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--></script></head><body><div id="container"><div id="banner"><img src="Images/banner.jpg" alt="Text Encoding Initiative logo and banner" /></div></div><div class="mainhead"><h1>P5:
Guidelines for Electronic Text Encoding and Interchange</h1><p>Version 3.1.1a. Last updated on
10th May 2017, revision bd8dda3</p></div><div id="onecol" class="main-content"><h2><span class="headingNumber">12 </span>Critical Apparatus</h2><div class="div1" id="TC"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_left"><p><span class="subtochead">Table of contents</span></p><div class="subtoc"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><a class="subtoc" href="TC.html#TCAPLL" title="The Apparatus Entry Readings and Witnesses">12.1 The Apparatus Entry, Readings, and Witnesses</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="subtoc" href="TC.html#TCAPLK" title="Linking the Apparatus to the Text">12.2 Linking the Apparatus to the Text</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="subtoc" href="TC.html#TCTR" title="Using Apparatus Elements in Transcriptions">12.3 Using Apparatus Elements in Transcriptions</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="subtoc" href="TC.html#index-body.1_div.12_div.4">12.4 Strategies for Encoding Variation</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="subtoc" href="TC.html#index-body.1_div.12_div.5">12.5 Module for Critical Apparatus</a></li></ul></div><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="PH.html"><span class="headingNumber">11 </span>Representation of Primary Sources</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="ND.html"><span class="headingNumber">13 </span>Names, Dates, People, and Places</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><p>Scholarly editions of texts, especially texts of great antiquity or importance, often record some or all of the known variations among different <span class="term">witnesses</span> to the text. Witnesses to a text may include authorial or other manuscripts, printed editions of the work, early translations, or quotations of a work in other texts. Information concerning variant readings of a text may be accumulated in highly structured form in a critical apparatus of variants. This chapter defines a module for use in encoding such an apparatus of variants, which may be used in conjunction with any of the modules defined in these Guidelines. It also defines an element class which provides extra attributes for some elements of the core tag set when this module is selected. In printed critical editions, the apparatus takes the form of highly-compressed notes at the bottom of each page. TEI’s critical apparatus module allows variation to be encoded so that such notes may be generated, but it also models the variation so that, for example, interactive editions in which readers can choose which witness readings to display are possible.</p><p>Information about variant readings (whether or not represented by a critical apparatus in the source text) may be recorded in a series of <span class="term">apparatus entries</span>, each entry documenting one <span class="term">variation</span>, or set of readings, in the text. Elements for the apparatus entry and readings, and for the documentation of the witnesses whose readings are included in the apparatus, are described in section <a class="link_ptr" href="TC.html#TCAPLL" title="The Apparatus Entry Readings and Witnesses"><span class="headingNumber">12.1 </span>The Apparatus Entry, Readings, and Witnesses</a>. Special tags for fragmentary witnesses are described in section <a class="link_ptr" href="TC.html#TCAPMI" title="Fragmentary Witnesses"><span class="headingNumber">12.1.5 </span>Fragmentary Witnesses</a>. The available methods for embedding the apparatus in the rest of the text, or for linking an external apparatus to the base text, are described in section <a class="link_ptr" href="TC.html#TCAPLK" title="Linking the Apparatus to the Text"><span class="headingNumber">12.2 </span>Linking the Apparatus to the Text</a>. Finally, several extra attributes for some tags of the core tag set, made available when the additional tag set for text criticism is selected, are documented in section <a class="link_ptr" href="PH.html#PHCO" title="Core Elements for Transcriptional Work"><span class="headingNumber">11.3.1.1 </span>Core Elements for Transcriptional Work</a>.</p><p>Many examples given in this chapter refer to the following texts of the opening (usually just line 1) of Chaucer's <span class="titlem">Wife of Bath's Prologue</span>, as it appears in each of the four different manuscripts </p><ul class="bulleted"><li class="item">Ellesmere, Huntingdon Library 26.C.9 (<span class="">El</span>) </li><li class="item">Hengwrt, National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth, Peniarth 392D (<span class="">Hg</span>) </li><li class="item">British Library Lansdowne 851 (<span class="">La</span>) </li><li class="item">Bodleian Library Rawlinson Poetic 149 (<span class="">Ra2</span>) </li></ul><div class="div2" id="TCAPLL"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="TC.html#TCAPLK"><span class="headingNumber">12.2 </span>Linking the Apparatus to the Text</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h3><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#TCAPLL" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: The Apparatus Entry, Readings, and Witnesses</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">12.1 </span><span class="head">The Apparatus Entry, Readings, and Witnesses</span></h3><p>This section introduces the fundamental markup methods used to encode textual variations: </p><ul class="bulleted"><li class="item">the <a class="gi" title="(apparatus entry) contains one entry in a critical apparatus, with an optional lemma and usually one or more readings or notes on the relevant passage." href="ref-app.html">app</a> element for entries in the critical apparatus: see section <a class="link_ptr" href="TC.html#TCAPEN" title="The Apparatus Entry"><span class="headingNumber">12.1.1 </span>The Apparatus Entry</a>.</li><li class="item">elements for identifying individual readings: see section <a class="link_ptr" href="TC.html#TCAPLR" title="Readings"><span class="headingNumber">12.1.2 </span>Readings</a>.</li><li class="item">ways of grouping readings together: see section <a class="link_ptr" href="TC.html#TCAPSU" title="Indicating Subvariation in Apparatus Entries"><span class="headingNumber">12.1.3 </span>Indicating Subvariation in Apparatus Entries</a>.</li><li class="item">methods of identifying which witnesses support a particular reading, and for describing the witnesses included in the apparatus: see section <a class="link_ptr" href="TC.html#TCAPLW" title="Witness Information"><span class="headingNumber">12.1.4 </span>Witness Information</a>.</li><li class="item">elements for indicating which portions of a text are covered by fragmentary witnesses: see section <a class="link_ptr" href="TC.html#TCAPMI" title="Fragmentary Witnesses"><span class="headingNumber">12.1.5 </span>Fragmentary Witnesses</a>.</li></ul><p>The <a class="gi" title="(apparatus entry) contains one entry in a critical apparatus, with an optional lemma and usually one or more readings or notes on the relevant passage." href="ref-app.html">app</a> element is in one sense a more sophisticated and complex version of the <a class="gi" title="groups a number of alternative encodings for the same point in a text." href="ref-choice.html">choice</a> element introduced in <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#COEDCOR" title="Apparent Errors"><span class="headingNumber">3.4.1 </span>Apparent Errors</a> as a way of marking points where the encoding of a passage in a single source may be carried out in more than one way. Unlike <a class="gi" title="groups a number of alternative encodings for the same point in a text." href="ref-choice.html">choice</a>, however, the <a class="gi" title="(apparatus entry) contains one entry in a critical apparatus, with an optional lemma and usually one or more readings or notes on the relevant passage." href="ref-app.html">app</a> element allows for the representation of many different versions of the same passage taken from different sources.</p><div class="div3" id="TCAPEN"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="TC.html#TCAPLR"><span class="headingNumber">12.1.2 </span>Readings</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#TCAPEN" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: The Apparatus Entry</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">12.1.1 </span><span class="head">The Apparatus Entry</span></h4><p>Individual textual variations are encoded using the <a class="gi" title="(apparatus entry) contains one entry in a critical apparatus, with an optional lemma and usually one or more readings or notes on the relevant passage." href="ref-app.html">app</a> element, which groups together all the readings constituting the variation. The identification of discrete textual variations or apparatus entries is not a purely mechanical process; different editors may group readings differently. No rules are given here as to how to group readings into apparatus entries; the tags given here may be used to group readings in whatever way the editor finds most perspicuous or useful.</p><p>The individual apparatus entry is encoded with the <a class="gi" title="(apparatus entry) contains one entry in a critical apparatus, with an optional lemma and usually one or more readings or notes on the relevant passage." href="ref-app.html">app</a> element: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-app.html">app</a></span> (apparatus entry) contains one entry in a critical apparatus, with an optional lemma and usually one or more readings or notes on the relevant passage.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">type</span></td><td>classifies the variation contained in this element according to some convenient typology.</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">from</span></td><td>identifies the beginning of the lemma in the base text.</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">to</span></td><td>identifies the endpoint of the lemma in the base text.</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">loc</span></td><td>(location) indicates the location of the variation, when the location-referenced method of apparatus markup is used.</td></tr></table></li></ul><p>The attributes <span class="att">loc</span>, <span class="att">from</span>, and <span class="att">to</span>, are used to link the apparatus entry to the base text, if present. In such cases, several methods may be used for such linkage, each involving a slightly different usage for these attributes. Linkage between text and apparatus is described below in section <a class="link_ptr" href="TC.html#TCAPLK" title="Linking the Apparatus to the Text"><span class="headingNumber">12.2 </span>Linking the Apparatus to the Text</a>. For the use of the <a class="gi" title="(apparatus entry) contains one entry in a critical apparatus, with an optional lemma and usually one or more readings or notes on the relevant passage." href="ref-app.html">app</a> element without a base text, see <a class="link_ptr" href="TC.html#TCAPPS" title="The Parallel Segmentation Method"><span class="headingNumber">12.2.3 </span>The Parallel Segmentation Method</a>.</p><div class="p">Each <a class="gi" title="(apparatus entry) contains one entry in a critical apparatus, with an optional lemma and usually one or more readings or notes on the relevant passage." href="ref-app.html">app</a> element usually comprises one or more readings, which in turn are encoded using the <a class="gi" title="(reading) contains a single reading within a textual variation." href="ref-rdg.html">rdg</a> or other elements, as described in the next section. A very simple partial apparatus for the first line of the <span class="titlem">Wife of Bath's Prologue</span> might take a form something like this: <div id="index-egXML-d52e99926" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><app></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#El</span>"></span>Experience though noon Auctoritee<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#La</span>"></span>Experiment thouh noon Auctoritee<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#Ra2</span>"></span>Eryment though none auctorite<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /><span class="element"></app></span></div> Of course, in practice the apparatus will be somewhat more complex. Specifically, it may be desired to record more obviously that manuscripts El and La agree on the words <span class="q">‘noon Auctoritee’</span>, to indicate a preference for one reading, etc. The following sections on readings, subvariation, and witness information describe some of the more important complications which can arise.</div></div><div class="div3" id="TCAPLR"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="TC.html#TCAPEN"><span class="headingNumber">12.1.1 </span>The Apparatus Entry</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="TC.html#TCAPSU"><span class="headingNumber">12.1.3 </span>Indicating Subvariation in Apparatus Entries</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#TCAPLR" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Readings</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">12.1.2 </span><span class="head">Readings</span></h4><p>Individual readings are the crucial elements in any critical apparatus of variants. The following elements should be used to tag individual readings within an apparatus entry: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-lem.html">lem</a></span> (lemma) contains the lemma, or base text, of a textual variation.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-rdg.html">rdg</a></span> (reading) contains a single reading within a textual variation.</li></ul><p> N.B. the term <span class="term">lemma</span> is used here in the text-critical sense of <span class="q">‘the reading accepted as that of the original or of the base text’</span>. This sense differs from that in which the word is used elsewhere in the Guidelines, for example as in the attribute <span class="att">lemma</span> where the intended sense is <span class="q">‘the root form of an inflected word’</span>, or <span class="q">‘the heading of an entry in a reference book, especially a dictionary’</span>. </p><p>In recording readings within an apparatus entry, the <a class="gi" title="(reading) contains a single reading within a textual variation." href="ref-rdg.html">rdg</a> element should always be used; each <a class="gi" title="(apparatus entry) contains one entry in a critical apparatus, with an optional lemma and usually one or more readings or notes on the relevant passage." href="ref-app.html">app</a> usually contains at least one <a class="gi" title="(reading) contains a single reading within a textual variation." href="ref-rdg.html">rdg</a>, though it may contain only <a class="gi" title="contains a note or annotation." href="ref-note.html">note</a>s.</p><p>The <a class="gi" title="(lemma) contains the lemma, or base text, of a textual variation." href="ref-lem.html">lem</a> element may also be used to record the base text of the source edition, to mark the readings of a base witness, to indicate the preference of an editor or encoder for a particular reading, or (e.g. in the case of an external apparatus) to indicate precisely to which portion of the main text the variation applies. Those who prefer to work without the notion of a base text or who are not using the parallel segmentation method may prefer not to use it at all. How it is used depends in part on the method chosen for linking the apparatus to the text; for more information, see section <a class="link_ptr" href="TC.html#TCAPLK" title="Linking the Apparatus to the Text"><span class="headingNumber">12.2 </span>Linking the Apparatus to the Text</a>.</p><p>Readings may be encoded individually, or grouped for perspicuity using the <a class="gi" title="(reading group) within a textual variation, groups two or more readings perceived to have a genetic relationship or other affinity." href="ref-rdgGrp.html">rdgGrp</a> element described in section <a class="link_ptr" href="TC.html#TCAPSU" title="Indicating Subvariation in Apparatus Entries"><span class="headingNumber">12.1.3 </span>Indicating Subvariation in Apparatus Entries</a>.</p><p>As members of the attribute classes <a class="link_odd" title="supplies the attribute used to identify the witnesses supporting a particular reading in a critical apparatus." href="ref-att.witnessed.html">att.witnessed</a> and <a class="link_odd" title="defines a set of attributes common to all elements representing variant readings in text critical work." href="ref-att.textCritical.html">att.textCritical</a>, both of these elements inherit the following attributes. </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-att.witnessed.html">att.witnessed</a></span> supplies the attribute used to identify the witnesses supporting a particular reading in a critical apparatus.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">wit</span></td><td>(witness or witnesses) contains a space-delimited list of one or more pointers indicating the witnesses which attest to a given reading.</td></tr></table></li><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-att.textCritical.html">att.textCritical</a></span> defines a set of attributes common to all elements representing variant readings in text critical work.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">type</span></td><td>classifies the reading according to some useful typology.
Sample values include: 1] substantive; 2] orthographic</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">cause</span></td><td>classifies the cause for the variant reading, according to any appropriate typology of possible origins.
