https://github.com/i-d-e/ride
Tip revision: 168d05605aff4693b8ce7ef50edf7329e74e0fae authored by Martina Scholger on 04 January 2024, 18:03:50 UTC
invalid publication date
invalid publication date
Tip revision: 168d056
digitalthoreau-tei.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<?xml-model https://raw.githubusercontent.com/i-d-e/ride/master/schema/ride.rng application/xml http://relaxng.org/ns/structure/1.0?>
<?xml-model https://raw.githubusercontent.com/i-d-e/ride/master/schema/ride.rng application/xml http://purl.oclc.org/dsdl/schematron?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:id="ride.4.2">
<teiHeader>
<fileDesc>
<titleStmt>
<title>Digital Thoreau</title>
<author ref="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1387-751X">
<name>
<forename>Aodhán</forename>
<surname>Kelly</surname>
</name>
<affiliation>
<orgName>University of Antwerp</orgName>
<placeName>Antwerp, Belgium</placeName>
</affiliation>
<email>aodhan.kelly@uantwerpen.be</email>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt>
<publisher>Institut für Dokumentologie und Editorik e.V.</publisher>
<date when="2016-06">June 2016</date>
<idno type="URI">http://ride.i-d-e.de/issues/issue-4/digitalthoreau</idno>
<idno type="DOI">10.18716/ride.a.4.2</idno>
<idno type="archive">https://github.com/i-d-e/ride/raw/master/issues/issue04/digitalthoreau/digitalthoreau.pdf</idno>
<availability>
<licence target="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"/>
</availability>
</publicationStmt>
<seriesStmt>
<title level="j">RIDE - A review journal for digital editions and resources</title>
<editor ref="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2162-5531">Franz Fischer</editor>
<editor ref="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2852-065X">Ulrike Henny</editor>
<editor ref="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6457-0913">Philipp Steinkrüger</editor>
<editor ref="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8820-5112" role="assistant">Tessa
Gengnagel</editor>
<editor ref="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6457-0913" role="managing">Philipp
Steinkrüger</editor>
<editor ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/80243768" role="technical">Bernhard Assmann</editor>
<editor ref="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2852-065X" role="technical">Ulrike
Henny</editor>
<biblScope unit="issue" n="4">Digital Scholarly Editions</biblScope>
<idno type="URI">http://ride.i-d-e.de/issues/issue-4</idno>
</seriesStmt>
<notesStmt>
<relatedItem type="reviewed_resource">
<bibl>
<title>Digital Thoreau</title>
<editor>Paul Schacht</editor>
<respStmt>
<resp>Editor</resp>
<persName>Paul Schacht</persName>
</respStmt>
<respStmt>
<resp>Programmer</resp>
<persName>Leah Root</persName>
</respStmt>
<respStmt>
<resp>Contributor</resp>
<persName>Jeffrey S Cramer</persName>
</respStmt>
<respStmt>
<resp>Contributor</resp>
<persName>Michael J. Frederick</persName>
</respStmt>
<respStmt>
<resp>Contributor</resp>
<persName>Kate Pitcher</persName>
</respStmt>
<respStmt>
<resp>Contributor</resp>
<persName>Liz Argentieri</persName>
</respStmt>
<respStmt>
<resp>Contributor</resp>
<persName>Ken Cooper</persName>
</respStmt>
<respStmt>
<resp>Contributor</resp>
<persName>Joan Cottone</persName>
</respStmt>
<respStmt>
<resp>Contributor</resp>
<persName>Donna Hanna</persName>
</respStmt>
<respStmt>
<resp>Contributor</resp>
<persName>Ed Gillin</persName>
</respStmt>
<respStmt>
<resp>Contributor</resp>
<persName>Alice Rutkowski</persName>
</respStmt>
<respStmt>
<resp>Contributor</resp>
<persName>Caroline Woidat</persName>
</respStmt>
<respStmt>
<resp>Contributor</resp>
<persName>Kyle Minerley</persName>
</respStmt>
<respStmt>
<resp>Contributor</resp>
<persName>Matthew Spitzer</persName>
</respStmt>
<respStmt>
<resp>Advisor</resp>
<persName>Noelle A. Baker</persName>
</respStmt>
<respStmt>
<resp>Advisor</resp>
<persName>Kristen Case</persName>
</respStmt>
<respStmt>
<resp>Advisor</resp>
<persName>Ronald E. Clapper</persName>
</respStmt>
<respStmt>
<resp>Advisor</resp>
<persName>Ryan Cordell</persName>
</respStmt>
<respStmt>
<resp>Advisor</resp>
<persName>Allen Harding</persName>
</respStmt>
<respStmt>
<resp>Advisor</resp>
<persName>Sandra Harbert Petrulionis</persName>
</respStmt>
<respStmt>
<resp>Advisor</resp>
<persName>Donald Ross, Jr</persName>
</respStmt>
<respStmt>
<resp>Advisor</resp>
<persName>Christian Wach</persName>
</respStmt>
<respStmt>
<resp>Advisor</resp>
<persName>Elizabeth Hall Witherell</persName>
</respStmt>
<date type="publication">2014</date>
<idno type="URI">http://www.digitalthoreau.org/</idno>
<date type="accessed">2015-12-30</date>
</bibl>
</relatedItem>
<relatedItem type="reviewing_criteria">
<bibl>
<ref target="http://www.i-d-e.de/criteria-version-1-1">Criteria for Reviewing
Scholarly Digital Editions</ref>
</bibl>
</relatedItem>
</notesStmt>
<sourceDesc>
<p>born digital</p>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<encodingDesc>
<classDecl>
<taxonomy xml:base="http://www.i-d-e.de/publikationen/weitereschriften/criteria-version-1-1">
<category>
<catDesc>Documentation</catDesc>
<category xml:id="se001">
<catDesc>Bibliographic description <ref target="#K1.2">cf. Catalogue
1.2</ref>
</catDesc>
<catDesc>Is it easily possible to describe the project bibliographically
along the schema "responsible editors, publishing/hosting
institution, year(s) of publishing"?</catDesc>
<category xml:id="se002">
<catDesc>Yes</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="1"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se003">
<catDesc>No</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
</category>
<category xml:id="se004">
<catDesc>Contributors <ref target="#K1.4">cf. Catalogue 1.4</ref>
</catDesc>
<catDesc>Are the contributors (editors, institutions, associates) of the
project fully documented?</catDesc>
<category xml:id="se005">
<catDesc>Yes</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="1"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se006">
<catDesc>No</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
</category>
<category xml:id="se007">
<catDesc>Contacts <ref target="#K1.5">cf. Catalogue 1.5</ref>
</catDesc>
<catDesc>Does the project list contact persons?</catDesc>
<category xml:id="se008">
<catDesc>Yes</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="1"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se009">
<catDesc>No</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
</category>
<category xml:id="se010">
<catDesc>Selection <ref target="#K2.1">cf. Catalogue 2.1</ref>
</catDesc>
<catDesc>Is the selection of materials of the project explicitly
documented?</catDesc>
<category xml:id="se011">
<catDesc>Yes</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="1"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se012">
<catDesc>No</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
</category>
<category xml:id="se013">
<catDesc>Reasonability of the selection<ref target="#K2.1">cf. Catalogue
2.1</ref>
</catDesc>
<catDesc>Is the selection by and large reasonable?</catDesc>
<category xml:id="se014">
<catDesc>Yes</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="1"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se015">
<catDesc>No</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
</category>
<category xml:id="se016">
<catDesc>Archiving of data <ref target="#K4.16">cf. Catalogue 4.16</ref>
</catDesc>
<catDesc>Does the documentation include information about the long term
sustainability of the basic data (archiving of the data)?</catDesc>
<category xml:id="se017">
<catDesc>Yes</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se018">
<catDesc>No</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="1"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
</category>
<category xml:id="se019">
<catDesc>Aims <ref target="#K3.1">cf. Catalogue 3.1</ref>
</catDesc>
<catDesc>Are the aims and purposes of the project explicitly
documented?</catDesc>
<category xml:id="se020">
<catDesc>Yes</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="1"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se021">
<catDesc>No</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
</category>
<category xml:id="se022">
<catDesc>Methods <ref target="#K3.1">cf. Catalogue 3.1</ref>
</catDesc>
<catDesc>Are the methods employed in the project explicitly
documented?</catDesc>
<category xml:id="se023">
<catDesc>Yes</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se024">
<catDesc>No</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="1"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
</category>
<category xml:id="se025">
<catDesc>Data model <ref target="#K3.7">cf. Catalogue 3.7</ref>
</catDesc>
<catDesc>Does the project document which data model (e.g. TEI) has been
used and for what reason?</catDesc>
<category xml:id="se026">
<catDesc>Yes</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="1"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se027">
