC is an international voluntary consensus standards organization whose members maintain the Geography Markup Language standard. The OGC coordinates with the ISO TC 211 standards organization to maintain consistency between OGC and ISO standards work. GML is also an ISO standard (ISO 19136:2007).</div> <a class="link_return" title="Go back to text" href="#Note88_return">↵</a></div><div class="note" id="Note89"><span class="noteLabel">52 </span><div class="noteBody">See <a class="link_ptr" href="https://developers.google.com/kml/documentation/"><span>https://developers.google.com/kml/documentation/</span></a></div> <a class="link_return" title="Go back to text" href="#Note89_return">↵</a></div></div><div class="stdfooter autogenerated"><p>
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