Sample values include: 1] homeoteleuton; 2] homeoarchy; 3] paleographicConfusion; 4] haplography; 5] dittography; 6] falseEmendation</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">varSeq</span></td><td>(variant sequence) provides a number indicating the position of this reading in a sequence, when there is reason to presume a sequence to the variants. </td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">hand [att.written]</span></td><td>points to a <a class="gi" title="(note on hand) describes a particular style or hand distinguished within a manuscript." href="ref-handNote.html">handNote</a> element describing the hand considered responsible for the textual content of the element concerned.</td></tr></table></li></ul><p> These elements also inherit the following attributes from the <a class="link_odd" title="provides attributes indicating the agent responsible for some aspect of the text, the markup or something asserted by the markup, and the degree of certainty associated with it." href="ref-att.global.responsibility.html">att.global.responsibility</a> class: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-att.global.responsibility.html">att.global.responsibility</a></span> provides attributes indicating the agent responsible for some aspect of the text, the markup or something asserted by the markup, and the degree of certainty associated with it.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">resp</span></td><td>(responsible party) indicates the agency responsible for the intervention or interpretation, for example an editor or transcriber.</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">cert</span></td><td>(certainty) signifies the degree of certainty associated with the intervention or interpretation.</td></tr></table></li></ul><p> As elsewhere, these attributes may be used to indicate the person responsible for the editorial decision being recorded, and also the degree of certainty associated with that decision by the person carrying out the encoding.</p><p>The <span class="att">wit</span> attribute identifies the witnesses which have the reading in question. It is required if the apparatus gathers together readings from different witnesses, but may be omitted in an apparatus recording the readings of only one witness, e.g. substitutions, divergent opinions on what is in the witness or on how to expand abbreviations, etc. Even in such a one-witness apparatus, however, the <span class="att">wit</span> attribute may still be useful when it is desired to record the occurrence of a particular reading in some other witness. For other methods of identifying the witnesses to a reading, see section <a class="link_ptr" href="TC.html#TCAPLW" title="Witness Information"><span class="headingNumber">12.1.4 </span>Witness Information</a>.</p><div class="p">The <span class="att">type</span> attribute allows the encoder to classify readings in any convenient way, for example as substantive variants of the lemma: <div id="index-egXML-d52e100355" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><app></span><br /> <span class="element"><lem <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#El #Hg</span>"></span>Experience<span class="element"></lem></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#La</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">substantive</span>"></span>Experiment<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#Ra2</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">substantive</span>"></span>Eryment<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /><span class="element"></app></span></div> or as orthographic variants: <div id="index-egXML-d52e100364" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><app></span><br /> <span class="element"><lem <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#El #Ra2</span>"></span>though<span class="element"></lem></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#La</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">orthographic</span>"></span>thouh<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /><span class="element"></app></span></div></div><div class="p">The <span class="att">varSeq</span> and <span class="att">cause</span> attributes may be used to convey information on the sequence and cause of variation. In the following apparatus fragment, the reading <span class="mentioned">Eryment</span> is tagged as sequential to (derived from) the reading <span class="mentioned">Experiment</span>, and the cause is given as loss of the abbreviation for <span class="mentioned">per</span>. <div id="index-egXML-d52e100388" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><app></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#La</span>" <span class="attribute">varSeq</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>"></span>Experiment<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#Ra2</span>" <span class="attribute">cause</span>="<span class="attributevalue">abbreviation_loss</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">varSeq</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2</span>"></span>Eryment<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /><span class="element"></app></span></div></div><div class="p">If a manuscript is written in several hands, and it is desired to report which hand wrote a particular reading, the <span class="att">hand</span> attribute should be used. For example, in the Munich manuscript containing the <span class="titlem">Carmina Burana</span>, the word <span class="mentioned">alle</span> has been changed to <span class="mentioned">allen</span>: <div id="index-egXML-d52e100408" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><l></span>Swaz hi gât umbe<span class="element"></l></span><br /><span class="element"><l></span>daz sint alle megede,<span class="element"></l></span><br /><span class="element"><l></span>die wellent ân man<span class="element"></l></span><br /><span class="element"><l></span><br /> <span class="element"><app></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#Mu</span>" <span class="attribute">varSeq</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>" <span class="attribute">hand</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#m1</span>"></span>alle<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#Mu</span>" <span class="attribute">cause</span>="<span class="attributevalue">nachgetragen</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">varSeq</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2</span>" <span class="attribute">hand</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#m2</span>"></span>allen<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /> <span class="element"></app></span><br /> disen sumer gân.<span class="element"></l></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#COBICOR-eg-251">bibliography</a> </div></div> </div><div class="p">Similarly, if a witness is hard to decipher, it may be desired to indicate responsibility for the claim that a particular reading is supported by a particular witness. In line 2212a of <span class="titlem">Beowulf</span>, for example, the manuscript is read in different ways by different scholars; the editor Klaeber prints one text, using parentheses to indicate his expansion, and records in the apparatus two different accounts of the manuscript reading, by Zupitza and Chambers:<span id="Note83_return"><a class="notelink" title="For the sake of legibility in the example, long marks over vowels are omitted." href="#Note83"><sup>46</sup></a></span> <div id="index-egXML-d52e100436" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><l></span>se ðe on<br /> <span class="element"><app></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#Kl</span>"></span>hea(um) h(æþ)e<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#ms</span>" <span class="attribute">resp</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#Z</span>"></span>heaðo hlæwe<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#ms</span>" <span class="attribute">resp</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#Cha</span>"></span>heaum hope<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /> <span class="element"></app></span><span class="element"></l></span><br /><span class="element"><l></span>hord beweotode,<span class="element"></l></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#TCAPLR-eg-11">bibliography</a> </div></div> </div><p>The <span class="att">hand</span> and <span class="att">resp</span> attributes are intelligible only on an element recording a reading from a single witness, and should not be used if more than one witness is given on the same <a class="gi" title="(reading) contains a single reading within a textual variation." href="ref-rdg.html">rdg</a> or <a class="gi" title="(lemma) contains the lemma, or base text, of a textual variation." href="ref-lem.html">lem</a> element. If more than one witness is given for the reading, they are undefined. To convey this information when the witness is one among several, the <a class="gi" title="(witness detail) gives further information about a particular witness, or witnesses, to a particular reading." href="ref-witDetail.html">witDetail</a> element should be used; see section <a class="link_ptr" href="TC.html#TCAPLW" title="Witness Information"><span class="headingNumber">12.1.4 </span>Witness Information</a>.</p><p>Where there is a greater weight of editorial discussion and interpretation than can conveniently be expressed through the attributes provided on these elements (for example where there are multiple witnesses for a single reading or multiple editorial responsibility for an emendation) this information can be attached to the apparatus in a note, or recorded in the feature structure notation defined in chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="FS.html" title="16"><span class="headingNumber">18 </span>Feature Structures</a>. In particular, such recurring text-critical situations as palaeographic confusion of particular letters, or homœoarchy or homœoteleuton involving specific character groups, may lend themselves to feature structure treatment. Information concerning these recurrent situations may be encoded into database-like fragments within the text which would then be available to sophisticated computer-assisted analysis. Further work remains to be done on such mechanisms, however, and so no examples are given here of the use of feature structures in text-critical apparatus.</p><div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="contains a note or annotation." href="ref-note.html">note</a> element may also be used to record the specific wording of notes in the apparatus of the source edition, as here in a transcription of Friedrich Klaeber's note on <span class="titlem">Beowulf</span> 2207a: <div id="index-egXML-d52e100489" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><l <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2207a</span>"></span>syððan Beowulfe<br /> <span class="element"><note <span class="attribute">resp</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#Kl</span>" <span class="attribute">place</span>="<span class="attributevalue">app</span>"></span>Fol. 179a <span class="element"><mentioned></span>beowulfe<span class="element"></mentioned></span>.<br /> Folio 179, with the last page (Fol. 198b), is the worst part of the<br /> entire MS. It has been freshened up by a later hand, but not always<br /> correctly. Information on doubtful readings is in the notes of<br /> Zupitza and Chambers.<span class="element"></note></span><span class="element"></l></span><br /><span class="element"><l <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2207b</span>"></span>brade rice<span class="element"></l></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#TCAPLR-eg-11">bibliography</a> </div></div> Notes providing details of the reading of one particular witness should be encoded using the specialized <a class="gi" title="(witness detail) gives further information about a particular witness, or witnesses, to a particular reading." href="ref-witDetail.html">witDetail</a> element described in section <a class="link_ptr" href="TC.html#TCAPLW" title="Witness Information"><span class="headingNumber">12.1.4 </span>Witness Information</a>.</div><p>Encoders should be aware of the distinct fields of use of the attribute values <span class="att">wit</span>, <span class="att">hand</span>, and <span class="att">resp</span>. Broadly, <span class="att">wit</span> identifies the physical entity in which the reading is found (manuscript, clay tablet, papyrus, printed edition); <span class="att">hand</span> refers to the agent responsible for inscribing that reading in that physical entity (scribe, author, inscriber, hand 1, hand 2); <span class="att">resp</span> indicates the scholar responsible for asserting the existence of that reading in that physical entity. In some cases, the categories may blur: a scholar may produce an edition introducing readings for which he or she is responsible; that edition may itself become a witness in a later critical apparatus. Thus, readings introduced as corrections in the earlier edition will be seen in the later apparatus as witnessed by the earlier edition. As observed in the discussion concerning the discrimination of <span class="att">hand</span> and <span class="att">resp</span> in transcription of primary sources in section <a class="link_ptr" href="PH.html#PHHR" title="Hand Responsibility and Certainty Attributes"><span class="headingNumber">11.3.2.2 </span>Hand, Responsibility, and Certainty Attributes</a>, the division of layers of responsibility through various scholars for particular aspects of a particular reading may require the more complex mechanisms for assigning responsibility described in chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="CE.html" title="17"><span class="headingNumber">21 </span>Certainty, Precision, and Responsibility</a>.</p></div><div class="div3" id="TCAPSU"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="TC.html#TCAPLR"><span class="headingNumber">12.1.2 </span>Readings</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="TC.html#TCAPLW"><span class="headingNumber">12.1.4 </span>Witness Information</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#TCAPSU" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Indicating Subvariation in Apparatus Entries</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">12.1.3 </span><span class="head">Indicating Subvariation in Apparatus Entries</span></h4><p>The <a class="gi" title="(reading group) within a textual variation, groups two or more readings perceived to have a genetic relationship or other affinity." href="ref-rdgGrp.html">rdgGrp</a> element may be used to group readings, either because they have identical values on one or more attributes, or because they are seen as forming a self-contained variant sequence, or for some other reason. This grouping of readings is entirely optional: no such grouping of readings is required. </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-rdgGrp.html">rdgGrp</a></span> (reading group) within a textual variation, groups two or more readings perceived to have a genetic relationship or other affinity.</li></ul><p>The <a class="gi" title="(reading group) within a textual variation, groups two or more readings perceived to have a genetic relationship or other affinity." href="ref-rdgGrp.html">rdgGrp</a> element is a member of class <a class="link_odd" title="defines a set of attributes common to all elements representing variant readings in text critical work." href="ref-att.textCritical.html">att.textCritical</a> and therefore can carry the <span class="att">wit</span>, <span class="att">type</span>, <span class="att">cause</span>, <span class="att">varSeq</span>, <span class="att">hand</span>, and <span class="att">resp</span> attributes described in the preceding section. When values for any of these attributes are given on a <a class="gi" title="(reading group) within a textual variation, groups two or more readings perceived to have a genetic relationship or other affinity." href="ref-rdgGrp.html">rdgGrp</a> element, the values given are inherited by the <a class="gi" title="(reading) contains a single reading within a textual variation." href="ref-rdg.html">rdg</a> or <a class="gi" title="(lemma) contains the lemma, or base text, of a textual variation." href="ref-lem.html">lem</a> elements nested within the reading group, unless overridden by a new specification on the individual reading element.</p><div class="p">To indicate that both Hg and La vary only orthographically from the lemma, one might tag both readings <span class="tag"><rdg type='orthographic'></span>, as shown in the preceding section. This fact can be expressed more perspicuously, however, by grouping their readings into a <a class="gi" title="(reading group) within a textual variation, groups two or more readings perceived to have a genetic relationship or other affinity." href="ref-rdgGrp.html">rdgGrp</a>, thus: <div id="index-egXML-d52e100739" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><app></span><br /> <span class="element"><lem <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#El #Ra2</span>"></span>though<span class="element"></lem></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdgGrp <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">orthographic</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#La</span>"></span>thogh<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#Hg</span>"></span>thouh<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /> <span class="element"></rdgGrp></span><br /><span class="element"></app></span></div></div><p>Similarly, <a class="gi" title="(reading group) within a textual variation, groups two or more readings perceived to have a genetic relationship or other affinity." href="ref-rdgGrp.html">rdgGrp</a> may be used to organize the substantive variants of an apparatus entry. Editors may need to indicate that each of a group of witnesses may be taken as all supporting a particular reading, even though there may be variation concerning the exact form of that reading in, or the degree of support offered by, those witnesses. For example: one may identify three substantive variants on the first word of Chaucer's <span class="titlem">Wife of Bath's Prologue</span> in the manuscripts: these might be expressed in regularized spelling as <span class="mentioned">Experience</span>, <span class="mentioned">Experiment</span>, and <span class="mentioned">Eriment</span>. In fact, the manuscripts display many different spellings of these words, and a scholar may wish both to show that the manuscripts have all these variant spellings and that these variant spellings actually support only the three regularized spelling forms. One may term these variant spellings as ‘subvariants’ of the regularized spelling forms.</p><p>This subvariation can be expressed within an <a class="gi" title="(apparatus entry) contains one entry in a critical apparatus, with an optional lemma and usually one or more readings or notes on the relevant passage." href="ref-app.html">app</a> element by gathering the readings into three groups according to the normalized form of their reading. All the readings within each group may be accounted subvariants of the main reading for the group, which may be indicated by tagging it as a <a class="gi" title="(lemma) contains the lemma, or base text, of a textual variation." href="ref-lem.html">lem</a> element or as <span class="tag"><rdg type='groupBase'></span>.