<catDesc>No</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
</category>
<category xml:id="se028">
<catDesc>Help <ref target="#K4.15">cf. Catalogue 4.15</ref>
</catDesc>
<catDesc>Does the project offer help texts concerning the use of the
project?</catDesc>
<category xml:id="se029">
<catDesc>Yes</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="1"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se030">
<catDesc>No</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
</category>
<category xml:id="se031">
<catDesc>Citation <ref target="#K4.8">cf. Catalogue 4.8</ref>
</catDesc>
<catDesc>Does the project supply citation guidelines (i.e. how to cite
the project or a part of it)?</catDesc>
<category xml:id="se032">
<catDesc>Yes</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se033">
<catDesc>No</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="1"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
</category>
<category xml:id="se034">
<catDesc>Completion <ref target="#K4.16">cf. Catalogue 4.16</ref>
</catDesc>
<catDesc>Does the editon regard itself as a completed project (i.e. not
promise further modifications and additions)?</catDesc>
<category xml:id="se035">
<catDesc>Yes</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se036">
<catDesc>No</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="1"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
</category>
<category xml:id="se037">
<catDesc>Institutional curation <ref target="#K4.16">cf. Catalogue
4.16</ref>
</catDesc>
<catDesc>Does the project provide information about institutional
support for the curation and sustainability of the
project?</catDesc>
<category xml:id="se038">
<catDesc>Yes</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se039">
<catDesc>No</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="1"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
</category>
</category>
<category>
<catDesc>Contents</catDesc>
<category xml:id="se040">
<catDesc>Previous edition <ref target="#K2.2">cf. Catalogue 2.2</ref>
</catDesc>
<catDesc>Has the material been previously edited (in print or
digitally)?</catDesc>
<category xml:id="se041">
<catDesc>Yes</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="1"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se042">
<catDesc>No</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
</category>
<category xml:id="se043">
<catDesc>Materials used <ref target="#K2.2">cf. Catalogue 2.2</ref>
</catDesc>
<catDesc>Does the edition make use of these previous editions?</catDesc>
<category xml:id="se044">
<catDesc>Yes</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="1"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se045">
<catDesc>No</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se046">
<catDesc>Not applicable</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
</category>
<category xml:id="se047">
<catDesc>Introduction <ref target="#K4.15">cf. Catalogue 4.15</ref>
</catDesc>
<catDesc>Does the project offer an introduction to the subject-matter
(the author(s), the work, its history, the theme, etc.) of the
project?</catDesc>
<category xml:id="se048">
<catDesc>Yes</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="1"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se049">
<catDesc>No</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
</category>
<category xml:id="se050">
<catDesc>Bibliography <ref target="#K2.3">cf. Catalogue 2.3</ref>
</catDesc>
<catDesc>Does the project offer a bibliography?</catDesc>
<category xml:id="se051">
<catDesc>Yes</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se052">
<catDesc>No</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="1"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
</category>
<category xml:id="se053">
<catDesc>Commentary <ref target="#K2.3">cf. Catalogue 2.3</ref>
</catDesc>
<catDesc>Does the project offer a scholarly commentary (e.g. notes on
unclear passages, interpretation, etc.)?</catDesc>
<category xml:id="se054">
<catDesc>Yes</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="1"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se055">
<catDesc>No</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
</category>
<category xml:id="se056">
<catDesc>Contexts <ref target="#K2.3">cf. Catalogue 2.3</ref>
</catDesc>
<catDesc>Does the project include or link to external resources with
contextual material?</catDesc>
<category xml:id="se057">
<catDesc>Yes</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se058">
<catDesc>No</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="1"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
</category>
<category xml:id="se059">
<catDesc>Images <ref target="#K2.3">cf. Catalogue 2.3</ref>
</catDesc>
<catDesc>Does the project offer images of digitised sources?</catDesc>
<category xml:id="se060">
<catDesc>Yes</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="1"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se061">
<catDesc>No</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
</category>
<category xml:id="se062">
<catDesc>Image quality <ref target="#K4.6">cf. Catalogue 4.6</ref>
</catDesc>
<catDesc>Does the project offer images of an acceptable
quality?</catDesc>
<category xml:id="se063">
<catDesc>Yes</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="1"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se064">
<catDesc>No</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se065">
<catDesc>Not applicable</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
</category>
<category xml:id="se066">
<catDesc>Transcriptions <ref target="#K2.3">cf. Catalogue 2.3</ref>
</catDesc>
<catDesc>Is the text fully transcribed?</catDesc>
<category xml:id="se067">
<catDesc>Yes</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="1"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se068">
<catDesc>No</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
</category>
<category xml:id="se069">
<catDesc>Text quality <ref target="#K4.6">cf. Catalogue 4.6</ref>
</catDesc>
<catDesc>Does the project offer texts of an acceptable quality (typos,
errors, etc.)?</catDesc>
<category xml:id="se070">
<catDesc>Yes</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="1"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se071">
<catDesc>No</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
</category>
<category xml:id="se072">
<catDesc>Indices <ref target="#K4.5">cf. Catalogue 4.5</ref>
</catDesc>
<catDesc>Does the project feature compilations indices, registers or
visualisations that offer alternative ways to access the
material?</catDesc>
<category xml:id="se073">
<catDesc>Yes</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se074">
<catDesc>No</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="1"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
</category>
<category xml:id="se075">
<catDesc>Types of documents <ref target="#K1.3 #K2.1">cf. Catalogue 1.3
and 2.1</ref>
</catDesc>
<catDesc>Which kinds of documents are at the basis of the
project?</catDesc>
<category xml:id="se076">
<catDesc>Single manuscript</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se077">
<catDesc>Single work</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="1"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se078">
<catDesc>Collection of texts</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se079">
<catDesc>Collected works</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se080">
<catDesc>Papers</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se081">
<catDesc>Archival holding</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se082">
<catDesc>Charters</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se083">
<catDesc>Letters</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se084">
<catDesc>Diary</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se085">
<catDesc>Other</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<gloss/>
</catDesc>
</category>
</category>
<category xml:id="se086">
<catDesc>Document era <ref target="#K1.3 #K2.1">cf. Catalogue 1.3 and
2.1</ref>
</catDesc>
<catDesc>What era(s) do the documents belong to?</catDesc>
<category xml:id="se087">
<catDesc>Classics</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se088">
<catDesc>Medieval</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se089">
<catDesc>Early modern</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se090">
<catDesc>Modern</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="1"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
</category>
<category xml:id="se091">
<catDesc>Subject <ref target="#K1.3">cf. Catalogue 1.3</ref>
</catDesc>
<catDesc>Which perspective(s) do the editors take towards the edited
material? How can the edition be classified in general
terms?</catDesc>
<category xml:id="se092">
<catDesc>History</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se093">
<catDesc>Philology / Literary Studies</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="1"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se094">
<catDesc>Philosophy / Theology</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="1"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se095">
<catDesc>History of Science</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se096">
<catDesc>Musicology</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se097">
<catDesc>Art History</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se098">
<catDesc>Other</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<gloss/>
</catDesc>
</category>
</category>
<category xml:id="se099">
<catDesc>Spin-Offs <ref target="#K4.11">cf. Catalogue 4.11</ref>
</catDesc>
<catDesc>Does the project offer any spin-offs?</catDesc>
<category xml:id="se100">
<catDesc>App</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se101">
<catDesc>Mobile</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se102">
<catDesc>PDF</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se103">
<catDesc>None</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se104">
<catDesc>Other</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="1"/>
</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<gloss>Custom-made social reading edition</gloss>
</catDesc>
</category>
</category>
</category>
<category>
<catDesc>Access modes</catDesc>
<category xml:id="se105">
<catDesc>Browse by <ref target="#K4.3">cf. Catalogue 4.3</ref>
</catDesc>
<catDesc>By which categories does the project offer to browse the
contents?</catDesc>
<category xml:id="se106">
<catDesc>Authors</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se107">
<catDesc>Works</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se108">
<catDesc>Versions</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="1"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se109">
<catDesc>Structure</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="1"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se110">
<catDesc>Pages</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="1"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se111">
<catDesc>Documents</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se112">
<catDesc>Type of material</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se113">
<catDesc>Images</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se114">
<catDesc>Dates</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se115">
<catDesc>Persons</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se116">
<catDesc>Places</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se117">
<catDesc>Other</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<gloss/>
</catDesc>
</category>
</category>
<category xml:id="se118">
<catDesc>Simple search <ref target="#K4.4">cf. Catalogue 4.4</ref>
</catDesc>
<catDesc>Does the project offer a simple search?</catDesc>
<category xml:id="se119">
<catDesc>Yes</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se120">
<catDesc>No</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="1"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
</category>
<category xml:id="se121">
<catDesc>Advanced search <ref target="#K4.4">cf. Catalogue 4.4</ref>
</catDesc>
<catDesc>Does the project offer an advanced search?</catDesc>
<category xml:id="se122">
<catDesc>Yes</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se123">
<catDesc>No</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="1"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
</category>
<category xml:id="se124">
<catDesc>Wildcard search <ref target="#K4.4">cf. Catalogue 4.4</ref>
</catDesc>
<catDesc>Does the search support the use of wildcards?</catDesc>
<category xml:id="se125">
<catDesc>Yes</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se126">
<catDesc>No</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se127">
<catDesc>Not applicable</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="1"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
</category>
<category xml:id="se128">
<catDesc>Index <ref target="#K4.4">cf. Catalogue 4.4</ref>
</catDesc>
<catDesc>Does the search offer an index of the searched field?</catDesc>
<category xml:id="se129">
<catDesc>Yes</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se130">
<catDesc>No</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se131">
<catDesc>Not applicable</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="1"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
</category>
<category xml:id="se132">
<catDesc>Suggest functionalities <ref target="#K4.4">cf. Catalogue
4.4</ref>
</catDesc>
<catDesc>Does the search offer autocompletion or suggest
functionalities?</catDesc>
<category xml:id="se133">
<catDesc>Yes</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se134">
<catDesc>No</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se135">
<catDesc>Not applicable</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="1"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
</category>
<category xml:id="se136">
<catDesc>Help texts <ref target="#K4.4">cf. Catalogue 4.4</ref>
</catDesc>
<catDesc>Does the project offer help texts for the search?</catDesc>
<category xml:id="se137">
<catDesc>Yes</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se138">
<catDesc>No</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se139">
<catDesc>Not applicable</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="1"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
</category>
</category>
<category>
<catDesc>Aims and methods</catDesc>
<category xml:id="se140">
<catDesc>Audience <ref target="#K3.3">cf. Catalogue 3.3</ref>
</catDesc>
<catDesc>Who is the intended audience of the project?</catDesc>
<category xml:id="se141">
<catDesc>Scholars</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="1"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se142">
<catDesc>Interested public</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="1"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
</category>
<category xml:id="se143">
<catDesc>Typology <ref target="#K3.3 #K5.1">cf. Catalogue 3.3 and
5.1</ref>
</catDesc>
<catDesc>Which type fits best for the reviewed project?</catDesc>
<category xml:id="se144">
<catDesc>Facsimile edition</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se145">
<catDesc>Archive edition</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se146">
<catDesc>Documentary edition</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se147">
<catDesc>Diplomatic edition</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se148">
<catDesc>Genetic edition</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se149">
<catDesc>Work critical edition</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se150">
<catDesc>Text critical edition</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se151">
<catDesc>Enriched edition</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="1"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se152">
<catDesc>Database edition</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se153">
<catDesc>Digital library</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se154">
<catDesc>Collection of texts</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se155">
<catDesc>None</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se156">
<catDesc>Other</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<gloss/>
</catDesc>
</category>
</category>
<category xml:id="se158">
<catDesc>Critical editing <ref target="#K3.6">cf. Catalogue 3.6</ref>
</catDesc>
<catDesc>In how far is the text critically edited?</catDesc>
<category xml:id="se159">
<catDesc>Transmission examined</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se160">
<catDesc>Palaeographic annotations</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se161">
<catDesc>Normalization</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se162">
<catDesc>Variants</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="1"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se163">
<catDesc>Emendation</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se164">
<catDesc>Commentary notes</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se165">
<catDesc>None</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se166">
<catDesc>Other</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<gloss/>
</catDesc>
</category>
</category>
<category xml:id="se167">
<catDesc>XML <ref target="#K3.7">cf. Catalogue 3.7</ref>
</catDesc>
<catDesc>Is the data encoded in XML? </catDesc>
<category xml:id="se168">
<catDesc>Yes</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="1"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se169">
<catDesc>No</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
</category>
<category xml:id="se170">
<catDesc>Standardized data model <ref target="#K3.7">cf. Catalogue
3.7</ref>
</catDesc>
<catDesc>Is the project employing a standardized data model (e.g.