</p><div class="p">In this example, the different subvariants on <span class="mentioned">Experience</span>, <span class="mentioned">Experiment</span>, and <span class="mentioned">Eriment</span> are held within three <a class="gi" title="(reading group) within a textual variation, groups two or more readings perceived to have a genetic relationship or other affinity." href="ref-rdgGrp.html">rdgGrp</a> elements nested within the enclosing <a class="gi" title="(apparatus entry) contains one entry in a critical apparatus, with an optional lemma and usually one or more readings or notes on the relevant passage." href="ref-app.html">app</a> element: <div id="index-egXML-d52e100798" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><app <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">substantive</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdgGrp <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">subvariants</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><lem <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#El #Hg</span>"></span>Experience<span class="element"></lem></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#Ha4</span>"></span>Experiens<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /> <span class="element"></rdgGrp></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdgGrp <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">subvariants</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><lem <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#Cp #Ld1</span>"></span>Experiment<span class="element"></lem></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#La</span>"></span>Ex<span class="element"><g <span class="attribute">ref</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#per</span>"/></span>iment<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /> <span class="element"></rdgGrp></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdgGrp <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">subvariants</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><lem <span class="attribute">resp</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#ed2013</span>"></span>Eriment<span class="element"></lem></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#Ra2</span>"></span>Eryment<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /> <span class="element"></rdgGrp></span><br /><span class="element"></app></span></div> From this, one may deduce that the regularized reading <span class="mentioned">Experience</span> is supported by all three manuscripts El Hg Ha4, although the spelling differs in Ha4, and that the regularized reading <span class="mentioned">Eriment</span> is supported by Ra2, even though the form differs in that manuscript. Accordingly, an application which recognizes that these apparatus entries show subvariation may then assign all the witnesses instanced as attesting the sub-variants on that lemma as actually supporting the reading of the lemma itself at a higher level of classification. Thus, Ha4 here supports the reading <span class="mentioned">Experience</span> found in El and Hg, even though it is spelt slightly differently in Ha4.</div><div class="p">Reading groups may nest recursively, so that variants can be classified to any desired depth. Because apparatus entries may also nest, the <a class="gi" title="(apparatus entry) contains one entry in a critical apparatus, with an optional lemma and usually one or more readings or notes on the relevant passage." href="ref-app.html">app</a> element might also be used to group readings in the same way. The example above is substantially identical to the following, which uses <a class="gi" title="(apparatus entry) contains one entry in a critical apparatus, with an optional lemma and usually one or more readings or notes on the relevant passage." href="ref-app.html">app</a> instead of <a class="gi" title="(reading group) within a textual variation, groups two or more readings perceived to have a genetic relationship or other affinity." href="ref-rdgGrp.html">rdgGrp</a>: <div id="index-egXML-d52e100838" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><app <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">a1</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">substantive</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#El #Hg #Ha4</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><app <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">a2</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">orthographic</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><lem <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#El #Hg</span>"></span>Experience<span class="element"></lem></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#Ha4</span>"></span>Experiens<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /> <span class="element"></app></span><br /> <span class="element"></rdg></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#Cp #Ld1 #La</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><app <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">a3</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">orthographic</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><lem <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#Cp #Ld1</span>"></span>Experiment<span class="element"></lem></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#La</span>"></span>Ex<span class="element"><g <span class="attribute">ref</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#per</span>"/></span>iment<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /> <span class="element"></app></span><br /> <span class="element"></rdg></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#Ra2</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><app <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">a4</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">orthographic</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><lem <span class="attribute">resp</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#ed2013</span>"></span>Eriment<span class="element"></lem></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#Ra2</span>"></span>Eryment<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /> <span class="element"></app></span><br /> <span class="element"></rdg></span><br /><span class="element"></app></span></div> This expresses even more clearly than the previous encoding of this material that at the highest level of classification (apparatus entry A1), this variation has three normalized readings, and that the first of these is supported by manuscripts El, Hg, and Ha4; the second by Cp, Ld1, and La; and the third by Ra2. Some encoders may find the use of nested apparatus entries less intuitive than the use of reading groups, however, so both methods of classifying the readings of a variation are allowed.</div><div class="p">Reading groups may also be used to bring together variants which form an apparent developmental sequence, and to make clear that other readings are not part of that sequence, as in the following example, which makes clear that the variant sequence <span class="mentioned">experiment</span> to <span class="mentioned">eriment</span> says nothing about the relative priority of <span class="mentioned">experiment</span> and <span class="mentioned">experience</span>: <div id="index-egXML-d52e100875" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><app <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">substantive</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdgGrp <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">subvariants</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><lem <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#El #Hg</span>"></span>Experience<span class="element"></lem></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#Ha4</span>"></span>Experiens<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /> <span class="element"></rdgGrp></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdgGrp <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">sequence</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdgGrp <span class="attribute">varSeq</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">subvariants</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><lem <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#Cp #Ld1</span>"></span>Experiment<span class="element"></lem></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#La</span>"></span>Ex<span class="element"><g <span class="attribute">ref</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#per</span>"/></span>iment<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /> <span class="element"></rdgGrp></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdgGrp <span class="attribute">varSeq</span>="<span class="attributevalue">2</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">cause</span>="<span class="attributevalue">abbreviation_loss</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><lem <span class="attribute">resp</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#ed2013</span>"></span>Eriment<span class="element"></lem></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#Ra2</span>"></span>Eryment<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /> <span class="element"></rdgGrp></span><br /> <span class="element"></rdgGrp></span><br /><span class="element"></app></span></div></div></div><div class="div3" id="TCAPLW"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="TC.html#TCAPSU"><span class="headingNumber">12.1.3 </span>Indicating Subvariation in Apparatus Entries</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="TC.html#TCAPMI"><span class="headingNumber">12.1.5 </span>Fragmentary Witnesses</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#TCAPLW" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Witness Information</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">12.1.4 </span><span class="head">Witness Information</span></h4><p>A given reading is associated with the set of witnesses attesting it by listing the witnesses in the <span class="att">wit</span> attribute on the <a class="gi" title="(reading) contains a single reading within a textual variation." href="ref-rdg.html">rdg</a>, <a class="gi" title="(lemma) contains the lemma, or base text, of a textual variation." href="ref-lem.html">lem</a>, or <a class="gi" title="(reading group) within a textual variation, groups two or more readings perceived to have a genetic relationship or other affinity." href="ref-rdgGrp.html">rdgGrp</a> element. Special mechanisms, described in the following sections, are needed to associate annotation on a reading with one specific witness among several (section <a class="link_ptr" href="TC.html#TCAPWD" title="Witness Detail Information"><span class="headingNumber">12.1.4.1 </span>Witness Detail Information</a>), to transcribe witness information verbatim from a source edition (section <a class="link_ptr" href="TC.html#TCSCWL" title="Witness Information in the Source"><span class="headingNumber">12.1.4.2 </span>Witness Information in the Source</a>), and to identify the formal lists of witnesses typically provided in the front matter of critical editions (section <a class="link_ptr" href="TC.html#TCAPWL" title="The Witness List"><span class="headingNumber">12.1.4.3 </span>The Witness List</a>).</p><div class="div4" id="TCAPWD"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="TC.html#TCSCWL"><span class="headingNumber">12.1.4.2 </span>Witness Information in the Source</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h5><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#TCAPWD" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Witness Detail Information</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">12.1.4.1 </span><span class="head">Witness Detail Information</span></h5><p>When it is desired to give additional information about a particular witness or witnesses for the reading, the information may be given in a <a class="gi" title="(witness detail) gives further information about a particular witness, or witnesses, to a particular reading." href="ref-witDetail.html">witDetail</a> element. This is a specialized form of note, which can be linked to both a reading and to one or more of the witnesses for that reading. The former linkage is effected by the <span class="att">target</span> attribute which <a class="gi" title="(witness detail) gives further information about a particular witness, or witnesses, to a particular reading." href="ref-witDetail.html">witDetail</a> inherits from the attribute class <a class="link_odd" title="provides a set of attributes used by all elements which point to other elements by means of one or more URI references." href="ref-att.pointing.html">att.pointing</a>, and the latter by the <span class="att">wit</span> attribute. </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-att.pointing.html">att.pointing</a></span> provides a set of attributes used by all elements which point to other elements by means of one or more URI references.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">target</span></td><td>specifies the destination of the reference by supplying one or more URI References</td></tr></table></li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-witDetail.html">witDetail</a></span> (witness detail) gives further information about a particular witness, or witnesses, to a particular reading.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">wit</span></td><td>(witnesses) indicates the sigil or sigla identifying the witness or witnesses to which the detail refers.</td></tr></table></li></ul><div class="p">Unlike <a class="gi" title="contains a note or annotation." href="ref-note.html">note</a>, <a class="gi" title="(witness detail) gives further information about a particular witness, or witnesses, to a particular reading." href="ref-witDetail.html">witDetail</a> cannot be included in the text at the point of attachment; it must point to the reading(s) being annotated by means of its <span class="att">target</span> attribute. To indicate, on the authority of editor PR, that the Ellesmere manuscript has an ornamental capital in the word <span class="mentioned">Experience</span>, for example, one might write: <div id="index-egXML-d52e101097" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><app <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">substantive</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdgGrp <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">subvariants</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><lem <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">W026</span>" <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#El #Hg</span>"></span>Experience<span class="element"></lem></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#Ha4</span>"></span>Experiens<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /> <span class="element"></rdgGrp></span><br /><span class="element"></app></span><br /><span class="element"><witDetail <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#W026</span>" <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#El</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">resp</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#PR</span>"></span>Ornamental capital.<span class="element"></witDetail></span></div> This encoding makes clear that the ornamental capital mentioned is in the Ellesmere manuscript, and not in Hengwrt or Ha4. The <span class="att">resp</span> attribute assigns responsibility to PR.</div><div class="p">Like <a class="gi" title="contains a note or annotation." href="ref-note.html">note</a>, <a class="gi" title="(witness detail) gives further information about a particular witness, or witnesses, to a particular reading." href="ref-witDetail.html">witDetail</a> may be used to record the specific wording of information in the source text, even when the information itself is captured in some more formal way elsewhere. The example from the <span class="titlem">Carmina Burana</span> above (section <a class="link_ptr" href="TC.html#TCAPLR" title="Readings"><span class="headingNumber">12.1.2 </span>Readings</a>), for example, might be extended thus, to record the wording of the note explaining the variant: <div id="index-egXML-d52e101124" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><l></span>Swaz hi gât umbe<span class="element"></l></span><br /><span class="element"><l></span>daz sint alle megede,<span class="element"></l></span><br /><span class="element"><l></span>die wellent ân man<span class="element"></l></span><br /><span class="element"><l></span><br /> <span class="element"><app></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#Mu</span>" <span class="attribute">hand</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#m1</span>"></span>alle<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">anon.6.4</span>" <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#Mu</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">hand</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#m2</span>"></span>allen<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /> <span class="element"></app></span><br /> disen sumer gân.<span class="element"></l></span><br /><span class="element"><witDetail <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#anon.6.4</span>" <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#Mu</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><ref></span>allen<span class="element"></ref></span><br /> <span class="element"><mentioned></span>n<span class="element"></mentioned></span> nachgetragen.<br /> <span class="element"></witDetail></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#COBICOR-eg-251">bibliography</a> </div></div> </div><p>Observe that a single witness detail element may be linked to several different readings (noting, for example, a recurrent phenomenon in a particular manuscript) by having the <span class="att">target</span> attribute point at all the readings in question. Similarly, feature structures containing information about the text in a witness (whether retroversion, regularization, or other) can also be linked to specific <a class="gi" title="(lemma) contains the lemma, or base text, of a textual variation." href="ref-lem.html">lem</a> and <a class="gi" title="(reading) contains a single reading within a textual variation." href="ref-rdg.html">rdg</a> instances. See chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="FS.html" title="16"><span class="headingNumber">18 </span>Feature Structures</a>.