TEI)?</catDesc>
<category xml:id="se171">
<catDesc>Yes</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="1"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se172">
<catDesc>No</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
</category>
<category xml:id="se173">
<catDesc>Types of text <ref target="#K3.5">cf. Catalogue 3.5.</ref>
</catDesc>
<catDesc>Which kinds or forms of text are presented?</catDesc>
<category xml:id="se174">
<catDesc>Facsimiles</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="1"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se175">
<catDesc>Diplomatic transcription</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se176">
<catDesc>Edited text</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="1"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se177">
<catDesc>Translations</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se178">
<catDesc>Commentaries</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se179">
<catDesc>Semantic data</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
</category>
</category>
<category>
<catDesc>Technical accessability</catDesc>
<category xml:id="se180">
<catDesc>Persistent identification <ref target="#K4.8">cf. Catalogue
4.8</ref>
</catDesc>
<catDesc>Are there persistent identifiers and an addressing system for
the edition and/or parts/objects of it and which mechanism is used
to that end?</catDesc>
<category xml:id="se181">
<catDesc>DOI</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se182">
<catDesc>ARK</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se183">
<catDesc>URN</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se184">
<catDesc>PURL.ORG</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se185">
<catDesc>Persistent URLs</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se186">
<catDesc>None</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="1"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se187">
<catDesc>Other</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<gloss/>
</catDesc>
</category>
</category>
<category xml:id="se188">
<catDesc>Interfaces <ref target="#K4.9">cf. Catalogue 4.9</ref>
</catDesc>
<catDesc>Are there technical interfaces like OAI-PMH, REST etc., which
allow the reuse of the data of the project in other
contexts?</catDesc>
<category xml:id="se189">
<catDesc>OAI-PMH</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se190">
<catDesc>REST</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se191">
<catDesc>General API</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se192">
<catDesc>None</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="1"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se193">
<catDesc>Other</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<gloss/>
</catDesc>
</category>
</category>
<category xml:id="se194">
<catDesc>Open Access</catDesc>
<catDesc>Is the edition Open Access?</catDesc>
<category xml:id="se195">
<catDesc>Yes</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="1"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se196">
<catDesc>No</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
</category>
<category xml:id="se197">
<catDesc>Accessability of the basic data <ref target="#K4.12">cf.
Catalogue 4.12</ref>
</catDesc>
<catDesc>Is the basic data (e.g. the XML) of the project accessible for
each part of the edition (e.g. for a page)?</catDesc>
<category xml:id="se198">
<catDesc>Yes</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se199">
<catDesc>No</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="1"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
</category>
<category xml:id="se200">
<catDesc>Download <ref target="#K4.9">cf. Catalogue 4.9</ref>
</catDesc>
<catDesc>Can the entire raw data of the project be downloaded (as a
whole)?</catDesc>
<category xml:id="se201">
<catDesc>Yes</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="1"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se202">
<catDesc>No</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
</category>
<category xml:id="se203">
<catDesc>Reuse <ref target="#K4.9">cf. Catalogue 4.9</ref>
</catDesc>
<catDesc>Can you use the data with other tools useful for this kind of
content?</catDesc>
<category xml:id="se204">
<catDesc>Yes</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="1"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se205">
<catDesc>No</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
</category>
<category xml:id="se206">
<catDesc>Declaration of rights <ref target="#K4.13">cf. Catalogue
4.13</ref>
</catDesc>
<catDesc>Are the rights to (re)use the content declared?</catDesc>
<category xml:id="se207">
<catDesc>Yes</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se208">
<catDesc>No</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="1"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
</category>
<category xml:id="se209">
<catDesc>License <ref target="#K4.13">cf. Catalogue 4.13</ref>
</catDesc>
<catDesc>Under what license are the contents released?</catDesc>
<category xml:id="se210">
<catDesc>CC0</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se211">
<catDesc>CC-BY</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se212">
<catDesc>CC-BY-ND</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se213">
<catDesc>CC-BY-NC</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se214">
<catDesc>CC-BY-SA</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se215">
<catDesc>CC-BY-NC-ND</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se216">
<catDesc>CC-BY-NC-SA</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se217">
<catDesc>PDM</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se218">
<catDesc>No license</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="1"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se219">
<catDesc>Multiple licenses</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="se220">
<catDesc>Other</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<num type="boolean" value="0"/>
</catDesc>
<catDesc>
<gloss/>
</catDesc>
</category>
</category>
</category>
</taxonomy>
</classDecl>
</encodingDesc>
<profileDesc>
<langUsage>
<language ident="en"/>
</langUsage>
<textClass>
<keywords xml:lang="en">
<term>19th century</term>
<term>annotation</term>
<term>archive</term>
<term>collation</term>
<term>fluid text</term>
<term>genetic edition</term>
<term>modern</term>
<term>pedagogy</term>
<term>reading edition</term>
<term>social edition</term>
<term>tei</term>
<term>variant</term>
</keywords>
</textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<text>
<front>
<div type="abstract">
<p>
<emph>Digital Thoreau</emph> is a web resource comprising three digital projects
related to the work of Henry David Thoreau created at SUNY Geneseo. The first of
these is a fluid text edition of Thoreau’s most famous work <emph>Walden</emph>. This
allows multiple versions of the text to be represented simultaneously in a dynamic
environment, which can be a valuable resource to Thoreau scholars, particularly for
those interested in researching the genetic aspect of the text. In the second project
a very innovative and engaging social reading platform has been created in order to
facilitate community and student driven annotation of both <emph>Walden</emph> and
his 1849 essay <emph>Resistance to Civil Government</emph>. The third project is a
student created digital archive of the papers of Thoreau scholar Walter Harding,
which is primarily a pedagogical exercise in digital humanities for the students of
SUNY Geneseo. <emph>Digital Thoreau</emph> as a whole is a multi-faceted web resource
that offers interesting new opportunities for scholarly research as well as for
teaching and public engagement with Thoreau’s influential works.</p>
</div>
</front>
<body>
<div xml:id="div1">
<head>Introduction</head>
<p xml:id="p1">
<emph>Walden</emph>, first published in 1854, is perhaps the best-known work of the
nineteenth century American writer, philosopher, civil activist and abolitionist
Henry David Thoreau. The work was Thoreau’s memoir of more than two years spent
living in a cabin in the woods near Walden Pond in Concord, Massachusetts from 1845
to 1847. Thoreau’s attempt to step away from contemporary society and live a simple
and deliberate life in a one-room structure continues to resonate to this day as a
symbol of individualism and anti-establishment civil disobedience.</p>
<p xml:id="p2">
<figure xml:id="img1">
<graphic url="http://ride.i-d-e.de/wp-content/uploads/issue_4/digitalthoreau/pictures/picture-1.png"/>
<head type="legend">
<emph>Digital Thoreau</emph> homepage.</head>
</figure>
<emph> Digital Thoreau</emph>, published by SUNY Geneseo, aims to build a resource
and a community dedicated to promoting the deliberate reading of Thoreau's works in
new ways, ways that take advantage of technology to illuminate Thoreau's creative
process and facilitate thoughtful conversation about his words and ideas’ (Schacht
2014a, homepage) It has been quite successful in achieving this goal and stands as an
excellent example of a digital scholarly edition that is useful for scholarly and
pedagogical purposes while also being enjoyable to engage with. In its presentation
of <emph>Walden</emph> it provides a fluid text edition of seven variants of the
publication and also a separate social reading edition of the book. Both of these
digital representations of <emph>Walden</emph>, in my opinion, qualify as digital
scholarly editions. They are both critical representations of a text that adhere to
digital paradigms. The former is a fluid text variorum and the latter a digital
edition of a text with social annotations, neither of these two outcomes could be
realistically achieved in print form. <emph>Digital Thoreau</emph> also contains a
third ‘project’ that will be discussed briefly in this review, which is essentially
an exhibition of manuscripts of Walter Harding, a prominent scholar of the writer in
question. The focus of this review will thus be primarily on an analysis of the fluid
text edition and the reader’s edition presented by <emph>Digital Thoreau</emph>. Each
of the projects will first be assessed in isolation before later reflecting on the
resource as a whole.</p>
</div>
<div xml:id="div2">
<head>Walden: The Fluid Text Edition</head>
<div xml:id="div2.1">
<head>Aims and Objectives</head>
<p xml:id="p3">The foundation stone of this genetic representation of the text is the
scholarship carried out by Ronald E. Clapper in his 1967 dissertation in which he
created a critical apparatus of the <emph>Walden</emph> manuscript HM924 at the
Huntington Library. This built on earlier scholarship conducted by H.M. Shanley
and the hypothesis that this particular manuscript was evidence that
<emph>Walden</emph> was created in seven distinct phases, thus represented in
Clapper’s critical apparatus. In this review I will not attempt to assess the
scholarship carried out by Clapper and Shanley but rather to consider the merits
and realization of the scholarship in the chosen digital representation as a fluid
text. The selection of Clapper’s representation of <emph>Walden</emph> is both a
practical choice and a very wise decision. Since Clapper’s dissertation is already
considered to be indispensible for Thoreau researchers it makes sense to build
upon the foundations of this well-established scholarship and attempt to see if
representing it in a new form can create space for new scholarly discussions and
conclusions on the text.</p>
<p xml:id="p4">By taking the critical apparatus from Clapper’s dissertation used to
indicate variants and then encoding it in TEI XML the team at Digital Thoreau have
enabled the representation and display of the seven proposed variants of the text
using the <emph>Versioning Machine</emph>. The 1971 print edition of
<emph>Walden</emph> edited by Shanley is then used as a base edition to which
variants can be compared, in reality leaving the user with eight texts for
comparison. Conceptually this appears to have been a resounding success; users can
select any combination of one or all variants to read on screen beside each other
inside the Versioning Machine interface.</p>
<p xml:id="p5">The edition intends to adhere to John Bryant’s principles concerning
fluid text which he laid out in 2002 in his book <emph>The Fluid Text: A Theory of
Revision and Editing for Book and Screen</emph>: <cit>
<quote>Simply put, a fluid text is any literary work that exists in more than
one version. It is ‘fluid’ because the versions flow from one to another.
Truth be told, all works – because of the nature of texts and creativity –
are fluid texts. Not only is this fluidity the inherent condition of any
written document; it is inherent in the phenomenon of writing itself. That
is, writing is fundamentally an arbitrary hence unstable approximation of
thought. Moreover, we revise words to make them more closely approximate our
thoughts, which in turn evolve as we write. And this condition and
phenomenon of textual fluidity is not a theoretical supposition; it is
fact.</quote>
<bibl>Bryant 2002, 1</bibl>
</cit>
</p>
<p xml:id="p6">Bryant applied his fluid text principles in the creation of the
digital edition of Herman Melville’s 1846 book <emph>Typee</emph> (Bryant 2006).
This allows users to view two simultaneous views of a variety of combinations of
manuscript, print and diplomatic transcriptions of the work. This works well for
that particular project although the layout of two versions displayed one above
another would not work for <emph>Digital Thoreau</emph>, which can show eight
versions simultaneously in separate vertical columns. The <emph>Typee</emph>
edition also presents quite comprehensive information on the editorial principles
of editing this fluid text as well as insights into the work itself and the
process of how it was written and revised. However, this form of editorial
information is currently absent from <emph>Digital Thoreau</emph>. At present,
there is rather limited information to explain and justify its editorial concepts
and also any editorial decisions that were taken during the creation of the
edition. Ideally such an essay would need to provide further information on the
selection of Clapper’s dissertation, the decision to use the 1971 edition as its
base text, to provide some basic introduction to the principles of ‘fluid text’,
some information regarding decisions made in encoding of the text and perhaps some
information regarding choices of particular digital tools and software over any
alternatives. Paul Schacht is aware of this matter and has indicated to me that
there is a plan to provide a full editorial introduction to the edition that will
clarify these editorial principles and objectives in the near future. Users of the
edition might further benefit if the editors took this one step further by
including specific ‘revision narratives’, which are an additional aspect of
Bryant’s fluid text model. Revision narratives are intended to provide
individualised informative narratives of each site of revision of the text and
serve as a direct means of contact between the editors and the readers of a fluid
text (Bryant 2002, 159-160). Another planned additional feature for <emph>Digital
Thoreau</emph> will be the inclusion of facsimiles of manuscripts for
comparison with the genetic text; this has the potential to be a great enhancement
if integrated well in the edition. Furthermore, they hope to incorporate comment
and annotation features into this environment that may enhance user engagement and
interaction. </p>
<p xml:id="p7">Can it be considered to be a genetic edition of <emph>Thoreau</emph>?
There are multiple definitions that can be drawn upon to help establish this.