</p></div><div class="div4" id="TCSCWL"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="TC.html#TCAPWD"><span class="headingNumber">12.1.4.1 </span>Witness Detail Information</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="TC.html#TCAPWL"><span class="headingNumber">12.1.4.3 </span>The Witness List</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h5><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#TCSCWL" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Witness Information in the Source</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">12.1.4.2 </span><span class="head">Witness Information in the Source</span></h5><div class="p">In the transcription of printed critical editions, it may be desirable to retain for future reference the exact form in which the source edition records the witnesses to a particular reading; this is particularly important in cases of ambiguity in the information, or uncertainty as to the correct interpretation. The <a class="gi" title="contains a list of one or more sigla of witnesses attesting a given reading, in a textual variation." href="ref-wit.html">wit</a> element may be used to transcribe such lists of witnesses to a particular reading. <ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-wit.html">wit</a></span> contains a list of one or more sigla of witnesses attesting a given reading, in a textual variation.</li></ul> The <a class="gi" title="contains a list of one or more sigla of witnesses attesting a given reading, in a textual variation." href="ref-wit.html">wit</a> list may appear following a <a class="gi" title="(reading) contains a single reading within a textual variation." href="ref-rdg.html">rdg</a>, <a class="gi" title="(reading group) within a textual variation, groups two or more readings perceived to have a genetic relationship or other affinity." href="ref-rdgGrp.html">rdgGrp</a>, or <a class="gi" title="(lemma) contains the lemma, or base text, of a textual variation." href="ref-lem.html">lem</a> element in any apparatus entry, and should be used only to transcribe the witness information in the form found in the source. The advantage of holding witness information in the <span class="att">wit</span> attribute of <a class="gi" title="(lemma) contains the lemma, or base text, of a textual variation." href="ref-lem.html">lem</a> or <a class="gi" title="(reading) contains a single reading within a textual variation." href="ref-rdg.html">rdg</a> is that an application can check that every sigil<span id="Note84_return"><a class="notelink" title="We use the term sigil as the English equivalent of the Latin term siglum (sign) traditionally used for the brief identifier associated with a particul…" href="#Note84"><sup>47</sup></a></span> for the identifier has been declared elsewhere in the document. Because the <span class="att">wit</span> attribute has declared datatype of one or more <span class="ident-datatype">data.pointer</span> values, a check can be made that readings are assigned only to witness sigla which have been identified (using the <span class="att">xml:id</span> attribute) within a <a class="gi" title="(witness list) lists definitions for all the witnesses referred to by a critical apparatus, optionally grouped hierarchically." href="ref-listWit.html">listWit</a> element (see section <a class="link_ptr" href="TC.html#TCAPWL" title="The Witness List"><span class="headingNumber">12.1.4.3 </span>The Witness List</a>). Such checking is more difficult for witness sigla held as the content of a <a class="gi" title="contains a list of one or more sigla of witnesses attesting a given reading, in a textual variation." href="ref-wit.html">wit</a> element. For this reason, it is recommended that encoders always hold witness information in the <span class="att">wit</span> attribute of <a class="gi" title="(lemma) contains the lemma, or base text, of a textual variation." href="ref-lem.html">lem</a> and <a class="gi" title="(reading) contains a single reading within a textual variation." href="ref-rdg.html">rdg</a>, where possible. Thus, as in the examples below, even when a reference to a witness is exactly reproduced in the <a class="gi" title="contains a list of one or more sigla of witnesses attesting a given reading, in a textual variation." href="ref-wit.html">wit</a> element, the corresponding sigil for that witness can be written into the <span class="att">wit</span> attribute of the matching <a class="gi" title="(reading) contains a single reading within a textual variation." href="ref-rdg.html">rdg</a> or <a class="gi" title="(lemma) contains the lemma, or base text, of a textual variation." href="ref-lem.html">lem</a>. However, in cases where it is uncertain how the witness reference contained in the <a class="gi" title="contains a list of one or more sigla of witnesses attesting a given reading, in a textual variation." href="ref-wit.html">wit</a> element should be interpreted, or where no witness exists, the <span class="att">wit</span> attribute on the matching <a class="gi" title="(reading) contains a single reading within a textual variation." href="ref-rdg.html">rdg</a> or <a class="gi" title="(lemma) contains the lemma, or base text, of a textual variation." href="ref-lem.html">lem</a> may be left empty. <div id="index-egXML-d52e101430" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><lg <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">stanza</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><l <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Diet1.1</span>"></span>Slăfest du, vriedel ziere?<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Diet1.2</span>"></span>wan wecket uns leider schiere;<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Diet1.3</span>"></span>ein vogellīn sŏ wol getăn<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Diet1.4</span>"></span>daz ist der linden an daz zwī gegăn.<span class="element"></l></span><br /><span class="element"></lg></span><br /><span class="element"><app <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">secondary</span>" <span class="attribute">loc</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Diet.1.1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#Kb</span>"></span>slăfst<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /> <span class="element"><wit></span>K(Ba)<span class="element"></wit></span><br /><span class="element"></app></span><br /><span class="element"><app <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">secondary</span>" <span class="attribute">loc</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Diet.1.2</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#Kv</span>"></span>Man<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /> <span class="element"><wit></span>K(V)<span class="element"></wit></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#K</span>"></span>weckt<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /> <span class="element"><wit></span>K (Wackernagel 401)<span class="element"></wit></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#Ju</span>"></span>Ich waen ez taget uns schiere<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /> <span class="element"><wit></span>Jungbluth, Festschr. Pretzel 1963, 122.<span class="element"></wit></span><br /><span class="element"></app></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#COBICOR-eg-251">bibliography</a> </div></div> Of course, the sigil used for a particular witness in the source, as recorded in the <a class="gi" title="contains a list of one or more sigla of witnesses attesting a given reading, in a textual variation." href="ref-wit.html">wit</a> element, may well differ from that used to indicated the same witness in the <span class="att">wit</span> attribute, as shown particularly in the apparatus for the second line of the poem (Diet.1.2).</div></div><div class="div4" id="TCAPWL"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="TC.html#TCSCWL"><span class="headingNumber">12.1.4.2 </span>Witness Information in the Source</a></li><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h5><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#TCAPWL" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: The Witness List</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">12.1.4.3 </span><span class="head">The Witness List</span></h5><p>A list of all identified witnesses should normally be supplied in the front matter of the edition, or in the <a class="gi" title="(source description) describes the source from which an electronic text was derived or generated, typically a bibliographic description in the case of a digitized text, or a phrase such as "born digital" for a text which has no previous existence." href="ref-sourceDesc.html">sourceDesc</a> element of its header. This may be given either as a simple bibliographic list, using the <a class="gi" title="(citation list) contains a list of bibliographic citations of any kind." href="ref-listBibl.html">listBibl</a> element described in <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#COBI" title="Bibliographic Citations and References"><span class="headingNumber">3.11 </span>Bibliographic Citations and References</a>, or as a <a class="gi" title="(witness list) lists definitions for all the witnesses referred to by a critical apparatus, optionally grouped hierarchically." href="ref-listWit.html">listWit</a> element, which contains a series of <a class="gi" title="contains either a description of a single witness referred to within the critical apparatus, or a list of witnesses which is to be referred to by a single sigil." href="ref-witness.html">witness</a> elements. Each <a class="gi" title="contains either a description of a single witness referred to within the critical apparatus, or a list of witnesses which is to be referred to by a single sigil." href="ref-witness.html">witness</a> element may contain a brief characterization of the witness, given as one or more prose paragraphs. If more detailed information about a manuscript witness is available, it should be represented using the <a class="gi" title="(manuscript description) contains a description of a single identifiable manuscript or other text-bearing object." href="ref-msDesc.html">msDesc</a> element provided by the <span class="ident-module">msdescription</span> module; a <a class="gi" title="(manuscript description) contains a description of a single identifiable manuscript or other text-bearing object." href="ref-msDesc.html">msDesc</a> may appear within a <a class="gi" title="(citation list) contains a list of bibliographic citations of any kind." href="ref-listBibl.html">listBibl</a>.</p><p>Whether information about a particular witness is supplied by means of a <a class="gi" title="(bibliographic citation) contains a loosely-structured bibliographic citation of which the sub-components may or may not be explicitly tagged." href="ref-bibl.html">bibl</a>, <a class="gi" title="(manuscript description) contains a description of a single identifiable manuscript or other text-bearing object." href="ref-msDesc.html">msDesc</a>, or <a class="gi" title="contains either a description of a single witness referred to within the critical apparatus, or a list of witnesses which is to be referred to by a single sigil." href="ref-witness.html">witness</a> element, a unique sigil for this source should always be supplied, using the global <span class="att">xml:id</span> attribute. This identifier can then be used elsewhere to refer to this particular witness. </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-listWit.html">listWit</a></span> (witness list) lists definitions for all the witnesses referred to by a critical apparatus, optionally grouped hierarchically.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-witness.html">witness</a></span> contains either a description of a single witness referred to within the critical apparatus, or a list of witnesses which is to be referred to by a single sigil.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-msDesc.html">msDesc</a></span> (manuscript description) contains a description of a single identifiable manuscript or other text-bearing object.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-bibl.html">bibl</a></span> (bibliographic citation) contains a loosely-structured bibliographic citation of which the sub-components may or may not be explicitly tagged.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-listBibl.html">listBibl</a></span> (citation list) contains a list of bibliographic citations of any kind.</li></ul><div class="p">The minimal information provided by a witness list is thus the set of sigla for all the witnesses named in the apparatus. For example, the witnesses referenced by the examples of this chapter might simply be listed thus: <div id="index-egXML-d52e101595" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><listWit></span><br /> <span class="element"><witness <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Chi3</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"><witness <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Ha4</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"><witness <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Ju</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"><witness <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">K</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"><witness <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Kb</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"><witness <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Kl</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"><witness <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Kv</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"><witness <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Ld</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"><witness <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Ld1</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"><witness <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Ln</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"><witness <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Mu</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"><witness <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Ry2</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"><witness <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Wa</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"><witness <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">X</span>"/></span><br /><span class="element"></listWit></span></div></div><div class="p">It is more helpful, however, for witness lists to be somewhat more informative: each <a class="gi" title="contains either a description of a single witness referred to within the critical apparatus, or a list of witnesses which is to be referred to by a single sigil." href="ref-witness.html">witness</a> element should contain at least a brief prose description of the witness, perhaps including a bibliographic citation, as in the following examples: <div id="index-egXML-d52e101617" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><listWit></span><br /> <span class="element"><witness <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">El</span>"></span>Ellesmere, Huntingdon Library 26.C.9<span class="element"></witness></span><br /> <span class="element"><witness <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Hg</span>"></span>Hengwrt, National Library of Wales,<br /> Aberystwyth, Peniarth 392D<span class="element"></witness></span><br /> <span class="element"><witness <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Ra2</span>"></span>Bodleian Library Rawlinson Poetic 149<br /> (see further <span class="element"><ptr <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">http://example.com/msDescs#MSRP149</span>"/></span>)<span class="element"></witness></span><br /><span class="element"></listWit></span></div> As the last example shows, the witness description here may be complemented by a reference to a full description of the manuscript supplied elsewhere, typically as the content of a <a class="gi" title="(manuscript description) contains a description of a single identifiable manuscript or other text-bearing object." href="ref-msDesc.html">msDesc</a> or <a class="gi" title="(bibliographic citation) contains a loosely-structured bibliographic citation of which the sub-components may or may not be explicitly tagged." href="ref-bibl.html">bibl</a> element. Alternatively, it may contain a whole paragraph of commentary for each witness: <div id="index-egXML-d52e101634" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><listWit></span><br /> <span class="element"><witness <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">A</span>"></span>die sog. <span class="element"><soCalled></span>Kleine (oder alte)<br /> Heidelberger Liederhandschrift<span class="element"></soCalled></span>.<br /> <span class="element"><bibl></span>Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg col. pal.<br /> germ. 357. Pergament, 45 Fll. 18,5 × 13,5 cm.<span class="element"></bibl></span><br /> Wahrscheinlich die älteste der drei großen Hss. Sie<br /> <span class="element"><quote></span>datiert aus dem 13. Jahrhundert, etwa um 1275. Ihre Sprache<br /> weist ins Elsaß, evtl. nach Straßburg. Man geht wohl nicht<br /> fehl, in ihr eine Sammlung aus dem Stadtpatriziat zu sehen<span class="element"></quote></span><br /> (<span class="element"><bibl></span><br /> <span class="element"><author></span>Blank<span class="element"></author></span>, [vgl. <span class="element"><ref></span>Lit. z. Hss. Bd. 2,<br /> S. 39<span class="element"></ref></span>] S. 14<span class="element"></bibl></span>). Sie enthält 34 namentlich<br /> genannte Dichter. <span class="element"><quote></span>Zu den Vorzügen von A gehört, daß<br /> sie kaum je bewußt geändert hat, so daß sie für<br /> manche Dichter ... oft den besten Text liefert<span class="element"></quote></span> (so wohl mit<br /> Recht <span class="element"><bibl></span><br /> <span class="element"><author></span>v. Kraus<span class="element"></author></span><br /> <span class="element"></bibl></span>).<span class="element"></witness></span><br /> <span class="element"><witness <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">a</span>"></span>Bezeichnung <span class="element"><bibl></span><br /> <span class="element"><author></span>Lachmann<span class="element"></author></span><br /> <span class="element"></bibl></span>s für die von einer 2. Hand auf bl. 40–43<br /> geschriebenen Strophen der Hs. A.<span class="element"></witness></span><br /> <span class="element"><witness <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">B</span>"></span>die <span class="element"><soCalled></span>Weingartner (Stuttgarter)<br /> Liederhandschrift<span class="element"></soCalled></span>. <span class="element"><bibl></span>Württembergische<br /> Landesbibliothek Stuttgart, HB XIII poetae germanici 1.<br /> Pergament, 156 Bll. 15 × 11,5 cm; 25 teils ganzseitig,<br /> teils halbseitige Miniaturen.<span class="element"></bibl></span> Kaum vor 1306 in Konstanz<br /> geschrieben. Sie enthält Lieder von 25 namentlich genannten<br /> Dichtern. (Dazu kommen Gedichte von einigen ungenannten<br /> bzw. unbekannten Dichtern, ein Marienlobpreis und eine<br /> Minnelehre.)