Looking at the three English language definitions of ‘genetic edition’ in the <emph>
<ref target="http://uahost.uantwerpen.be/lse/index.php/lexicon/genetic-edition/">Lexicon of Scholarly Editing</ref>
</emph> I believe the answer is yes. It certainly meets the requirements of
Kline’s definition when she states that a genetic-text edition is a ‘textual
edition that tries to offer the reader access to more than one level of textual
creation within a single page’ – or in this case within a single screen. Bryant’s
own definition from his <emph>Fluid Text</emph> publication is also clearly
applicable as it stands as an edition ‘which integrates coded, sequentialized
variants into the reading text.’ The final and strictest definition comes from
Grésillon via Van Hulle, that it ‘should contain the reproduction of all the
genetic documents, bibliographical descriptions, and an introduction regarding the
location of the manuscript and the general history of its genesis, comprising
letters and other relevant evidence.’ The project does not meet the requirements
of this particular definition of genetic criticism as these features are clearly
absent. That is not to say that this particular representation of multiple
variants on a single screen has no value for genetic critics, in fact I believe
quite the opposite is true. This digital representation should be a very useful
environment for scholars to develop hypotheses relating to the writing process and
other related research questions which they could investigate in further detail
elsewhere using additional materials. As Shillingsburg and Van Hulle argue digital
environments are ideal for genetic research: ‘Whereas, in scholarly editing,
manuscript analysis is often seen as a means to an end, that is, a tool to make an
edition, genetic criticism reverses these roles and sees the making of an edition
as a tool to facilitate manuscript analysis’ (Shillingsburg and Van Hulle 2015,
36). The very fact that the text used for these variants are based on witnesses
hypothesised by Clapper also allows the opportunity to perform further research to
confirm or disconfirm the various passages and witnesses which his piece of
scholarship presented.</p>
<p xml:id="p8">The Fluid Text Edition of <emph>Walden</emph> can still be considered
to be a work-in-progress. Nonetheless, the absence of an editorial essay even at
this stage of the edition’s development stands as the crucial shortcoming of
<emph>Digital Thoreau</emph> as a scholarly resource. This does not impact
greatly on the usability of the edition as a tool but it does detract
significantly from its scholarly credibility. For users who are not specialist
scholars of Thoreau, little information is provided regarding the scholarship that
led to the hypothesis that the HM924 manuscript is evidence of the work being
drafted in seven distinct phases for example. Such a user is left to either take
this hypothesis for granted or to seek out original scholarship elsewhere.</p>
</div>
<div xml:id="div2.2">
<head>Technical background</head>
<p xml:id="p9">The Versioning Machine was developed by Susan Schreibman whilst
working at the Maryland Institute, first released in 2002 and this version dates
to 2010. The purpose of the software is to allow multiple variants of a TEI
encoded text to be compared on screen side by side. The creators of <emph>Digital
Thoreau</emph> have not indicated why they chose the Versioning Machine over
other alternatives such as CollateX. The advantage of using CollateX, for example,
is its extensive documentation on the collation algorithms employed and the
possibility to modify them. CollateX, however, requires a much higher level of
technical skill to install and operate. Perhaps the Versioning Machine may have
been chosen because it is relatively user-friendly. Schreibman herself has
described the Versioning Machine as ‘a piece of software in a box designed for
non-programmers’ (Hansen 2013). The construction of the edition is also in some
ways used as a pedagogical exercise for students of SUNY who have been and
continue to be involved in the creation of the edition and perhaps due to this it
made sense to utilise more out-of-the-box software options (cf. Hucalak and
Richardson 2013).</p>
<p xml:id="p10">The Versioning Machine by design does not require users to choose a
base version of the text but can potentially compare any version of the text with
any other. In this case the print edition by Shanley has been selected as a base
text to which all seven variants of the manuscript text are compared. The column
displaying the base edition can be closed allowing you to view two or more
manuscript versions simultaneously, although the comparative visualisation still
relates to the base version. A column containing bibliographic information appears
on the left that can be toggled off to make space, as can an optional column of
notes on the right-hand side. Columns can be scrolled independently of each other;
this allows the user to read different parts of the text at the same time. A
slightly frustrating issue with the software is that when navigating between
different chapters the view returns to displaying the two default versions rather
than retaining the combination of versions you had chosen to display. There is
functionality provided for reporting issues – built into the bibliographic
information panel – but this was not working at the time of review. The variations
in text between versions are clearly indicated using a simple but effective font
colour scheme indicated in the bibliographic information column on the left, which
indicate unchanged text, changes in text, interpolations, interlineations and
strikethroughs.</p>
<p xml:id="p11">
<figure xml:id="img2">
<graphic url="http://ride.i-d-e.de/wp-content/uploads/issue_4/digitalthoreau/pictures/picture-2.png"/>
<head type="legend">Fluid Text interface using the Versioning Machine showing
the Princeton base edition compared to three of the seven variants. The
colour-coded Key for the text can also be seen in the Bibliographic
Information column on the left.</head>
</figure> The Versioning Machine fluid text interface in <emph>Digital
Thoreau</emph> perhaps leaves a little to be desired regarding its visual
appearance as it appears quite dated in terms of design. However, it is extremely
functional and very easy to use which in many ways makes up for any aesthetic
shortcomings. In my opinion the software is quite user-friendly and intuitive, all
of its functionality was clear to me after just a few short moments due to the
simplicity of its layout. Despite this clarity the project team have also kindly
provided a user guide for this particular edition. The project team have indicated
that improvements are planned for customising this interface design in the future.
At present the user is confronted with the standard Versioning Machine web
interface that provides no navigation back to the general <emph>Digital
Thoreau</emph> site but rather stands in isolation. The Versioning Machine
software also allows for inclusion of facsimile images, which are displayed as a
popup window that can be clicked on each column. However, this is a rather clunky
design and would not be the best way to present the manuscript facsimiles when
they are ready for inclusion. A customised interface that allows for the display
of both texts and facsimiles simultaneously in separate columns would be better as
would a responsive design that allows it to adapt to smaller screen sizes such as
tablets. A recent blog post on the site has indicated that they are busy working
on such an improved interface and also that they will make the interface more
accessible on tablet screens ‘for scholars who want to read Thoreau in the library
and woods alike’ (Schacht 2014b, <ref target="http://web.archive.org/web/20160608091603/http://digitalthoreau.org/life-in-the-digital-woods-walden-a-fluid-text-updated/">Life in the Digital Woods</ref>) – an improvement which would likely be much
appreciated by many users.</p>
<p xml:id="p12">The TEI XML files are made available for the user to download as a
compressed zip or tar file. The TEI encoding of the text was conducted to some
extent by students of SUNY Geneseo, although it is unclear to what extent scholars
may have been involved in the process of encoding or training the students and
checking their output. A recent upgrade of the edition has also made the XSLT
source code available in the same way. In this upgrade the project team state that
they have cleaned up various textual errors and bugs reported by users. It also
includes the addition of a very useful ‘Data Dictionary’ which provides a list and
definitions of the TEI elements and attributes employed in encoding the text,
aimed at both beginners and advanced users of TEI (Schacht 2014a, <ref target="http://web.archive.org/web/20160608092026/http://www.digitalthoreau.org/walden/fluid/dict/">Data Dictionary for Walden</ref>). Finally, the students at Geneseo have
encoded Thoreau’s own journal annotations regarding the text and plugged them into
the Versioning Machine as notes, which adds another interesting dimension to allow
users to study the genesis of the text.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div xml:id="div3">
<head>The Readers’ Thoreau</head>
<div xml:id="div3.1">
<head>Overview</head>
<p xml:id="p13">Readers’ Thoreau forms the second ‘project’ within the <emph>Digital
Thoreau</emph> website. It aims to present both a digital reading edition of
the <emph>Walden</emph> text and to create an online community of engaged users.