<span class="element"></witness></span><br /><span class="element"></listWit></span><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#COBICOR-eg-251">bibliography</a> </div></div> </div><div class="p">It would however generally be preferable to represent such detailed information using an appropriately structured <a class="gi" title="(manuscript description) contains a description of a single identifiable manuscript or other text-bearing object." href="ref-msDesc.html">msDesc</a> element, as discussed in chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="MS.html" title="Manuscript Description"><span class="headingNumber">10 </span>Manuscript Description</a>. Note also that if the witnesses being recorded are not manuscripts but printed works, it may be preferable to document them using the standard <a class="gi" title="(bibliographic citation) contains a loosely-structured bibliographic citation of which the sub-components may or may not be explicitly tagged." href="ref-bibl.html">bibl</a> or <a class="gi" title="(structured bibliographic citation) contains a structured bibliographic citation, in which only bibliographic sub-elements appear and in a specified order." href="ref-biblStruct.html">biblStruct</a> elements described in <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#COBI" title="Bibliographic Citations and References"><span class="headingNumber">3.11 </span>Bibliographic Citations and References</a>, as in this example: <div id="index-egXML-d52e101696" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><listBibl></span><br /> <span class="element"><bibl <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">bcn_1482</span>"></span>T. Kempis, De la imitació de Jesuchrist e del<br /> menyspreu del món (trad. Miquel Peres); Barcelona, 1482, Pere<br /> Posa. Editio princeps.<span class="element"></bibl></span><br /> <span class="element"><bibl <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">val_1491</span>"></span>T. Kempis, Del menyspreu del món (trad. Miquel<br /> Peres); València, 1491.<span class="element"></bibl></span><br /> <span class="element"><bibl <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">bcn_1518</span>"></span>T. Kempis, Libre del menysprey del món e de la<br /> imitació de nostre senyor Déu Jesucrist, (trad. Miquel Peres);<br /> Barcelona, 1518, Carles Amorós. <span class="element"></bibl></span><br /><span class="element"></listBibl></span></div></div><div class="p">In text-critical work it is customary to refer to frequently occurring groups of witnesses by means of a single common sigil. Such sigla may be documented as pseudo-witnesses in their own right by including a nested witness list within the witness list, which uses the sigil for the group as its identifier, and supplies a fuller name for the group in its optional child <a class="gi" title="(heading) contains any type of heading, for example the title of a section, or the heading of a list, glossary, manuscript description, etc." href="ref-head.html">head</a> element, before listing the other witnesses contained by the group. For example, the Constant Group C of manuscripts comprising witnesses Cp, La, and S12, might be represented as follows: <div id="index-egXML-d52e101712" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><listWit></span><br /> <span class="element"><witness <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Ellesmere</span>"></span>Ellesmere, Huntingdon Library 26.C.9<span class="element"></witness></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /> <span class="element"><listWit <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Con</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>Constant Group C<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><witness <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Cp</span>"></span>Corpus Christi Oxford MS 198<span class="element"></witness></span><br /> <span class="element"><witness <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">La</span>"></span>British Library Lansdowne 851<span class="element"></witness></span><br /> <span class="element"><witness <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">Sl2</span>"></span>British Library Sloane MS 1686<span class="element"></witness></span><br /> <span class="element"></listWit></span><br /><span class="element"></listWit></span></div> That the reading <span class="mentioned">Experiment</span> occurs in all three manuscripts can now be indicated simply as follows: <div id="index-egXML-d52e101733" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#Con</span>"></span>Experiment<span class="element"></rdg></span></div> Note that a single witness cannot appear more than once in a witness list, and therefore cannot be assigned to more than one group of witnesses.</div><p>Situations commonly arise where there are many more or less fragmentary witnesses, such that there may be quite distinct groups of witnesses for different parts of a text or collection of texts. One may treat this with distinct <a class="gi" title="(witness list) lists definitions for all the witnesses referred to by a critical apparatus, optionally grouped hierarchically." href="ref-listWit.html">listWit</a> elements for each different part. Alternatively, one may have a single <a class="gi" title="(witness list) lists definitions for all the witnesses referred to by a critical apparatus, optionally grouped hierarchically." href="ref-listWit.html">listWit</a> element at the beginning of the file or in its header listing all the witnesses, partial and complete, for the text, with the attestation of fragmentary witnesses indicated within the apparatus by use of the <a class="gi" title="(fragmented witness start) indicates the beginning, or resumption, of the text of a fragmentary witness." href="ref-witStart.html">witStart</a> and <a class="gi" title="(fragmented witness end) indicates the end, or suspension, of the text of a fragmentary witness." href="ref-witEnd.html">witEnd</a> elements described in section <a class="link_ptr" href="TC.html#TCAPMI" title="Fragmentary Witnesses"><span class="headingNumber">12.1.5 </span>Fragmentary Witnesses</a>.</p><p>If a witness list is provided, it may be unnecessary to give, in each apparatus entry, an exhaustive list of the witnesses which agree with the base text. An application program can—in principle—compare the witnesses given for each variant found with those given in the full list of witnesses, subtracting from this list all the witnesses not active at this point (perhaps because of lacuna, or because they contain a variation on a different, overlapping lemma) and thence calculate all the manuscripts agreeing with the base text. In practice, encoders may find it less error-prone to list all witnesses explicitly in each apparatus entry.</p></div></div><div class="div3" id="TCAPMI"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="TC.html#TCAPLW"><span class="headingNumber">12.1.4 </span>Witness Information</a></li><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#TCAPMI" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Fragmentary Witnesses</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">12.1.5 </span><span class="head">Fragmentary Witnesses</span></h4><p>If a witness is incomplete (whether a single fragment, a series of fragments, or a relatively complete text with one or more lacunae), it is usually desirable to record explicitly where its preserved portions begin and end. The following empty tags, which may occur within any <a class="gi" title="(lemma) contains the lemma, or base text, of a textual variation." href="ref-lem.html">lem</a> or <a class="gi" title="(reading) contains a single reading within a textual variation." href="ref-rdg.html">rdg</a> element, indicate the beginning or end of a fragmentary witness or of a lacuna within a witness: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-witStart.html">witStart</a></span> (fragmented witness start) indicates the beginning, or resumption, of the text of a fragmentary witness.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-witEnd.html">witEnd</a></span> (fragmented witness end) indicates the end, or suspension, of the text of a fragmentary witness.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-lacunaStart.html">lacunaStart</a></span> indicates the beginning of a lacuna in the text of a mostly complete textual witness.</li><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-lacunaEnd.html">lacunaEnd</a></span> indicates the end of a lacuna in a mostly complete textual witness.</li></ul><p> These elements constitute the class <a class="link_odd" title="groups elements which mark the beginning or ending of a fragmentary manuscript or other witness." href="ref-model.rdgPart.html">model.rdgPart</a>, members of which are permitted within the elements <a class="gi" title="(lemma) contains the lemma, or base text, of a textual variation." href="ref-lem.html">lem</a> and <a class="gi" title="(reading) contains a single reading within a textual variation." href="ref-rdg.html">rdg</a> when the module defined by this chapter is included in a schema.</p><div class="p">Suppose a fragment of a manuscript X of the <span class="titlem">Wife of Bath's Prologue</span> has a physical lacuna, and the text of the manuscript begins with <span class="mentioned">auctorite</span>. In an apparatus this might appear thus, distinguished from the reading of other manuscripts by the presence of the <a class="gi" title="indicates the end of a lacuna in a mostly complete textual witness." href="ref-lacunaEnd.html">lacunaEnd</a> element: <div id="index-egXML-d52e102019" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><app></span><br /> <span class="element"><lem <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#El #Hg</span>"></span>Auctoritee<span class="element"></lem></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#La #Ra2</span>"></span>auctorite<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#X</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><lacunaEnd/></span>auctorite<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /><span class="element"></app></span></div> Alternatively, it may be clearer to record this as <div id="index-egXML-d52e102029" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><app></span><br /> <span class="element"><lem <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#El #Hg</span>"></span>Auctoritee<span class="element"></lem></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#La #Ra2 #X</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><lacunaEnd <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#X</span>"/></span>auctorite<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /><span class="element"></app></span></div> since this shows more clearly that the lacuna and the reading of <span class="q">‘auctorite’</span> both appear in witness X. In some cases, the apparatus in the source may commence recording the readings for a particular witness without its being clear whether the previous absence of readings for this witness is due to a lacuna, or to some other reason. The <a class="gi" title="(fragmented witness start) indicates the beginning, or resumption, of the text of a fragmentary witness." href="ref-witStart.html">witStart</a> element may be used in this circumstance: <div id="index-egXML-d52e102044" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><app></span><br /> <span class="element"><lem <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#El #Hg</span>"></span>Auctoritee<span class="element"></lem></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#La #Ra2</span>"></span>auctorite<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#X</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><witStart/></span>auctorite<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /><span class="element"></app></span></div></div></div></div><div class="div2" id="TCAPLK"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="TC.html#TCAPLL"><span class="headingNumber">12.1 </span>The Apparatus Entry, Readings, and Witnesses</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="TC.html#TCTR"><span class="headingNumber">12.3 </span>Using Apparatus Elements in Transcriptions</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h3><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#TCAPLK" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Linking the Apparatus to the Text</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">12.2 </span><span class="head">Linking the Apparatus to the Text</span></h3><p>Three different methods may be used to link a critical apparatus to the text: </p><ol class="numbered"><li class="item">the location-referenced method,</li><li class="item">the double-end-point-attached method, and</li><li class="item">the parallel segmentation method.</li></ol><p>Both the location-referenced and the double end-point methods may be used with either <span class="term">in-line</span> or <span class="term">external</span> apparatus, the former dispersed within the base text, the latter held in some separate location, within or outside the document with the base text. The parallel segmentation method does not use the concept of a base text and may only be used for in-line apparatus.</p><p>Where an <span class="term">external</span> apparatus is used, the <a class="gi" title="(list of apparatus entries) contains a list of apparatus entries." href="ref-listApp.html">listApp</a> element provides a useful means of grouping together a series of <a class="gi" title="(apparatus entry) contains one entry in a critical apparatus, with an optional lemma and usually one or more readings or notes on the relevant passage." href="ref-app.html">app</a> elements of a specific type, or from a particular source: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-listApp.html">listApp</a></span> (list of apparatus entries) contains a list of apparatus entries.</li><li><span class="specList-classSpec"><a href="ref-att.typed.html">att.typed</a></span> provides attributes which can be used to classify or subclassify elements in any way.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">type</span></td><td>characterizes the element in some sense, using any convenient classification scheme or typology.</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">subtype</span></td><td>provides a sub-categorization of the element, if needed</td></tr></table></li></ul><p> <a class="gi" title="(list of apparatus entries) contains a list of apparatus entries." href="ref-listApp.html">listApp</a> elements would normally appear in the <a class="gi" title="(back matter) contains any appendixes, etc. following the main part of a text." href="ref-back.html">back</a> of a document, but they may also be placed in any other convenient location.</p><p>Any document containing <a class="gi" title="(apparatus entry) contains one entry in a critical apparatus, with an optional lemma and usually one or more readings or notes on the relevant passage." href="ref-app.html">app</a> elements requires a <a class="gi" title="declares the method used to encode text-critical variants." href="ref-variantEncoding.html">variantEncoding</a> declaration in the <a class="gi" title="(encoding description) documents the relationship between an electronic text and the source or sources from which it was derived." href="ref-encodingDesc.html">encodingDesc</a> element of its TEI header, thus: </p><ul class="specList"><li><span class="specList-elementSpec"><a href="ref-variantEncoding.html">variantEncoding</a></span> declares the method used to encode text-critical variants.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">method</span></td><td>indicates which method is used to encode the apparatus of variants.</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute"><span class="att">location</span></td><td>indicates whether the apparatus appears within the running text or external to it.</td></tr></table></li></ul><div class="div3" id="TCAPLO"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="TC.html#TCAPDE"><span class="headingNumber">12.2.2 </span>The Double End-Point Attachment Method</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#TCAPLO" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: The Location-referenced Method</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">12.2.1 </span><span class="head">The Location-referenced Method</span></h4><p>The location-referenced method of encoding apparatus provides a convenient method for encoding printed apparatus; in this method as in most printed editions, the apparatus is linked to the base text by indicating explicitly only the block of text on which there is a variant (noted usually by a canonical reference scheme, or by line number in the edition, such as <span class="val">A 137</span> or <span class="mentioned">Page 15 line 1</span>).</p><div class="p">If the location-referenced method is used for an apparatus stored externally to the base text, the TEI header must have the declaration: <div id="index-egXML-d52e102292" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><variantEncoding <span class="attribute">method</span>="<span class="attributevalue">location-referenced</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">location</span>="<span class="attributevalue">external</span>"/></span></div></div><div class="p">In the <a class="gi" title="(text body) contains the whole body of a single unitary text, excluding any front or back matter." href="ref-body.html">body</a> of the document, the base text (here El) will appear: <div id="index-egXML-d52e102299" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><text></span><br /> <span class="element"><body></span><br /> <span class="element"><div <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">WBP</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">prologue</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>The Prologe of the Wyves Tale of Bathe<span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><l <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>"></span>Experience though noon Auctoritee<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Were in this world ...