They have chosen to use the text of the first print edition of <emph>Walden</emph>
from 1854 as the reading edition and integrated collaborative annotation
functionality. This includes annotations from Walter Harding, who as mentioned
already was a prominent Thoreau scholar and the subject of the third ‘project’
within <emph>Digital Thoreau</emph>. This format creates an interesting discourse,
whereby annotations from the 1960s sit alongside comments from current users –
gathering different generations of scholarship together in one place, as if in
conversation with each other. More recently the editors have added a second text,
that being Thoreau’s other well-known work <emph>Resistance to Civil
Government</emph>. They have included it in its original form as an essay
published in an anthology called <emph>Aesthetic Papers</emph> in 1849. This more
recent addition does not presently display any annotations from earlier
scholarship as they have done with the <emph>Walden text</emph>.</p>
<p xml:id="p14">
<figure xml:id="img3">
<graphic url="http://ride.i-d-e.de/wp-content/uploads/issue_4/digitalthoreau/pictures/picture-3.png"/>
<head type="legend">Readers’ Thoreau interface displaying the text in the
centre, contents in the left column and annotations on the
right-hand-side.</head>
</figure> Within the Readers’ Thoreau project there are two separate interfaces
deriving from two plugins utilised in this WordPress website. The landing pages
and community forums are presented as Commons in a Box interfaces and the reading
edition has been built using the CommentPress plugin. The usage of this
combination of tools is quite sensible – although the different interfaces yet
again make the overall resource slightly fragmented. Hopefully plans to update the
design across <emph>Digital Thoreau</emph> will also improve the integration of
these interfaces.</p>
<p xml:id="p15">CommentPress is an open source theme and plugin for WordPress that
was developed by a think tank called The Institute for the Future of the Book. One
advantage of using the WordPress theme is its responsive design; it works well on
both tablet and mobile devices. The only hindrance to this is that the user must
navigate through the landing pages of Readers’ Thoreau which, although responsive,
make it a little unclear how to navigate to the reading text. Tablets are highly
social devices; industry statistics show that the use of social media is the
second only to gaming on mobile/tablet devices in terms of time spent per app
(Bosomworth 2015). Thus, they are potentially an excellent platform for social
reading activities. Paul Schacht seems to have made an earlier attempt at this
type of social edition using <ref target="http://digress.it">Digress</ref> and a
text from Project Gutenberg (Schacht 2013).</p>
<p xml:id="p16">
<figure xml:id="img4">
<graphic url="http://ride.i-d-e.de/wp-content/uploads/issue_4/digitalthoreau/pictures/picture-4.png"/>
<head type="legend">Readers’ Thoreau interface viewed on a 7 inch Google Nexus
tablet screen".</head>
</figure>The CommentPress reading interface is divided into three tabbed columns,
a central one for the text and a tab on either side for the table of contents and
commenting section. In the reading text itself, the pagination of the first
edition is replaced by larger groupings of paragraphs on longer scrollable pages,
which minimises the necessity to ‘turn pages’ (click forward/back arrows) and
makes for a much more effective division of reading sections for reading on a
screen. The division claims to be two or more pages per screen from text in the
print edition, and in many cases it seems to be closer to four of the original
pages. The numbering of paragraphs seems to be concurrent with the first edition
although this numeration is not explicitly explained to the user. Comments are
arranged in connection to a whole paragraph or in relation to an entire page.
Users can also toggle to an ‘Activity’ tab within the ‘Comments’ tab which links
in directly to the discussion forums and vice versa. Users who wish to contribute
must join a discussion group on the site and comments left are connected to this
group. A typical user can join the ‘General Discussion’ group, but there is also a
‘Panel of Experts’ group for selected Thoreau scholars that is openly available
for anyone to read. Additionally there are several individual university class
groups that are using this site for teaching and learning activities. There does
not appear to be any form of moderation of created annotations, although it would
be useful to explicitly state this in the project overview. The <ref target="http://commonsinabox.org/">Commons In A Box</ref> plugin provides a
fairly typical and straightforward forum-type interface for online discussion
developed at CUNY. The separate groups each have various discussion threads. Users
can reply to a thread or ‘favourite’ particular comments. It provides lists of all
the other users, access to an activity stream of every action taking place in the
website and some basic help information. Another area that needs some
clarification is the sustainability of the annotation data: is the data somehow
preserved in an XML document or is it just part of the Commons in A Box interface
and stored in a database, which has no connection to the text?</p>
</div>
<div xml:id="div3.2">
<head>A social edition?</head>
<p xml:id="p17">The project is described in the introductory section as a ‘social
edition’ which they define as ‘a text that makes room for readers’ comments and
conversations’ (Schacht 2014a, <ref target="http://commons.digitalthoreau.org/">The Readers' Thoreau</ref>). It certainly does utilise social software around
a recognised edition of the text but it is perhaps a matter of interpretation and
chosen definitions as to what extent it constitutes something you could call a
social edition. Equally one could discuss whether it can be accurately described
as being ‘scholarly’. Annotation is indeed one of the ‘scholarly primitives’ as
described by John Unsworth (Unsworth 2000). Placing this activity in a
collaborative, social environment is certainly valuable and effective. Readers
using this platform can see commentary added both by known scholars of Thoreau in
the Panel of Experts section and by more general users. Discussion between experts
and general users in no way diminishes the scholarly quality of the commentary
provided but rather has the capacity to enhance it. It also provides various
functionalities not possible in a print environment such as searching and the
interactivity between the text, the discussion forum and its users. On that basis
I believe that Readers’ Thoreau can be classified as a digital scholarly edition
even by quite strict definitions. Laying down any kind of definition for a ‘social
edition’ is less straightforward as there is little scholarly consensus regarding
the relatively new concept. Ray Siemens et al. in their exploration of modelling
the social edition laid out five modes of social editing: collaborative
annotation, user-derived content, folksonomy tagging, community bibliography, and
shared text-analysis (Siemens 2012, 451-452). Readers’ Thoreau provides a space
for the first item in this list but none of the others, which is not to say that a
social edition should or could address all five of these modes simultaneously.