<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"></div></span><br /> <span class="element"></body></span><br /><span class="element"></text></span></div></div><div class="p">Elsewhere in the document, or in a separate file, the apparatus will appear. On each <a class="gi" title="(apparatus entry) contains one entry in a critical apparatus, with an optional lemma and usually one or more readings or notes on the relevant passage." href="ref-app.html">app</a> element, the <span class="att">loc</span> attribute should be specified to indicate where the variant occurs in the base text. <div id="index-egXML-d52e102317" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><app <span class="attribute">loc</span>="<span class="attributevalue">WBP 1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#La</span>"></span>Experiment<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#Ra2</span>"></span>Eryment<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /><span class="element"></app></span></div></div><div class="p">If the same text is encoded using in-line storage, the apparatus is dispersed through the base text block to which it refers. In this case, the location of the variant can be read from the line in which it occurs. <div id="index-egXML-d52e102325" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><variantEncoding <span class="attribute">method</span>="<span class="attributevalue">location-referenced</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">location</span>="<span class="attributevalue">internal</span>"/></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /><span class="element"><l <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>"></span>Experience<br /> <span class="element"><app></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#La</span>"></span>Experiment<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#Ra2</span>"></span>Eryment<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /> <span class="element"></app></span><br /> though noon Auctoritee<span class="element"></l></span><br /><span class="element"><l></span>Were in this world ...<span class="element"></l></span></div></div><div class="p">Since the location is not required to be exact, the apparatus for a line might also appear at the end of the line: <div id="index-egXML-d52e102340" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><l <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>"></span>Experience though noon Auctoritee<br /> <span class="element"><app></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#La</span>"></span> Experiment<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#Ra2</span>"></span> Eryment<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /> <span class="element"></app></span><span class="element"></l></span><br /><span class="element"><l></span>Were in this world ...<span class="element"></l></span></div></div><div class="p">When the apparatus is linked to the text by means of location references, as shown here, it is not possible to find automatically the precise portion of text varied by the readings. In order to show explicitly what portion of the base text is replaced by the variant readings, the <a class="gi" title="(lemma) contains the lemma, or base text, of a textual variation." href="ref-lem.html">lem</a> element may be used: <div id="index-egXML-d52e102355" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><l <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>"></span>Experience though noon Auctoritee<br /> <span class="element"><app></span><br /> <span class="element"><lem <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#El</span>"></span>Experience<span class="element"></lem></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#La</span>"></span>Experiment<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#Ra2</span>"></span>Eryment<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /> <span class="element"></app></span><span class="element"></l></span><br /><span class="element"><l></span>Were in this world ...<span class="element"></l></span></div> Often the lemma will have no attributes, being simply the ‘base text reading’ and requiring no qualification, but it may optionally carry the normal attributes, as shown here. Some text critics prefer to abbreviate or elide the lemma, in order to save space or trouble; such practice is not forbidden by these Guidelines, but no recommendations are made for conventions of abbreviating the lemma, whether abbreviation of each word, or suppression of all but the first and last word, etc.</div><p>Where it is intended that the apparatus be complete enough to allow the reconstruction of the witnesses (or at least of their non-orthographic variations), simple location-reference methods are unlikely to be as successful as the other two methods, which allow the unambiguous reconstruction of the lemma from the encoding.</p></div><div class="div3" id="TCAPDE"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="TC.html#TCAPLO"><span class="headingNumber">12.2.1 </span>The Location-referenced Method</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="TC.html#TCAPPS"><span class="headingNumber">12.2.3 </span>The Parallel Segmentation Method</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#TCAPDE" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: The Double End-Point Attachment Method</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">12.2.2 </span><span class="head">The Double End-Point Attachment Method</span></h4><p>In the double end-point attachment method, the beginning and end of the lemma in the base text are both explicitly indicated. It thus differs from the location-referenced method, in which only the larger span of text containing the lemma is indicated. Double end-point attachment permits unambiguous matching of each variant reading against its lemma. It or the parallel-segmentation method should be used in all cases where this is desired, for example where the apparatus is intended to enable full reconstruction of the text, or of the substantives, of every witness.</p><p>When the double end-point attachment method is used, the <span class="att">from</span> and <span class="att">to</span> attributes of the <a class="gi" title="(apparatus entry) contains one entry in a critical apparatus, with an optional lemma and usually one or more readings or notes on the relevant passage." href="ref-app.html">app</a> element are used to indicate the beginning and ending points of the reading in the base text: their values are identifiers which occur at the locations in question. If no other markup is present there, the beginning and ending points should be marked using the <a class="gi" title="(anchor point) attaches an identifier to a point within a text, whether or not it corresponds with a textual element." href="ref-anchor.html">anchor</a> element defined in chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="SA.html" title="14"><span class="headingNumber">16 </span>Linking, Segmentation, and Alignment</a>. In cases where it is not possible to insert anchors within the base text (e.g. where the text is on a read-only medium) the beginning and end of the lemma may be indicated by using the ‘indirect pointing’ mechanisms discussed in chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="SA.html" title="14"><span class="headingNumber">16 </span>Linking, Segmentation, and Alignment</a>. Explicit anchors are more likely to be reliable, and are therefore to be preferred.</p><div class="p">The double end-point attachment method may be used with in-line or external apparatus. In the latter case, the base text (here El) will appear with <a class="gi" title="(anchor point) attaches an identifier to a point within a text, whether or not it corresponds with a textual element." href="ref-anchor.html">anchor</a> elements inserted at every place where a variant begins or ends (unless some element with an identifier already begins or ends at that point): <div id="index-egXML-d52e102405" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><variantEncoding <span class="attribute">method</span>="<span class="attributevalue">double-end-point</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">location</span>="<span class="attributevalue">external</span>"/></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /><span class="element"><div <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">WBP</span>" <span class="attribute">type</span>="<span class="attributevalue">prologue</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><head></span>The Prologe ... <span class="element"></head></span><br /> <span class="element"><l <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>" <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">WBP.1</span>"></span>Experience<span class="element"><anchor <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">WBP-A2</span>"/></span> though noon Auctoritee<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l></span>Were in this world ...<span class="element"></l></span><br /><span class="element"></div></span></div> The apparatus will be separately encoded: <div id="index-egXML-d52e102418" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><app <span class="attribute">from</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#WBP.1</span>" <span class="attribute">to</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#WBP-A2</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#La</span>"></span>Experiment<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#Ra2</span>"></span>Eryment<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /><span class="element"></app></span></div> No <a class="gi" title="(anchor point) attaches an identifier to a point within a text, whether or not it corresponds with a textual element." href="ref-anchor.html">anchor</a> element is needed at the beginning of the line, since the <span class="att">from</span> attribute can use the identifier for the line as a whole; the lemma is assumed to run from the beginning of the element indicated by the <span class="att">from</span> attribute, to the end of that indicated by the <span class="att">to</span> attribute. If no value is given for <span class="att">to</span>, the lemma runs from the beginning to the end of the element indicated by the <span class="att">from</span> attribute.</div><div class="p">When the apparatus is encoded in-line, it is dispersed through the base text. Only the beginning of the lemma need be marked with an <a class="gi" title="(anchor point) attaches an identifier to a point within a text, whether or not it corresponds with a textual element." href="ref-anchor.html">anchor</a>, since the <a class="gi" title="(apparatus entry) contains one entry in a critical apparatus, with an optional lemma and usually one or more readings or notes on the relevant passage." href="ref-app.html">app</a> is inserted at the end of the lemma, and itself therefore marks the end of the lemma. <div id="index-egXML-d52e102452" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><variantEncoding <span class="attribute">method</span>="<span class="attributevalue">double-end-point</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">location</span>="<span class="attributevalue">internal</span>"/></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /><span class="element"><l <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>" <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">wbp.1</span>"></span>Experience<br /> <span class="element"><app <span class="attribute">from</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#wbp.1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#La</span>"></span>Experiment<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#Ra2</span>"></span>Eryment<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /> <span class="element"></app></span><br /> though noon Auctoritee<span class="element"></l></span><br /><span class="element"><l></span>Were in this world ...<span class="element"></l></span></div></div><p>The lemma need not be repeated within the <a class="gi" title="(apparatus entry) contains one entry in a critical apparatus, with an optional lemma and usually one or more readings or notes on the relevant passage." href="ref-app.html">app</a> element in this method, as it may be extracted reliably from the base text. If an exhaustive list of witnesses is available, it will also not be necessary to specify just which manuscripts agree with the base text to enable reconstruction of witnesses. An application will be able to determine the manuscripts that witness the base reading, by noting which witnesses are attested as having a variant reading, and inferring the base text reading for all others after adjusting for fragmentary witnesses and for witnesses carrying overlapping variant readings.</p><div class="p">Alternatively, if it is desired to make an explicit record of the attestation of the base text, the <a class="gi" title="(lemma) contains the lemma, or base text, of a textual variation." href="ref-lem.html">lem</a> element may be embedded within <a class="gi" title="(apparatus entry) contains one entry in a critical apparatus, with an optional lemma and usually one or more readings or notes on the relevant passage." href="ref-app.html">app</a>, carrying the witnesses to the base. Thus <div id="index-egXML-d52e102478" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><app <span class="attribute">from</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#WBP.1</span>" <span class="attribute">to</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#WBP-A2</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><lem <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#El #Hg</span>"></span>Experience<span class="element"></lem></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#La</span>"></span>Experiment<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#Ra2</span>"></span>Eryment<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /><span class="element"></app></span></div></div><p>This method is designed to cope with ‘overlapping lemmata’. For example, at line 117 of the Wife of Bath's Prologue, the manuscripts Hg (Hengwrt), El (Ellesmere), and Ha4 (British Library Harleian 7334) read: </p><dl><dt><span>Hg</span></dt><dd>And of so parfit wys a wight ywroght</dd><dt><span>El</span></dt><dd>And for what profit was a wight ywroght</dd><dt><span>Ha4</span></dt><dd>And in what wise was a wight ywroght</dd></dl><div class="p">In this case, one might wish to record <span class="mentioned">in what wise was</span> in Ha4 as a single variant for <span class="mentioned">of so parfit wys</span> in Hg, and <span class="mentioned">was a wight</span> in El and Ha4 as a variant on <span class="mentioned">wys a wight</span> in Hg. This method can readily cope with such difficult situations, typically found in large and complex traditions: <div id="index-egXML-d52e102518" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><l <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">WBP.117</span>" <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">117</span>"></span> And<br /> <span class="element"><anchor <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">WBP-A117.1</span>"/></span> of so parfit<br /> <span class="element"><anchor <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">WBP-A117.2</span>"/></span> wys<br /> <span class="element"><anchor <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">WBP-A117.3</span>"/></span> a wight<br /> <span class="element"><anchor <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">WBP-A117.4</span>"/></span> ywroght<br /> <span class="element"><app <span class="attribute">from</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#WBP-A117.1</span>" <span class="attribute">to</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#WBP-A117.3</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><lem <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#Hg</span>"></span>of so parfit wys<span class="element"></lem></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#Ha4</span>"></span>in what wise was<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /> <span class="element"></app></span><br /> <span class="element"><app <span class="attribute">from</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#WBP-A117.2</span>" <span class="attribute">to</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#WBP-A117.4</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><lem <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#Hg</span>"></span>wys a wight<span class="element"></lem></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#El #Ha4</span>"></span>was a wight<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /> <span class="element"></app></span><span class="element"></l></span></div> The parallel segmentation method, to be discussed next, cannot handle overlaps among variants, and would require the individual variants to be split into pieces.</div><p>Because creation and interpretation of double end-point attachment apparatus will be lengthy and difficult it is likely that they will usually be created and examined by scholars only with mechanical assistance.</p></div><div class="div3" id="TCAPPS"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="TC.html#TCAPDE"><span class="headingNumber">12.2.2 </span>The Double End-Point Attachment Method</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="TC.html#TCAPLN"><span class="headingNumber">12.2.4 </span>Other Linking Methods</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#TCAPPS" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: The Parallel Segmentation Method</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">12.2.3 </span><span class="head">The Parallel Segmentation Method</span></h4><p>This method differs from the double end-point attachment method in that all variants at any point of the text are expressed as variants on one another. In this method, no two variations can overlap, although they may nest. The texts compared are divided into matching segments all synchronized with one another. This permits direct comparison of any span of text in any witness with that in any other witness. It is also very easy with this method for an application to extract the full text of any one witness from the apparatus.</p><p>This method will (by definition) always be satisfactory when there are just two texts for comparison (assuming they are in the same language and script). It will however be less convenient for very complex traditions, where establishing a base text with variations from it is not a satisfactory goal for the edition, or in some cases where every detail of variation needs to be modeled.</p><div class="p">In the parallel segmentation method, each segment of text on which there is variation is marked by an <a class="gi" title="(apparatus entry) contains one entry in a critical apparatus, with an optional lemma and usually one or more readings or notes on the relevant passage." href="ref-app.html">app</a> element. If there is a preferred (or base) reading it is tagged with <a class="gi" title="(lemma) contains the lemma, or base text, of a textual variation." href="ref-lem.html">lem</a>; each reading is given in a <a class="gi" title="(reading) contains a single reading within a textual variation." href="ref-rdg.html">rdg</a> element: <div id="index-egXML-d52e102560" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><variantEncoding <span class="attribute">method</span>="<span class="attributevalue">parallel-segmentation</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">location</span>="<span class="attributevalue">internal</span>"/></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... --></span><br /><span class="element"><l <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><app></span><br /> <span class="element"><lem <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#El #Hg</span>"></span>Experience<span class="element"></lem></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#La</span>"></span>Experiment<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#Ra2</span>"></span>Eryment<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /> <span class="element"></app></span><br /> though noon Auctoritee<span class="element"></l></span><br /><span class="element"><l></span>Were in this world ...<span class="element"></l></span></div></div><p>This method cannot be used with external apparatus: it must be used in-line. Note that apparatus encoded with this method may be translated into the double end-point attachment method and back without loss of information. Where double-end-point-attachment encodings have no overlapping lemmata, translation of these to the parallel segmentation encoding and back will also be possible without loss of information.</p><div class="p">For economy, the witnesses to the reading most widely attested need not be stated. Since all manuscripts must be represented in all apparatus entries, it will be possible for an application to read a <a class="gi" title="(witness list) lists definitions for all the witnesses referred to by a critical apparatus, optionally grouped hierarchically." href="ref-listWit.html">listWit</a> declaring all the witnesses to the text and then calculate which witnesses have not been named. In the example below, only La and Ra2 are identified explicitly with a reading; an application might successfully infer from this that <span class="mentioned">Experience</span>, whose witnesses are not given, must be attested by El and Hg. To avoid confusion, however, witnesses may be omitted only for a single reading. <div id="index-egXML-d52e102584" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><l <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><app></span><br /> <span class="element"><lem></span>Experience<span class="element"></lem></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#La</span>"></span>Experiment<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#Ra2</span>"></span>Eryment<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /> <span class="element"></app></span><br /> though noon Auctoritee<span class="element"></l></span><br /><span class="element"><l></span>Were in this world ...<span class="element"></l></span></div></div><p>Alternatively, the witnesses for every reading may be stated, as in the first example.</p><div class="p">As noted, apparatus entries may nest in this method: if an imaginary fifth manuscript of the text read <span class="mentioned">Auctoritee, though none experience</span>, the variation on the individual words of the line would nest within that for the line as a whole: <div id="index-egXML-d52e102603" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><l <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><app></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#Chi3</span>"></span>Auctoritee, though none experience<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg></span><br /> <span class="element"><app></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#El #Hg</span>"></span>Experience<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#La</span>"></span>Experiment<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#Ra2</span>"></span>Eryment<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /> <span class="element"></app></span><br /> <span class="element"><app></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#El #Ra2</span>"></span>though<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#Hg</span>"></span>thogh<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#La</span>"></span>thouh<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /> <span class="element"></app></span><br /> <span class="element"><app></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#El #Hg</span>"></span>noon Auctorite<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#La #Ra2</span>"></span>none auctorite<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /> <span class="element"></app></span><br /> <span class="element"></rdg></span><br /> <span class="element"></app></span><br /><span class="element"></l></span></div></div><p>Parallel segmentation cannot, however, deal very gracefully with variants which overlap without nesting: such variants must be broken up into pieces in order to keep all witnesses synchronized. </p></div><div class="div3" id="TCAPLN"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="TC.html#TCAPPS"><span class="headingNumber">12.2.3 </span>The Parallel Segmentation Method</a></li><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h4><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#TCAPLN" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Other Linking Methods</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">12.2.4 </span><span class="head">Other Linking Methods</span></h4><p>When an apparatus is provided it does not need to be given at the location in the transcription where the variation, emendation, attribution, or other apparatus observation occurs. Instead it may be stored in a separate place in the same file, or indeed in another file, and point to the location at which it is meant to be used. Storing apparatus entries separately can be beneficial when encoding multiple competing, potentially overlapping, interpretations of the same point in the source texts. </p><p>The location-referenced method can be used to point a position in a text using the <span class="att">loc</span> attribute and a canonical reference that is understood and documented in the context of the file where it is used. Where possible it is recommended that other methods use the <span class="att">from</span> attribute to point to an <span class="att">xml:id</span> attribute on an <a class="gi" title="(anchor point) attaches an identifier to a point within a text, whether or not it corresponds with a textual element." href="ref-anchor.html">anchor</a> or other element at the location where the apparatus observation takes place. The contents of an element pointed to are understood to be equivalent to a <a class="gi" title="(lemma) contains the lemma, or base text, of a textual variation." href="ref-lem.html">lem</a> if none exists in the <a class="gi" title="(apparatus entry) contains one entry in a critical apparatus, with an optional lemma and usually one or more readings or notes on the relevant passage." href="ref-app.html">app</a>, and if a <a class="gi" title="(lemma) contains the lemma, or base text, of a textual variation." href="ref-lem.html">lem</a> does exist this should replace any content.</p><div class="p">The <span class="att">from</span> attribute is a <span class="ident-datatype">data.pointer</span> datatype and thus contains a URI as a value. This means that it can point directly to an <span class="att">xml:id</span>, an <span class="att">xml:id</span> in another local file, or indeed a file identified by any URL or URN. <div id="index-egXML-d52e102674" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><l <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><seg <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">WBP-so.1.1</span>"></span>Experience<span class="element"></seg></span> though noon Auctoritee<span class="element"></l></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- In another file --></span><br /><span class="element"><app <span class="attribute">from</span>="<span class="attributevalue">example.xml#WBP-so.1.1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#La</span>"></span>Experiment<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#Ra2</span>"></span>Eryment<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /><span class="element"></app></span></div> This could also be encoded as: <div id="index-egXML-d52e102687" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><l <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><anchor <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">WBP-so.1.1a</span>"/></span> though noon Auctoritee<span class="element"></l></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- In another file --></span><br /><span class="element"><app <span class="attribute">from</span>="<span class="attributevalue">http://www.example.com/example.xml#WBP-so.1.1a</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><lem></span>Experience<span class="element"></lem></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#La</span>"></span>Experiment<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#Ra2</span>"></span>Eryment<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /><span class="element"></app></span></div> However, this should be considered more fragile since a full reading of the <a class="gi" title="(lemma) contains the lemma, or base text, of a textual variation." href="ref-lem.html">lem</a> is not provided in the source file.</div><div class="p">In addition, URLs can contain XPointer schemes including xpath(), range(), and string-range() which can be used in providing the location of an <a class="gi" title="(apparatus entry) contains one entry in a critical apparatus, with an optional lemma and usually one or more readings or notes on the relevant passage." href="ref-app.html">app</a> that is stored separately from the text to which it applies. Both <span class="att">from</span> and <span class="att">to</span> can be used, as in the double end-point attachment method, to identify the starting and ending location for an apparatus using XPointer schemes described in <a class="link_ptr" href="SA.html#SATS" title="TEI XPointer Schemes"><span class="headingNumber">16.2.4 </span>TEI XPointer Schemes</a> section to more precisely identify this location where beneficial. <div id="index-egXML-d52e102716" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><l <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">1</span>" <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">WP.1a</span>"></span>Experience though noon Auctoritee<span class="element"></l></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- In another file --></span><br /><span class="element"><app <span class="attribute">from</span>="<span class="attributevalue">example.xml#string-range(WP.1a, 0, 10)</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><lem></span>Experience<span class="element"></lem></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#La</span>"></span>Experiment<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#Ra2</span>"></span>Eryment<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /><span class="element"></app></span></div></div><p>If only the <span class="att">from</span> attribute is provided then it should be understood that this supplies the location of the textual variance that the apparatus documents. If the <span class="att">from</span> attribute contains an XPointer scheme that identifies a range of text (or elements) then this is understood to record the starting and ending of the range as in the double end-point attachment method. In such a case a @to attribute is unnecessary.</p></div></div><div class="div2" id="TCTR"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="TC.html#TCAPLK"><span class="headingNumber">12.2 </span>Linking the Apparatus to the Text</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="TC.html#index-body.1_div.12_div.4"><span class="headingNumber">12.4 </span>Strategies for Encoding Variation</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h3><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#TCTR" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Using Apparatus Elements in Transcriptions</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">12.3 </span><span class="head">Using Apparatus Elements in Transcriptions</span></h3><p>It is often desirable to record different transcriptions of one stretch of text. These variant transcriptions may be grouped within a single <a class="gi" title="(apparatus entry) contains one entry in a critical apparatus, with an optional lemma and usually one or more readings or notes on the relevant passage." href="ref-app.html">app</a> element. An application may then construct different ‘views’ of the transcription by extraction of the appropriate variant readings from the apparatus elements embedded in the transcription.</p><div class="p">For example, alternative expansions can be recorded in several different <a class="gi" title="(expansion) contains the expansion of an abbreviation." href="ref-expan.html">expan</a> elements, all grouped within an <a class="gi" title="(apparatus entry) contains one entry in a critical apparatus, with an optional lemma and usually one or more readings or notes on the relevant passage." href="ref-app.html">app</a> element. Consider, for example, the three different transcriptions given below of line 105 of the Hengwrt manuscript of Chaucer's <span class="titlem">The Wife of Bath's Prologue</span>. The last word of the line <span class="mentioned">Virginite is grete perfection</span> is written <span class="mentioned">perfectio</span> followed by two minims over which a bar has been drawn, which has been read in different ways by different scholars. The first transcription, by Elizabeth Solopova, represents the two minims with bar above as a special composite character using the <a class="gi" title="(character or glyph) represents a glyph, or a non-standard character." href="ref-g.html">g</a> element. This transcription notes this as a mark of abbreviation but gives no expansion for it. A second transcriber, F. J. Furnivall, regards the bar as an abbreviation of <span class="mentioned">u</span>, and therefore reads the two minims as an <span class="mentioned">n</span>. A third transcriber, P. G. Ruggiers, regards the bar as an abbreviation of <span class="mentioned">n</span>, reading the minims as <span class="mentioned">u</span>. This information may be held within an <a class="gi" title="(apparatus entry) contains one entry in a critical apparatus, with an optional lemma and usually one or more readings or notes on the relevant passage." href="ref-app.html">app</a> structure, as follows: <div id="index-egXML-d52e102784" class="pre egXML_valid">Virginite is grete<br /><span class="element"><app></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">source</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#ES</span>"></span>perfectio<span class="element"><am></span><br /> <span class="element"><g <span class="attribute">ref</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#ii</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"></am></span><span class="element"></rdg></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">source</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#FJF</span>"></span>perfectio<span class="element"><ex></span>u<span class="element"></ex></span>n<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">source</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#PGR</span>"></span>perfectiou<span class="element"><ex></span>n<span class="element"></ex></span><span class="element"></rdg></span><br /><span class="element"></app></span></div> This example uses special purpose elements <a class="gi" title="(abbreviation marker) contains a sequence of letters or signs present in an abbreviation which are omitted or replaced in the expanded form of the abbreviation." href="ref-am.html">am</a> and <a class="gi" title="(editorial expansion) contains a sequence of letters added by an editor or transcriber when expanding an abbreviation." href="ref-ex.html">ex</a> used to represent abbreviation marks and editorial expansion respectively; these elements are provided by the <span class="ident-module">transcr</span> module documented in chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="PH.html" title="18"><span class="headingNumber">11 </span>Representation of Primary Sources</a>, which should be consulted for further discussion of methods of representing multiple readings of a source. </div><div class="p">Editorial notes may also be attached to <a class="gi" title="(apparatus entry) contains one entry in a critical apparatus, with an optional lemma and usually one or more readings or notes on the relevant passage." href="ref-app.html">app</a> structures within transcriptions. Here, editorial preference for Ruggiers' expansion and an explanation of that preference is given: <div id="index-egXML-d52e102818" class="pre egXML_valid">Virginite is grete<br /><span class="element"><app></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">source</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#ES</span>"></span>perfecti<span class="element"><am></span><br /> <span class="element"><g <span class="attribute">ref</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#ii</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"></am></span><span class="element"></rdg></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">f105</span>" <span class="attribute">source</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#FJF</span>"></span>perfectio<span class="element"><ex></span>u<span class="element"></ex></span>n<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">r105</span>" <span class="attribute">source</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#PGR</span>"></span>perfectiou<span class="element"><ex></span>n<span class="element"></ex></span><span class="element"></rdg></span><br /><span class="element"></app></span><br /><span class="comment"><!-- ... <note> appearing elsewhere in the document ... --></span><br /><span class="element"><note <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#r105 #f105</span>"></span>Furnivall's expansion implies that the bar<br /> is an abbreviation for 'u'. There are no certain instances of<br /> this mark as an abbreviation for 'u' in these manuscripts and it is<br /> widely used as an abbreviation for 'n'. Ruggiers' expansion is to<br /> be accepted.