Readers’ Thoreau is primarily a social reading edition of one particular variant
of the text. It does not go as far as, say, the <emph>Social Edition of the
Devonshire Manuscript</emph>, which was developed by the Electronic Textual
Cultures Laboratory at the University of Victoria as a Wikibook (Siemens et al
2014). A Wikibook allows users to edit the text itself, but in the case of
Readers’ Thoreau users can only create annotations. The ambition here does not
appear to be the creation of a newly edited text but rather to provide a social
space in which to engage with that particular text. The edition facilitates
interaction among its community of practice. In this domain it is extremely
successful, with a highly engaged user community commenting and annotating on a
regular basis. To give some sense of quantity, at the time of review there were
500 ‘active’ members, of these 40 were active within the last month alone. There
were 20 discussion groups with up to 98 members each; the majority of these being
private university groups and the open group called ‘General Discussion’ had 76
members.</p>
<p xml:id="p18">One of the ambitions of the reading edition is to allow for what
Thoreau would have described as deliberate reading. In the third chapter of
<emph>Walden</emph> he makes clear his opinions on the act of reading: ‘To read
well, that is, to read true books in a true spirit, is a noble exercise, and one
that will task the reader more than any exercise which the customs of the day
esteem. It requires a training such as the athletes underwent, the steady
intention almost of the whole life to this object. Books must be read as
deliberately and reservedly as they were written’ (Thoreau in <emph>Walden</emph>,
Schacht 2014a, 3.3). The reading environment certainly creates a space for
thoughtful reading in deliberation with other members of the community for further
consideration and discussion. If Thoreau's living in the woods was a sort of
social experiment then Readers’ Thoreau can also be seen as a social experiment in
reading, an experiment which has succeeded in creating an engaged community of
readers. It would also be interesting to see if there are any ambitions to
integrate these annotations with the fluid text in some way in the future.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div xml:id="div4">
<head>The Days of Walter Harding, Thoreau Scholar</head>
<p xml:id="p19">
<figure xml:id="img5">
<graphic url="http://ride.i-d-e.de/wp-content/uploads/issue_4/digitalthoreau/pictures/picture-5.png"/>
<head type="legend">One of the digital exhibitions displaying materials from
Walter Harding’s later life".</head>
</figure> The third ‘project’ within <emph>Digital Thoreau</emph> is a student led
venture that intends to publish digitally the archival materials left by Walter
Harding to tell the story of his life as a scholar, teacher and activist. Harding is
described in the overview as arguably the twentieth century’s most important scholar
of Thoreau (Schacht 2014a, <ref target="http://walterharding.org/">http://walterharding.org/</ref>). He was a member of the English Department at
SUNY Geneseo and published a number of publications on Thoreau as well as
accumulating a very large research collection on the man. Students from SUNY Geneseo
built a website which is a digital archive providing access to catalogued images and
thematic exhibitions of more than 100 archival items housed at the university library
ranging from photographs to correspondence with important figures such as Martin
Luther King Jr. The intention is for future students to develop this resource
further. It is built as an <ref target="http://omeka.org">Omeka</ref> site, a
web-publishing tool designed specifically for displaying collections and exhibitions.
Omeka is a sensible choice as it is open source, user-friendly and is probably the
leader in the field of nonproprietary tools for creating online collections and
exhibitions. The collection is definitely still a work in progress, which at this
point in time does not provide a great deal of added value to <emph>Digital
Thoreau</emph> as a whole. However, as it grows and develops it can potentially
provide some useful contextual background on the life of the man who has provided the
basis of annotations for the reading edition in this resource and much of the most
important Thoreau scholarship ever done. It is also highly commendable both as a
pedagogical exercise in teaching students about the interactions between literature
and technology and in its dedication to a collaborative community orientated
edition.</p>
</div>
<div xml:id="div5">
<head>Conclusion</head>
<p xml:id="p20">
<emph>Digital Thoreau</emph> with its fluid text edition has succeeded in utilising
the tools of the TEI community, XML encoding and the Versioning Machine, and
harnessed them to create a resource that is valuable for both scholarly research and
pedagogical endeavours. <emph>Digital Thoreau</emph> as a whole is in fact a
testament to the successful implementation of many open source DH tools when
considering its usage of CommentPress and Commons in a Box for Readers’ Thoreau and
the usage of Omeka for the Walter Harding project and other widely available
publishing technologies such as WordPress.</p>
<p xml:id="p21">The main aesthetic and practical criticism of <emph>Digital
Thoreau</emph> lies in its slightly fragmented structure and design. Some
consistency of design between the three ‘projects’ of <emph>Digital Thoreau</emph>
would make all the offerings of the resource seem more coherent and apparent for the
user. Something as simple as a shared header or banner and more consistent routes of
navigation between its constituent parts could be an easy and effective enhancement.
The main cause of scholarly apprehension stems from the scarcity of detailed
editorial information regarding the construction of the edition. These shortcomings
can definitely be rectified and the editors have expressed an awareness of these
matters and intend to address them as soon as they can.</p>
<p xml:id="p22">The combination of the three very different types of project within
<emph>Digital Thoreau</emph> provides the resource with multiple channels of
dissemination to relatively diverse audiences. The fluid text provides a valuable
resource to textual scholars to trace the genetic writing process of this influential
writer. The Walter Harding project has been harnessed as a pedagogical exercise for
students at the home institution of the edition and it can potentially contribute
some interesting insights into Thoreau scholarship as a whole. The reading edition is
significant for the scholarly community, university course students and the wider
public by making available a user friendly digital reading edition embedded within a
community environment that knits together diverse interested parties. In my personal
opinion Readers’ Thoreau is the most exciting component of the overall project and
represents a real and original contribution to the field of digital editing and its
methods of user engagement and pedagogical experimentation.</p>
<p xml:id="p23">The project occupies an entirely new space within Thoreau scholarship.
There is a major on-going project to produce a full scholarly edition of his complete
works in print form led by the University of California, with 17 volumes of a planned
28 now published by Princeton University Press (Witherell 1971-present). In the
digital sphere there already exists a project called <emph>The Thoreau Reader</emph>,
which was created by Iowa State University in conjunction with the Thoreau Society
(Lenat 2009). This provides annotated editions of his books and essays alongside
academic essays and other contextual educational documents but has not been updated
since 2009. <emph>Digital Thoreau</emph> could perhaps benefit from some cooperation
with these projects or consider providing some similar contextual materials in its
modern digital environment.</p>
<p xml:id="p24">
<emph>Digital Thoreau</emph> is continuing to develop and grow and will undoubtedly
provide increasing value to Thoreau scholarship. It is also admirable that the
<emph>Digital Thoreau</emph> project as a whole really tries to reflect Thoreau’s
own philosophy and the message he attempted to convey in <emph>Walden</emph>,
advocating for simple and deliberate living and indeed for deliberate reading.</p>
</div>
</body>
<back>
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