<span class="element"></note></span></div></div><p>In most cases, elements used to indicate features of a primary textual source may be represented within an <a class="gi" title="(apparatus entry) contains one entry in a critical apparatus, with an optional lemma and usually one or more readings or notes on the relevant passage." href="ref-app.html">app</a> structure simply by nesting them within its readings, just as the <a class="gi" title="(abbreviation marker) contains a sequence of letters or signs present in an abbreviation which are omitted or replaced in the expanded form of the abbreviation." href="ref-am.html">am</a> and <a class="gi" title="(editorial expansion) contains a sequence of letters added by an editor or transcriber when expanding an abbreviation." href="ref-ex.html">ex</a> elements are nested within the <a class="gi" title="(reading) contains a single reading within a textual variation." href="ref-rdg.html">rdg</a> elements in the example just given. However, in cases where the tagged feature extends across a span of text which might itself contain variant readings which it is desired to represent by <a class="gi" title="(apparatus entry) contains one entry in a critical apparatus, with an optional lemma and usually one or more readings or notes on the relevant passage." href="ref-app.html">app</a> structures, some adaptation of the tagging may be necessary. For example, a span of text may be marked in the transcription of the primary source as a single deletion but it may be desirable to represent just a few words from this source as individual deletions within the context of a critical apparatus drawing together readings from this and several other witnesses. In this case, the tagging of the span of words as one deletion may need to be decomposed into a series of one-word deletions for encoding within the apparatus. If it is important to record the fact that all were deleted by the same act, the markup may use the <a class="gi" title="identifies a possibly fragmented segment of text, by pointing at the possibly discontiguous elements which compose it." href="ref-join.html">join</a> element or the <span class="att">next</span> and <span class="att">prev</span> attributes defined by chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="SA.html" title="14"><span class="headingNumber">16 </span>Linking, Segmentation, and Alignment</a>.</p></div><div class="teidiv1" id="index-body.1_div.12_div.4"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="TC.html#TCTR"><span class="headingNumber">12.3 </span>Using Apparatus Elements in Transcriptions</a></li><li class="subtoc"><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="TC.html#index-body.1_div.12_div.5"><span class="headingNumber">12.5 </span>Module for Critical Apparatus</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h3><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#index-body.1_div.12_div.4" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Strategies for Encoding Variation</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">12.4 </span><span class="head">Strategies for Encoding Variation</span></h3><p>Textual variation may manifest itself in many ways. Variation most frequently occurs at the phrase level, but is also common at higher structural levels, such as the verse line, paragraph, or chapter. When these structures are involved, some care must be taken in their encoding to ensure that TEI's Abstract Model is not being broken. It would be an error, for example, to have a <a class="gi" title="(text division) contains a subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text." href="ref-div.html">div</a> in the <a class="gi" title="(lemma) contains the lemma, or base text, of a textual variation." href="ref-lem.html">lem</a>, but a <a class="gi" title="(paragraph) marks paragraphs in prose." href="ref-p.html">p</a> in a <a class="gi" title="(reading) contains a single reading within a textual variation." href="ref-rdg.html">rdg</a> inside the same apparatus entry, because these structures cannot occur at the same level. Similarly, it is an error if the contents of an apparatus entry place a <a class="gi" title="(paragraph) marks paragraphs in prose." href="ref-p.html">p</a> inside another <a class="gi" title="(paragraph) marks paragraphs in prose." href="ref-p.html">p</a> or an <a class="gi" title="(verse line) contains a single, possibly incomplete, line of verse." href="ref-l.html">l</a> inside an <a class="gi" title="(verse line) contains a single, possibly incomplete, line of verse." href="ref-l.html">l</a>.</p><div class="p">Phenomena such as omissions and transpositions in witnesses will require some encoding strategies that differ from those in the examples above. An omission in one witness may be encoded using an empty <a class="gi" title="(reading) contains a single reading within a textual variation." href="ref-rdg.html">rdg</a>, thus: <div id="index-egXML-d52e102902" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><app <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">d1e372</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><lem <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">d1e373</span>" <span class="attribute">source</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#Heyworth</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><l <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">18</span>"></span>Hypsipyle uacuo constitit in thalamo:<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"></lem></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">d1e376</span>" <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#J</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">cause</span>="<span class="attributevalue">homeoarchon</span>"/></span><br /><span class="element"></app></span></div> Notice that in this example, the variation occurs at the unit of the verse line. The scribe of MS J has skipped line 18 (probably by mistake) because, like line 19, it begins with the name "Hypsipyle."</div><div class="p">Transpositions are harder to encode, because they involve variation that occurs in different locations. A single <a class="gi" title="(apparatus entry) contains one entry in a critical apparatus, with an optional lemma and usually one or more readings or notes on the relevant passage." href="ref-app.html">app</a> will therefore not be sufficient, and the variants must be linked. For example, in his edition of Propertius 1.16, Housman printed lines 25-6 after line 32, Heyworth prints them in place. We might encode Heyworth's edition, which records Housman's conjecture despite disagreeing with it, as follows: <div id="index-egXML-d52e102914" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><app <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">app-lem-l25-l26</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">exclude</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#app-rdg-Housman-l25-26</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><lem <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">d1e462</span>" <span class="attribute">source</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#Heyworth</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><l <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">25</span>" <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">l25</span>"></span>desine iam reuocare tuis periuria verbis,<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">26</span>" <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">l26</span>"></span>Cynthia, et oblitos parce movere deos;<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"></lem></span><br /><span class="element"></app></span></div> and then, after line 32: <div id="index-egXML-d52e102922" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><app <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">app-rdg-Housman-l25-26</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">exclude</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#app-lem-l25-l26</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">d1e603</span>" <span class="attribute">source</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#Housman</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><l <span class="attribute">copyOf</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#l25</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"><l <span class="attribute">copyOf</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#l26</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"></rdg></span><br /> <span class="element"><note <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#d1e603</span>"></span>Housman put these lines after 32.<span class="element"></note></span><br /><span class="element"></app></span></div> Note that both <a class="gi" title="(apparatus entry) contains one entry in a critical apparatus, with an optional lemma and usually one or more readings or notes on the relevant passage." href="ref-app.html">app</a>s are linked via the <span class="att">exclude</span> attribute, because they are mutually exclusive: if one reading is chosen for display in a reading interface, for example, the other must disappear and vice versa. To avoid repetition, the second pair of lines can make use of the <span class="att">copyOf</span> attribute. If they were both transposed and somewhat different, then both sets would be written in full.</div><div class="p">Apparatus entries may nest when there is variation at both higher and lower structural levels, e.g.: <div id="index-egXML-d52e102942" class="pre egXML_valid"><span class="element"><app <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">d1e275</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><lem <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">d1e277</span>" <span class="attribute">source</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#Heyworth</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><l <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">8</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><app <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">d1e280</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><lem <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">d1e281</span>" <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#N #Λ</span>"></span>ut<span class="element"></lem></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">d1e283</span>" <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#A</span>"></span>et<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">d1e285</span>" <span class="attribute">source</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#Nodell</span>"></span>ac<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /> <span class="element"><note <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#d1e287</span>"></span>perhaps<span class="element"></note></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">d1e287</span>" <span class="attribute">source</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#Heyworth</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">cert</span>="<span class="attributevalue">low</span>"></span>quam<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /> <span class="element"></app></span> formosa nouo quae parat ire uiro.<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">9</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><app <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">d1e294</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><lem <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">d1e295</span>"></span>at<span class="element"></lem></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">d1e297</span>" <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#A</span>"></span>et<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /> <span class="element"></app></span> non sic, Ithaci digressu <span class="element"><app <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">d1e300</span>"></span><br /> <span class="element"><lem <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">d1e301</span>"></span>mota<span class="element"></lem></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">d1e303</span>" <span class="attribute">source</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#Graevius</span>"></span>immota<span class="element"></rdg></span><br /> <span class="element"></app></span>, Calypso<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">10</span>"></span>desertis olim fleuerat aequoribus:<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"><l <span class="attribute">n</span>="<span class="attributevalue">11</span>"></span>multos illa dies incomptis maesta capillis<span class="element"></l></span><br /> <span class="element"></lem></span><br /> <span class="element"><rdg <span class="attribute">xml:id</span>="<span class="attributevalue">d1e314</span>" <span class="attribute">wit</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#C</span>"<br /> <span class="attribute">cause</span>="<span class="attributevalue">homoeoteleuton</span>"/></span><br /> <span class="element"><note <span class="attribute">target</span>="<span class="attributevalue">#d1e314</span>"></span>omits lines 8-11 because of homoeoteleuton.<span class="element"></note></span><br /><span class="element"></app></span></div> Here, MS C omits lines 8-11, but there are variations the editor wishes to record in the other witnesses which do have these lines. Therefore, an outer <a class="gi" title="(apparatus entry) contains one entry in a critical apparatus, with an optional lemma and usually one or more readings or notes on the relevant passage." href="ref-app.html">app</a> gives the lines in the <a class="gi" title="(lemma) contains the lemma, or base text, of a textual variation." href="ref-lem.html">lem</a> and the omission in a <a class="gi" title="(reading) contains a single reading within a textual variation." href="ref-rdg.html">rdg</a>. Further variation is encoded for lines 8 and 9 using nested <a class="gi" title="(apparatus entry) contains one entry in a critical apparatus, with an optional lemma and usually one or more readings or notes on the relevant passage." href="ref-app.html">app</a>s.</div></div><div class="teidiv1" id="index-body.1_div.12_div.5"><div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"><ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="TC.html#index-body.1_div.12_div.4"><span class="headingNumber">12.4 </span>Strategies for Encoding Variation</a></li><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div><h3><span class="bookmarklink"><a class="bookmarklink" href="#index-body.1_div.12_div.5" title="link to this section "><span class="invisible">TEI: Module for Critical Apparatus</span><span class="pilcrow">¶</span></a></span><span class="headingNumber">12.5 </span><span class="head">Module for Critical Apparatus</span></h3><p>The module described in this chapter makes available the following components: </p><dl class="moduleSpec"><dt class="moduleSpecHead"><span lang="en">Module</span> textcrit: Critical Apparatus</dt><dd><ul><li><span lang="en">Elements defined</span>: <a class="link_odd" title="(apparatus entry) contains one entry in a critical apparatus, with an optional lemma and usually one or more readings or notes on the relevant passage." href="ref-app.html">app</a> <a class="link_odd" title="indicates the end of a lacuna in a mostly complete textual witness." href="ref-lacunaEnd.html">lacunaEnd</a> <a class="link_odd" title="indicates the beginning of a lacuna in the text of a mostly complete textual witness." href="ref-lacunaStart.html">lacunaStart</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(lemma) contains the lemma, or base text, of a textual variation." href="ref-lem.html">lem</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(list of apparatus entries) contains a list of apparatus entries." href="ref-listApp.html">listApp</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(witness list) lists definitions for all the witnesses referred to by a critical apparatus, optionally grouped hierarchically." href="ref-listWit.html">listWit</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(reading) contains a single reading within a textual variation." href="ref-rdg.html">rdg</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(reading group) within a textual variation, groups two or more readings perceived to have a genetic relationship or other affinity." href="ref-rdgGrp.html">rdgGrp</a> <a class="link_odd" title="declares the method used to encode text-critical variants." href="ref-variantEncoding.html">variantEncoding</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains a list of one or more sigla of witnesses attesting a given reading, in a textual variation." href="ref-wit.html">wit</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(witness detail) gives further information about a particular witness, or witnesses, to a particular reading." href="ref-witDetail.html">witDetail</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(fragmented witness end) indicates the end, or suspension, of the text of a fragmentary witness." href="ref-witEnd.html">witEnd</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(fragmented witness start) indicates the beginning, or resumption, of the text of a fragmentary witness." href="ref-witStart.html">witStart</a> <a class="link_odd" title="contains either a description of a single witness referred to within the critical apparatus, or a list of witnesses which is to be referred to by a single sigil." href="ref-witness.html">witness</a></li><li><span lang="en">Classes defined</span>: <a class="link_odd" title="provides attributes to mark the beginning or ending of a fragmentary manuscript or other witness." href="ref-att.rdgPart.html">att.rdgPart</a> <a class="link_odd" title="defines a set of attributes common to all elements representing variant readings in text critical work." href="ref-att.textCritical.html">att.textCritical</a> <a class="link_odd" title="supplies the attribute used to identify the witnesses supporting a particular reading in a critical apparatus." href="ref-att.witnessed.html">att.witnessed</a> <a class="link_odd" title="groups elements which contain a single reading, other than the lemma, within a textual variation." href="ref-model.rdgLike.html">model.rdgLike</a> <a class="link_odd" title="groups elements which mark the beginning or ending of a fragmentary manuscript or other witness." href="ref-model.rdgPart.html">model.rdgPart</a></li></ul></dd></dl><p> The selection and combination of modules to form a TEI schema is described in <a class="link_ptr" href="ST.html#STIN" title="Defining a TEI Schema"><span class="headingNumber">1.2 </span>Defining a TEI Schema</a>.</p></div></div><nav class="left"><span class="upLink"> ↑ </span><a class="navigation" href="index.html">TEI P5 Guidelines</a><span class="previousLink"> « </span><a class="navigation" href="PH.html"><span class="headingNumber">11 </span>Representation of Primary Sources</a><span class="nextLink"> » </span><a class="navigation" href="ND.html"><span class="headingNumber">13 </span>Names, Dates, People, and Places</a></nav><!--Notes in [div]--><div class="notes"><div class="noteHeading">Notes</div><div class="note" id="Note83"><span class="noteLabel">46 </span><div class="noteBody">For the sake of legibility in the example, long marks over vowels are omitted. </div> <a class="link_return" title="Go back to text" href="#Note83_return">↵</a></div><div class="note" id="Note84"><span class="noteLabel">47 </span><div class="noteBody">We use the term sigil as the English equivalent of the Latin term <span class="foreign">siglum</span> (sign) traditionally used for the brief identifier associated with a particular document.</div> <a class="link_return" title="Go back to text" href="#Note84_return">↵</a></div></div><div class="stdfooter autogenerated"><p>
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